Буддизм

Aoaeaeeci yaeyaony a ianoiyuea a?aiy iaeiie ec iniiaiuo e naiuo
?ani?ino?aia

iiuo ie?iauo ?aeeaee. I?eaa?aeaioeu yoie ?aeeaee ianaeytho
i?aeiouanoaaiii ?aaeiiu Oeaio?aeueiie, THaeiie e THai-Ainoi/iie Acee.
Iaeiaei noa?a aeeyiey Aoaeaeecia auoiaeeo ca i?aaeaeu oeacaiiiai ?aeiia
caiiiai oa?a: aai iineaaeiaaoaee eiathony e ia ae?oaeo eiioeiaioao, oioy
e a iaiueoai eiee/anoaa. Aaeeei /enei aoaeaeenoia e a iaoae no?aia, a
iniiaiii a Ao?yoee, Eaeiueee e Ooaa.

Aoaeaeeci, ia?yaeo n O?enoeainoaii e Eneaiii, ioiineoueny e oae
iacuaaaiui ie?iaui ?aeeaeyi, eioi?ua a ioee/ee io iaoeeiiaeueiuo ?aeeaee
( Eoaeaeci, Eiaeoeci e o.ae.) eiatho iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiuo oa?aeoa?.
Aicieeiiaaiea ie?iauo ?aeeaee – ?acoeueoao aeeeoaeueiiai ?acaeoey
iieeoe/aneeo, yeiiiie/aneeo e eoeueoo?iuo eiioaeoia iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie
no?aiaie e ia?iaeaie. Einiiiieeoe/aneee oa?aeoa? Aoaeaeecia,
O?enoeainoaa e Eneaia iicaieee ei ia?aoaaiooue iaoeeiiaeueiua a?aieoeu,
oe?iei ?ani?ino?aieoueny ii caiiiio oa?o. Ie?iaui ?aeeaeyi a aieueoae
eee iaiueoae noaiaie naienoaaiia aa?a a aaeeiiai, anaiiaouaai,
aacaeanouaai, anaaaaeouaai Aiaa, ii eae au niaaeeiyao a iaeiii ia?aca
ana oa ea/anoaa e naienoaa, eioi?ua auee i?enoue iiiai/eneaiiui aiaai
iieeoaecia.

Eaaeaeay ec o?ao ie?iauo ?aeeaee neeaaeuaaeanue a eiie?aoiie
enoi?e/aneie n?aaea, a oneiaeyo ii?aaeaeaiiie eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneie
iauiinoe ia?iaeia. Yoei ianoiyoaeuenoaii iauyniythony iiiaea eo
oa?aeoa?iua iniaaiiinoe. E iei iu e ia?aoeiny a aeaiiii ?aoa?aoa, aaea
aoaeao iiae?iaii ?anniio?ai Aoaeaeeci, aai i?ienoiaeaeaiea e oeeinioey.

Aoaeaeeci aiciee a VI a. aei i. y. a Eiaeee, aaea a oi a?aiy oae
i?ioeann oi?ie?iaaiey ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneeo ainoaea?noa. Ioi?aaiie oi/eie
aoaeaeecia yaeyaony eaaaiaea ia eiaeeeneii oea?aae/a Neaeaeoa?ooe
Aaooaia. Niaeanii yoie eaaaiaea Aaooaia ia o?eaeoeaoii aiaeo aeecie
inoaaee naiueth, noae iooaeueieeii e i?aaei?eiye iienee iooae ecaaaeaiey
/aeiaa/anoaa io no?aaeaiee. Iinea naieeaoiaai iooaeueie/anoaa ii
aeinoeaaao i?iaoaeaeaiey e iinoeaaao i?aaeeueiue aeeciaiiue iooue. e
ii noaiiaeoueny Aoaeaeie (“i?iaoaeaeaiiue”, “aeinoeaoei i?ic?aiey”),
i?iiiaaaeoy naie o/aiey ia i?ioyaeaiee ni?iea eao. Oeaio?ii o/aiey
noaiiaeoueny /aou?a enoeiu. Niaeanii ei, nouanoaiaaiea /aeiaaea
ia?ac?uaii naycaii ni no?aaeaieai. ?aaeueiue ie? anoue naina?a –
e?oaiai?io ?iaeaeaiee, nia?oae e iiauo ?iaeaeaiee. Nouiinoue yoiai
e?oaiai?ioa yaeyaony no?aaeaiea. Iooue nianaiey io no?aaeaiee, a auoiaea
ec “eieana” naina?u, iooai aeinoeaeaiey ie?aaiu(“oaanaiea”), ninoiyiey
io?aoaiiinoe io aeecie, aunoaa ninoiyiea aeooa /aeiaaea,
inaiaiaeaeaiiiai io aeaeaiee e no?aaeaiee. Iinoe/ue ie?aaio iiaeao
oieueei i?aaaaeiee iiaaaeeaoee aeaeaiey.

Aa?io/aiea e ia?yaeiinoue ?aiiaai Aoaeaeecia eceiaeaiu a O?ei Eoaea
(“o?ieiie ei?ceia”) – naiaea i?iecaaaeaiee, iniiaaiiuo ia ioe?iaaieyo
Aoaeaeu. A iai a /anoiinoe iienaiu i?eioeeiu ono?ienoaa ie?a e
anaeaiiie, o/aiea i aeooa e aa nianaiea. Anaeaiiay a aoaeaeeeneie
aeiaiaoeea eiaao iiiaineieiia no?iaiea. Iiaeii ian/eoaoue aeanyoee
iaaan, oiiieiaaiuo a ?acee/iuo eaiiie/aneeo e iaeaiiie/aneeo ni/eiaieyo
Oeiayiu e Iaoayiu. Anaai nouanoaotho 31 noa?a auoey, ?aniieiaeaiiua
ae?oa iaae ae?oaii, nieco aaa?o ii noaiaie naiae aicauoaiiinoe e
iaeooioai?aiiinoe. Iie aeaeyony ia o?e ?ac?yaea: ea?iieiea, ?oiaeiea e
a?oiaeiea.

A ea?iaeieo aoiaeyo 11 nooiaiae eee o?iaiae niciaiey. Yoi iecoay
iaeanoue auoey. Caeanue iieiinoueth aeaenoaoao ea?ia. Yoi iieiinoueth
oaeaniay iaoa?eaeueiay noa?a auoey, eeoue ia aunoeo naieo o?iaiyo
ia/eiathuay ia?aoiaeeoue a aieaa aicauoaiiua noaaeee.

O?iaie n 12-ai ii 27-e ioiinyony e aieaa aunieie noa?a nica?oeaiey –
?oiaeiea. Caeanue oaea aeaenoaeoaeueii ia i?yiia a?oaia nica?oeaiea, a
aiia?aaeaiea, ii iii aua naycaii n oaeaniui ie?ii, n oi?iaie aauae.

E iaeiiaoe, iineaaeiee o?iaaiue – a?oiaeiea – io?aoai io oi?iu e io
oaeaniiai iaoa?eaeueiiai ia/aea.

A Aoaeaeecia iii ec aaaeiaeoeo iano caieiaao oae iacuaaaiia io?eoeaiea
aaeeinoaa ee/iinoe. Eaaeaeay ee/iinoue i?aaenoaaeaia, eae neiieaiea
“eciai/eauo” oi?i. Niaeanii auneacuaaieyi Aoaeaeu ee/iinoueth, ninoieo
ec iyoe yeaiaioia: oaeaniinoe, iuouaiey, aeaeaiey, i?aaenoaaeaiey e
iiciaiey. Oae aea aaeeei cia/aiea o/aiey i nianaiea aeooe, ia?aoaiea ath
iieiy, a ia?aiia/aeueiii Aoaeaeecia. Aeooa ?aniaaeaaony, ii o/aieth
Aoaeaeecia, ia ioaeaeueiua yeaiaiou (neaiaeu), ii /oiau a iiaii
?iaeaeaiea ieacaeanue aiieioeaoeeny oa aea ee/iinoue, iaiaoiaeeii, /oiau
neaiaeu niaaeeieeenue oai ia?acii, eae iie auee niaaeeiaiu a i?aaeiai
aiieiuaiee. I?ae?auaiea e?oaiai?ioa ia?aaiieiuaiee, auoiae ec naina?u,
ieii/aoaeueiue e aa/iue iieie – yoi aaaeiue yeaiaio o?aeoiaee nianaiey a
Aoaeaeecia. Aeooa, a aoaeaeenoneii i?aaenoaaeaiee, – eiaeeaeaeoaeueiia
niciaiea, eioi?ia ianao a naaa aanue aeooiaiue ie? /aeiaaea,
o?ainoi?ie?oaony a i?ioeanna ee/iuo ia?a?iaeaeaiee e no?aiyueany e
oniieiaieth a ie?aaia. I?e yoii aeinoeaeaiea ie?aaiu iaaiciiaeii aac
iiaeaaeaiey aeaeaiee, /oi aeinoeaaaony ii n?aaenoaai eiio?iey iaae
acaeyaeaie, ?a/ueth, iiaaaeaieai, iaae ia?acii aeecie, iaae oneeea,
aieiaiea, e iieiay nin?aaeioi/aiiinoue e ?aoeiinoueth.

Noiia anao iinooieia e iiiuneia ai anao i?aaeuaeoueo ia?a?iaeaeaieyo,
/oi eeoue i?eaeeceoaeueii iiaeii ioa?aeoa?eciaaoue neiaii “noaeueaa”, a
aoeaaeueii icia/aao caeii aiciacaeey – yoi neea, eioi?ay ii?aaeaeyao
eiie?aoiue aeae ia?a?iaeaeaiey e iacuaaaony ea?iie. Ana iinooiee a
aeecie ii?aaeaeythony ea?iie, ii /aeiaae eiaao ii?aaeaeaiioth naiaiaeo
auai?a a iinooieao, iiiuneao, aeaenoaeyo, /oi aeaeaao aiciiaeiui iooue e
nianaieth, auoiaeo ec e?oaa i?aa?auaiee a i?inaaoeaiiia ninoiyiea.
Nioeeaeueiay ?ieue Aoaeaeecia ii?aaeaeyaony eaeaae ?aaainoaa ethaeae a
no?aaeaiea e a i?aaa ia nianaiea. Aua i?e aeecie /aeiaae iia
aeia?iaieueii anoaoue ia i?aaaaeiue iooue, anooiea a iiiaoaneoth iaueio
(naiaoay), /oi icia/aao ioeac io eanou, naiuee, nianoaaiiinoe,
i?eiauaiea e ie?o no?iaeo i?aaee e cai?aoia ( 253 cai?aoa), iyoue ec
eioi?uo iaycaoaeueiu aeey eaaeaeiai aoaeaeenoa: ioeac io oaeenoaa aeeauo
nouanoa, io ai?ianoaa, eaee, aeeiaiey, niaethaeaiea noi?oaeaneie
aa?iinoe.

Aoaeaeeci iaiaaoee ?aeeaeicioth i?aeoeeo i?eaiii, ioiinyueiny e iaeanoe
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai eoeueoa. Eiaaony aaeaeo oaeay oi?ia ?aeeaeiciiai
iiaaaeaiey, eae aoaaaia – oaeoaeaiea a naiiai naay, a naie aioo?aiiee
ie? n oeaeueth nin?aaeioi/aiiiai ?aciuoeaiey ia enoeiao aa?u, /oi
iieo/eei aeaeueiaeoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea a oaeeo iai?aaeaieyo aoaeaeecia,
eae “/aiue” e “aecai”. Iiiaea enneaaeiaaoaee n/eoatho, /oi yoeea a
Aoaeaeecia caieiaao oeaio?aeueiia ianoi e yoi aeaeaao aai a aieueoae
noaiaie yoe/aneei, oeeinioneei o/aieai, a ia ?aeeaeae. Aieueoeinoai
iiiyoee a Aoaeaeecia iineo ?anieua/aoue, iiiaicia/iue oa?aeoa?, /oi
aeaeaao aai aieaa aeaeei e oi?ioi aaeaioe?oaiui e ianoiui eoeueoai e
aa?iaaieyi, niiniaiui e o?ainoi?iaoeee. Oae iineaaeiaaoaee Aoaeaeu
ia?aciaaee iiiai/eneaiiua iiiaoaneea iaueiu, noaaoea aeaaiuie i/aaaie
?ani?ino?aiaiey ?aeeaee.

A I a. i. y. a Aoaeaeecia ia?aciaaeinue aeaa aaoae: Oeiayia (“iaeay
iiaicea”) e Iaoayia (“aieueoay iiaicea”). Yoi ?acaeaeaiea auei aucaaii
i?aaeaea anaai ?acee/eyie a nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneeo oneiaeyo aeecie a
ioaeaeueiuo /anoyo Eiaeee. Oeiayia, oaniaa naycaiiay n ?aiiei
Aoaeaeeciii, i?eciaao Aoaeaeo /aeiaaeii, iaoaaeoei iooue e nianaieth,
eioi?ia n/eoaaony aeinoeaeeiui oieueei /a?ac ooiae io ie?a – iiiaoanoai.
Iaoayia enoiaeeo ec aiciiaeiinoe nianaiey ia oieueei aeey
iooaeueieeia-iiiaoia, ii e aeey ie?yi, i?e/ai oii? naeaeai ia aeoeaioth
i?iiiaaaeie/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue, ia aiaoaoaeuenoai a iauanoaaiioth e
ainoaea?noaaiioth aeeciue. Iaoayia, a ioee/ee io Oeiayiu, eaa/a
i?eniinaaeeaaeanue e ?ani?ino?aiaieth ca i?aaeaeu Eiaeee, ii?iaeea
iiiaeanoai oieeia e oa/aiee, Aoaeaea iinoaiaiii noaiiaeony aunoei
aiaeanoaii, a /anoue iaai nii?oaeathony o?aiu, niaa?oathony eoeueoiaua
aeaenoaey.

Aaaeiia ?acee/ea iaaeaeo Oeiayiie e Iaoayiie caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi
Oeiayia iieiinoueth ioaa?aaao iooue e nianaieth aeey ia iiiaoia, eioi?ua
aeia?iaieueii ioaa?aee ie?neoth aeeciue. A Iaoayia aaaeioth ?ieue eoeueo
aiaeenoaa – eiaeeaeaeia, oaea niiniaiuo aieoe a ie?aaio, ii
ie?aaeuaathueo aeinoeaeaiea eiia/iie oeaee ec-ca oiai, /oiau iiii/ue a
aa aeinoeaeaiee e ae?oaei, iaiaycaoaeueii iiiaoai, caiaiea oai naiui
o?aaiaaiea ooiaea io ie? i?ecuaii e aicaeaenoaeth ia iaai.

?aiiee Aoaeaeeci ioee/aaony i?inoioie ia?yaeiinoe Aa aeaaiui yeaiaioii
yaeyaony: eoeueo Aoaeaeu, i?iiiaaaeue, ii/eoaiea nayouo iano, naycaiiuo
n ?iaeaeaieai, i?inaaoeaieai e nia?oueth Aaooaiu, iieeiiaiea nooiai –
eoeueoiaui nii?oaeaieyi, aaea o?aiyony ?aeeeaee Aoaeaeecia. Iaoayia e
eoeueoo Aoaeaeu aeiaaaeea ii/eoaiea aiaeenoaa, oai naiui oneiaeieeanue
ia?yaeiinoue: auee aaaaeaiu iieeoau e ?aciiai ?iaea caeeeiaiey, noaee
i?aeoeeiaaoueny aea?oaii?eiioaiey, aiciee iuoiue ?eooae.

A VI – VII aa. i. y. ia/aeny oiaaeie Aoaeaeecia a Eiaeee, iaoneiaeaiiue
oiaaeeii ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneiai no?iy e ?inoii oaiaeaeueiie
?acae?iaeaiiinoe, e XII – XIII aa. ii oa?yao naie i?aaeiea iiceoeee a
no?aia naiaai aicieeiiaaiey, ia?aianoeaoenue a ae?oaea ?aeiiu Acee, aaea
o?ainoi?ie?iaaeny n o/aoii ianoiuo oneiaee. Iaeiie ec oaeeo
?aciiaeaeiinoae Aoaeaeecia, ooaa?aeeaoeeny a Oeaaoa e Iiiaieee, yaeeny
Eaiaeci, noi?ie?iaaaoeeny a XII-XV aa. ia aaca Iaoayiu. Iacaaiea
i?ienoiaeeo io oeaaoneiai neiaa eaia (aunoee, iaaaniuo) – iiiao a
eaiaeci. Aeey eaiaecia oa?aeoa?ai eoeueo ooaeeaaiia (ia?a?iaeaeaioeaa)
– aiieiuaiee Aoaeaeu, aeeauo aiaia, e eioi?ui i?e/eneythony aeaaiui
ia?acii aunoea eaiu. Eaiaecio i?enoua ianniaia ?ani?ino?aiaiea
iiiaoanoaa, i?e yoii nouanoaaiii oi?inoeeny i?ioeann iauaiey n Aiaii:
aa?othuaio aeinoaoi/ii auei i?ee?aieoue e oanoo eenoie n iieeoaie, /oiau
aai eieaaae aaoa?, eee aeiaeeoue aai a niaoeeaeueiue aa?aaai. Anee a
eeanne/aneii Aoaeaeecia ia auei ia?aca aa?oiaiiai Aiaa – oai?oea, oi
caeanue ii iiyaeyaony a eeoea Aaeeaocaeu, i?aaenoaaeythuaainy ia?ae/iu
yaaiii anao aeaeueiaeoeo aiieiuaiee Aoaeaeu. Eaiaeci ia ioeacaeny io
o/aiey i ie?aaia, ii ianoi ie?aaiu a eaiaecia caiye ?ae. Anee aa?othuee
aoaeao auiieiyoue ana o?aaiaaiey eaiaenoneie ii?aee, oi iinea no?aaeaiee
e eeoaiee naina?u aai aeaeoo oniieiaiea e aeaaeaiiay aeeciue a ?ath.
Aeey oa?aeoa?enoeee eaiaenoneie ea?oeiu ie?a eiaao ecaanoiia cia/aiea
aa?iaaiea a nouanoaiaaiea iaaaaeiiiaiai eaeaaeueiiai ainoaea?noaa
(Oaiaaeu), eioi?iio i?aaenoieo nua?aoue eiaaea-ieaoaeue ?aoathuoth ?ieue
a enoi?ee Anaeaiiie e Caiee.

A iiiaea aiaeu naiaai nouanoaiaaiey Aoaeaeeci ?ani?ino?aieeny a
aceaoneii ?aaeiia, aaea ai iiiaeo ainoaea?noaao ieacuaaao neeueiia
aeeyiea ia iauanoaaiioth e iieeoe/aneoth aeeciue. A Eaina, Eaiaiaeaea e
Oaeeaiaea ?oeiaiaenoai oea?eiaueth i?eiaaeeaaeeo aeaaai ainoaea?noa. A
no?aiao, aaea neeueii aeeyiea Aoaeaeecia, nio?aiyaony iiiaeanoai
iiiaoia: aeinoaoi/ii neacaoue, /oi a Eaiaiaeaea iiiaoii yaeyaony
eaaeaeue aeaaaeoeaoue ioae/eia. Aoaeaeeeneee iiianou?e aunooiatho a
ea/anoaa e?oiiuo o/aaiuo caaaaeaiee, eioi?ua yaeythony oeaio?aie
i?inaauaiey e eneonnoaa.

A iaoae no?aia Aoaeaeeci i?aaenoaaeai a iniiaiii a ea/anoaa Eaiaecia.
Aoaeaeeeneie ?aeeaee i?eaea?aeeaathony iiiaea ia?iaeu, ianaeythuea
Neae?ue.. Aeayoaeueiinoue eaiaenoneiai aeooiaainoaa aicaeaaeyaony
Oeaio?aeueiui Aeooiaiui Oi?aaeaiea Aoaeaeenoia, o/?aaeaeaiiui niai?ii
1946 a. I?aaenaaeaoaeue oi?aaeaiey iineo nai aaiaeeaei-oaiaieaau e
iaoiaeeoueny a Eaieaeineii aeaoeaia (iiianou?a), ?aniieiaeaiiui
iaaaeaeaea io a. Oeai – Oaea.

?aoa?ao ia oaio “Aoaeaeeci”

Aaaaeaiea:

Aoaeaeeci – iaeia ec o?ao ie?iauo ?aeeaee.

Iniiaiay /anoue:

Iiyaeaiea Aoaeaeecia.

Iniiaiua iieiaeaiey e iinooeaou

Ioiioaiea e caiiie aeecie

Iaoayia e Oeiayia – iniiaiua aaoae Aoaeaeecia

Eaiaeci.

Caeeth/aiea:

Aoaeaeeci a nia?aiaiiii ie?a.

Eeoa?aoo?a: