NIAeA?AEAIEA:
Aaaaeaiea
………………………………………………………………
…………………..3
Oa?iei
«aaaaaea»………………………………………………………
…………..3
Yoeiieiaey
neiaa………………………………………………………….
..3
Iiiyoea
aaaaaeu………………………………………………………..
……..4
2. Aaaaaea e
Aaeaoa…………………………………………………………
…………5
3. Aaaaaea a aa enoi?e/aneii ?acaeoee …………………
…………………..9
3.1.
Ae?aoio………………………………………………………..
………………….9
3.2. Aaaaaea a Y?aoe-En?ayeue e
Aaaeeiiee…………………………………9
3.3. Aaaaaee/aneay eeoa?aoo?a
n?aaeiaaaeiauey………………………..10
Caeeth/aiea…………………………………………………….
……………………….13
Eeoa?aoo?a……………………………………………………..
……………………….15
AAAAeAIEA
Aaaaaee/aneee ieae?ao – iaeei ec naiuo eioa?aniuo ?acaeaeia aa?aeneie
eeoa?aoo?u, ainoiaeyuee e ae?aoio (i?iiiaaaeyi), eioi?ua i?ieciineeenue
a ianoao nia?aiee, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, a Y?aoe-En?ayeue.
Aieueoeinoai aaaaaeio naycaii n Oaiaoii, A-aii e /aeiaaeii (eae
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoueth e eae /anoueth iauanoaa). Iiiaea aaaaaeio
iinayuaiu aeaeaeneei ia?niiaaeai, eo iinooieai e yiioeeyi, eo /ayieyi e
noaeueaai. A aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa, aeaeaeneee nthaeao neoaeeo iniiaie,
io eioi?ie iooaeeeaaaony aaaaaea, e naycuaaao /eoaoaey (eee neooaoaey)
n yiioie, a eioi?oth aeee aaoi?a ieae?aoa. Oaeei ia?acii, aaaaaee/aneee
ieae?ao io?aaeaao i?iaeaiu aa?aeneiai ia?iaea e ioae?aoeia aieioue aei
eiioea yiioe Aoi?iai O?aia e ai a?aiaia Ieoiu e Oaeioaea.
*eoay e eco/ay aaaaaeio, iu iinoeaaai i?eaeiaeueioth oai?/aneoth
aa?aeneoth iuneue oiai a?aiaie, a oaeaea iaoiaeei a ieo ia?aeeaee n
oieueeei?ii ae?oaeo ia?iaeia.
OA?IEI «AAAAAeA»
1.1. Yoeiieiaey neiaa
Neiai aaaaaea (aeaaa) – a?aiaeneee yeaeaaeaio ea?eoneiai neiaa aeaaae,
eioi?ia i?ienoiaeeo io aeaaiea aeaaei («neacaoue»), eae a cno iu aeaaae
(Ianoaeueiay haaaaaea), eieaa, a eioi?ie ?anneacuaaaony ia enoiaea ec
Aaeioa. Ii iiaieth Aaoa?a, o/aiiai eiioea XIX noieaoey, «yoeiii neiaa
aaaaaea (aeaaae) – au?aaeaiea aaueae (aeai) aeaae («neacaii a
iaienaiiii»), eioi?ui /anoi ioe?uaaaony aaaaaee/aneia iiaanoaiaaiea»
/5/.
?yae enneaaeiaaoaeae oeacuaaao ia naycue neiaa aaaaaea n ei?iai aaa,
cia/aiea eioi?iai «naycuaaoue», «iauaaeeiyoue» (ia ea?eoa aaoaea –
iauanoai, nithc, io/ie, naycea). Aaaaaeo a oaeii neo/aa iaaei iiieiaoue
eae eieeaeoeeth, nia?aiea ?acee/iuo enoi?ee.
Nouanoaoao oaeaea iiaiea, /oi ?anniao?eaaaiue oa?iei i?ienoiaeeo io
a?aiaeneie iniiau i-a-ae («oyiooue», «i?eoyaeaaoue») – a oii niunea, /oi
aaaaaee/aneay eeoa?aoo?a «i?eoyaeaaao», «aea/ao» aeooo
/aeiaaea. Iaeiaei A. Oeiai n/eoaao, /oi «yoeiieiaey neiaa aaaaaea ia
aaca a?aiaeneie iniiau i?aaenoaaeyaony iaeiaa?iyoiie» /3/.
Oaeei ia?acii, ia aii?in i i?ienoiaeaeaiee neiaa iiea iao iaeiicia/iiai
ioaaoa.
1.2 Iiiyoea aaaaaeu
A nia?aiaiiii ea?eoa neiai aaaaaea ia?aaeei oiio?aaeyaony a cia/aiee
«neacea», «eaaaiaea», ii iu ?anniio?ei niaoeeoe/anee aa?aeneia cia/aiea
yoiai oa?ieia.
Aaoi? «Aaaaeaiey a Oaeioae», aa?iyoii ?aa Oioyeue ha-Iaaeae, aeeaoee a
Eniaiee a ia?aie iieiaeia XI aaea, aeae neaaeothuaa ii?aaeaeaiea
aaaaaeu: «Eaaeaeay eioa?i?aoaoeey, aeeth/aiiay a Oaeioae, ia ethaoth
oaio, ia niaea?aeauay i?aaeienaiey, yaeyaony aaaaaeie». Yoi ii?aaeaeaiea
iineo einaaiiue oa?aeoa?. Aaoi? «Aaaaeaiey a Oaeioae» aiai?eo ia i oii,
/oi anoue aaaaaea, a, nei?aa, i oii, /oi ae ia yaeyaony, oi anoue i
caeiiiaeaoaeueiie /anoe Oaeioaea (aeeiae). Oaeei ia?acii, ana, /oi ia
ioiineony e Aaeaoa, – Aaaaaea.
Iiaeiaiiai iiaiey i?eaea?aeeaathony e ninoaaeoaee «Yioeeeeiiaaeee
Ea?eo», eioi?ua aeatho ii?aaeaeaiea Aaaaaeu /a?ac io?eoeaiea: «…oa
/anoue Onoiie Oi?u, eioi?ay ia anoue Aaeaoa» /6/, ec /aai iiaeii
naeaeaoue auaiae i nouanoaiaaiee iaeioi?ie aioo?aiiae neiaeiinoe, ia
iicaieythuoth aeaoue oi/ioth aeaoeieoeeth, eioi?ay ia i?yoaeanue au ca
ae?oaea iiiyoey.
Iaeei ec e?oiiaeoeo enneaaeiaaoaeae aaaaaeu, iniiaiiieiaeiee iao/iie
eoaeaenoeee XIX aaea Eaiiieueae Oeoioe (Eii Oia Eeiiai; 1794 – 1886)
ienae, /oi «a aaaaaea anoue ana, /oi oieueei iiaeii naaa aiia?aceoue,
e?iia coaineaeuenoaa e aacaeoiiiai eaaeiiuneey» /3/. E, ?acoiaaony,
e?iia aaeaoe/aneeo i?aaeienaiee. Iaeiaei ioaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi e
«Yioeeeeiiaaeey Ea?eo», e E. Oeoioe iuoathony ii?aaeaeeoue oieueei
aaaaaeo yiioe Oaeioaea. Anee aea aiai?eoue ia aaaaaea a oeaeii eae i
eoeueoo?iii oaiiiaia, aicieeoai caaeieai aei yiioe ioae?aoeia Oaeioaea,
oi ia eneeth/aii, /oi aeaoeieoeey ieaaeaony aua aieaa i?ino?aiiie.
Aaaaaea, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, aeeth/aao a naay eaaaiaeu aa?aeneiai
ia?iaea. Aieueoeinoai ec ieo i?ienoiaeeo ec oieeiaaiee Aeaeee e
aeia?aoee ?aaae e aa?aeneeo aa?iaa. Ae?oaea yeaiaiou aaaaaeu –
?ac?aaioee aeaeaeneie enoi?ee, aeaoaeece?othuea iiaanoaiaaiea. Yoi
iiaeao auoue iacaaii «enoi?e/aneie» aaaaaeie. Iaeiaei i?e /oaiee aaaaaeu
ioaeii eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi aa neaaeoao aini?eieiaoue ia eae
enoi?e/aneoth i?aaaeo, a eae ii?aeueioth enoeio.
E?iia oiai, nouanoaoao oe?ieee ieano eeoa?aoo?u aa?aeneiai oieueeei?a,
eioi?ay ia eiaao nayce n aeaeaeneie enoi?eae eee ecaanoiuie ee/iinoyie
iinoaeaeaeneiai ia?eiaea. A oaeii oieueeei?a iiaeao ?anneacuaaoueny ia
aiaaeao eee aeaiiiao, a oaeaea i i?e/oaeeeauo iau/ayo, ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo
a iaeioi?uo aa?aeneeo iaueiao. Nouanoaotho oaeaea oeeinioneea e
oaieiae/aneea o/aiey, eioi?ua aoiaeyo a iiiyoea aaaaaeu. Eiiaaea yoe
o/aiey /aoei auaeaeythony e iao ieeaeie neiaeiinoe a eo eaeaioeoeeaoeee.
Yoi iniaaiii ioiineony e iaeanoe yoe/aneie oeeinioee, eae a neo/aa
oaeioaee/aneiai ?acaeaea uaaa e/oo (Ie?eae Aaio). Caeanue niaea?aeaony
ianeieueei o/aiee, eanathueony aicc?aiee ia A-aa, *aeiaaea, Oi?o e
Ec?aeeue, eceiaeaiiuo a iauaaeinooiiie oi?ia. Ii i/aiue /anoi yoe
oeeinioneea eee yoe/aneea o/aiey aeieaeiu auaiaeeoueny ec enoi?ee,
?anneacaiiuo ?aaae. Yoe enoi?ee ia?aaeathony aac aaoi?neiai caeeth/aiey.
Oai ia iaiaa, iie aeinoaoi/ii eioa?aniu, niaea?aeao ii?aeue e iiaoo
neoaeeoue i?ae?aniuie ia?acoeaie oi?ioaai iiaanoaiaaiey.
Nouanoaoao oaeaea aaaaaee/aneea iiaanoaiaaiey, eioi?ua iniiaaiu ia
eiiiaioa?eyo e aeaeaeneiio oaenoo: «Iiaanoaiaaiea i nioai?aiee ie?a
ia/eiaaony n aoeau aao (a), eiathuae ia/a?oaiea, ioe?uoia oieueei n
iaeiie, ia?aaeiae noi?iiu. Yoei i?aaeoeacaii, /oi oieueei oi, /oi
iineaaeiaaei iinea aiaeanoaaiiiai ie?ino?ieoaeuenoaa, iiaeao auoue
aeinooiii /aeiaa/aneiio ?acoiaieth» (Aa?aoeo – ?aaa, 1) /1/. A aeaiiie
aaaaaea iu iiaeai aeaeaoue, eae i?e/oaeeeaia oieeiaaiea ?aaae cia/aiey
iaeiie aoeau ioe?uaaao aaaeiue nii? a aa?aeneie oaieiaee i caaaaeeao
aeecie e nia?oe.
A niioaaonoaee n iaoei oe?ieei ii?aaeaeaieai aaaaaeu eae iieiiai niaeo?a
iacaeiiiaeaoaeueiie ?aaaeienoe/aneie eeoa?aoo?u, aaaaaea e aa ?acaeoea
nii?eeanathony ni anae aa?aeneie enoi?eae, ae?aaiae e nia?aiaiiie. Ii ii
nooe, eeanne/aneay Aaaaaea ia?aie/aia ?aaaeienoe/aneeie o/aieyie,
iaia?oaeaiiuie a aeaoo iniiaiuo enoi/ieeao: Oaeioaea e ieae?aoao.
2. AAAAAeA E AAEAOA
Ieae?aoe Aaaaaea e Aaeaoa – aeaa iaoiaea eco/aiey Oi?u. Ieae?aoaie
oaeaea iacuaathony nai?ieee, niaea?aeauea ?acoeueoaou aa eco/aiey yoeie
iaoiaeaie. Ia?aue iaoiae, ieae?ao Aaeaoa, ninoiye a neaaeothuai:
ioae?aoeu oieeiaaee iaienaiiia a Oi?a, i?eaiaey i?e yoii ?acee/iua
caeiiu, ia?aaeaaaaiua onoiie o?aaeeoeeae. Aei iaoeo aeiae aeioei /aou?a
nai?ieea, niaea?aeaueo ?acoeueoaou eco/aiey Oi?u iaoiaeii ieae?ao
Aaeaoa: Iaoeeoa aea-?aa Eoiayeue e Iaoeeoa aea-?aaae Oeiii aa? Eioae
(iaa yoe nai?ieea – eiiiaioa?ee e eieaa Enoiae), Neo?a, eee Oi?ao
eioaiei (e eieaa Eaaeo), Neo?ae (e eieaai *enea e Aoi?icaeiiea). E?iia
oiai, aei ian aeioee oaeaea io?uaee ec nai?ieeia Neo?ae Cooa, Iaoeeoa
aea-a?aeio e ae?oaea.
Aoi?ie iaoiae, ieae?ao Aaaaaea, caeeth/aeny a eiiiaioe?iaaiee Nayuaiiiai
Ienaiey oae, /oi i?e yoii ia auaiaeeeenue eaeea-eeai eiie?aoiua caeiiu.
Aaaaaee/aneee iaoa?eae, ia aioaaeoee a Oaeioae, niae?aeny a ioaeaeueiua
eieae, eioi?ua auee ninoaaeaiu a V – XIII aaeao. A aieaa iicaeiea
a?aiaia iiyaeeenue nai?ieee aaaaaee/aneiai iaoa?eaea, oaea caienaiiiai a
i?ioeii. E aaaeiaeoei ec nai?ieeia ioiinyony neaaeothuea: Ieae?ao ?aaa –
ieae?ao ia Oi?o e ia iyoue eiea Ienaiee – ?ooue, Yeeeaceano, Ianiue
Ianiae, Iea/ Ea?aiee e Ynoe?ue; Ieae?ao Oaiooia – ieae?ao ia Oi?o,
oieeothuee aa iaaeaeueiua aeaau e ?anniao?eaathuee aaeaoe/aneea aii?inu,
niaea?aeaueany a eaaeaeie ec ieo, ninoaaeaiiue ?aaae Oaiooiie; Ie?eae
aea-?aaae Yeeyca? – iiaanoaiaaiea i i?ienoiaeeaoai ni aeiy nioai?aiey
ie?a e aei Enoiaea aa?aaa ec Aaeioa, ninoaaeaiiia ii o?iiieiae/aneiio
i?eioeeio e aeiaaaeythuaa e iaienaiiiio a Oi?a iiiaeanoai
aeiiieieoaeueiuo oaeoia, nio?aiaiiuo onoiie o?aaeeoeeae (yoio ieae?ao
ninoaaeai a XIII aaea a iaeiie ec ionoeueiaineie no?ai); Ineeoa
aea-?aaae Eaoaia – ieae?ao ia oa io?uaee ec eiea I?i?ieia, eioi?ua
/eoathony a neiaaiaa a i?acaeieee e a i?eiueathuea e i?acaeieeai
noaaioiea aeie (ninoaaeai a V aaea i. y.); Ieae?ao Oaoeeeei – oieeiaaiea
aieueoae /anoe eieae Inaeiia, eioi?ue ninoaaeyeny ia i?ioyaeaiee iiiaeo
noieaoee; Ieae?ao Ieoeae – oieeiaaiea eieae I?eo/ae Nieiiiiiauo (iaienai
a Aaaeeiia a yiioo, iineaaeiaaaooth ca ninoaaeaieai Oaeioaea, oi anoue
iinea V a. i. y.); Ieae?ao Oioyeue – oieeiaaiea eieae i?i?iea Naioeea
(ninoaaeai a XI aaea a Y?aoe-En?ayeue ia iniiaa ae?aaieo enoi/ieeia);
sseeoo Oeiiiei – iicaeiee nai?iee, ninoaaeaiiue ieiei 1250 aiaea ?aaae
Oeiiiii ec O?aieoo?oa ia iniiaa ?acee/iuo ae?aaieo aaaaaee/aneeo
enoi/ieeia, iiiaea ec eioi?uo ia nio?aieeenue.
Aaeaoa e Aaaaaea i?aaenoaaeytho niaie aeaa naiinoiyoaeueiua noa?u
oai?/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, ninoaaeyy a niaieoiiinoe oi
enoi?eei-eeoa?aoo?iia oeaeia, eioi?ia iacuaatho eeoa?aoo?ie ioae?aoeia
Oaeioaea.
Iiiuoaainy auaeaeeoue iauea aeey Aaeaoe e Aaaaaeu iniiau. I?aaeaea
anaai, ioiaoei, Aaaaaeie e Aaeaoie caieiaeenue, eae i?aaeei, iaeie e oa
aea ethaee. Iaeie e oa aea ioae?aoeu (?. Aeeaa, ?. Eioaiai, ?. Iaia e
ae?oaea) oiiieiathony e a eiioaenoa Aaeaoe, e a eiioaenoa Aaaaaeu. O
iaeioi?uo ec ieo iaa «aeai?a» ieacuaaeenue niaaeeiaiiuie, a aoeaaeueiii
niunea neiaa, ia?ac?uaii. Oae, i?i ciaiaieoiai oaiiay ?. Iae?a
aiai?eony, /oi ii iinayuae o?aoue eaaeaeiai naiaai o?iea Aaeaoa, o?aoue
– Aaaaaea, a inoaaoaany a?aiy – i?eo/ai. I/aiue ?aaeei oio eee eiie
ioae?aoe iinayuae naay eeoue iaeiie ec aeaoo iaeanoae. Iaeiei ec ieo
aue, noaey ii anaio, oaiiae ?. Yeaca? ha-Iiaeae, io eioi?iai ia
nio?aieeinue ie iaeiiai auneacuaaiey aaeaoe/aneiai oa?aeoa?a, ii aai
aaoi?eoao ciaoiea Aaaaaeu aue eneeth/eoaeueii aaeee. Ii oaeay oceay
niaoeeaeecaoeey auea eneeth/aieai, eioi?ia oieueei iiaeoaa?aeaeaao
auoaneacaiiia.
I?e anai ?acee/ee iinoaaeaiiuo caaea/, oa?aeoa?a a?aoiaioaoeee, noeey,
eioiiaoeee, oaiu, eioi?ua ianoaeaeathony e a Aaeaoa, e a Aaaaaea, iaeie
e oa aea: noaaioa e i?acaeieee, iieeoau, eaoa?iinoue ieue, ioiioaiey
iaaeaeo ethaeueie, i?iaeaiu ainieoaiey aeaoae e ae?oaea. E?iia oiai,
Aaeaoa e Aaaaaea eniieuecotho iaeie e oa aea eiae/aneea i?eaiu. A naia
a?aiy auea ?ac?aaioaia oeaeay na?ey «i?aaee auaiaea» – oae iacuaaaiua
uaaei (ieaeaeio),- iicaieythueo ouaoaeueii eco/eoue eaaeaeue aeaeaeneee
noeo, ia oionoea ie iaeiiai ec aai aiciiaeiuo oieeiaaiee. Aii?ae
inoaaeee iioiieai oeaeue ?yae niiniaia, eniieuecoaiuo i?e oieeiaaiee
Oi?u. Iaeei ec ieo, eaeue aa-oiia? (/oi iiaeii ia?aaanoe eae «oai
aieaa»), caeeth/aaony a neaaeothuai: anee a ioiineoaeueii i?inoie e
iaeicia/auae neooaoeee i?aaeienaii neaaeiaaoue ii?aaeaeaiiui i?aaeeai,
oi oae oai aieaa yoe aea i?aaeea inoathony a neea a neo/aa aieaa
na?ueaciie neooaoeee. Yoio i?eioeei aeeth/ai eae a «nienie 13 ieaeaeio»,
eioi?ui iieuecothony i?e aaeaoe/aneeo iino?iaieyo (oi?ioee?iaea yoeo
i?aaee i?eienuaaaony ?. Eoiayeth), oae e a «nienie 32 ieaeaeio»,
ii?aaeaeythuee iniiau aaaaaee/aneiai oieeiaaiey oaenoia. A iaieo nieneao
oeao?e?oao e aua iaeei aaaeiue i?eioeei – o. i. aca?a oaaa
(«noaeaeaiea ii aiaeiaee»), iicaieythuee aeaeaoue eiie?aoiua auaiaeu ec
oiai oaeoa, /oi a Oi?a a ?acee/iuo eiioaenoao iiyaeyaony iaeii e oi aea
neiai.
Ia?aoeiny oaia?ue e ?acee/eyi iaaeaeo Aaeaoie e Aaaaaeie. I?aaeaea
anaai, ioiaoei, /oi Aaeaoa, a ioee/ea io Aaaaaeu, iaeaaeaao a noa?a
i?aeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea iaycuaathuae neeie caeiia. A
Aaaaaea aea iao e iaiaea ia oaeiai ?iaea iaycaoaeueiinoue. «Ioae?aoeu
Oaeioaea au?aaeaeenue ia yoio n/ao iaaeaoniuneaiii: «auneacuaay
aaaaaee/aneia noaeaeaiea, /aeiaae ie/aai ia cai?auaao e ie/aai ia
?ac?aoaao, ia iauyaeyao ie/aai ie /enoui, ie ia/enoui» /3/. Aoi?ia
aaaeiia ?acee/ea – iano?iaia niaethaeaiea a Aaaaaea i?aaeea
iaiaoiaeeiinoe nnueee ia enoi/iee eioi?iaoeee, oiaaea eae a Aaeaoa iii
auei iaycaoaeueiui. Oaeaea a Aaeaoa iu ieeiaaea ia iaeaeai, /oiau
eoi-ieaoaeue ioe?uoi aunooiee i?ioea iiaiey ioae?aoeia aieaa ?aiiae
yiioe. A Aaaaaea aea ioae?aoeu aieaa iicaeieo aaeia, ia eieaaeynue,
aunooiatho i?ioea naieo i?aaeoanoaaiieeia. Aieaa oiai, a aaaaaee/aneie
o?aaeeoeee iicaieyeinue i?ioeai?a/eoue ia oieueei ae?oaei, ii e naiiio
naaa: n oa/aieai a?aiaie /aeiaae iia eciaieoue iiaiea ii eaeiio-eeai
aii?ino e ieeiio ia i?eoiaeeei a aieiao iaaeiyoue aai a yoii. Anee au
iiaeiaiia i?iecioei a noa?a Aaeaoe, io ioae?aoea iio?aaiaaee au
iauynieoue oaeoth iaiineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue. Aaaaaea aea, eae i?aaeei, ia
/oanoaoao ioaeaeu a naeaaeeaaiee i?ioeai?a/ee e, ia?aaeaa
i?ioeaiiieiaeiia iiaiea a oii aeaea, a eaeii iie auee auneacaiu, iia
ia?aoiaeeo e neaaeothuae oaia. A Aaaaaea ia aicieeaei iaiaoiaeeiinoe
auiineoue iaeiicia/iua, iaycaoaeueiua aeey anao ?aoaiey. Caeanue aiieia
iiaoo ninouanoaiaaoue ?yaeii i?ioeaiiieiaeiua oi/ee c?aiey, /aai,
?acoiaaony, ia iiaeao neo/eoueny a Aaeaoa, eioi?ay ii naiie naiae
i?e?iaea ia oa?ieo iayniinoae e i?ioeai?a/ee.
E aua iaeii iaiaeiaaaeiia ?acee/ea. Caiyoey Aaeaoie auee, a iniiaiii,
oaeaeii oceiai e?oaa ioae?aoeia, eioi?ua ianoaeaeaee caiooaiiua aii?inu
?aeeaeiciiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, /anoue ec eioi?uo eiaea /enoi
aeaaeaie/aneee, ioi?aaiiue io ?aaeueiinoe oa?aeoa?. Aaaaaea, iai?ioea,
i?aaeiacia/aeanue ia oieueei aeey «i?ioanneiiaeia», ii e aeey iau/iuo
ethaeae.
E, iaeiiaoe, i noeeenoe/aneeo ?acee/eyo, i eioi?uo oae oi?ioi neacae
Ayeee: «…Aaeaoa oa?aeoa?ecoaony naiae i?icae/aneie nooinoueth. Naeaoui e
onoie/eaui noeeai, ooneeui ycueii, – ainiiaenoaii ?acoia, Aaaaaea aea –
iiyoe/aneei a?iiaoii, no?aieoaeueiui e iiaeaeaeiui noeeai, iiiaioeaaoiui
ycueii – noa?ie iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai /oanoaa» /1/. Ioia/aiiua iniaaiiinoe
noeey io?aaeatho i?eioeeieaeueiia ?acee/ea iaaeaeo aeaoiy yoeie ie?aie:
anee Aaeaoa eniieiaia na?ueaciinoe – aaaeue caeanue ?aoathony aii?inu
caeiia, ia?aaeei aii?inu aeecie e nia?oe, oi a Aaaaaea iai?aiaiii
i?enoonoaoao yeaiaio ea?u, aeiioneathony e?iie/aneay oeuaea e eaaeinoue.
Niaa?oaiii anoanoaaiii iiyoiio, /oi Aaeaoa e Aaaaaea iieuecothony
?acee/iuie ycueiauie n?aaenoaaie.
3. AAAAAeA A AA ENOI?E*ANEII ?ACAEOEE
3.1. Ae?aoio
Aaaaaea, eae oaea auei neacaii auoa, ainoiaeeo naieie ei?iyie e ae?aoio
(i?iiiaaaeyi, eioi?ua /eoaeenue a ianoao nia?aiee). Aiiaua, ia?auaiey
ioae?aoeia e ia?iaeo – ae?aaiee iau/ae, caiyaoee aaaeiia ianoi a
aa?aeneie enoi?ee, aieaa ae?aaiee, /ai iiiaea aeieoiaiou, a eioi?uo ii
oiiieiaaony. Aieueoeinoai i?iiiaaaeae ia nio?aieeenue a i?eaeiaeueiie
oi?ia. Oa, eoi i?ieciineee yoe i?iiiaaaee (aea?oaiei) e oa, eoi
aiineaaenoaee eo ?aaeaeoe?iaaee, eciaiyee oaenou, nie?auaee eo, a
eiiaaea aeiaaaeyee naie nianoaaiiue iaoa?eae. I?iiiaaaeue ?aaa Oaiooiu
(i?iiiaaaeieea ec ai?iaea Iaaaa, aeeaoaai a eiioea IV aaea), caienaiiay
a Aaaeeiineii Oaeioaea (O?aeoao Oaaaao, 30) , – aa?iyoii, aaeeinoaaiiay
ec ae?aoio, aeioaaeoay aei ian a naiai ia?aiia/aeueiii aeaea. A iae
?anneacuaaaony i oii, eae iaeiaaeaeu eoi-oi ni?inee ?. Oaiooio,
?ac?aoaaony ee iiaaneoue naao a oaaaao, /oiau iaania/eoue aieueiiio
/aeiaaeo nii e ioaeuo. Yoio aii?in ia yaeyaony neiaeiui, iineieueeo a
Ieoia anoue ?acuyniaiey ia yoio n/ao, ii ?aa Oaiooia ia ia?aie/eeny
i?inoui eaeiie/iui ioaaoii, a i?i/eoae e?aneaoth e eioa?anioth
i?iiiaaaeue, eciaeeothuoth auaea?aeeaie ec Oi?u, aeeaai?e/aneeie
n?aaiaieyie e ?eoi?e/aneeie i?eaiaie.
Ae?oaea ae?aoio, eioi?ua iiaeii ano?aoeoue a aaaaaee/aneeo ieae?aoao,
iiaeaa?aaeenue eni?aaeaieth e ?aaeaeoeee. Ii anae aeaeeiinoe, yoe
ae?aoio a i?eaeiaea auee aeeeiiaa e iieiaa ii niaea?aeaieth, ii nae/an
ii/oe iaaiciiaeii ainnoaiiaeoue eo ia?aiia/aeueiue aa?eaio.
3.2. Aaaaaea a Y?aoe-En?ayeue e Aaaeeiiee
O?aaeeoeeiiiay aaaaaea auea nicaeaia, a iniiaiii, a Y?aoe-En?ayeue, a ia
a Aaaeeiiee, oioy oaeia iiaiea aeinoaoi/ii ?ani?ino?aiaii. «Enoiee
iiaeiaiiai caaeoaeaeaiey ioiinyony e yiioa n?aaeiaaaeiauey, eiaaea
Aaaeeiineee Oaeioae noae naiui /eoaaiui e iianaianoii eco/aaiui
i?iecaaaeaieai i?aeoe/anee ai anao iaueiao ?annayiiiai ii naaoo ia?iaea
Ec?aeey. Oaeioae i?aa?aoeeny a aeaaioth eieao, iooaniea ieae?aoe eae
aaeaoe/aneea, oae e aaaaaee/aneea. Aaaeeiineee Oaeioae ieacaeny ii
nouanoao aaeeinoaaiiui enoi/ieeii, ioeoaea aa?ae iia /a?iaoue naaaeaiey
i auneacuaaieyo ioae?aoeia I – VIII aa. i.y. A ?acoeueoaoa e aicieeea
eeethcey, aoaeoi aieueoay /anoue o?aaeeoeeiiiie aaaaaeu caeeth/aia a
Aaaeeiineii Oaeioaea» /3/. Aaoi?noai aieueoeinoaa aaaaaee/aneeo
oaenoia i?eiaaeeaaeeo oaiiayi (?aaaeiu ec Y?aoe-En?ayeue, aeeaoea
iaaeaeo yiioie Aeeeaey e caaa?oaieai Ieoiu i?e ?aaae Eaaoaea ha-Iane –
ieiei 220 a. i.y.) e iaeanoeineei aii?ayi, e eeoue iaaieueoay /anoue –
aii?ayi aaaeeiineei (aii?ayie iacuaatho ciaoieia Oi?u, aeeaoeo a
Aaaeeiia e Iaeanoeia oaea iinea nicaeaiey Ieoiu). Aieueoay /anoue
aaaaaee/aneiai iaoa?eaea Aaaeeiineiai Oaeioaea ia naiii aeaea
i?ienoiaeeo ec Y?aoe-En?ayeue. Yoi aeaeii e ii ycueo, e ii
niaea?aeaieth, e ii eiaiai ioae?aoeia, io eeoea eioi?uo eaeao
iiaanoaiaaiea. «Naeaeaoaeuenoai i «ia?ai?iaenoaa» iaeanoeineie
aaaaaee/aneie o?aaeeoeee niaea?aeeony a naiii Aaaeeiineii Oaeioaea.
Aa?ae, no?ainoaothuea a oo ii?o iaaeaeo aeaoiy aeaaiuie oeaio?aie
o/aiinoe, ia?aiineee eaeae ciaoieia Oi?u ec Y?aoe-En?ayeue ia aa?aaa
Aao?aoa e ia?aoii. Aiineaaenoaee yoi e iineoaeeei iniiaie aeey naiaai
?iaea iioe/aneiai iaiaia: noaei eacaoueny, /oi aeaaiui aaaaaee/aneei
i?iecaaaeaieai yaeyaony Aaaeeiineee Oaeioae» /3/.
Noieo ioiaoeoue, /oi e aaaaaee/aneei oaenoai a Aaaeeiiee iiaeoiaeeee
eia/a, /ai a Y?aoe-En?ayeue. Oieueei a Aaaeeiineii Oaeioaea iiaeii
ano?aoeoue iiiuoee iaeoe eiii?iienn iaaeaeo ?aciuie, i?ioeai?a/aueie
ae?oa ae?oao auneacuaaieyie Aaaaaeu, oi anoue «iiiuoee aaeaoe/aneie
aa?iiiecaoeee ianiaianoeiiai» /3/. Oieueei a Aaaeeiiee no?aieeenue
?aoeeiiaeueii iniuneeoue aaaaaee/aneea oaenou e iaeoe aeey aicieeathueo
i?e yoii i?iaeai ?aoeeiiaeueiia aea ?aoaiea, eniieuecoy eaeae Aaaaaeu
aeey /enoi aaeaoe/aneeo ioaeae. Aeey aaaeeiineeo ioae?aoeia eioa?an
i?aaenoaaeyea, i?aaeaea anaai, Aaeaoa: aeaaea anee eoi-oi ec ieo
ia?auaeny e Aaaaaea, oi niio?ae ia iaa neaicue i?ecio Aaeaoe e
iieueciaaeny i?e aiaeeca oaenoa i?eau/iui aaeaoe/aneei aiia?aoii.
Aa?aoeo ?aaa – naiue ae?aaiee ec aeioaaeoeo aei ian aaaaaee/aneeo
ieae?aoae. Ii aue nicaeai a Y?aoe-En?ayeue a IV – V aaeao i.y. sscue, ia
eioi?ii ii iaienai, – a?aiaeneee. A yoo aea yiioo aue nicaeai Aaee?a
?aaa (V -VI aaea), a oaeaea Oiio ?aaa, Aeaa?ei ?aaa e Aaieaeaa? ?aaa.
Ana yoe iyoue Ieae?aoae aoiaeyo a Ieae?ao ?aaa.
3.3. Aaaaaee/aneay eeoa?aoo?a n?aaeiaaaeiauey
A n?aaeiea aaea aa?aeneia eeoa?aoo?iia oai?/anoai aiieioeeinue a
?acee/iuo oi?iao. Ietho (iiyoe/aneea oaenou, i?ecaaiiua oe?aneoue
iauanoaaiioth iieeoao, a oaeaea i?iaaaeaiea oaeeo ia?yaeia eae ia?acaiea
eee naaaeaaiay oea?aiiiey) e iiycey, Aaeaoa e oeeinioey, enneaaeiaaiey
ii aa?aeneie enoi?ee e ycueo, ?anneac e i?eo/a, eiiiaioa?ee e Aeaeee e
nia?aiey ae?aaieo ieae?aoae – ana iie auee ioaeaeueiuie eeoa?aoo?iuie
aeai?aie. A yoi aea a?aiy ieae?ao a aai o?aaeeoeeiiiie oi?ia ioioae ia
aoi?ie ieai, e oa ieae?aoe, eioi?ua auee nicaeaiu a yoi a?aiy, onooiaee
ii ea/anoao Aa?aoeo ?aaa, Aaee?a ?aaa e o.ae.
?annayiea aa?aaa a N?aaeiea aaea e i?aneaaeiaaiey, eioi?ui iie
iiaeaa?aaeenue ia i?ioyaeaiee yoie yiioe, i?eaaee e oiio, /oi
aieueoeinoai eeoa?aoo?iiai iaoa?eaea auei ooa?yii. Iiiaea ec
nio?aieaoeony ?aaio ia aeioee aei ian oeaeeeii, e anoue niiiaiey ii
iiaiaeo eo aaoi?noaa.
Aieueoay /anoue nio?aieaoeony ieae?aoae n?aaeiaaaeiauey auea iaia?oaeaia
a Eae?neie aaieca a eiioea XIX aaea. Caeanue, oaeaea eae e a neo/aa n
ae?oaeie iiaeiaiuie iaoiaeeaie a ?acee/iuo aaiecao, neiaeii onoaiiaeoue,
/aio i?eiaaeeaaeao ioaeaeueiua o?aaiaiou e eoi aue eo aaoi?ii.
A ?anniao?eaaaioth yiioo auei nicaeaii iiiai ?anneacia, iaeioi?ua ec
eioi?uo aeecee e eeoa?aoo?a ieae?aoae, a oi a?aiy eae ae?oaea nei?aa
ioiinyony e oieueeei?o. Iaeioi?ua ec yoeo ?anneacia auee iauaaeeiaiu a
nai?ieee aua a n?aaeiea aaea, iai?eia?, Oeao? ia-ha-Eaooa, ninoaaeaiiue
XI aaea.
A XI aaea a I?iaaina i?iaeeaae ?aa Iioa ha-Aea?oai, eioi?iai /anoi
oeeoe?iaae ?aoe a naieo eiiiaioa?eyo. Oiiieiaiey i iai e aai ?aaioao
ano?a/athony oaeaea a ae?oaeo enoi/ieeao, eae aa?aeneeo, oae e
o?enoeaineeo. Ianiio?y ia yoi, aai aeeciue ieooaia oaeiie e iaeuecy
iacaaoue oioy au iaeio ?aaioo, eioi?ay iainii?eii i?eiaaeeaaeaea au aio.
«?aa Iioa ha-Aea?oai, eee aai oeiea, i?aaeiieiaeeoaeueii aue
ninoaaeoaeai Aa?aoeo ?aaaoe e Ieae?ao Aaaaaea, iioaeeeiaaiiuo Aoaa?ii»
/6/. Aio i?eiaaeeaaeeo ia?aay, iniiaiay /anoue Ieae?aoa ?aaa, a oaeaea
i?eienuaathony iiiaea ae?oaea ?aaiou. Iacaaeneii io oiai, aa?iu yoe
i?aaeiieiaeaiey eee iao, yoi eeoue iaaieueoay /anoue o?oaeia ?aaa Iioa
ha-Aea?oaia. ?aa Iioa ha-Aea?oai aeeth/ae a naie ?aaiou ae?aaiea
ieae?aoe e, aa?iyoii eiae aeinooi e iaoa?eaeai, ia nio?aieaoeiny aei
iaoeo aeiae.
Ianiio?y ia oi, /oi aai ?aaiou niaea?aeao iaoa?eaeu aai
i?aaeoanoaaiieeia, eo ia neaaeoao ?anniao?eaaoue eae aioieiaee. Oi aea
eanaaony Eaeao Oia, ecaanoiiai oaeaea eae Ianeeoa Cooa?oa. Yoio o?oae
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ia/oi n?aaeiaa iaaeaeo eiiiaioa?eai e Oi?a e
Ieae?aoii e oanii naycai n ae?aaieie enoi/ieeaie, iaeiaei aaoi?
aeeth/aao nthaea oaeaea nianoaaiiua enneaaeiaaiey, i?aaeaa?yy eo neiaaie
«Ooaueyao aiai?eo» eee «Ooaueyao aai Yeeyc? aiai?eo». Oaeei ia?acii iu
ociaai eiy aaoi?a.
Aaoi? Eaeao Oia – Ooauey aai Yeeyc?, aeeaoee ia naaa?a A?aoeee a eiioea
XI – ia/aea XII aa. a oi a?aiy Aaeeaiu auee /anoueth Aecaioeeneie
eiia?ee, e Eaeao Oia – aaaeiue enoi/iee eioi?iaoeee i aecaioeeneeo
aa?ayo oie yiioe. A Eaeao Oia oiiieiaaony oaeaea e?anoiaue iioiae e
iaiaaeaiea ia aa?aeneea iaueiu Caiaaeiie Aa?iaiee a 1096 aiaeo.
Ae?oaay ?aaioa, noiaeay n Eaeao Oia, – Naoaeue Oia, ieae?ao ?aaa
Iaiaoaia aai ?aa Nieiiii, iaienaiiue a 1139 aiaeo. Aieueoay /anoue
Naoaeue Oia auea ooa?yia. Nio?aieaoeany o?aaiaiou naycaiu n ia?aie e
aoi?ie eieaaie Oi?u (Auoea e Enoiae).
E?iia oiai, nouanoaotho nai?ieee ieae?aoae, eioi?ua oaeaea auee
ninoaaeaiu a N?aaeiea aaea, ii, a ioee/ea io auoaia?a/eneaiiuo ?aaio, a
ieo iao aaoi?neeo eiiiaioa?eaa. I?eia? oaeiai nai?ieea – sseeoo Oeiiie,-
?aaioa, eioi?ay auea e inoaaony iiioey?iie n?aaee eioa?anothueony
ieae?aoaie e aaaaaeie.
sseeoo Oeiiie – aieueoia nia?aiea ieae?aoae, a iniiaiii, aaaaaee/aneeo,
ia ana eieae Aeaeee. Ninoaaeoaeue yoiai nai?ieea aue oi?ioi ciaeii n
aaeaoe/aneeie e aaaaaee/aneeie iaoa?eaeaie, oaeeie eae Ieoia e Oinaooa,
Aaaeeiineee e Ea?onaeeineee Oaeioaeu, Naaea? Ieai e Aaio aea-?aaae
Iaoai, Aa?aoeo ?aaa e Aaee?a ?aaa, ieae?aoe ia iaaeeeio (naeoee) e
Ie?eae aea-?aaae Yeeyc?. E?iia oiai, aaoi? aue ciaeii e n ae?oaeie
Ieae?aoaie, iiiaea ec eioi?uo auee iicaeiaa ooa?yiu.
Nai?iee sseeoo Oeiiie aue iaia?oaeai a ?aciuo no?aiao ie?a. Iaeuecy
ii?aaeaeaiii neacaoue, aaea e eiaaea i?iaeeaae aaoi?. A aaiaoeeaineie
?aaeaeoeee 1566 aiaea oeacaii, /oi eieaa auea iaienaia ?aaii Neiaiiii,
aeaaie aea?oaiei ai O?aieoo?oa. Nouanoaoao ianeieueei aeiioac ii iiaiaeo
aaoi?noaa e a?aiaie nicaeaiey nai?ieea.
Ae?oaei, ia iaiaa aaaeiui nai?ieeii, yaeyaony sseeoo Iaoe?e,
ninoaaeaiiue ?aaii Iaoe?ii aai Aaaa Ia?e. Caeanue oaeaea iao eaeie-eeai
eiie?aoiie eioi?iaoeee ia aaoi?a, ii nouanoaoao ianeieueei oeacaiee ia
oi, /oi yoa ?aaioa auea iaienaia a I?iaaina i?eaeeceoaeueii a XIV aaea.
sseeoo Iaoe?e noiae ii nooe n sseeoo Oeiiie, ii ii ia aue oae oe?iei
ecaanoai e iaeioi?ua aai /anoe auee ooa?yiu. Nio?aieeenue eeoue ieae?aoe
ia i?i?i/anoaa Enaee, Inaeiu e I?eo/e Nieiiiiiau e ia eieae Iaeuo
I?i?ieia, e oi ia a iieiii iauaia. Ec aaoi?neeo eiiiaioa?eaa iiaeii
naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi a nai?iee auee oaeaea aeeth/aiu ieae?aoe ia eieae
Eiaa, Eacaeeeey e, aiciiaeii, iicaeieo i?i?ieia.
Iiaeiaiua nai?ieee nicaeaaaeenue e a aieaa iicaeithth yiioo. A XVII aaea
a Iieueoa aue nicaeai sseeoo ?aoaaie. E?iia o?aaeeoeeiiiuo ieae?aoae, ii
aeeth/aao a naay aieueoia eiee/anoai ?aaio ii eaaaeenoeea. Ia
i?ioyaeaiee oiai a?aiaie ia Ainoiea iieo/eea oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea
eieaa ?aaae sseiaa Eoee, ecaanoiay eae Ia-ai Eiyc. A iaa aoiaeyo
ae?aaiee aaaaaee/aneee iaoa?eae, Aaeaoa, ae?aoio e iio/aiey aaoi?a.
Ae?oaea nai?ieee oiai ia?eiaea aei neo ii? iaoiaeyony a ?oeiieniie
oi?ia. Iaeia ec naiuo iauaiiuo e iaeaieaa ecaanoiuo ec ieo – sseeoo
Oaeioae Oi?a ?aaae sseiaa aai Oaiaiaeue Neeeee, aeeaoaai a XIV aaea.
Iineaaeiee ec nai?ieeia, ia eioi?ue oioaeinue au ia?aoeoue aieiaiea, –
Ieae?ao ha-Aaaeieue. Yoa i?ino?aiiay ?aaioa ii Oi?a auea nicaeaia a
Eaiaia ?aaae Aeaaeaeii Aaeaie. Ieae?ao ha-Aaaeieue aieueoa ii naiaio
iauaio, /ai Ieae?ao ?aaa, e iaoa?eae, aeeth/aiiue a iaai, ?aciiia?aciaa.
Iiiaea /anoe eieae iioiaee ia ae?aaiea Ieae?aoe, e, iiaeiaii ei, iia
aeeth/aao o?aaiaiou ae?aoio e eiiiaioa?ee ioae?aoeia e Oi?a. Ii Ieae?ao
ha-Aaaeieue ninoieo ia oieueei ec ?aaio ioae?aoeia, ii oaeaea ec o?oaeia
iuneeoaeae N?aaeiaaaeiauey, oaeeo eae ?aoe e Eai Yc?a. Ieae?ao /anoi
oeeoe?oao ienueia Iaeiiieaea (eae ecaanoii, ?aaiou Iaeiiieaea auee
i/aiue iiioey?iu a Eaiaia e eaiaineea aa?ae iieiinoueth i?eiyee aai
i?aaeea, a ioee/ea io ae?oaeo aa?aeneeo iauei). Aaoi? Ieae?ao
ha-Aaaeieue aeeth/aao a iaai iaoe?iue iaoa?eae aaaaaee/aneie eeoa?aoo?u,
ii, a ioee/ea io ?aiaa oiiiyioouo aaoi?ia, ii ia oeacuaaao ia enoi/ieee,
/oi nicaeaao ii?aaeaeaiiua o?oaeiinoe i?e eco/aiee Ieae?aoa.
Eeoa?aoo?a ieae?aoae N?aaeieo aaeia ia noieue ecuneaiia, eae ?aiiea
ieae?aoe. Iia onooiaao Aa?aoeo ?aaa, Aaee?a ?aaa e Oe? ha-Oe?ei ?aaa ii
ycueo, noeeth e niaea?aeaieth. Oaiu, eioi?ua cao?aaeaaee aaoi?u, ioee/iu
io oai ae?aaieo Ieae?aoae Y?aoe-En?ayeue. A N?aaeiea aaea aieueoaa
aieiaiea oaeaeyeinue eaaaaea, aaiao?ee e o.ae. e iaiueoaa – eeoa?aoo?iui
aniaeoai ieae?aoae.
CAEETH*AIEA
Aaaaaea, eae iu aeaeei, aaaeia aeey iiieiaiey enoi?ee aa?aeneiai
ia?iaea, aeecie, e ?acaeoey iunee a yiioo ?aaae. Ii, i?aaeaea anaai, iia
aaaeia aeey iiieiaiey ?aaaeienoe/aneie yoeee e oaieiaee, eioi?ua
oi?ie?otho oa?aeoa? e niaoeeoeeo eoaeaecia. A aaaaaea iaoee naia
au?aaeaiea iniiaiua i?eioeeiu nouanoaiaaiey aa?aeneiai ia?iaea, aai
aa?a, aai /ayiey, aai i?i?i/aneee aea?. Enoi?e/aneea e eoeueoo?iua
aniaeou aaaaaeu ioe?uaatho ia?aae iaie nie?iaeuieoeo oeaiiinoae, eioi?ua
ia oo?aoyo naiaai cia/aiey a aaeao.
EEOA?AOO?A
Aaaaea. Aeaeeioaea – Aeey, ?79. – Ea?onaeei, 1989, 13, 19 nn.
A?ieaaoc O.A., Yo?ii E.A. Aa?aeneay yioeeeeiiaaeey. O.1. – I.: Oa??a. –
1991, 386 – 399 nn.
Oeiai A. Ie? aaaaaee/aneie eeoa?aoo?u. – Ea?onaeei, Aeaeeioaea – Aeey,
?143. – 1990 , 10-11, 15-16, 167 nn.
H. N. Bialik, Y.H. Rawnitzky. Sefer Ha-Aggadah. The Book of Jewish
Folklore and Legend. – Tel Aviv: DVIR. – 1988.
H. Mack. The Aggadic Midrash Literature. – Tel Aviv: MOD books. – 1989,
135 ?.
.353 ‘io ,1988 – .ieioao uaoon uaoeaae ,ieiuaoe – .1 .e .ueoaoae
aeeaoai/ea?aae
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