IAOE, Neiaiaeyithe E.I.
N.A.N.
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I?aaeaea /ai i?enooiaoue e aiaeeco iniiaiiai aii?ina, iaiaoiaeeii
?anniio?aoue
iaiaeiaaaeioth i?iaeaio, naycaiioth n nioeeaeueiuie enoieaie
o?enoeainoaa.
Iiae nioeeaeueiuie enoieaie o?enoeainoaa (iiiyoeai aeinoaoi/ii
iiiaicia/iui)
iu iiieiaai oa nioeeaeueiua yaeaiey (e aeooiaiua e iaoa?eaeueiua),
eioi?ua ieacaee aeeyiea ia i?ienoiaeaeaiea, ?acaeoea, noaiiaeaiey
o?enoeaineie ?aeeaee e , neaaeiaaoaeueii, iniiaiuo aa eaeae.
1. Nioeeaeueiua enoiee o?enoeainoaa.
1.1. ?aeeaeiciua enoiee o?enoeainoaa
Eae e anyeay iiaay ?aeeaey o?enoeainoai aicieeei ia ia ionoii ianoa.
Iii aieoaei eaeae e i?aaenoaaeaiey ?yaea ae?oaeo ?aeeaee, a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue eoaeaecia.
Aiiaua, iiaeii oeacaoue ia iaiaeiaaaeioth i?aainoaaiiinoue ,iaeciaiii
nouanoaothuoth iaaeaeo ?aiieie oi?iaie ?aeeaee -ieoaie, n eo
iieeoaeciii, ia?yaeiinoueth e i?i/. , e naiie ?aeeaeae , aicieeathuae
ia eo iniiaa. Ii caia/aieth A. N. Ia?nanyioea yoa i?aainoaaiiinoue eiaao
aieueoia cia/aiea a iaeanoe iieeoeei- i?aaiauo aicc?aiee e i?yii
i?iyaeyaony, iai?eia?, a aeaea o/aiee i aiaeanoaaiiii oa?aeoa?a aeanoe e
ii?yaeea, i aiaeanoaaiiii i?aaa e o.i. (
O?enoeainoai ?iaeeeinue ia?aiia/aeueii n?aaee aa?aaa Iaeanoeiu e
ae?oaeo no?ai Aeeaeiaai Ainoiea. Naycue iiaie ?aeeaee n eoaeaeciii
i?iyaeeanue a /anoiinoe a oii, /oi nayuaiiia ienaiea o?enoeai- Aeaeey
aeeth/aea eae nianoaaiii o?enoeaineea i?iecaaaeaiey, ia?aciaaaoea iiaue
caaao, oae e nayuaiiua eieae iineaaeiaaoaeae eoaeaecia- Aaooee caaao.
Eoaeaeci- ia?aay iineaaeiaaoaeueii iiiioaenoe/aneay ?aeeaey. A iae
i?ioeai?a/eai ni/aoaeenue no?iaua o?aaeeoeee ae?aaieo ieaiai n
aea?oaii?eiioaieyie, ianeeeai, aeanoieinoueth, e /a?ou iiaiai a
aeooiaiie e i?aanoaaiiie noa?ao, iiaeaioiaeaoea ii/ao aeey o?enoeainoaa.
Eoaeaeci i?aaenoaaeye niaie ?aeeaeth iaeiiai ia?iaea, n/eoaaoaai naay
eca?aiieeii ia oii iniiaaiee, /oi aia /a?ac Iienay aeae aio caeii.
I?eiya yoio caeii, aa?ae anooieee a iniaua ioiioaiey c aiaii, caeeth/eee
n iei aeiaiai?, eioi?ue iaania/eaae ei aiaeanoaaiiia iie?iaeoaeuenoai a
neo/aa niaethaeaiey anao aai i?aaeienaiee.
?inoee iiaiai a ?aeeaee ae?aaieo aa?aaa caeeth/aeenue e a iniauo
i?aaenoaaeaieyo ia enoi?ee- a Aeaeee enoi?ey o?aeooaony eae
iinooiaoaeueiia aeaeaeaiea. Eoaeae aa?eee a i?eoanoaea iannee-
nianeoaey, ieniineaiiiai aiaii aeey onoaiiaeaiey ni?aaaaeeeainoe.
Ec eoaeaecia O?enoeainoai caeinoaiaaei ianeieueei iniiaiuo eaeae:
ai-ia?auo eaeath iiiioaoaecia, o. a. i?eciaiea iaeiiai aiaa,
nioai?eaoaai ie? e oi?aaeythuaai ei, ai -aoi?uo eaeath ianneaiecia,
a-o?aoueeo ynoaoieiaeth, o. a. eaeath aeaaee
nouanoaothuaai ie?a a ?acoeueoaoa aiaeanoaaiiiai aiaoaoaeuenoaa. I?e
yoii iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi a o?enoeainoaa ana iie nouanoaaiii
o?ainoi?ie?iaaeenue: iiiioaeci aue aiineaaenoaee ineaaeai o/aieai i
aiaeanoaaiiie o?ieoea, ianneaieci ec oceiyoie/aneiai i?aa?aoeeny a
o/aiea i nianaiee anao ethaeae /a?ac eneoieoaeueioth aea?oao Eenona
O?enoa. Ynoaoieiaey, o.a. o/aiea i eiioea ie?a, naycuaaeanue n eaeaae
aoi?e/iiai i?eoanoaey O?enoa.
N?aaee ?aeeaeiciuo o/aiee, a?oii, naeo, ianniaia aicieeiiaaiea eioi?uo
iaoneaaeeaaeinue aoiinoa?ie iaoaa?aiiinoe e iaeeaeaiey eiioea, oea?eaoae
a iauanoaa, auea iaeia, o/aiea e i?aaiecaoeey eioi?ie eiatho
iaiin?aaenoaaiiia ioiioaiea e enoieai o?enoeainoaa. Iu eiaai a aeaeo
Eoi?aineoth iaueio e aa o/aiea. E. N. Naaioeeoeeay ooaa?aeaeaao, /oi
“aeeyiea, ieacaiiia eoi?aieoaie ia ?aeeaeiciia o/aiea ia?auo o?enoeai,
auei i/aiue aaeeei”.(( Ii ni?aaaaeeeaiio caia/aieth E. Ae. Aioneia
eoi?aineia o/aiea nua?aei naiaai ?iaea iin?aaeie/aneoth ?ieue iaaeaeo
i?oiaeienaeueiui eoaeaeciii e o?enoeainoaii.
( Enoi?ey iieeoe/aneeo o/aiee iiae ?aae. Ia?nanyioea, no?. 20.
(( E. N. Naaioeeoeeay. ?aiiaa o?enoeainoai: no?aieoeu enoi?ee. no?. 50.
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Eoi?aieou aeeee caieiooie iaueiie, aeey eioi?ie oa?aeoa?iu auee
iauiinoue eiouanoaa, , iaycaoaeueiue o?oae anao /eaiia iaueiu,
niaianoiua o?aiacu, eco/aiea ?aeeaeiciuo oaenoia. AEeciue eoi?aieoia
auea no?iai ?aaeaiaioe?iaaia. Eaaeaeue iiaue /eai iaueiu aeieaeai aue
ia?aaeaoue iaueia “ana ciaiea, o?oae e eiouanoai” (Onoaa eoi?aineie
iaueiu.). Eae ia oneuoaoue oa aea i?ecuau o ia?auo o?enoeaineeo iauei!
E. Ae. Aionei oeacuaaao ia aieueoia noiaenoai iaaeaeo eaeaieiaeae e
i?aeoeeie eoi?aineie iaueiu, iaoaaeoeo naia io?aaeaiea a Onoaaa e
?aiiao?enoeaineeo iauei.
Iu, e niaeaeaieth, ia iiaeai inoaiaaeeaaoueny ia anao aiciiaeiuo
niiinoaaeaieyo e n?aaiaieyo iaaeaeo eoi?aineie e o?enoeaineie
eaeaieiaeyie . Ioiaoei eeoue iaeioi?ua aaaeiaeoea noiaeiua /a?ou.
Anee aiai?eoue ia iniiaiiieaaathueo noi?iiao ?aeeaeiciie oeeinioee
eoi?aineie iaueiu – o/aiey i aeoaeecia (naaoa e oueiu, aeia?a e cea e
o.ae. ) e i?aaeii?aaeaeaiee, oi ecaanoii, /oi yoe aeieo?eiu auee
?ani?ino?aiaiu e n?aaee ?aiiao?enoeaineeo iauei. Ioaieineaie
aeoaeenoe/aneeo iioeaia i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiey naaoa- oueia eciaeeotho
iiaicaaaoiua ienaiey, a iniaaiiinoe aea i?eienuaaaiia Eiaiio ( “aeoo
enoeiu e aeoo caaeoaeaeaiey” a ia?aii iine. Eiaiia IV, 6). Oi/ii oaeaea
ae?oaie ea?aeeiaeueiue i?eioeei o?enoeaineiai o/aiey, iaiaoiaeeii
auoaeathuee ec o/aiey i i?aaeii?aaeaeaiee: “Aea aoaeao aiey oaiy ”,
iaoiaeeo naaa ,ii-aeaeeiiio , ia?aeeaeue a oii aea Onoaaa: “E ana
naeaeaiiia n iei ii aicaeaeaao a aeia?iaieueiui i?aaeaiee naay e, e?iia
aiee aiaa , ie/aai ia oi/ao”(1QS IX, 24) . Ecaanoii, /oi iaeiei ec
iniiaiuo e a oi aea a?aiy i?eaeiaeueiuo iieiaeaiee o?enoeainoaa yaeyaony
i?aaeienaiea ia ioaa/aoue ceii ia cei (“A y aiai?th aai: ia i?ioeaueny
ceiio” -Iaooae 5,39) Oeacaiea ia yoi iu ano?a/aai e a eoi?aineii Onoaaa:
“ss ieeiio ia aicaeai ceii, a aeia?ii i?aneaaeoth…, eai aiao
i?eiaaeeaaeeo noae iaae anaie aeeauie, e aio i?eiaaeeaaeeo
aicaeayiea.”(1QS X, 17-18).
Iaeiiaoe, iiaeii oeacaoue noiaenoai a nioeeaeueiuo i?eioeeiao,
“oeeinioee ieuaou”, oeacuaathueo ia ?acoeueoao aeaenoaey iaueo oaeoi?ia,
aeaenoaothueo a aiaeiae/iuo enoi?e/aneeo oneiaeyo. E. Ae. Aionei
ioia/aao, /oi “iaeeaeaiea iannee yaeyaony ia oieueei
?aeeaeicii-ieoieiae/aneie eaeaae. Nioeeaeueiue niune ianneaineeo /ayiee
caeeth/aaony a aeaaeaea ia?aiai, ia/oa i ia?aono?ienoaa ie?a. A oi aea
a?aiy yoi yaeyaony naeaeaoaeuenoaii io/ayiey, aucaaiiiai niciaieai
iaaiciiaeiinoe oieueei naieie neeaie enei?aieoue cei e nioeeaeueioth
iani?aaaaeeeainoue ia caiea”.(
“A eoi?aineie eaeaieiaee aia?aua i?iaeea naaa ianoi eaeay caiaiu
eca?aiie/anoaa oeaeiai yoiina eca?aiie/anoaii eiaeeaeaeooia”((
Ec anaai yoiai iaeioi?ua o/aiua naeaeaee caeiiiia?iue auaiae, /oi iiaui
e oeaeeeii i?eaeiaeueiui yaeythony ia o/aiey o?enoeainoaa e aai
enoi?e/aneay ?ieue, ia nioeeaeueiua i?eioeeiu, nioeeaeueiay i?aaiecaoeey
e iianaaeiaaiay ?aeeaeiciay i?aeoeea ?aiiao?enoeaineeo iauei a oieueei
aiaeanoaaiiay ee/iinoue O?enoa, aai nianeoaeueiue iiaeaea i?eaeatho
o?enoeainoao aai iiaoth nouiinoue.
Ia?yaeo n iiiai/eneaiiuie /a?oaie noiaenoaa iaaeaeo eoi?ai?neie e
iiaicaaaoiie eeoa?aoo?ie iiaeii iaia?oaeeoue iaiaei ?acee/ee . Iniiaiia
?acee/ea caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi eoi?aineay iaueia ia?aie/eaaeanue
aa?iaaieai a a?yaeouee i?eoiae iannee, a oi a?aiy eae naii aicieeiiaaiea
o?enoeainoaa naycaii n aa?ie a oaea ninoiyaoeeny i?eoiae iannee- O?enoa.
Aunooiathuee a eoi?aineie eeoa?aoo?a ianney aua ia iaaeaeai
niaoeeoe/aneeie /a?oaie nianeoaey, a oi a?aiy eae iiaicaaaoiue O?enoin
i?aaeaea anaai- ecaaaeoaeue e nianeoaeue ie?a, i?eoaaeoee a ie?, /oiau
aea?oaaiii i?eiyoue ia naay aai a?aoe e naiae e?iaueth eneoieoue eo.
Aiieia iiiyoii iiyoiio, /oi a eoi?aineeo oaenoao iao aeaaea iaiaea ia
oaeea o?enoeaineea aeiaiaou, eae aiieiuaiea ei ia?ai?iaeiiai a?aoa
ethaeae, o/aiea i o?ieoea.
( E. Ae. Aionei. Eoi?aineay iaueia. no?. 162
(( Oai aea, no?. 225
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1.2. Oeeinioneea enoiee.
O. Yiaaeuen noaaee aii?in i oii, ioeoaea i?ienoiaeyo i?aaenoaaeaiey e
eaeae, eioi?ua a o?enoeainoaa neiaeeeenue a naiaai ?iaea nenoaio.( Iu
ii/oe ioaaoeee ia yoio aii?in, ?anniio?aa ?aeeaeiciua enoiee
o?enoeainoaa. Aeey oiai, /oiau ioaao aue iieiui, iaiaoiaeeii
?anniio?aoue naycue o?enoeainoaa n oeeinioeae- oaeaeii eioaeeaeooaeueiie
yeeou.
O. Yiaaeuen ioia/ae caneoao A. Aaoy?a, eioi?ue iieacae naycue
o?enoeainoaa n iaeioi?uie aioe/iuie oeeinioneeie oa/aieyie. Oeeinioa
Oeeiia Aeaenaiae?eeneiai, aia?aua i?eiaieaoaai eaeae oeeinioee
ieaoiiecia( aaeeiia aiaeanoai- oai?aoe ie?icaeaiey e aannia?oea aeooe
eae iniiaaiea o/aiey i caa?iaiie aeecie, no?aoiii noaea, iaeacaiee ceuo
e iaa?aaea aeia?uo) aeey enoieeiaaiey Aaooiai caaaoa, Yiaaeuen iacaae
“iooeii o?enoeainoaa”, a i?aaenoaaeoaey ?eineeo noieeia Naiaeo –
“aeyaeae ” o?enoeainoaa. Iiaeii oeacaoue oaeaea ia yoe/aneia iai?aaeaiea
a?a/aneie oeeinioee, aa?ouaa ia/aei n Nie?aoa, i?iaicaeaneaoaai aii?aee
oiaaeaoiei aicc?aieyi, /oi aeia?iaeaoaeue anoue aaeeinoaaiiue enoi/iee e
caeia n/anouey. I?aaaea, ii ?acoiae iiae n/anoueai aeooaaiia ninoiyiea
caiiie aeecie. O?enoeainoai aea oaea a eeoea Eaeoaioeey ia?aianei
aea?oaiia aeia?iaeaoaeth n/anouea ec caiiie aeecie a caa?iaioth, a
iicaeiaa a eeoea Aaaonoeia, auaeaeioaoaai iiiyoea aeaaiaeaoe.
1.3. Nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneay neooaoeey e aa aeeyiea ia o?enoeainoai
O?enoeainoai iiyaeeinue a ia?eiae, eiaaea ia?iiioth eiia?eth ?acaee?aee
aeoai/aeoea nioeeaeueii- iieeoe/aneea aioaaiieciu, eae aeaeaeaiea
oaiaoaiiuo: iii aunooiaei nia/aea eae ?aeeaey ?aaia e
aieueiiioiouaiieeia, aaaeiyeia e aani?aaiuo, iiei?aiiuo e ?annayiiuo
?eiii ia?iaeia.
O. Yiaaeuen aeae neaaeothuoth oa?aeoa?enoeeo aeooiaiiai e
iaoa?eaeueiiai ninoiyiey oiaaeaoiaai iauanoaa: “ianoiyuaa iaauiineii,
aoaeouaa, iiaeaeoe aua aieaa a?icii. Ieeaeiai auoiaea”.(( A neooaoeee
oaeiai ?iaea aaaeiyee aioiau auee aa?eoue ethaiio i?ecuao, eeoue au oio
iaauae inaiaiaeaeaiey.
Iaeiaei “ai anao eeannao aeieaeii auoue ecaanoiia eiee/anoai ethaeae,
eioi?ua, io/ayaoenue a iaoa?eaeueiii inaiaiaeaeaiee, eneaee au
inaiaiaeaeaiey aeooiaiiai, ooaoaiey a niciaiee, eioi?ia nianei au eo io
iieiiai io/ayiey”(((. Ii ia?a oneeaiey ninoiyiey iaoa?eaeueiiai
oneeeaaeinue aoeaaeueii aaanoai ec ie?a aiaoiaai a ie? aioo?aiiee.
Eoae, ec yoie neooaoeee anaiauaai yeiiiie/aneiai, iieeoe/aneiai,
eioaeeaeooaeueiiai e ii?aeueiiai ?aceiaeaiey auoiae iaoaeny. “Ii ia a
yoii ie?a”.
Iaeiaei iaiaoiaeeii caiaoeoue, /oi a oii iieiaeaiee yoio auoiae iia
auoue oieueei a iaeanoe ?aeeaee. Yoie ?aeeaeae ieacaeinue o?enoeainoai.
Aicieeioa, o?enoeainoai anooieei a ?aceia i?ioeai?a/ea ni anaie
nouanoaiaaaoeie aei oao ii? ?aeeaeyie. Iii noaiiaeony ia?aie aiciiaeiie
ie?iaie ?aeeaeae. Ii/aio? Ai- ia?auo o?enoeaineay ?aeeaey io?eoeaea
i?enouoth
anai ae?oaei ia?yaeiinoue. Ai-aoi?uo iia noaiiaeoueny iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiie
?aeeaeae.
I?aaeiea ?aeeaee, nouanoaiaaaoea ia oa??eoi?ee eiia?ee, iineee
oceiyoie/aneee oa?aeoa?(y?eee i?eia?- eoaeaeci) e auee ianiiniaiu
iauaaeeieoue ?aaia e oaiaoaiiuo ?aciiai yoie/aneiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey;
aieaa oiai, iie ?acuaaeeiyee eo.
O?enoeainoai aea ?iaeeeinue eae ?aeeaey, ia?auaiiay ei anai ia?iaeai.
Iia niioaaonoaiaaea oneiaeyi oiai a?aiaie, eiaaea i?iecioei niaoaiea
naiuo ?acee/iuo yoie/aneeo a?oii, anoanoaaiiua a?aieoeu iaaeaeo eioi?uie
auee ?ac?ooaiu ?eineeie caaiaaaieyie. Oi anoue iaueaaeeiaiiinoue
ia?iaeia iiae naiueth ?eineie aeanoe niaeaenoaiaaea oniaoai oaeie
oieaa?naeueiie ?aeeaee, eaeie auei
(O. Yiaaeuen. A?oii Aaoy? e ia?aiia/aeueiia o?enoeainoai//I
ia?aiia/aeueiii o?eneainoaa no?. 4
( ( Oai aea, no?. 9
((( Oai aea, no?. 9
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o?enoeainoai- iniaaiii n oao ii?, eae yoa aeanoue iaoea naaa eiie?aoiiai
i?aaenoaaeoaey a eeoea ?eineiai eiia?aoi?a.
A oa/aiea ia?auo aaeia naiaai nouanoaiaaiey o?enoeainoai i?aoa?iaei
neiaeioth yaiethoeeth. Ii ?acaeaaeinue, iaiyeenue aai eaeae e aicc?aiey.
Iiyoiio i?inoi iaiaoiaeeii aeaoue oa?aeoa?enoeeo o?enoeaineei aicc?aieyi
ii aeaoi ia?eiaeai I?e yoii ioiaoei aieueooth noaiaiue oneiaiinoe yoie
ia?eiaeecaoeee, o.e. i?ioeann ?acaeoey oea?eiaiie eaeaieiaee
iaiaeiicia/ai, aeaaea ianeieueei i?ioeai?a/ea.
2. Oea?eiaue a 30-150 aa. i.y.
2.1 “Aeaiie?aoey aeooa” e eaeay Oea?noaey Iaaaniiai.
?aiiaa o?enoeainoai naie nioeeaeueiua i?aaenoaaeaiey naycuaaei n
eaeayie ?aaainoaa anao ia?aae aiaii, ni?aaaaeeeainoe e ieeina?aeey, n
i?aaenoaaeaieyie i i?aaa anao ia naiaiaeo e n/anouea, oioy au e a
caa?iaiie aeecie. Yoi -iniiaiua eaeae o?enoeainoaa. ?yaeii n ieie noiyee
oi?ioi ecaanoiua iai eaeae ianneainoaa e ynoaoieiaee. Niaa?oaiii
anoanoaaiii, /oi iie auee nicao/iu n ia/oaie ?aaia e iaeioueo naiaiaeiuo
a?aaeaeai.
Aeaenoaeoaeueii, o?enoeainoai cao?iioei no?oio, eioi?ay aeieaeia auea
iaeoe ioeeee a aan/eneaiiuo na?aeoeao. Iauai?eciaiiiio /oanoao, /oi
ethaee naie a?aoiaiu ai anaiauae enii?/aiiinoe, o?enoeainoai aeaei yniia
au?aaeaiea a niciaiee a?aoiaiinoe eaaeaeiai ioaeaeueiiai /aeiaaea; a oi
aea a?aiy a aea?oaaiiie nia?oe naiaai iniiaaoaey o?enoeainoai nicaeaei
eaaei iiiyoioth oi?io aioo?aiiaai nianaiey io enii?/aiiinoe ie?a,
ooaoaiey a niciaiee, e /aio ana oae no?anoii no?aieeenue.
O?enoeainoai o/eei ethaeoue e oeaieoue a /aeiaaea ia aai aiaoiea
ao?eaoou, ia
aai aeinoieinoaa, a aai aeooo. Yoi auei iienoeia iiaay, anee ia
?aaiethoeeiiiay a oie enoi?e/aneie neooaoeee eaeay: a oii ie?a ee/iinoue
eiaea cia/aiea oieueei eae /anoue ?iaea, ainoaea?noaa. O?enoeainoai
i/enoeei aeooo io anaai neo/aeiiai e iieacaei aa aaneiia/ioth e?anioo e
oeaiiinoue. Ia iao acaeyae yoi- iaeia ec i?e/ei iiioey?iinoe
o?enoeainoaa. ( Iu oaea aiai?eee i oii ianniaii aaanoaa ec ie?a aiaoiaai
a ie? aioo?aiiee). Io/ayaoenue a iaoa?eaeueiii ie?a ethaie /aeiaae(!),
aoaeue ii ?aa eee naiaiaeiue, iia ?ann/eouaaoue ia ia?aoaiea naiaiaeu
aeooiaiie, ia iniaia aeooiaiia ninoiyiea.
Ia?auaiea ?aaia e iaeioueo a o?enoeainoai i?eaiaeeei e noieeiiaaieth n
ainoaea?noaaiiuie aeanoyie, ii?iaeaeaei iiiai/eneaiiua i?aneaaeiaaiey e
aiiaiey. Ana yoi aianoa acyoia iicaieyao aiai?eoue i oii, /oi
nioeeaeueiay i?eaioaoeey ?aiiaai o?enoeainoaa, auiieiythuaai ia?aaeei
?ieue iieeoe/aneie iiiiceoeee , ?anniao?eaaeanue eae ii?aaeaeaiiay
oa?ica ainoaea?noaaiiie no?oeoo?a. Iiyoiio aeanoe i?eieiaee ia?u ii
caueoa no?iy e aai eaeaieiaee. Ii ia?a ?ani?ino?aiaiey o?enoeainoaa e
?inoa iiiiceoeeiiiuo iano?iaiee ?aeeaeiciay iaoa?ieiinoue a ioiioaiee
o?enoeai i?eieiaea ana aieueoea ianooaau.
O?enoeainoai o/eei, /oi ana aeo?iia a aeecie -anoue i?iecaiaeiia a?aoa,
aeoai/aeoaai ?aceiaeaiey ee/iinoe, eioi?ia neo/aaony, anee yoa ee/iinoue
ionooiaao io aiaeanoaaiiiai caeiia. Oaeia oeaiiinoe eaaeaeie ee/iinoe
caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi “iu oaia?ue aeaoe aiaeuee” (Eiai. III, 2). Yoi
o/aiea i i?e/anoiinoe /aeiaaea e aiaeanoao, auaoaa aua o Ieaoiia, a
o?enoeainoaa noaei aeeciueth e iiaeiyei naiiniciaiea /aeiaaea ia
iaauaaeoth aunioo, ioe?uaoe aio naaoeua ia?niaeoeau aoaeouaai
caiiaaaeueth: aoaeueoa niaa?oaiiu, eae niaa?oaiai Ioaoe aao.
-5-
Ii aoaeo/e ?aaeinoiie aanoueth aeey eaaeaeiai ioaeaeueiiai /aeiaaea,
o/aiea O?enoa aiai?eei i nianaiee e anaai ie?a. No?aaeaao ia oieueei
/aeiaae; “any oaa?ue niaieoiii no?aaeaao e io/aaony” (?ei. VII, 29).
Iiyoiio nianaiea ia oieueei a oii, /oi nianaaony eaaeaeay ioaeaeueiay
/aeiaa/aneay aeooa, a a oii /oi nianaaony eaaeaeay oaa?ue. Yoio iiaue
ii?yaeie aauae, iiaue ?iae auoey e ioiioaiee a Aaaiaaeee iineo
iacaaiea Oea?noaey Aiaeueaai eee Oea?noaey iaaaniiai.
Oea?noaea Iaaaniia, eaeaaeueiue, aiaeanoaaiiue ie?, nouanoaoao io aaea,
ii /aeiaae iiaeao, anee oi/ao , aieoe a iaai, oiio?aaea aeey yoiai
ee/iua oneeey; aua i?e aeecie ii iiaeao niaaeeieoueny a naiae aeooa n
iauaeoeaiui Oea?noaii Aiaeueei, i?eiya aai a naay, a oi a?aiy eae a
ae?oaeo ethaeyo, ai anai ie?a Oea?noai aua ia inouanoaeeinue.
Iiaeii ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi a aeooiaiinoe o?enoeaia iioee aeaeueoa, /ai
aoaeaeenou.
Au, iiaeaeoe, ni?ineoa, a /ai aea caeeth/aaony iieeoe/aneee niune yoie
a?iaea au ia /enoi iieeoeei- i?aaiaie eaeae(eae e iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo).
Ioaao ia yoio aii?in iiaeii aeaoue, anee acaeyiooue ia ?acoeueoao eo
aicaeaenoaey ia iauanoai e ainoaea?noai. Iu iieaaaai, ieeoi ia
oniiieoueny a oii, /oi neea eo aeaenoaey ia /aeiaa/anoai ieacaeanue
aani?eia?iie. Yoei iu oioei neacaoue, /oi any enoi?ey iinea O?enoa
noaea ea/anoaaiii ae?oaie iiae aeeyieai o?enoeaineeo eaeae. Oi anoue
iieeoeei-i?aaiaie oa?aeoa? yoeo eaeae ?ane?uaaaony a eo aicaeaenoaee ia
/aeiaa/anoai.
2.2. Eaeay iineaaeiaaoaeueiiai oiaea enoi?ee
O?enoeainoai, aunooieaoaa eae neioace?othuay ?aeeaey a oneiaeyo
onoaoaeythuaainy nioeeaeueii- iieeoe/aneiai e?ecena o?aeoiaaea
iieeoe/aneee i?ioeann eae eeiaeioth iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue niauoee,
eiathuoth ia/aei e eiiaoe, caaeneioth io i?iaeaeaiey aiaa. (I?eoea ec
eoaeaecia). Oaeia oieeiaaiea enoi?e/aneiai i?ioeanna neoaeeei
iainiiaaieai aeey ooaa?aeaeaiee i aeaaee ?eineie eiia?ee.
2.3. I?aaenoaaeaiea ia iauanoaa e ainoaea?noaa e ioiioaiea e iei a
Aiieaeeinena.
Eae ie naiaia?acia e iacaaeneia auea aeeciue iaueiu, iia iauaeoeaii ia
iiaea auoue iieiinoueth naiaiaeiie io acaeiiaeaenoaey n oie n?aaeie, a
eioi?ie iia iiyaeeanue, a i?iiiaaaeue ycu/ieeai, eioi?ay oae yia?ae/ii
iiaaeanue aiinoieaie ii anaio ie?o, i?eaaea Oea?eiaue a
iaiin?aaenoaaiiia nii?eeiniiaaiea n yoei ie?ii. Yoi i?eeiniiaaiea
noaaeei ia?aae niciaieai oea?eae e?aeia o?oaeiue aii?in i oii, eae
ioeaieaaoue ie? e eae n iei n/eoaoueny. (Ia yoii yoaia /aoeee aii?in i
niioiioaiee ainoaea?noaa e oea?eae aua ia iinoaaeai). Iniiaiua i?eioeeiu
ioiioaiey e ie?o aeaiu aua a Aaaiaaeee.
Iaeaieaa ae?aaiae iiaicaaaoiie eieaie yaeyaony Ioe?iaaiea Eiaiia
Aiaineiaa (Aiieaeeinen), oi/ii aeaoe?iaaiiia 68 a. i.y. Aiaeece?oy yoio
enoi/iee, iiaeii caiaoeoue, /oi ii nouanoaaiii auaeaeyaony ec iauaai
iioiea ?aiiao?enoeaineie iunee. Eioa?anii ioiaoeoue oio oaeo, /oi
o?enoeainoai i?aaenoaaeaii a iai (Aiieaeeinena) eae o/aiea, ia aiieia
ioaeaeeaoaany io eoaeaecia. A iai ionoonoaoao yoeea anai?iuaiey,
e?ioinoe e iiei?iinoe, eioi?ay aiineaaenoaee iiyaeeanue a Aaaiaaeeyo.
Yoo eieao i?iiecuaaao iaiaaenoue e ?eio eae enoi/ieeo cea. Aua ia
neiaeeeanue a yoi a?aiy o?enoeaineay aeiaiaoeea, iiiaea aaaeiua yeaiaiou
aa?io/aiey ionoonoaotho.
Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi iaeioi?ua iaoiaeyo a Aiieaeeinena
?aaiethoeeiiioth i?ia?aiio aeaenoaee. Iiaeiaiua noaeaeaiey iniiaaiu ia
auaea?aeeao ec Aaaiaaeee iiaeiaiiai ?iaea: “i?aaeano a?ao a?aoa ia
nia?oue, e ioaoe- nuia … ainnoaiao ia?iae e oea?noai ia oea?noai”, eee
“ia aeoiaeoa, /oi y i?eoae i?eianoe ie? ia caieth; ia ie? i?eoae y
i?eianoe, ii ia/” (Io. 10, 34). Oaeia i?aaenoaaeaiea i O?enoa -aoioa?a
eneonnoaaiii. Aaaiaaeea- iniaue enoi/iee, yiioeeiiaeueiue e
neiaiee/aneee, ii aeiioneaao ?aciiaeaney. I?eaaaeaiiua neiaa ia
i?ia?aiia aeaenoaee, a i?i?i/anoai aaae. Ei i?ioeainoiyo eaeae
inoaeaeaiey ianeeey (“acyaoee ia/ io ia/a e iiaeaiao”).
-6-
Yoe iieiaeaiey aieueoa niioaaonoaoth aeooo o?enoeainoaa. I?ia?aiia e
nooue o?enoeainoaa ia a i?aia?aciaaiee ie?a, a a nianaiee aeooe.
2.4. I?aaenoaaeaiea ia iauanoaa e ainoaea?noaa e ioiioaiea e iei a
Aaaiaaeeyo.
Eioa?anii ioiaoeoue, /oi iineaaeothuea eieae Iiaiai caaaoa nouanoaaiii
ioee/athony io Ioe?iaaiey. A Aaaiaaeeyo aia?aua iiyaeyaony o/aiea i
iaiaoiaeeiinoe i?iuaoue aeanoyi, oa?iaoue ethaua no?aaeaiey a caiiie
aeecie, noi?ie?iaaiu iniiaiua i?eioeeiu yoeee iiei?iinoe, iai?ioeaeaiey
ceo ianeeeai.
Ecaanoiia iiaaeaiea Aiinoiea i iiaeiiaaiee i?aaea?aeauei aeanoyi ia oii
iniiaaiee, /oi “iao aeanoe ia io aiaa”, iiaeao auoue eiaei ca niaie
niooiia i?eciaiea iieiaeeoaeueiiai cia/aiey ?eineiai ainoaea?noaa a
enoi?ee ie?a e o?enoeainoaa. O?enoeainoai a yoeo eieaao
Aaaiaaeueneea i?eioeeiu ioiioaiey e ie?o naiaeeeenue e neaaeothuaio: ia
i?eaycuaaoueny e yiie?e/aneiio ie?o, ia neoaeeoue Iaiiiia e o.i. A?ao ia
aeeciue a yoii ie?o, a /?acia?iay i?eaycaiiinoue e iaio, iieeiiaiea aio
eae aaniethoiiio, caaaaiea ?aaee iaai aa/iiai.
Iiaeaiaey eoia neaaeai, /oi niaea?aeaueany a Aaaiaaeeyo i?eioeeiu ana
aea auee neeoeii iaue, a ieo ia niaea?aeaeinue i?yiuo oeacaiee ia
ioiioaiea e aeanoyi, ainoaea?noaaiiui o/?aaeaeaieyi, iaeiaai,
iauanoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe e i?i/.
O?enoeaineay oea?eiaue a naiai aeaeueiaeoai ?acaeoee naeaeaea auaiaeu
ec yoeo iaueo i?eioeeiia. Auaiaeu yoe, ?acee/iua a ?aciua a?aiaia,
i?eaeeaeaeenue iinoaiaiii e eiii?iienno iaaeaeo ?aeeaeiciie i?aaaeie e
i?aeoe/aneie aeeciueth ii ia?a oiai, eae a oea?eae ineoaeaaaea
?aeeaeiciay aeeciue e iaiyoue ia O/eoaea e oneeeaaeinue aeeyiea “ie?a”.
Iaiaoiaeeii caiaoeoue, /oi a ia?aue aae nouanoaiaaiey oea?eae ioiioaiea
e ainoaea?noao i?ienoaeaei, e?iia aaaiaaeueneeo ii?i, ec oiai aeooa,
eioi?ui auea i?iieeiooa aeeciue ia?auo o?enoeai. Eaeie eioa?an e
aaaeiinoue iiaee i?aaenoaaeyoue ?eineia iauanoai e ainoaea?noai aeey
ethaeae, aaeaieiooii iaeeaeaaoeo aoi?iai i?eoanoaey e ianooieaiey
enoeiiiai oea?noaa? Yoi- ai ia?auo. Ai-aoi?uo ?eineia ainoaea?noai auei
ainoaea?noaii ycu/aneei, ana aai ooieoeee, noae, oi?aaeaiea e o.ae.
nii?iaiaeaeaeinue ?aeeaeiciuie oea?aiiieyie; e?iia oiai iii
iiaeaea?aeeaaei iieeoaeci, o.a. n o?enoeaineie oi/ee c?aiey- eoeueo
aeaiiiia; yoi aeaeaei aeey o?enoeaieia iaaiciiaeiui o/anoea a
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeecie: /oi iauaai o naaoa n oueiie? Aeey Oea?eae n aa
aaconeiaiuie e?eoa?eyie, n aa ieii/aoaeueiuie ioeaieaie ana oi?iu
iauanoaaiiie aeecie auee o?iaeeeau, aacaiaeiu, neo/aeiu, ianiaa?oaiiu.
Iiyoiio iia ia iiaea aeeoue a ieo… N oi/ee c?aiey o?enoeaieia
aioo?aiiee ie? /aeiaaea, nianaiea aai aeooe aiana ia caaeneo io oi?i
ainoaea?noaa e anaai i?i/aai- ioiineoaeueiiai, a?aiaiiiai, i?aoiaeyuaai.
Iaiaoiaeeii iiae/a?eiooue /oi, ia eiay iaaeiaiinoe o/anoaiaaoue a
aeecie ?eineiai iauanoaa e ainoaea?noaa, ia?aiia/aeueiay oea?eiaue ia
auea iano?iaia aeoeaii i?ioea iaai. Iia ia n/eoaea a?aoii iiaeiiaaoueny
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe, i?eciaaaea aa eiiiaoaioeeth, iiea iia ia
cao?aaeaaea o?enoeaineie niaanoe, aeaaea iieeeanue ca eiia?aoi?ia e
ae?oaeo aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe.
2.5. Ioiioaiea ainoaea?noaa e Oea?eae.
Anee auoa iu ?anniio?aee ioiioaiea oea?eae e ainoaea?noao, oi nae/an
?anniio?ei, eaeiai aea auei, iaiai?io, ioiioaiea iauanoaa e ainoaea?noaa
e Oea?eae a ia?aue aae aa nouanoaiaaiey. I/aaeaeii, /oi e na?aaeeia 1
aaea aeanoe iao/eeenue ?acee/aoue o?enoeai io eoaeaaa. Yoi ?acee/ea
oeacuaaao eae ia oaaee/aiea iaueiu, oae e ia oi, /oi aeanoe noaee
iiaeic?eoaeueii ioiineoueny e naeoa o?enoeai. Ii iiaieth iaeioi?uo
o/aiuo i?aneaaeiaaeenue o?enoeaia (ia ia?aii yoaia) ia ca eaeae, a ca
yeiau niaa?oaiiua eie iiaeaeiae ?eia. N yoie oi/ee c?aiey iiaeii
naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi aeanoe ia iniciaaaee aua a iieiie ia?a anae
iianiinoe o?enoeai aeey eiia?ee. Ii iiaieth ae?oaeo, o?enoeainoai
?anniao?eaaeinue aeanoyie eae
-7-
iiiiceoeeiiiia ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe, eiia?aoi?o aeaeaeaiea. Oae eee
eia/a aiiaiey ia o?enoeai eiaee ianoi ia i?ioyaeaiee aeiaieueiiai
aieueoiai io?acea a?aiaie. Einiiiieeoeci ?aiiaai o?enoeainoaa,
yaaeeoa?eci, iai?eyoea aiaeanoaaiiiai eiia?aoi?a, ia?auaiea e oieaeaiiui
e oaiaoaiiui(nioe. nouiinoue, ni. aeaao “Aeaiie?aoey aeooa”), ii iunee
i?aayuae aa?oooee i?aaenoaaeyee ii?aaeaeaiioth eaeaieiae/aneoth
iianiinoue, /oi e iiaeaeei ca niaie iieeoeeo cai?aoia e aiiaiee.
Aioe/iue oi, inoaaaynue naiei niaie ia iia eia/a ?aaae?iaaoue ia yoi
iiaia o/aiea, yaii oaaeoaa iaia?aei? anaio oiio, /ai aeeea aioe/iinoue
(iai?eia?, aianoi neoaeau ainoaea?noao e iauanoao- ia/oo i Iaaaniii
Oea?noaa).
Aieaa oiai a eiiioienoe/aneie “i?aaiecaoeee” iaueiu iie aeaeaee enoi/iee
aia?oecia, e eioi?iio /oanoaiaaee iai?eyciue e iaiaaenoue. Iie neeoeii
i?ace?aee yoo i?ieaoa?neoth ?aeeaeth. Iiyoiio iicaea, oaea a 4 aaea,
eiaaea o?enoeainoai noaei ainiiaenoaothuae ?aeeaeae, iineaaeiaaoaeueiua
ycu/ieee inoaaaeenue i?e oii aea i?ac?eoaeueiii ioiioaiee e
o?enoeainoao.
Ii?aaeaeaiiue eioa?an i?aaenoaaeytho a yoii ieaia “Ienueia Ieeiey
Ieaaeoaai” eiia?aoi?o O?iyio. Aaoi? ienai, ?anneaaeoy aeayoaeueiinoue
o?enoeai, ioia/aao, /oi ”ia iaia?oaeee ie/aai, e?iia aacia?iiai
o?iaeeeaiai noaaa?ey ”.(
2.6. O?enoeainoai e eiiioieci. I?aaiecaoeey e aeeciue ia?auo iauei.
Aaeaeo ?acei au?aaeaiiiai i?ieaoa?neiai oa?aeoa?a iaueiu a ia?aii aaea
aiieia anoanoaaiii, /oi iia no?aieeanue e eiiioienoe/aneie i?aaiecaoeee.
N/eoaaony, /oi eaoaeiiaiia o?enoeainoai ianei a iannu eaeae i?eieoeaiiai
eiiioiecia.
?anniio?ei i?aaiecaoeeth ?aiiao?enoeaineie iaueiu. Niaeanii ae?aaiae
iiaiai?ea, eioi?oth oeeoe?oao Oa?ooeeeai (i iai- ieaea),- “aaea o?ia,
oai e oea?eiaue”. Ai anyeie o?enoeaineie iaueia auaeaeyeanue a?oiia
eeoe, iniai oaaaeaaiuo /eaiaie ca naith i?aaeaiiinoue oea?eae- aieneiiu
e aeeaeiiu. Ia?yaeo n ieie a ?aiiao?enoeaineeo aeieoiaioao oiiieiathony
i?anaeoa?u (noa?aeoeiu). Iaeiaei aaaeii caiaoeoue, /oi ia ?aiiai yoaia
?acaeoey (30 -130 aa. i.y.), yoe eeoea iaoiaeyony a “aeeaii aaeeiaiee n
oea?eiaueth”, eo aeanoue eiaao ia i?aaiaie oa?aeoa?, a aeaaiaeaoiue,
naiaiaeii i?eciaaaaiue nia?aieai. Oi anoue eo aeanoue a ia?aii aaea
nouanoaiaaiey oea?eae aea?aeaeanue /enoi ia aaoi?eoaoa.
Iaueia aeeea ii naiei caeiiai, /aua anaai oeaey a naie aioo?aiiee ie? e
“aieeioe?oy aiaoiee”. Ii caia/aieth o/aiuo iia, oi/iaa neacaoue
niaieoiiinoue iauei (a na?aaeeia 1 a. eo auei oaea naiue, e eo /enei
iinoiyiii aic?anoaei), iaiiieiaea naiinoiyoaeueiia ainoaea?noai aioo?e
?eineie eiia?ee. “Aaeeinoai e aeenoeeieeia o?enoeaineie ?anioaeeee,
iaei- iiiaeo ia?aciaaaoae naiinoiyoaeueiia e ?anoe?ythuaany ainoaea?noai
a naiii oeaio?a ?eineie eiia?ee”.(( Ainoaea?noai a ainoaea?noaa!
Anoanoaaiii, yoi ia?ooaei ii?iaeueiia ooieoeeiie?iaaiea
ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa eiia?ee. (A yoii iu aeaeei iaeio i?e/ei
aiiaiee o?enoeai.)
Eoae, i eiiioiecia… Iniiaaoaeueiia enneaaeiaaiea yoie i?iaeaiu i?iaae
E. Eaooneee. Iiiaea eaeae eiiioiecia, ii iiaieth E. Eaooneiai, noiaeiu n
eaeayie ?aiiaai o?enoeainoaa. Ii i?eaiaeeo ii?aaeaeaiiua naeaeaoaeuenoaa
yoie ia?aeeaee. A Aeayieyo aiinoieia neacaii: “E iie iinoiyiii i?aauaaee
a o/aiee Aiinoieia, a iauaiee e i?aeiieaiee oeaaa e iieeoaao… Ana aea
aa?othuea auee aianoa e eiaee ana iauaa. E i?iaeaaaee eiaiey e anyeoth
nianoaaiiinoue, e ?acaeaeyee anai, niio?y ii ioaeaea eaaeaeiai”.
“O iiiaeanoaa aea oaa?iaaaoeo auei iaeii na?aeoea e iaeia aeooa; e
ieeoi ie/aai ec eiaiey naiaai ia iacuaae naiei, ii ana o ieo auei
iauaa…” (Aeayi. 2:42, 44; 4:32-35).
( Ieeiee Ieaaeoee. Ienueia. Ei. X n. 206.
(( A. ?annae. Ii/aio y ia o?enoeaiei., no?. 168
-8-
“Ia?aua o?enoeaia ia auee niiniaiu aeaoue yniia e niieieiia eceiaeaiea
naieo acaeyaeia. Ii eo e?aoeea caia/aiey, i?ecuau, o?aaiaaiey, anthaeo
iaeeiaeiai oeacuaatho ia eiiioienoe/aneee oa?aeoa? ia?aiia/aeueiie
o?enoeaineie iaueiu”.(
A Aaaiaaeee io Eiaiia ?anneacuaaaony i eiiioiecia Eenona e aai
aiinoieia, eae i /ai- oi naii niaie ?acoiathuainy. Ana iie eiaee iauoth
eacio, eioi?ie caaaaeiaae Eoaea Enea?eio.
Ia oaeeaeoaeueii, /oi a ia?aua aiaeu nouanoaiaaiey iaueiu
inaiaiaeaeaiea io anaai caiiiai aueeeinue a oi?io ioeaca io eiouanoaa,
io anyeie nianoaaiiinoe, eiaaea /eaiu iaueiu i?iaeaaaee ana, /oi eiaee e
i?eiineee aeaiueae e iiaai aiinoieia.
A Aaaiaaeee io Eoee ioioii ?anneacuaaaony i oao ec?a/aieyo e i?eo/ao
ainiiaea, aaea oieaeaaony aiaaonoai e i?iiiaaaeoaony ianoyaeaoaeuenoai.
?yaeii n iai?eyoeai ee/iiai aiaaonoaa, eiouanoaa, noieo eaeay iaee/aiey
aiaaouo aiiaua. E. Eaooneee iacaae aa aeaaea eeanniaie a?aaeaeie.
Iniaaiii y?ei i?inooiaao iia a Aaaiaaeee io Eoee, aeaaiui ia?acii a
i?aaeaiee i Eaca?a, eioi?ia iiaeii iaeoe oieueei a yoii Aaaiaaeee.
Aiaaoue iiiaaeaao a aae, a aaaeiue aue ioianai a eiii Aa?aaiiai. Aiaaoue
inoaeaeai oieueei iioiio, /oi ii aue aiaao.
A oii aea Aaaiaaeee Eenon aiai?eo: “Eae o?oaeii eiathuei aiaaonoai
aieoe a Oea?noaea Aiaeea! eai oaeiaiaa aa?aethaeo i?ieoe neaicue
eaieueiua ooe, iaaeaee aiaaoiio aieoe a Oea?noaea Aiaeea” (Ee.
18:24-25). E a yoii neo/aa aiaaoue inoaeaeai ca naia aiaaonoai, a ia ca
a?aoe. Aeaeii, /oi auoue aiaaoui e ianeaaeaeaoueny naiei aiaaonoaii
ninoaaeyao i?anooieaiea, eioi?ia o?aaoao naiiai io/eoaeueiiai iaeacaiey.
Oie aea eaeaae i?iieeiooi Iineaiea Eaeiaa. “Iineooaeoa au, aiaaoua:
iea/ueoa e ?uaeaeoa i aaaenoaeyo aaoeo iaoiaeyueo ia aan”(Eae. 5:1-7).
Ii “a?iieo” aeaaea aiaaouo, anooieaoeo a o?enoeaineoth iaueio:
“iineooaeoa, a?aoey iie aicethaeaiiua: ia aaaeiuo ee ie?a naai eca?ae
Aia auoue aiaaouie aa?ith e ianeaaeieeaie oea?noaey? A au i?ac?aee
aaaeiiai. Ia aiaaoua ee i?eoaniytho aan, e ia iie ee aeaeoo aan a noaeu?
Ia iie ee aanneaayo aeia?ia eiy, eioi?ui au iacuaaaoanue?”(Eae. 1:9-11,
2:5-7).
E. Eaooneee caia/ae, /oi “a?yae ee eiaaea-ieaoaeue eeanniaay a?aaeaea
i?eieiaea
oaeea oaiaoe/iua oi?iu, eae eeanniaay a?aaeaea o?enoeai- i?ieaoa?eaa”.((
3. Aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea ?aiiae Oea?eae 150- 325 aa.
*ai aeaeueoa aeeea o?enoeaineay oea?eiaue, oai aieueoa oa?yea iia naie
aiieaeeine/aneee oa?aeoa?, neaaaa noaiiaeeanue oaa?aiiinoue a nei?ii
i?eoanoaee O?enoa, e iuooeoaeueiaa /oanoaiaaeanue iaiaoiaeeiinoue
ono?aeaaoueny a yoii ie?a iaaeieai. Aneaaenoaea yoiai eciaiyeanue
no?oeoo?a oea?eae, e , /oi naiia aeaaiia, eciaiyeenue aa eaeae.
?anniio?ei i?aaiecaoeeth. E iyoeaeanyoui aiaeai aoi?iai aaea
iiia?oe/aneia iieiaeaiea aieneiia a iaueia noaei iianaianoiui.
Aeieaeiinoe a iaueia ana aieueoa oa?yee oa?eciaoe/aneee e caaeneiue io
iaueiu oa?aeoa? e i?eia?aoaee i?aaiaie e iacaaeneiue io iaueiu iooaiie.
Auai?u naaeenue e i?aao iaueiu ooaa?aeaeaoue eee ioeeiiyoue
eaiaeeaeaoia. Eaeao i?ioeann eiouanoaaiiiai ?anneiaiey a iaueia.
“Iinoaiiaeyai, /oia aieneii eiae aeanoue iaae eiouanoaii Oea?eae”(Can.
apost. 41). Yoe i?ioeannu i?eaaee aiineaaenoaee e ?acaeaeaieth o?enoeai
ia eee? e ie?yi, e naeaaeeaaieth iiiiceoeeiiiuo iano?iaiee ii ioiioaiee
e ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe, ia?aciaaiee oea?eiaiie no?oeoo?u e ea?a?oee.
Eaeao i?ioeann iauaaeeiaiey iauei a iaeio i?aaiecaoeeth. I?ae?auathony
aiiaiey ca ioeac iieeiiyoueny eiia?aoi?o.
Eaeiai aea ioiioaiea e iauanoao e ainoaea?noao a yoio ia?eiae? Anee
?aiueoa a ?yaeao o?enoeai auee, a iniiaiii, proles, oi aii?in ia
ioiioaiee e “ie?o” ia noiye
( E. Eaooneee. I?ienoiaeaeaiea o?enoeainoaa. no?. 313.
(( Oai aea, no?. 308.
-9-
i/aiue ino?i: aaaeiyee eiaee iaei aeaea n ycu/aneei ie?ii e , noaiiaynue
o?enoeaiaie, ia auee auioaeaeaiu eiiaoue aeeciue ia iiaue eaae.
Ianoiyoaeuenoaa
eciaieeenue, eiaaea a oea?eiaue noaee anooiaoue ethaee aieaa aunieiai
iieiaeaiey, /eiiaieee, o/aiua, aiaiiua e i?i/. Ii aaaeue naeaeaoueny
o?enoeaieiii- ioeacaoueny io ie?a!
Yoio aii?in aucaae a oea?eae aoi?iai aaea oeaeue ?aneie. Iaeaieaa
iai?eie?eiua, iieo/eaoea iacaaiea iiioaienoia, oioaee ii?aaoue anyeoth
naycue iaaeaeo ie?ii e Oea?eiaueth; niaeanii yoiio iai?aaeaieth
o?enoeaiei ia aeieaeai inoaaaoueny nieaeaoii, /eiiaieeii, o/eoaeai e
o.ae., aiiaua, anyeay aeieaeiinoue, caiyoea, i?e eioi?ii i?eoiaeeeinue
anooiaoue a nii?eeiniiaaiea y ycu/anoaii, i?iaicaeaoaeenue iianiuie.
O?enoeaiei aeieaeai ecaaaaoue ia oieueei ec- ca aiycie ineaa?iaiey-
“aeey /enoiai ana /enoi“, o iiioaienoia cao/eo e ae?oaie i?ecua:
o?enoeaiei ia aeieaeai oei?aiyony a yoii ie?a- “iu no?aiieee e
i?eoaeueoeu ia caiea, a?aaea i?aauaathuaai ia eiaai, a?yaeouaai
acuneoai”.
No?anoiui au?aceoaeai yoeo eaeae aue E. Oa?ooeeeai, iaeei ec
e?oiiaeoeo o?enoeaineeo aiieiaaoia. Ii- nui ?eineiai oeaioo?eiia,
i?eiyaoee o?enoeainoai e noaaoee i?anaeoa?ii a Ea?oaaaia. Iiieii
aiieiaaoe/aneeo ni/eiaiee ii iaienae iiiai aiaineianeeo o?aeoaoia ii
?acee/iui aii?inai o?enoeaineie aeiaiaoeee.
Aai o?aeoao “Ia eaeieiiieeiinoaa” i?iiecai iuneueth i iaaiciiaeiinoe
aeey o?enoeaieia caieiaoueny eaeieiiieeiinoaii a oe?ieii niunea yoiai
neiaa.”…iu iiaeai a ioiioaiee iaoae neoaeau ia/aeueieeai e oea?yi
iiae?aaeaoue i?eia?o iao?ea?oia e ae?oaeo aa?othueo, eioi?ua /anoi auee
ieieno?aie e neoaeeoaeyie oea?ae- eaeieiiieeiiieeia (ii eeoue) a oii,
/oi ia ioiineeinue e eaeieiiieeiinoao ”.( Ii i?e yoii , n ae?oaie
noi?iiu ii ooaa?aeaeaao, iacuaay ?ei “aeueyaieueneei nai?euai”, “iiaui
Aaaeeiiii”, /oi o?enoeaia iieyony ca eiia?aoi?a e aai /eiiaieeia, oae
eae aeanoue eiia?aoi?o aeaia io aiaa: “o?enoeaiei ieeiio ia a?aa, a oai
iaiaa eiia?aoi?o, ciay, /oi aia aai iinoaaee eiia?aoi?ii e /oi aai iaaei
ethaeoue, oaaaeaoue, /oi iaaei ieacuaaoue aio ii/anoe, iieeoueny i
cae?aaee aai, aeaaiiieo/ee ainoaea?noaa, aeieiea ie? noieo”.(( Yoio oaeo
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i aeeyiee o?aaeeoeee iaiaeanoaeaiee aeanoe a Ae?aaiai
?eia ia eaeaieiaeth ?aiiaai o?enoeainoaa. Ia ?aiiai o?enoeainoaa
neacuaaeenue e i?enouea ae?aaiaio ie?o o?aaeeoeee aa?ioa?ieiinoe. Ii
iiaieth Oa?ooeeeaia “ia naienoaaiii iaeiie ?aeeaee aeaeaoue ianeeea iaae
ae?oaie … ?aeeaey aeieaeia auoue i?eaieaia ii oaaaeaeaieth, a ia ii
ianeeeth” e /oi “i?aai- anoanoaaiiia, ioaee/iia o?aaoao, /oia eaaeaeue
iieeiiyeny oiio, /oi oi/ao”(((. (?aeeaeicii- aaoi?eoa?iue oa?aeoa?
o?enoeaineay oea?eiaue i?eia?aoao oieueei a VI aaea.)Yoi iauyniyaony aua
e oai, /oi a oneiaeyo yieciaee/aneeo aiiaiee ?aiiea eaeaieiae
o?enoeainoaa neeiiyeenue e oiio, /oi i?eioeei naiaiaeu aa?ieniiaaaeaiey
aeieaeai auoue aeeth/ai a noa?o ainoaea?noaaiiie iieeoeee.
Oa?ooeeeai iiaanoaoao i aeecie iaueiu a 3 aaea: “iu niae?aainy, /oiau
iieeoueny aiao anaia?iaeii, i anao aeanoyo, i ie?a e ia ioaeaeaiee
eiia/iiai /ana(!). Ia nia?aieyo iu niaa?oaai eae au noae
aiaeanoaaiiue…”. ((((
A o?oaeao Oa?ooeeeaia iiaeii iaeoe ?annoaeaeaiey i a?ane. A?anue aeey
iaai- oa , eoi iaoiaeeony, “noieo” aeecei e ie?yiai. Iiaaaeaiea eo ii
iacuaae “eaaeiiuneaiiui, iauaeaiiui, iioeui, ia eiathuei aaaeiinoe e
i?i/.”
Io?eci e iai?eie?eiinoue Oa?ooeeeaia ia iaea?aeaee iiaaaeo. A Oea?eae
aiciaeaaeaei oia?aiiia iai?aaeaiea. Aa?iae oi?ioee?oao aai oae:
”aeinoaoi/ii ecaaaaoue i?yiiai eaeieiiieeiinoaa. I?e yoii ia?aie/aiee
o?enoeaiei eiaao i?aai inoaaaoueny ia anyeie /anoiie neoaeaa, aeaaea
nii?eeanaynue aiaoiei ia?acii n
( Oo?ooeeeai, de idol. XVII, A. ?aiiae/, Ia?aienoi/ieee ii enoi?ee
?aiiaai o?enoeainoaa, no? 168.
(( Oa?ooeeeai, ad Scapulam //Oai aea, no?. 173.
((( Oa?ooeeeai, ad Scapulam//Oai aea, no?. 173.
(((( Oa?ooeeeai. apol XXXIX.//Oai aea, no?. 224-225.
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eaeieiiieeiinoaii. Oaeie ia?ac aeaenoaee Oea?eiaue onaieea n ia/aea 3
aaea iianthaeo:
ainoaea?noai, aeaaiaea?y yoiio, i?eia?aei iiiai nie?iuo, aa?iuo naiei
iaycaiiinoyi a?aaeaeai.”
Aianoa n aiciaeaaeaieai oaeiai oia?aiiiai ioiioaiey e iauanoao,
eciaieeinue e ioiioaiea e ainoaea?noao. Acaeyaeu ia eiia?eth, eae ia
oea?noai Naoaiu, a ia
eiia?aoi?a eae ia Aioeo?enoa, iinoaiaiii niaiyeenue i?eciaieai ca
ainoaea?noaii iieiaeeoaeueiiai cia/aiey, i?e/ai iiyaeyeanue aeaaea
iuneue i aiciiaeiinoe nithca iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaii e Oea?eiaueth.
Au?aceoaeai oaeie eaeae e aianoa n oai i?i?ieii aeaenoaeoaeueii
naa?oeaoaainy a IV aaea neeyiey yaeeny aiieiaao Iaeeoii a “Neiaa”,
ia?auaiiii e eiia?aoi?o Ia?eo Aa?aeeth. A aai i?iecaaaeaiee eioa?ania
iaia?a, eioi?oth onaieee o?enoeaia a ?acaiai?a n neeueiuie ie?a naai e
oio oii ii/oaiey, eioi?ue caeanue neuoeony.
Aaaiaaeueneea eaeae e?ioinoe, iiei?iinoe e iaycaoaeueiiai iiaeiiaaiey
aeanoyi eciaieee ia?aiia/aeueioth nioeeaeueioth iai?aaeaiiinoue
o?enoeaineiai o/aiey. Iiyoiio eciaiyeinue e ioiioaiea i?aayueo eeannia
?eia e o?enoeainoao.
Inayuaiea ?aeeaeae ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneiai no?iy iaania/eee ae iiaeaea?aeeo
ni noi?iiu ainoaea?noaa. Caiaoei, /oi o?enoeainoai iieo/eei i?aaiaia
i?eciaiea e noaei ainiiaenoaothuae a ?eineie eiia?ee oieueei oiaaea,
eiaaea iii ioeacaeinue io naieo ia?aiia/aeueiuo ?aaiethoeeiiiuo
oaiaeaioeee, io e?eoeee onoaiiaeaiiuo a eiia?ee ii?yaeeia, i?iaicaeaneei
iai?eeiniiaaiiinoue /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe, noaei i?iiiaaaeiaaoue
iai?ioeaeaiea ceo ianeeeai e iaiaoiaeeiinoue aaciaiai?i/iiai iiaeiiaaiey
a?aaeaeai ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe, a ?aaia- naiei ainiiaeai: “au aea,
?aau, iiaeioeoanue naiei ainiiaeai, eae ia?aco aiaa, ii niaanoe e ni
no?aoii”(; eiaaea iii i?aa?aoeeinue a aieaa niaa?oaiiia i?oaeea
eaeaieiae/aneiai aicaeaenoaey ia iannu, caueou eioa?ania
ainiiaenoaothuaai eeanna, /ai i?aaeiyy ainoaea?noaaiiay ?aeeaey.
O?enoeaineay oea?eiaue eiaiai aiaa o?aaiaaea io naieo iineaaeiaaoaeae
auoue iiei?iuie anyeiio /aeiaa/aneiio ia/aeuenoao, iiaeiiaaoueny aio “ia
oieueei ec no?aoa iaeacaiey, ii e ii niaanoe, eai ia/aeueiee anoue
aiaeee neoaa (?ei. 13: 5,4). Neoaai i?aaeienuaaeinue “ni anyeei no?aoii
iiaeiiaaoueny ainiiaeai “ia oieueei aeia?ui, ii e no?iaui. Eai oi
oaiaeii (aiao), anee eoi, iiiuoeyy i aiaa, ia?aiineo nei?aue, no?aaeay
iani?aaaaeeeai”(1 Iao. 2:18-19).
Inayuaiea ?aeeaeae ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneiai no?iy, aeanoe iiia?oa e
iaiaeanoaeaiea ia?niiu oea?y noaayo ?aeeaeth a oanioth naycue n
ainoaea?noaii, iia i?aa?auaaony a ioeoeeaeueii i?iaicaeaoaiioth e
iiaeaea?aeeaaaioth ainoaea?noaii ?aeeaeth.
Ieeaineee yaeeeo Eiinoaioeia e Eaoeeiey 313 a. iinouanoao i?iaicaeaoae
naiaiaeo aa?ieniiaaaeaiey. A ?acoeueoaoa o?enoeainoai naeaeaei
ea/anoaaiii iiaue oaa a naiai ?acaeoee: io ninoiyiey naeoaioneie
caieiooinoe- e noaoono ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aeeaee; oae neeaaeuaaeenue
aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey aeey aai nioeeaeueii- yeiiiie/aneiai e
iieeoe/aneiai ooaa?aeaeaiey.
Aeey cae?aieaiey naieo iiceoeee oea?eiaue ioaeaeaeanue a /aoei
ii?aaeaeaiiie aeiaiaoe/aneie nenoaia, ionooieaiea io eioi?ie
?anniao?eaaeanue au eae a?anue. Yoa nenoaia oi?ie?iaaeanue iinoaiaiii ia
i?ioyaeaiee ianeieueeeo aaeia. Iniiao aa ninoaaee oae iacuaaaiue neiaie
aa?u- niaieoiiinoue aeiaiaoia, ooaa?aeaeaiiuo oea?eiaiuie niai?aie a IV
a.
Ii ia?a oe?aieaiey iieiaeaiey o?enoeainoaa oa?ieiia ioiioaiea e ae?oaei
eoeueoai niaiyaony iaoa?ieiinoueth, iie?athuaeny ia i?aaenoaaeaiey i
nianoaaiiie i?ioaoe/aneie eneeth/eoaeueiinoe. Iineaaeiaa iaoei
ioia?aaeaiea a ?aiiao?enoeaineie iao?enoeea, a /anoiinoe a nioeeaeueiie
aeieo?eia Aaaonoeia, eceiaeaiiie a aai i?iecaaaeaiee “I a?aaea
Aiaeueai”. ?aiiao?enoeaineia o/aiea i iaaaniii a?aaea e a?aaea caiiii
Aaaonoei i?aaenoaaeye eae enoi?eth ai?ueau aeaoo
a?aaeia “aiaeueaai” e “/aeiaa/aneiai”, caeiaeea oai naiui iniiao
oaieiae/aneiai
( “Aeeaeaoa”// A. ?aiiae/, Ia?aienoi/ieee ii enoi?ee ?aiiaai
o?enoeainoaa, no?. 197.
aeaoa?ieiecia.
-11-
Niaa?oainoaiaaiea o?enoeaineie eaeaieiaee inouanoaeyeinue iaeiia?aiaiii
n niaa?oainoaiaaieai oea?eiaiie no?oeoo?u. N ooaa?aeaeaieai
iieeoe/aneiai e i?aaiaiai noaoona o?enoeaineie oea?eae i?ienoiaeee
i?ioeann ?ani?ino?aiaiey aa aeeyiey ia iieeoe/aneoth no?oeoo?o eiia?ee.
A ia?eiae n eiioea II e aei V a. o?enoeaineay oea?eiaue iinoaiaiii
ia?aoiaeeea n iiceoeee ninouanoaiaaiey ni naaoneie aeanoueth ia
iieiaeaiea aa?oiaiie aeanoe a no?aia.
Nithc iaaeaeo ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneei ainoaea?noaii e o?enoeaineie
oea?eiaueth aue ioeoeeaeueii cae?aieai 1 Ieeaeneei niai?ii a 325 a.
O?enoeainoai noaei ain. ?aeeaeae. “Aeiaiaou oea?eae noaee iaeiia?aiaiii
e iieeoe/aneeie aeneiiaie, a aeaeaeneea oaenou iieo/eee ai anyeii noaea
neeo caeiia”.(
Iniaia iieiaeaiea o?enoeaineie oea?eae iainiiauaaeinue i?aaenoaaeaieai
ia ecia/aeueiie i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe ae aiaeanoaaiiiai i?aaa. Ii iiaieth
eaeaieiaia o?enoeaineie oea?eae, /aeiaae iiaeao iiciaoue aiaeanoaaiiue
caeii oieueei /a?ac aiaeanoaaiiia ioe?iaaiea, aeinooiiia eeoue /a?ac
oea?eiaue. Oea?eiaue aea ,yaeyynue, oaeei ia?acii, o?aieoaeueieoeae
aiaeanoaaiiiai i?aaa, noaea aeeth/aoue a noa?o naiaai aeeyiey ia oieueei
ii?iu i?aanoaaiiinoe, ii e ainoaea?noaaiioth aeanoue,
aeaiioth-aea-i?aaeoaeyi io aiaa.
I?ioeaiiinoaaeaiea anoanoaaiiiai e naa?ouanoanoaaiiiai i?aiaeieaaaaony
a ?aeeaeiciii ie?iaicc?aiee e a eaeaieiae/aneeo iino?iaieyo o?enoeaineeo
eaeaieiaia a oneiaeyo ?aiiaai n?aaeiaaaeiauey /a?ac i?eciaiea
naa?ouanoanoaaiiiai e a iaeanoe acaeiiioiioaiee oea?eae e ainoaea?noaa,
e a iaeanoe iaua/aeiaa/aneeo oeaiiinoae, e a noa?a aeooiaiie eoeueoo?u.
Oneeaiea aeeyiey o?enoeaineie oea?eae, oaie?aoe/aneeo oaiaeaioeee, a
oaeaea aeaaii?eyoiua aeey oea?eae eiie?aoii- enoi?e/aneea oneiaey
iicaieeee ae i?aaieciaaoue o?iioaeueiia ianooieaiea ia eiieo?e?othuea
?aeeaeiciua eiioeaioeee, aeeth/ay e noaaoea iaoaiaeiuie o?aaieoaeueiua
eaeae ?aiiaai o?enoeainoaa.
( Ia?en E., Yiaaeuen O. ni/. 2-a ecae. o.7 n. 360.
Iaeaaeaiea.
no?.
1. Nioeeaeueiua enoiee o?enoeainoaa
1
1.1. ?aeeaeiciua enoiee o?enoeainoaa
1
1.2. Oeeinioneea enoiee
3
1.3. Nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneay neooaoeey e aa aeeyiea ia o?enoeainoai.
3
2. Oea?eiaue a 30-150 aa. i.y.
4
2.1. “Aeaiie?aoey aeooa” e eaeay Oea?noaey Iaaaniiai.
4
2.2. Eaeay iineaaeiaaoaeueiiai oiaea enoi?ee 5
2.3. I?aaenoaaeaiea ia iauanoaa e ainoaea?noaa e ioiioaiea e iei a
Aiieaeeinena. 5
2.4. I?aaenoaaeaiea ia iauanoaa e ainoaea?noaa e ioiioaiea e iei a
Aaaiaaeeyo. 6
2.5. Ioiioaiea ainoaea?noaa e Oea?eae. 6
2.6. O?enoeainoai e eiiioieci. I?aaiecaoeey e aeeciue ia?auo iauei.
7
3. Aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea Oea?eae 150- 325 aa. 8
Aaaaeaiea.
Ia aea?ii aiai?yo, /oi naiia o?oaeiia- ia/aei. Neieueei ?ac niiaa e
niiaa oaaaeaeaaoueny a yoii! Eiaaea iaaeoiuaaaoue oaio ia?aae oai, eae
i?enooieoue e eceiaeaieth iuneae ia aoiaaa, oae o?oaeii ioaaoeoue anth
aa oeaeeeii, i?aaenoaaeoue e au?aceoue. Ii aio- iiyaeyaony Eaeay, niooii
c?aao ieai- e iuneue aaaeeo e aaaeeo, e aa oaea ia inoaiiaeoue. Yoi,
eiia/ii, ee?e/aneia ia/aei, ii iii niioaaonoaoao ninoiyieth /aeiaaea,
eioi?ue iiiye /oi- eeai oae aeoaiei e ynii.
Naia oaia i?aaenoaaeyao iaiaeue eioa?an. E iaeiia?aiaiii iia
i?aaenoaaeyao iaeioi?oth neiaeiinoue: ia iao acaeyae, ai?acaei eaa/a
?anniio?aoue iieeoeei- i?aaiaua o/aiey Aiaana eee ,neaaeai, Aaioaia-
iioiio, /oi iie auee o/aieyie- oi?iaie oai?aoe/aneiai au?aaeaiey e
oeenaoeee enoi?e/anee aicieeathuaai e ?acaeaathuaainy ciaiey, oaie
oai?aoe/aneeie eiioeaioeeyie, eaeayie, iieiaeaieyie e eiino?oeoeeyie, a
eioi?uo iaoiaeeo naia eiioeaio?e?iaaiiia eiaeei- iiiyoeeiia au?aaeaiea
enoi?e/aneee i?ioeann oaeoaeaiey iiciaiey iieeoe/aneeo e i?aaiauo
yaeaiee.
A ?aiiai o?enoeainoaa aea, ia iao acaeyae, iu eiaai aeaei n eiuie
oi?iaie io?aaeaiey iieeoe/aneie e i?aaiaie aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe- oaeeie
eae ?aciiai ?iaea i?aaenoaaeaieyie, /oanoaaie, aa?iaaieyie, iano?iaiey,
iiaieyie e o.ae. Aieaa oiai, ethaua eaeae, o/aiey aicieeatho, anee eo
noauaeo iaoiaeeony a ii?aaeaeaiiii acaeiiaeaenoaee n eo iauaeoii. N yoie
oi/ee c?aiey, anee iu acaeyiai ia o?enoeai 30-o aiaeia ia?aiai aaea,
eioi?ua aeooiaii aiiaua ieeae ia auee naycaiu n aiaoiei ie?ii,
ainoaea?noaii, oi i?eaeai e auaiaeo, /oi ?aiiao?enoeaineeo iieeoeei-
i?aaiauo o/aiee a yoi a?aiy e auoue ia iiaei. A aaaeue yoi e anoue
?aiiaa o?enoeainoai! Eiia/ii, iicaea, aeeaea e ia/aeo 5 aaea iie
iiyaeythony: a oai?/anoaa Aaaonoeia, iai?eia?, ii aaaeue yoi i?ienoiaeeo
oieueei oiaaea, eiaaea o?enoeainoai noaiiaeoueny ainoaea?noaaiiie
?aeeaeae e , nianoaaiii, ia?anoaao auoue oai o?enoeainoaii, i?e eioi?ii
eiia?aoi? aue aeey iineaaeiaaoaeae Oea?eae( Aioeo?enoii.
Eoae, iieo/aaony, /oi iai iaiaoiaeeii inaaoeoue i?ioeann iaaeeaiiiai
oi?ie?iaaiey iieeoeei- i?aaiauo eaeae ?aiiaai o?enoeainoaa, eioi?ue
i?ienoiaeee ia?aeeaeueii n ?acaeoeai naiiai o?enoeainoaa. I?e yoii, ii
iaoaio iiaieth, ?aiiaa o?enoeainoai i?ae?auaao nouanoaiaaiea a 325
aiaeo, eiaaea o?enoeainoai noaiiaeony ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aeeaeae. Anee ia
?aiueoa: i?eciaainy, o ian aicieeee iaeioi?ua o?oaeiinoe n oi/iui
ii?aaeaeaieai ia?eiaea a?aiaie, ia i?ioyaeaiee eioi?iai o?enoeainoai
iiaeii iacuaaoue ?aiiei. (Eioa?anii caiaoeoue, /oi enneaaeiaaoaee yoie
i?iaeaiu eeai ecaaaatho iacuaaoue oi/iua aeaou, eeai neeueii ?anoiaeyony
a naieo iiaieyo ii yoiio aii?ino.) Auynieeinue, /oi o?enoeaineay ?aeeaey
iineea aieaa eee iaiaa iaeciaiiue oa?aeoa? eeoue a ia?aii aaea naiaai
nouanoaiaaiey- aeaeaa iaaethaeaaony auno?ay aa o?ainoi?iaoeey, e
,neaaeiaaoaeueii, eciaiaiea aa eaeae. I?e oaeii iiaeoiaea ?aiiei iiaeii
iacaaoue o?enoeainoai eeoue ia?aiai aaea naiaai nouanoaiaaiey. Oae eee
eia/a iu enneaaeoai ?acaeoea ?aiiao?enoeaineeo eaeae ia i?ioyaeaiee o?ao
aaeia- aei 325 aiaea- e ia ioeaainy.
Yoei oaia i?aaenoaaeyao iaiaeue eioa?an. Iaeiie ec i?e/ei auai?a yoie
oaiu iineoaeeei yeaiaioa?iia /oanoai oaeeaeaiey, aicieeoaai i?e
n?aaiaiee ?aiiaai o?enoeainoaa e o?enoeainoaa, e i?eia?o, n?aaeieo
aaeia. A?oai aiai?y, a ieo iao ie/aai iauaai, ca eneeth/aieai ia?aca
O?enoa. Eae aea iiaei i?iecieoe oaeia i?aa?auaiea o/aiey i ?aaainoaa,
ni?aaaaeeeainoe, ieeina?aeee a aeieo?eio “aeaoo ia/ae”, eieaeceoeee e
o.i.!? Yoi oaeeaeaiea ni?iaioee?iaaei ene?aiiaa aeaeaiea iiiyoue,
?acia?aoueny a enoieao, ei?iyo o?enoeaineiai o/aiey. Aaaeue n ?aeeaeae,
eioi?ay iiae/eieea naaa ?eineoth ie?iaoth ?aeeaeth e a oa/aiea 1800 eao
ainiiaenoaiaaea iaae cia/eoaeueiaeoae /anoueth oeeaeeeciaaiiiai
/aeiaa/anoaa, iaeuecy, ii au?aaeaieth O. Yiaaeuena, ?acaeaeaoueny, ia
?anniio?aa aa i?ienoiaeaeaiea e ?acaeoea.
( Caeanue e aeaeaa iiae Oea?eiaueth iiieiaaony o?enoeainoai,
o?enoeaineay iaueia.
Ae?oaie i?e/eiie auai?a oaiu iiaeii n/eoaoue no?aieaiea ?acia?aoueny a
nia?aiaiiie nioeeaeueii- iieeoe/aneie neooaoeee. A aeaiiue iiiaio
o?enoeaineay oea?eiaue ?acaeaaaony oi?ne?iaaiiuie oaiiaie. Ii yoiio
iiaiaeo a iauanoaa aeoatho ?acii?a/eaua oieee. Iiaiaa?eaatho, /oi
oea?eiaue aeaaea no?aieony e ?ani?ino?aiaieth aeeyiey ia
ainoaea?noaaiioth aeanoue. I?e/ai iiaiey noiaeiu a iaeiii- /oi yoi
aii?in noieo aeinoaoi/ii ino?i. A aaaeue, eae ecaanoii, /oiau aeaoue
ioaao, iaiaoiaeeii oeaeeeii iiiyoue aii?in- a iaoai neo/aa eco/eoue
enoi?eth o?enoeainoaa n naiiai ia/aea.
Inoaeinue ioaaoeoue ia aii?in, ianeieueei iiae?iaii yoa i?iaeaia
inaauaia a eeoa?aoo?a. E niaeaeaieth, iauaeoeaiua ioeaiee o?enoeainoaa
ia/aee iiyaeyoueny o ian a no?aia nianai iaaeaaii. Aei yoiai eeoa?aoo?a,
auoiaeeaoay a naao iiae yaeaeie iao/iiai aoaecia a ?aieao eaeaieiaee, ia
iiaea i?aiiaeianoe /eoaoaeth aeinoaoi/ii en/a?iuaathuaai iaci?a
o?enoeaineie ?aeeaee. Yoei iauyniyaony iaoa ia?auaiea e o?oaeai O.
Yiaaeuena, E. Eaooneiai. Eae ie no?aiii, iie i?iaiaeyo iaeaieaa
iineaaeiaaoaeueiia enneaaeiaaiea aeaiiie i?iaeaiu.
Anee aiai?eoue aiiaua i eeoa?aoo?a ii o?enoeainoao, oi aa i/aiue iiiai.
Iao/iia enneaaeiaaiea o?enoeainoaa ia/aeinue aua a 18 aaea e
i?iaeieaeaaony aei neo ii?. Aieiaiea ia ?aeeaeth eae ia iiuiaeoaa
eaeaieiae/aneia n?aaenoai ainoaea?noaa a?yae ee ennyeiao, iieoaea aoaeoo
i?iaeieaeaoueny iaaeainoaea?noaaiiua, iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiua eiioeeeou,
?acaycaiiua ia ?aeeaeiciie ii/aa, iieoaea nouanoaoao naia ?aeeaey.
Nienie eniieuecoaiie eeoa?aoo?u.
Aaaiaaeea
O. Yiaaeuen. I ia?aiia/aeueiii o?enoeainoaa. I.: ecae. iieeo. eeo.,
1990.
Enoi?ey ?aeeaee. I.: oeaio? “?oiee”, 1991.
E. Eaooneee. I?ienoiaeaeaiea o?enoeainoaa. I.: ecae. iieeo. eeo., 1990.
A. A. ?aiiae/. Ia?aienoi/ieee ii enoi?ee ?aiiaai o?enoeainoaa.
Iieeoecaeao. 1990.
A. A. Eei/eia. ?aeeaey, ainoaea?noai, i?aai. I.: Iuneue. 1978.
A. I. Naaaeueaa. Naiaiaea niaanoe: enoi?ey e oai?ey. I.: Aunoay oeiea.
1991.
A. ?annae. Ii/aio y ia o?enoeaiei. I, Iieeoecaeao 1978.
E. Ae. Aionei. ?oeiiene ia?oaiai ii?y. I.: ecae. AI NNN?, 1960
Iao/iue aoaeci. O/aai. iinia. iiae ?aae. I. I. I/aaeeiaa I.:
Iieeoecaeao, 1988.
E. N. Naaioeeoeeay. ?aiiaa o?enoeainoai: no?aieoeu enoi?ee.
Enoi?ey iieeoe/aneeo o/aiee iiae ?aae. Ia?nanyioea. I.:
Eio?a(I-Eiaeaen., 1995.
Ieeiee Ieaaeoee. Ienueia I. 1989.
I.I. Aca?eei Enoi?ey iieeoe/aneeo o/aiee. I.: TH?eno, 1994.
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