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?aoa?ao ia oaio: AOAeAeECI

Iiaeaioiaeea: EA?AOAAAA AeAOA

10 «A» eeann

*aoia – 2 – 2000 aiae

IEAI:

Aoaeaeeci – iaeia ec o?ao ie?iauo ?aeeaee.

Aicieeiiaaiea Aoaeaeecia.

«*aou?a aeaai?iaeiuo enoeiu»

Aaaeeci – i?aaeoanoaaiiee Aoaeecia

Enoiee Aoaeaeecia

Ea?oeia ie?a a Aoaeaeenoeie aeiaiaoeea

O?e aaoae Aoaeaeecia

a) Iaoayia

a) Oeiayia

a) Aaaeaea?aeia

?ani?ino?aiaiea Aoaeaeecia

Iniiaiua iieiaeaiey e iinooeaou

Eaiaeci – iaeia ec aaoaae Aoaeaeecia

a) Enoi?ey aicieeiiaaiey

a) Oi?iu ia?a?iaeaeaiey

a) Iaioaii Eaiaecia

AEEAIA O*AIEA AOAeAeU

“Oai, eoi ioaa/ai a?aaeaeith e no?anoueth,

Iaeaaei iinoe/ue yoi o/aiuea.

No?anoe i?aaeaaoenue, oueiith iauyoua,

Iie ia iieioo oiai,/oi oiiei,

*oi aeoaiei e o?oaeii aeey iinoeaeaiuey,

*oi i?ioea oa/aiuey eo iunee”.

Aeiaey-ieoaea.

Aoaeaeeci yaeyaony a ianoiyuea a?aiy iaeiie ec iniiaiuo e naiuo
?ani?ino?aiaiiuo ie?iauo ?aeeaee. I?eaa?aeaioeu yoie ?aeeaee ianaeytho
i?aeiouanoaaiii ?aaeiiu Oeaio?aeueiie, THaeiie e THai-Ainoi/iie Acee.
Iaeiaei noa?a aeeyiey Aoaeaeecia auoiaeeo ca i?aaeaeu oeacaiiiai ?aeiia
caiiiai oa?a: aai iineaaeiaaoaee eiathony e ia ae?oaeo eiioeiaioao, oioy
e a iaiueoai eiee/anoaa. Aaeeei /enei aoaeaeenoia e a iaoae no?aia, a
iniiaiii a Ao?yoee, Eaeiueee e Ooaa.

Aoaeaeeci, ia?yaeo n O?enoeainoaii e Eneaiii, ioiineoueny e oae
iacuaaaiui ie?iaui ?aeeaeyi, eioi?ua a ioee/ee io iaoeeiiaeueiuo ?aeeaee
(Eoaeaeci, Eiaeoeci e o.ae.) eiatho iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiuo oa?aeoa?.
Aicieeiiaaiea ie?iauo ?aeeaee – ?acoeueoao aeeeoaeueiiai ?acaeoey
iieeoe/aneeo, yeiiiie/aneeo e eoeueoo?iuo eiioaeoia iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie
no?aiaie e ia?iaeaie. Einiiiieeoe/aneee oa?aeoa? Aoaeaeecia,
O?enoeainoaa e Eneaia iicaieee ei ia?aoaaiooue iaoeeiiaeueiua a?aieoeu,
oe?iei ?ani?ino?aieoueny ii caiiiio oa?o. Ie?iaui ?aeeaeyi a aieueoae
eee iaiueoae noaiaie naienoaaiia aa?a a aaeeiiai, anaiiaouaai,
aacaeanouaai, anaaaaeouaai Aiaa, ii eae au niaaeeiyao a iaeiii ia?aca
ana oa ea/anoaa e naienoaa, eioi?ua auee i?enoue iiiai/eneaiiui aiaai
iieeoaecia.

Eaaeaeay ec o?ao ie?iauo ?aeeaee neeaaeuaaeanue a eiie?aoiie
enoi?e/aneie n?aaea, a oneiaeyo ii?aaeaeaiiie eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneie
iauiinoe ia?iaeia. Yoei ianoiyoaeuenoaii iauyniythony iiiaea eo
oa?aeoa?iua iniaaiiinoe. E iei iu e ia?aoeiny a aeaiiii ?aoa?aoa, aaea
aoaeao iiae?iaii ?anniio?ai Aoaeaeeci, aai i?ienoiaeaeaiea e oeeinioey.

Aoaeaeeci – naiay ae?aaiyy ec o?ao ie?iauo ?aeeaee. Ii “noa?oa”
o?enoeainoaa ia iyoue aaeia, a eneai “iieiaea” aai ia oeaeuo
aeaaiaaeoeaoue noieaoee. A iauanoaaiiie aeecie, eoeueoo?a, eneonnoaa
iiiaeo aceaoneeo no?ai aoaeaeeci nua?ae ?ieue ia iaiueooth, /ai
o?enoeainoai a no?aiao Aa?iiu, Aia?eee.

Aoaeaeeci aiciee a VI a. aei i. y. a Eiaeee, aaea a oi a?aiy oae
i?ioeann oi?ie?iaaiey ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneeo ainoaea?noa. Ioi?aaiie oi/eie
aoaeaeecia yaeyaony eaaaiaea ia eiaeeeneii oea?aae/a Neaeaeoa?ooe
Aaooaia. Niaeanii yoie eaaaiaea Aaooaia ia o?eaeoeaoii aiaeo aeecie
inoaaee naiueth, noae iooaeueieeii e i?aaei?eiye iienee iooae ecaaaeaiey
/aeiaa/anoaa io no?aaeaiee. Iinea naieeaoiaai iooaeueie/anoaa ii
aeinoeaaao i?iaoaeaeaiey e iinoeaaao i?aaeeueiue aeeciaiiue iooue. e ii
noaiiaeoueny Aoaeaeie (“i?iaoaeaeaiiue”, “aeinoeaoei i?ic?aiey”),
i?iiiaaaeoy naie o/aiey ia i?ioyaeaiee ni?iea eao. Oeaio?ii o/aiey
noaiiaeoueny /aou?a enoeiu. Niaeanii ei, nouanoaiaaiea /aeiaaea
ia?ac?uaii naycaii ni no?aaeaieai. ?aaeueiue ie? anoue naina?a –
e?oaiai?io ?iaeaeaiee, nia?oae e iiauo ?iaeaeaiee. Nouiinoue yoiai
e?oaiai?ioa yaeyaony no?aaeaiea. Iooue nianaiey io no?aaeaiee, a auoiaea
ec “eieana” naina?u, iooai aeinoeaeaiey ie?aaiu(“oaanaiea”), ninoiyiey
io?aoaiiinoe io aeecie, aunoaa ninoiyiea aeooa /aeiaaea,
inaiaiaeaeaiiiai io aeaeaiee e no?aaeaiee. Iinoe/ue ie?aaio iiaeao
oieueei i?aaaaeiee iiaaaeeaoee aeaeaiey.

Ni?ineoa aoaeaeenoa i oii, eae aicieeea ?aeeaey, eioi?ie ii neaaeoao, e
au iieo/eoa ioaao, /oi aieaa aeaoo n iieiaeiie ouny/ eao iacaae aa
aicaanoee ethaeyi Oaeueyioie (iooaeueiee ec ieaiaie oaeueaa). A ethaie
iinayuaiiie aoaeaeecio eieaa au iaeaeaoa iniiaaiiue ia ?aeeaeiciie
o?aaeeoeee ?anneac i aeecie no?ainoaothuaai i?iiiaaaeieea Neaeaeoa?ooe,
i?icaaiiiai Oaeueyioie e iacaaaoaai naay Aoaeaeie (naine? buddha), /oi
icia/aao “i?inaaoeaiiue aunoei ciaieai”, “inaiaiiue enoeiie”.

Iinea aaneiia/iiai iiiaeanoaa i?a?iaeaeaiee, iaeaieeaay a eaaeaeii ec
ieo aeia?iaeaoaee, Aoaeaea yaeeny ia caieth, aeey oiai /oiau
auiieieoue nianeoaeeioth ienneth-oeacaoue aeeaui nouanoaai ecaaaeaiea io
no?aaeaiee. Ii eca?ae aeey naiaai aiieiuaiey ia?ac oea?aae/a
Neaeaeoa?ooe ec ciaoiiai ?iaea Aioaia (ionthaea aai ?iaeiaia eiy –
Aaooaia). ?iae yoio aoiaeee a ieaiy oaeueaa, aeeaoaa ca 500 – 600 eao
aei i. y. a aeieeia Aaiaa, a n?aaeiai aai oa/aiee.

Eae e aiae ae?oaeo ?aeeaee, Aoaeaea ia iia iiyaeoueny ia caiea,
iiaeiaii ae?oaei ethaeyi. Iaoue Neaeaeoa?oe – aeaia i?aaeoaey oaeueaa
Iaey – oaeaeaea iaeiaaeaeu ai nia, /oi e iae a aie aioae aaeue neii.
*a?ac iieiaeaiiia a?aiy iia ?iaeeea ieaaeaioea, iieeioaoaai aa oaei
oaeaea iaiau/iui iooai – /a?ac iiaeiuoeo. Iaiaaeeaiii ecaeaiue ei eee/
oneuoaee ana aiae Anaeaiiie e aic?aaeiaaeenue i?eoiaeo oiai, eiio
oaeanony i?ana/ue no?aaeaiey auoey. Ioae?aoe Aneoa i?aae?ae
iiai?iaeaeaiiiio naa?oaiea aaeeeiai ?aeeaeiciiai iiaeaeaa. Ieaaeaioea
iacaaee Neaeaeoa?ooie, /oi cia/eo “auiieieaoee naia iacia/aiea”.

Ioaoe Neaeaeoa?ou Ooaeaeoiaeaia aue ?aaeaeae iieocaaeneiiai
eiyaeanoaa.Iaoue Neaeaeoa?ou oia?ea /a?ac ianeieueei aeiae iinea aai
?iaeaeaiey.?aaeaea ,aacoiii ethaeaoee aa, ia?aian ana naia /oanoai ia
nuia.Aai ?aii noae o?aaiaeeoue oa?aeoa? ?aaaiea.Aua iaeue/eeii
Neaeaeoa?oa ethaee i?aaeaaaoueny niooiui a?acai e ia/oai;ioaeuoay a
oaie aea?aaueaa,ii iia?oaeaeny a aeoaieea nica?oeaiey,ia?aaeeaay
iiiaiou iaiaueiiaaiiuo i?inaaoeaiee.

Ooaeaeoiaeaia ?aoee ethaui niiniaii ioaea/ue nuia io aai iuneae e
iano?iaiee.Ii aiciiaeii ee ni?yoaoue aeeciue io thiioe,eioi?ue n
?aiieo eao caaeoiuaaaony iaae aa oaeiaie,iiaeii ee ne?uoue io iaai oo
ia/aeueioth enoeio,/oi ana aie?oa iieii no?aaeaiey? Eaaaiaea
?anneacuaaao,/oi iaeiaaeaeu oea?aae/,aoeyy ni naiei aicieoeae
*aiiie,iaiaeeaeaiii oaeaeae ae?yoeiai noa?eea e ,ii?aaeaiiue aai
aeaeii,noae ?anni?aoeaaoue neoao i noa?inoe.Ii aue iio?ynai, ociaa,/oi
yoi iauee oaeae anao ethaeae.

Aai ioaaoeei ioa?auaiea ei anaio,ie/oi ia iiaei aica?aoeoue
aaciyoaaeiinoe aeaonoaa.Ie?,aeeciue ieacaeenue iai?eaieeiuie.Yoi auei
ainnoaiea i?ioea naieo iniia ie?icaeaiey ,iyoaae iaaeunoi?e/aneiai
cia/aiey.

“E aio,- ?anneacuaae Aoaeaea,- iieeioe y ?iaeiie aeii naie ?aaee
aani?ethoiinoe e noae no?aiieeii,acuneothuei aeaaa enoeiiiai

ia ian?aaiaiiii iooe aunoaai ie?a”.

A oi a?aiy aio oae o?eaeoeaoue aiae.

Eco/ea oeeinianeea nenoaiu e iiiya,/oi iie ia iiaoo ?ac?aoeoue
io/eaoea aai i?iaeaiu,Aaooaia caoioae ia?aoeoueny e eiaai – i?aeoeeai.

Caoai,iieeioa naieo ianoaaieeia-eiaia,Aaooaia oaaeeieeny a
aeaeoiaeyo aeey oiai,/oiau naiiio aanno?aoii ?oiooueny ii iooe
naiienoycaiey.E aio a iaeei i?ae?aniue aeaiue ,eiaaea iinea
iiiai/aniaie iaiiaeaeaeiinoe ii iuoaeny iiaeiyony,iiae,e oaeano
iaaethaeaaoeo yoo noeaio ae?ocae,ioeacaeenue aai aea?aeaoue,e Aaooaia
caia?oai naaeeeny ia caieth.Ana ?aoeee,/oi yoi eiiaoe,ii iiaeaeaeiee
aue i?inoi a aeoaieii iaii?iea io enoiuaiey.

Ioiuia ii ?aoee ioeacaoueny io aanieiaeiiai naiienoycaiey.

N/anoeeaue neo/ae iiiia aio.Aei/ue iaeiiai ianoooa,naeaeeaoenue
iaae aneaoii,i?eianea aio ?eniaie iioeaaee.Aaooaia i?eiye aa iiaeayiea e
aia?aua ca aeieaia a?aiy ooieee naie aieiae.

Aanue aeaiue ii ioaeuoae a oaie oeaaooueo aea?aaueaa ia aa?aao
?aee, a eiaaea nieioea neeiieeinue e caiaaeo,ono?iee naaa eiaea n?aaee
ei?iae ia?iiiiai aaiueyia e inoaeny oai ia ii/ue.

E ooo i?iecioei naiia cia/eoaeueiia niauoea a aeecie Aaooaiu.
Aiaeu ?acaeoiee e ioe, eneaiey e naiiio?a/aiey, aanue aai aioo?aiiee
iiuo, /?acau/aeii eciu?eaoee e ooii/eaoee aeooo,- ana yoi eae au
nia?aeinue aiaaeeii e aeaei ieiae. ssaeeinue aeieaiaeaeaiiia
“i?inaaoeaiea”. Aiacaiii Aaooaia n iaiaueiiaaiiie yniinoueth oaeaeae
anth naith aeeciue e ii/oanoaiaae anaiauoth naycue iaaeaeo ethaeueie,
iaaeaeo /aeiaa/anoaii e iac?eiui ie?ii. Any Anaeaiiay eae au
i?aaenoaea ia?aae aai aci?ii. E anthaeo ii aeaeae auno?ioa/iinoue,
oaeo/anoue, ieaaea ia auei iieiy, ana oiineeinue a iaaaaeiioth aeaeue,
ana a ie?a auei noeaieaii, iaeii i?ienoiaeeei io ae?oaiai.
Oaeinoaaiiue naa?o/aeiaa/aneee ii?ua oie/oiaeae e aiiaue aic?iaeaeae
nouanoaa. Aio ii – “no?ieoaeue aeiia”! Yoi O?eoia – aeaaeaea
aeecie,aeaaeaea auoey. Yoi iia aiciouaao ie?iaie iieie. Neaeaeoa?oa
eacaeinue, /oi ii eae au i?enoonoaoao i?e oii, eae O?eoia aiiaue
eaiiaue aaaeao e auoeth ooaaeoaa io iaai. Oaia?ue ii ciaao n eai iaaei
ai?ioueny, /oiau ia?anoe ecaaaeaiea io yoiai no?aoiiai ie?a,iieiiai
iea/a, aiee, nei?ae. Ioiuia ii noae Aoaeaeie- I?inaaoeaiiui…”

Yoi neo/eeinue ia aa?aao ?a/ea Iae?aiaeaeaiu, a ianoa/ea O?oaeeaa, a
oaia?aoiae AiaeoAaa (ooao Aeoa?). Neaey iiae nayuaiiui aea?aaii aiaeoe
ii iiciae “/aou?a aeaai?iaeiua enoeiu”.

Aeaiii cea, aia nia?oe Ia?a iuoaeny canoaaeoue “i?naaoeaiiiai”
ioeacaoueny io aicaauaiey ethaeyi iooe nianaiey.

Ii caioaeaae aai no?aoiuie ao?yie, naiei a?iciui aieinoaii, iinueae
naieo i?ae?aniuo aei/a?ae, /oiau niaeacieoue aai ?aaeinoyie aeecie.
Ii Aoaeaea iiaaaeee ana, a oii /enea e naie niiiaiey, e anei?a i?iecian
a “Ieaiueai ia?ea”, iaaeaeaei io Aa?aiane ia?aoth i?iiiaaaeue, noaaooth
iniiaie aa?io/aiey aoaeaeecia. Aa neooaee iyoue aai aoaeoueo o/aieeia e
aeaa ieaiy. A iae ii e?aoei noi?ioee?iaae aeaaiaeoea iieiaeaiey iiaie
?aeeaee. Iinea i?iaicaeaoaiey “/aou?ao aeaai?iaeiuo enoei”, ie?oaeaiiue
ana oiiiaeathueieny o/aieeaie – iineaaeiaaoaeyie, Aoaeaea oiaeee ni?ie
eao ii ai?iaeai e aea?aaiyi aeieeiu Aaiaa, oai?y /oaeana e i?iiiaaaeoy
naia o/aiea.

Oia? Aoaeaea, niaeanii eaaaiaea, a 80 eao a Eooeiaaa?a, eioi?ue, eae
iieaaatho, niioaaonoaoao iuiaoiae Eanea, ?aniieiaeaiiie a ainoi/iee
/anoe ooaoa Oooa? I?aaeao. Ii eaa iiae aea?aaii aiaeoe a “iico
eueaa”(ia i?aaii aieo, i?aaay ?oea iiae aieiaie, eaaay auoyiooa
aaeieue aui?yieaiiuo iia) e ia?aoeeny e nia?aaoeiny ieiei iaai iiiaoai e
ie?yiai ni neaaeothueie neiaaie: “Oaia?ue, i iiiaoe, iia ia/aai aieueoa
neacaoue aai, e?iia oiai, noi ana nicaeaiiia ia?a/aii ia ?ac?ooaiea!
No?aieoanue anaie neeaie e nianaieth”. Ooiae Aoaeaeu eo aeecie
aoaeaeenou iacuaatho “mahaparinirvana” – aaeeeei ia?aoiaeii a
ie?aaio. Yoa aeaoa ii/eoaaony oae aea, eae e iiiaio ?iaeaeaiey Aoaeaeu
e iiiaio “i?ic?aiey”, iiyoiio aa iacuaatho “o?eaeaeu nayoui aeiai”.

Ia?aay ec /aou?ao “aeaai?iaeiuo enoei” oi?ioee?oaony oae: “A /ai ninoieo
aeaai?iaeiay enoeia i no?aaeaiee? ?iaeaeaiea- no?aaeaiea; ?anno?ienoai
caei?iauey-no?aaeaiea; nia?oue- no?aaeaiea; nei?aue, noaiaiey, ai?a,
ian/anouea e io/ayiea -no?aaeaiea; nithc n iaethaeiui -no?aaeaiea;
?aceoea n ethaeiui- no?aaeaiea; iaiieo/aiea no?anoii aeaeaaiiai –
no?aaeaiea; ei?i/a aiai?y, iyoue eaoaai?ee nouanoaiaaiey, a eioi?uo
i?iyaeyaony i?eaycaiiinoue (e caiiiio) – no?aaeaiea”. Iaiaei no?aieoe
aoaeaeeeneie eeoa?aoo?u iinayuaii a?aiiinoe anaai caiiiai. Ioaeaeueiua
yeaiaiou niciaiey niaiytho ae?oa ae?oaa n ia?iiiie auno?ioie. Iiaeii
eeoue i?ineaaeeoue aeinoaoi/ii aeeeiiua “oeaie iiiaioia”, eioi?ua a
naiae niaieoiiinoe e ninoaaeytho “iioie niciaoaeueiie aeecie”
eaaeaeiai eiaeeaeaeooia.

Aoaeaeeci o?aaoao ooiaea io ?annii?aiey aiaoiaai ii ioiioaieth e
niciaieth /aeiaaea ie?a. ?anniao?eaaoue aai ,ii iiaieth aoaeaeeeneeo
oaieiaia, iao ieeaeie iaiaoiaeeiinoe, iioiio /oi niciaiea ia io?aaeaao
yoio ie? (ii ia nouanoaoao), a ii?iaeaeaao aai naiae

oai?/aneie aeoeaiinoueth.Nai ie? no?aaeaiee, ii o/aieth aoaeaeecia,
oieueei eeethcey,ii?iaeaeaiea “iaaaaeaiey”,”caaeoaeoaai” niciaiey.

“Aoi?ay aeaai?iaeiay enoeia” aeaneo,/oi enoi/ieeii no?aaeaiee yaeythoy
“aeaaeaea oaeiaieuenoaee,aeaaeaea auoey,aeaaeaea iiaouanoaa” .

“*oi aea yaeyaony aeaai?iaeiie enoeiie i i?ae?auaiee no?aaeaiey?Yoi
iieiia caoooaiea e i?ae?auaiea anao aeaeaiee e no?anoae, eo ioa?anuaaiea
e ioeac io ieo ,inaiaiaeaeaiea e ioaeaeaiea ioieo.”

A naiai iniiaiii e aeaaiii cia/aiee iaeeeneia neiai “ieaaaia” eee
naie?eoneia “ie?aaia” icia/aao “caoooaiea”, “oaanaiea”, “oniieiaiea”.
Ae?oaeie neiaaie, yoi eiia/iay oeaeue ?aeeaeiciiai nianaiey,oi
ninoiyiea “iieiiai iaauoey”, i?e eioi?ii
“ia?a?iaeaeaiey-no?aaeaiey” eii/athony. Aanue aeoo aoaeaeecia
canoaaeyao naeeaeaoue iiiyoea ie?aaiu n aeinoeaeaieai ninoiyiey iieiiai
iaauoey.

Nia?aiaiiay iaoea ia aeaao iaeiicia/iiai ioaaoa ia aii?in ia
enoi?e/iinoe Aoaeaeu. Iaeiaei iiiaea enneaaeiaaoaee n/eoatho Oaeueyioie
enoi?e/aneie ee/iinoueth. Ii neaaeiaaoue i?e yoii aoaeaeeeneie
o?aaeeoeee, eioi?ay n/eoaao aai aaeeiiee/iui “iniiaaoaeai aoaeaeecia”,
iao iniiaaiee. “Nia?aiaiiia ninoiyiea eco/aiiinoe aii?ina, – ieoao
ecaanoiue niaaoneee o/aiue A.O.Eeueei, – iicaieyao n/eoaoue, /oi
Aoaeaea eae aaeeiiee/iue nicaeaoaeue ecaanoiiai iai aa?io/aiey –
ee/iinoue iaenoi?e/aneay, eai aoaeaeeci neeaaeuaaeny a oa/aiea iiiaeo
aaeia, ii Oaeueyioie – iniiaaoaeue aoaeaeeeneie iiiaoaneie iaueiu (eee
iaeei ec ia?auo aa iniiaaoaeae), i?iiiaaaeiee, acaeyaeu e i?aeoe/aneay
aeayoaeueiinoue eioi?iai eiaee aieueoia cia/aiea i?e aicieeiiaaiee
aoaeaeeeneiai aa?io/aiey, aiieia iia nouanoaiaaoue ?aaeueii”.

Caaeieai aei aicieeiiaaiey aoaeaeecia Eiaeey eiaea i?eaeiaeueiua
?aeeaeiciua o/aiey, eoeueoo?u e o?aaeeoeee. Neiaeiua iauanoaaiiua
ioiioaiey e aunieay ai?iaeneay eoeueoo?a, aeeth/aaoay a naay e
ienueiaiiinoue e ?acaeoua oi?iu eneonnoaa, nouanoaiaaee caeanue
iaeiia?aiaiii n oaeeie ae?aaieie i/aaaie ie?iaie eoeueoo?u, eae
Ianiiioaiey e ae?aaiee Aaeiao, a ?yaea ioiioaiee i?aainoiaey
iineaaeiea.

Anee oaea a ?aeeaee yiioe oa??aineie eoeueoo?u (na?aaeeia 3 ouny/aeaoey
aei i.y.) iaia?oaeaiu yeaiaiou, aioaaeoea a aieaa iicaeiea ?aeeaeiciua
i?aaenoaaeaiey, oi a 2 ouny/aeaoee ia/aee neeaaeuaaoueny oa aaaeiua
?aeeaeiciua o?aaeeoeee, eioi?ua e ia/aeo 1 ouny/aeaoey iieo/eee
eeoa?aoo?iia ioi?ieaiea, eiaioaiia a enoi?ee eiaeeeneiai
ie?iaicc?aiey e ?eooaeueiie i?aeoeee aaaeaie. Aaaeeci, eee aaaeeeneay
?aeeaey, oaea niaea?aeae /a?ou, oa?aeoa?iua aeey aieaa iicaeieo
eiaeeeneeo ?aeeaee, a oii /enea e aoaeaeecia.

“*aoaa?oay aeaai?iaeiay enoeia”- i?aeoe/aneee iooue,eioi?ue aaaeao e
iiaeaaeaieth aeaeaiee.Yoio iooue eiaioaony iau/ii “n?aaeeiiui iooai”
eee “aeaai?iaeiui ainueia?e/iui iooai” nianaiey.

Yoi:

1.I?aaeeueiua acaeyaeu ,o.a. iniiaaiiua ia “aeaai?iaeiuo en-

oeiao”.

2.I?aaeeueiay ?aoeiinoue,o.a. aioiaiinoue e iiaeaeao ai eiy

enoeiu.

3.I?aaeeueiay ?a/ue,o.a. aeia?iaeaeaoaeueiay,ene?aiiyy,i?aaaee-

aay.

4.I?aaeeueiia iiaaaeaiea ,o.a. iai?e/eiaiea cea.

5.I?aaeeueiue ia?ac aeecie,o.a. ie?iue,/anoiue,/enoue.

6.I?aaeeueiia oneeea,o.a. naiiainieoaiea e naiiiaeaaeaiea.

7.I?aaeeueiia aieiaiea,o.a. aeoeaiay aaeeoaeueiinoue niciaiey.

8.I?aaeeueiia nin?aaeioi/aiea,o.a.aa?iua iaoiaeu nica?oeaiey e

iaaeeoaoeee.

Nia?aiaiiay iaoea ia aeaao iaeiicia/iiai ioaaoa ia aii?in ia
enoi?e/iinoe Aoaeaeu. Iaeiaei iiiaea enneaaeiaaoaee n/eoatho Oaeueyioie
enoi?e/aneie ee/iinoueth. Ii neaaeiaaoue i?e yoii aoaeaeeeneie
o?aaeeoeee, eioi?ay n/eoaao aai aaeeiiee/iui “iniiaaoaeai aoaeaeecia”,
iao iniiaaiee.

Caaeieai aei aicieeiiaaiey aoaeaeecia Eiaeey eiaea i?eaeiaeueiua
?aeeaeiciua o/aiey, eoeueoo?u e o?aaeeoeee. Neiaeiua iauanoaaiiua
ioiioaiey e aunieay ai?iaeneay eoeueoo?a, aeeth/aaoay a naay e
ienueiaiiinoue e ?acaeoua oi?iu eneonnoaa, nouanoaiaaee caeanue
iaeiia?aiaiii n oaeeie ae?aaieie i/aaaie ie?iaie eoeueoo?u, eae
Ianiiioaiey e ae?aaiee Aaeiao, a ?yaea ioiioaiee i?aainoiaey
iineaaeiea.

Anee oaea a ?aeeaee yiioe oa??aineie eoeueoo?u (na?aaeeia 3 ouny/aeaoey
aei i.y.) iaia?oaeaiu yeaiaiou, aioaaeoea a aieaa iicaeiea ?aeeaeiciua
i?aaenoaaeaiey, oi a 2 ouny/aeaoee ia/aee neeaaeuaaoueny oa aaaeiua
?aeeaeiciua o?aaeeoeee, eioi?ua e ia/aeo 1 ouny/aeaoey iieo/eee
eeoa?aoo?iia ioi?ieaiea, eiaioaiia a enoi?ee eiaeeeneiai
ie?iaicc?aiey e ?eooaeueiie i?aeoeee aaaeaie. Aaaeeci, eee aaaeeeneay
?aeeaey, oaea niaea?aeae /a?ou, oa?aeoa?iua aeey aieaa iicaeieo
eiaeeeneeo ?aeeaee, a oii /enea e aoaeaeecia.

E iei iiaeii ioianoe i?aaenoaaeaiea i oii, /oi ana nouanoaothuaa
aeeaia naycaii iaaeaeo niaie ai a?aiaie iinoiyiiuie ia?aoiaeaie ec
iaeiiai oaeaniiai ninoiyiey a ae?oaia (ia?anaeaiea aeoo eee
ia?aaiieiuaiea), o/aiea i ea?ia, eae i neea , ii?aaeaeythuae oi?io
yoeo ia?aoiaeia. Onoie/eau ieacaeenue ninoaa iaioaiia aiaia, a oaeaea
aa?aa aae e ?ae. A aieaa iicaeieo ?aeeaeyo auee ?acaeou iiiaea yeaiaiou
aaaeeeneie neiaieeee, ii/eoaiea iaeioi?uo?anoaiee e aeeaioiuo ,
aieueoeinoai auoiauo e naiaeiuo ia?yaeia. A aaaeeeneie ?aeeaee oaea
io?aaeaeinue eeanniaia ?anneiaiea iauanoaa. Iia inayuaea ia?aaainoai
ethaeae, iauyaeyy, /oi aeaeaiea ethaeae ia aa?iu (eanou a ae?aaiae
Eiaeee) onoaiiaeaii aunoei aiaeanoaii – A?aoiie. Nioeeaeueiay
iani?aaaaeeeainoue ii?aaaeuaaeanue o/aieai i ea?ia – oai, /oi ai anao
ian/anoeyo /aeiaaea aeiiaaou a?aoe, niaa?oaiiua ei a i?aaeieo
ia?a?iaeaeaieyo. Iia iauyaeyea ainoaea?noai einoeoooii, nicaeaiiui
aiaaie, e i?e?aaieaaea iiai?iinoue aeanoeoaeyi e auiieiaieth
?aeeaeiciiai aeieaa. Aeaaea iaeeueiua aea?oaii?eiioaiey, aeinooiiua
eeoue aiaaoui e ciaoiui, naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaee yeiau i aieueoae
aeecinoe iineaaeieo e ii?o aiaia, a aeey iecoeo aa?i iiiaea ia?yaeu auee
aiiaua cai?auaiu.

Aaaeeci io?aaeae n?aaieoaeueioth ia?acaeoinoue aioaaiienoe/aneeo
i?ioeai?a/ee a eiaeeeneie iaueia, nio?aiaiea cia/eoaeueiuo yeaiaioia
ieaiaiiie ?acae?iaeaiinoe e eneeth/eoaeueiinoe. E na?aaeeia 1
ouny/aeaoey aei i.y. yoe /a?ou iao?ea?oaeueiinoe i?eoiaeyo ai naa aieaa
?acei au?aaeaiiia i?ioeai?a/ea n oaie e?oiiuie naeaeaaie a
iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo, eioi?ua e yaeyeenue iniiaiie i?e/eiie
aicieeiiaaiey aoaeaeecia.

A 6-5 aa aei i.y. aeaeathony iiiuoee oe?oiieoue ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneia
oicyenoai, eniieueciaaoue o?oae ?aaia aieaa ?aoeeiiaeueii.
Caeiiiaeaoaeueiua ia?u, ianeieueei ia?aie/eaathuea i?iecaie oicyeia ii
ioiaoaieth e ?aao, iieacuaatho ia/aei ecaeeaaiey nouanoaothuae nenoaiu
e io?aaeatho no?ao ia?aae ino?uie eeanniauie noieeiiaaieyie.

Aunoae oacie ?acaeoey ?aaiaeaaeaiey a Eiaeee aue ia?eiae iauaaeeiaiey
aa eiia?eae Iao?uey. “Eiaiii a iao?eeneoth yiioo aicieeee e
ioi?ieeenue iiiaea iniiaiua /a?ou nioeeaeueiie nooeoo?u, nineiaii –
eanoiaie i?aaiecaoeee, aaaeiaeoea einoeooou ae?aaiaeiaeeeneiai
iauanoaa e ainoaea?noaa. Iieo/ee ?acaeoea ?yae ?aeeaeicii –
oeeinineeo oa/aiee, a oii /enea aoaeaeeci, eioi?ue iinoaiaiii ec
naeoaineiai iiiaoaneiai o/aiey i?aa?aoeeny a iaeio ec o?ao ie?iauo
?aeeaee.

“Iiyaeaiea aoaeaeecia ia enoi?e/aneie a?aia, – ieoao E.E.AEieue, –
niaiaaeaao ii a?aiaie ni cia/eoaeueiuie eciaiaieyie a nioeeaeueii –
iieeoe/aneie e yeiiiie/aneie aeecie ae?aaiaeiaeeeneiai iauanoaa.
Aanueia aeoeaii a/eiatho i naaa cayaeyoue ia?eoa?eeiua ?aeiiu
a?aoiaineie eoeueoo?u, a eioi?uo ana aieaa auaeaeaathony ia ia?aia
ianoi eoao?ee, i?eoycathuea ia ?oeiaiaeyuoth ?ieue a aeecie iauanoaa.
Eiaiii a yoeo ?aeiiao ia aaca /aou?ao oea?noa (Eioaea, Iaaaiaea, Aaona
e Aaaioa) iaia/athony e i?ienoiaeyo nouanoaaiiua naeaeae a iaeanoe
yeiiiieee, iieeoeee, aueeaoeany a eiia/iii eoiaa a ia?aciaaiea iaeiie ec
iiaouanoaaiiuo eiia?ee a ae?aaiae Eiaeee – eiia?ee Iaaaaeoe,
iniiaaoaeyie e ?oeiaiaeeoaeyie eioi?ie yaeeenue i?aaenoaaeoaee aeeianoee
Iao?ueaa. Oaeei ia?acii ia oa??eoi?ee nia?aiaiiiai thaeiiai Aeoa?a
(Naaa?iay Eiaeey) i?eia?ii a na?aaeeia ia?aiai ouny/aeaoey aei i.y.
eiioeaio?e?othony cia/eoaeueiua nioeeaeueiua neeu, ioaeaeathueany a
iiauo i?eioeeiao nioeeaeueiiai acaeiiaeaenoaey e a iiaie eaeaieiaee”.

?aenia? iieaaae, /oi aicieeiiaaiea aoaeaeecia yaeeinue
neaaenoaeai… ?aceiaeaiey oaiaeaeueiuo ioiioaiee e onoaiiaeaiey
ainiiaenoaa oi?aiaiai eaieoaea (!).

Iaen/a?iaaiua aaaenoaey, ia?ooeaoeany ia o?oaeyueony i?e ia?aoiaea io
?aiieo ia?acaeouo oi?i ?aaiaeaaeaiey e e?oiiiio, ioaaouaathuaio e
i?iiecuaathuaio aicaeaenoaeai ana aieaa oe?ieea noa?u auoey,
yaeeenue ?aaeueiie aeeciaiiie iniiaie, ienoeoeoee?iaaiiui io?aaeaieai
eioi?ie auea oae iacuaaaiay “ia?aay aeaai?iaeiay enoeia” aoaeaeecia –
ooaa?aeaeaiea oiaeaeanoaa auoey e no?aaeaiey. Anaiauiinoue cea,
ii?iaeaeaaiay ana aieii aeoaieei ii?aaiuaieai o?oaeyueony,
iaaaa?aiiinoueth a caao?aoiai aeia o n?aaeieo neiaa, aeanoieay ai?ueaa
ca aeanoue o eeanniaie aa?oooee iauanoaa aini?eieiaeenue eae
iniiaiie caeii auoey.

Eiaaea ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneee niinia i?iecaiaenoaa noae oi?iiceoue
aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee, eiaaea ia?aae iauanoaii
ia/aea anoaaaoue caaea/a nicaeaiey ee/iie caeioa?aniaaiiinoe
?aaioathuaai a ?acoeueoaoa aai o?oaea, iaeiie ec ?aeeaeiciuo oi?i
e?eoeee noa?iai no?iy noaei ooaa?aeaeaiey iaee/ey aeooe eae iaeiae
aaeeiie aeey anao ethaeae aioo?aiiae iniiau auoey. Niioaaonoaaiii
iiyaeyaony eaeay /aeiaaea – ia /eaia ii?aaeaeaiiie aa?iu, a /aeiaaea
aiiaua , aano?aeoiiai /aeiaaea. Acaiai iiiaeanoaa ia?yaeia e cai?aoia
aeey ii?aaeaeaiiie aa?iu auaeaeaaaony eaeay aaeeiiai ii?aeueiiai
ia/aea eae oaeoi?a nianaiey aeey ethaiai /aeiaaea iacaaeneii io aai
iaoeeiiaeiiie eee nioeeaeueiie i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe. Iineaaeiaaoaeueiia
au?aaeaiea yoie eaeaa aeae aoaeaeeci, /oi e yaeeinue iaeiie ec i?e/ei
i?aa?auaiey aai a ie?iaoth ?aeeaeth.

Aoaeaeeci a naieo enoieao naycai ia oieueei n a?aoiaieciii, ii e n
ae?. ?aeeaeiciuie e ?aeeaeicii – oeeenioneeie nenoaiaie ae?aaiae Eiaeee.
Aiaeec yoeo naycae iieacu-aaao, /oi iiyaeaiea aoaeaeecia auei
iaoneiaeaii e iauaeoeaiuie nioeeaeueiuie i?ioeannaie, iiaeaioiaeaiii
eaeaeii. Aoaeaeeci ia aue ii?iaeaeai “ioe?iaaieai” aeinoeaoaai
aiaeanoaaiiie ioae?inoe nouanoaa, eae yoi ooaa?aeaeatho aoaeaeenou,
eee ee/iui oai?/anoaii i?iiiaaaeieea, eae iau/ii n/eoatho caiaaeiua
aoaeaeieiae. Ii aoaeaeeci ia yaeeny e iaoaie/aneei iaai?ii eiaaoeony
eaeae. Ii aian a ieo iiiai iiaiai, ii?iaeaeaiiiai eiaiii
iauanoaaiiuie oneiaeyie yiioe aai aicieeiiaaiey.

Ia?aiia/aeueii yeaiaiou iiaiai ?aeeaeiciiai o/aiey, eae ooaa?aeaeaao
aoaeaeeeneay o?aaeeoeey, ia?aaeaaaeenue econoii iiiaoaie naiei
o/aieeai. Eeoa?aoo?iia ioi?ieaiea iie ia/aee iieo/aoue n?aaieoaeueii
iicaeii – ai 2-1 aa. aei i.y. Nio?aieeny iaeeeneee naiae
aoaeaeeeneie eaiiie/aneie eeoa?aoo?u, nicaeaiiue ieiei 80 a. aei i.y. ia
O?e – Eaiea e iacaaiiue iicaeiaa “oeieoaea” (naine?. – “o?eieoaea”) –
“o?e ei?ceiu caeiia”.

A 3-1 aa. aei i.y. e a ia?auo aaeao i.y. i?ienoiaeeo aeaeueiaeoaa
?acaeoea aoaeaeecia, a /anoiinoe nicaeaaony nayciia aeeciaiienaiea
Aoaeaeu, neeaaeuaaaony eaiiie/aneay eeoa?aoo?a. Iiiaoe – oaieiae
?ac?aaaouaatho eiae/aneea “iainiiaaiey” aeaaiuo ?aeeaeiciuo aeiai,
ia?aaeei eiaioaiua “oeeinioeae aoaeaeecia”. Oaieiae/aneea oiieinoe
inoaaaeenue aeinoiyieai n?aaieoaeueii iaaieueoiai e?oaa iiiaoia,
eiaaoeo aiciiaeiinoue ioaeaaaoue ana naia a?aiy noieinoe/aneei nii?ai.
Iaeiia?aiaiii ?acaeaaeanue ae?oaay, ii?aeueii – eoeueoiaay noi?iia
aoaeaeecia, o.a. “iooue”, eioi?ue iiaeao i?eaanoe eaaeaeiai e
i?ae?auaieth no?aaeaiee. Yoio “iooue” e aue nianoaaiii oai eaeaeiui
i?oaeeai, eioi?ia niinianoaiaaei a oa/aiea iiiaeo aaeia oaea?aeaieth
o?oaeyueony iann a iiaeiiaaiee.

Aa?io/aiea e ia?yaeiinoue ?aiiaai Aoaeaeecia eceiaeaiu a O?ei Eoaea
(“o?ieiie ei?ceia”) – naiaea i?iecaaaeaiee, iniiaaiiuo ia ioe?iaaieyo
Aoaeaeu. A iai a /anoiinoe iienaiu i?eioeeiu ono?ienoaa ie?a e
anaeaiiie, o/aiea i aeooa e aa nianaiea. Anaeaiiay a aoaeaeeeneie
aeiaiaoeea eiaao iiiaineieiia no?iaiea. Iiaeii ian/eoaoue aeanyoee
iaaan, oiiieiaaiuo a ?acee/iuo eaiiie/aneeo e iaeaiiie/aneeo ni/eiaieyo
Oeiayiu e Iaoayiu. Anaai nouanoaotho 31 noa?a auoey, ?aniieiaeaiiua
ae?oa iaae ae?oaii, nieco aaa?o ii noaiaie naiae aicauoaiiinoe e
iaeooioai?aiiinoe. Iie aeaeyony ia o?e ?ac?yaea: ea?iieiea, ?oiaeiea e
a?oiaeiea.

A ea?iaeieo aoiaeyo 11 nooiaiae eee o?iaiae niciaiey. Yoi iecoay
iaeanoue auoey. Caeanue iieiinoueth aeaenoaoao ea?ia. Yoi iieiinoueth
oaeaniay iaoa?eaeueiay noa?a auoey, eeoue ia aunoeo naieo o?iaiyo
ia/eiathuay ia?aoiaeeoue a aieaa aicauoaiiua noaaeee.

O?iaie n 12-ai ii 27-e ioiinyony e aieaa aunieie noa?a nica?oeaiey –
?oiaeiea. Caeanue oaea aeaenoaeoaeueii ia i?yiia a?oaia nica?oeaiea, a
aiia?aaeaiea, ii iii aua naycaii n oaeaniui ie?ii, n oi?iaie aauae.

E iaeiiaoe, iineaaeiee o?iaaiue – a?oiaeiea – io?aoai io oi?iu e io
oaeaniiai iaoa?eaeueiiai ia/aea.

A Aoaeaeecia iii ec aaaeiaeoeo iano caieiaao oae iacuaaaiia io?eoeaiea
aaeeinoaa ee/iinoe. Eaaeaeay ee/iinoue i?aaenoaaeaia, eae neiieaiea
“eciai/eauo” oi?i. Niaeanii auneacuaaieyi Aoaeaeu ee/iinoueth, ninoieo
ec iyoe yeaiaioia: oaeaniinoe, iuouaiey, aeaeaiey, i?aaenoaaeaiey e
iiciaiey. Oae aea aaeeei cia/aiea o/aiey i nianaiea aeooe, ia?aoaiea ath
iieiy, a ia?aiia/aeueiii Aoaeaeecia. Aeooa ?aniaaeaaony, ii o/aieth
Aoaeaeecia, ia ioaeaeueiua yeaiaiou (neaiaeu), ii /oiau a iiaii
?iaeaeaiea ieacaeanue aiieioeaoeeny oa aea ee/iinoue, iaiaoiaeeii, /oiau
neaiaeu niaaeeieeenue oai ia?acii, eae iie auee niaaeeiaiu a i?aaeiai
aiieiuaiee. I?ae?auaiea e?oaiai?ioa ia?aaiieiuaiee, auoiae ec naina?u,
ieii/aoaeueiue e aa/iue iieie – yoi aaaeiue yeaiaio o?aeoiaee nianaiey a
Aoaeaeecia. Aeooa, a aoaeaeenoneii i?aaenoaaeaiee, – eiaeeaeaeoaeueiia
niciaiea, eioi?ia ianao a naaa aanue aeooiaiue ie? /aeiaaea,
o?ainoi?ie?oaony a i?ioeanna ee/iuo ia?a?iaeaeaiee e no?aiyueany e
oniieiaieth a ie?aaia. I?e yoii aeinoeaeaiea ie?aaiu iaaiciiaeii aac
iiaeaaeaiey aeaeaiee, /oi aeinoeaaaony ii n?aaenoaai eiio?iey iaae
acaeyaeaie, ?a/ueth, iiaaaeaieai, iaae ia?acii aeecie, iaae oneeea,
aieiaiea, e iieiay nin?aaeioi/aiiinoue e ?aoeiinoueth.

Noiia anao iinooieia e iiiuneia ai anao i?aaeuaeoueo ia?a?iaeaeaieyo,
/oi eeoue i?eaeeceoaeueii iiaeii ioa?aeoa?eciaaoue neiaii “noaeueaa”, a
aoeaaeueii icia/aao caeii aiciacaeey – yoi neea, eioi?ay ii?aaeaeyao
eiie?aoiue aeae ia?a?iaeaeaiey e iacuaaaony ea?iie. Ana iinooiee a
aeecie ii?aaeaeythony ea?iie, ii /aeiaae eiaao ii?aaeaeaiioth naiaiaeo
auai?a a iinooieao, iiiuneao, aeaenoaeyo, /oi aeaeaao aiciiaeiui iooue e
nianaieth, auoiaeo ec e?oaa i?aa?auaiee a i?inaaoeaiiia ninoiyiea.
Nioeeaeueiay ?ieue Aoaeaeecia ii?aaeaeyaony eaeaae ?aaainoaa ethaeae a
no?aaeaiea e a i?aaa ia nianaiea. Aua i?e aeecie /aeiaae iia
aeia?iaieueii anoaoue ia i?aaaaeiue iooue, anooiea a iiiaoaneoth iaueio
(naiaoay), /oi icia/aao ioeac io eanou, naiuee, nianoaaiiinoe,
i?eiauaiea e ie?o no?iaeo i?aaee e cai?aoia ( 253 cai?aoa), iyoue ec
eioi?uo iaycaoaeueiu aeey eaaeaeiai aoaeaeenoa: ioeac io oaeenoaa aeeauo
nouanoa, io ai?ianoaa, eaee, aeeiaiey, niaethaeaiea noi?oaeaneie
aa?iinoe.

Aoaeaeeci iaiaaoee ?aeeaeicioth i?aeoeeo i?eaiii, ioiinyueiny e iaeanoe
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai eoeueoa. Eiaaony aaeaeo oaeay oi?ia ?aeeaeiciiai
iiaaaeaiey, eae aoaaaia – oaeoaeaiea a naiiai naay, a naie aioo?aiiee
ie? n oeaeueth nin?aaeioi/aiiiai ?aciuoeaiey ia enoeiao aa?u, /oi
iieo/eei aeaeueiaeoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea a oaeeo iai?aaeaieyo aoaeaeecia,
eae “/aiue” e “aecai”. Iiiaea enneaaeiaaoaee n/eoatho, /oi yoeea a
Aoaeaeecia caieiaao oeaio?aeueiia ianoi e yoi aeaeaao aai a aieueoae
noaiaie yoe/aneei, oeeinioneei o/aieai, a ia ?aeeaeae. Aieueoeinoai
iiiyoee a Aoaeaeecia iineo ?anieua/aoue, iiiaicia/iue oa?aeoa?, /oi
aeaeaao aai aieaa aeaeei e oi?ioi aaeaioe?oaiui e ianoiui eoeueoai e
aa?iaaieyi, niiniaiui e o?ainoi?iaoeee. Oae iineaaeiaaoaee Aoaeaeu
ia?aciaaee iiiai/eneaiiua iiiaoaneea iaueiu, noaaoea aeaaiuie i/aaaie
?ani?ino?aiaiey ?aeeaee.

A I a. i. y. a Aoaeaeecia ia?aciaaeinue aeaa aaoae: Oeiayia (“iaeay
iiaicea”) e Iaoayia (“aieueoay iiaicea”). Yoi ?acaeaeaiea auei aucaaii
i?aaeaea anaai ?acee/eyie a nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneeo oneiaeyo aeecie a
ioaeaeueiuo /anoyo Eiaeee. Oeiayia, oaniaa naycaiiay n ?aiiei
Aoaeaeeciii, i?eciaao Aoaeaeo /aeiaaeii, iaoaaeoei iooue e nianaieth,
eioi?ia n/eoaaony aeinoeaeeiui oieueei /a?ac ooiae io ie?a – iiiaoanoai.
Iaoayia enoiaeeo ec aiciiaeiinoe nianaiey ia oieueei aeey
iooaeueieeia-iiiaoia, ii e aeey ie?yi, i?e/ai oii? naeaeai ia aeoeaioth
i?iiiaaaeie/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue, ia aiaoaoaeuenoai a iauanoaaiioth e
ainoaea?noaaiioth aeeciue. Iaoayia, a ioee/ee io Oeiayiu, eaa/a
i?eniinaaeeaaeanue e ?ani?ino?aiaieth ca i?aaeaeu Eiaeee, ii?iaeea
iiiaeanoai oieeia e oa/aiee, Aoaeaea iinoaiaiii noaiiaeony aunoei
aiaeanoaii, a /anoue iaai nii?oaeathony o?aiu, niaa?oathony eoeueoiaua
aeaenoaey.

Aaaeiia ?acee/ea iaaeaeo Oeiayiie e Iaoayiie caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi
Oeiayia iieiinoueth ioaa?aaao iooue e nianaieth aeey ia iiiaoia, eioi?ua
aeia?iaieueii ioaa?aee ie?neoth aeeciue. A Iaoayia aaaeioth ?ieue eoeueo
aiaeenoaa – eiaeeaeaeia, oaea niiniaiuo aieoe a ie?aaio, ii
ie?aaeuaathueo aeinoeaeaiea eiia/iie oeaee ec-ca oiai, /oiau iiii/ue a
aa aeinoeaeaiee e ae?oaei, iaiaycaoaeueii iiiaoai, caiaiea oai naiui
o?aaiaaiea ooiaea io ie? i?ecuaii e aicaeaenoaeth ia iaai.

?aiiee Aoaeaeeci ioee/aaony i?inoioie ia?yaeiinoe Aa aeaaiui yeaiaioii
yaeyaony: eoeueo Aoaeaeu, i?iiiaaaeue, ii/eoaiea nayouo iano, naycaiiuo
n ?iaeaeaieai, i?inaaoeaieai e nia?oueth Aaooaiu, iieeiiaiea nooiai –
eoeueoiaui nii?oaeaieyi, aaea o?aiyony ?aeeeaee Aoaeaeecia. Iaoayia e
eoeueoo Aoaeaeu aeiaaaeea ii/eoaiea aiaeenoaa, oai naiui oneiaeieeanue
ia?yaeiinoue: auee aaaaeaiu iieeoau e ?aciiai ?iaea caeeeiaiey, noaee
i?aeoeeiaaoueny aea?oaii?eiioaiey, aiciee iuoiue ?eooae.

A VI – VII aa. i. y. ia/aeny oiaaeie Aoaeaeecia a Eiaeee, iaoneiaeaiiue
oiaaeeii ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneiai no?iy e ?inoii oaiaeaeueiie
?acae?iaeaiiinoe, e XII – XIII aa. ii oa?yao naie i?aaeiea iiceoeee a
no?aia naiaai aicieeiiaaiey, ia?aianoeaoenue a ae?oaea ?aeiiu Acee, aaea
o?ainoi?ie?iaaeny n o/aoii ianoiuo oneiaee. Iaeiie ec oaeeo
?aciiaeaeiinoae Aoaeaeecia, ooaa?aeeaoeeny a Oeaaoa e Iiiaieee, yaeeny
Eaiaeci, noi?ie?iaaaoeeny a XII-XV aa. ia aaca Iaoayiu. Iacaaiea
i?ienoiaeeo io oeaaoneiai neiaa eaia (aunoee, iaaaniuo) – iiiao a
eaiaeci. Aeey eaiaecia oa?aeoa?ai eoeueo ooaeeaaiia (ia?a?iaeaeaioeaa)
– aiieiuaiee Aoaeaeu, aeeauo aiaia, e eioi?ui i?e/eneythony aeaaiui
ia?acii aunoea eaiu. Eaiaecio i?enoua ianniaia ?ani?ino?aiaiea
iiiaoanoaa, i?e yoii nouanoaaiii oi?inoeeny i?ioeann iauaiey n Aiaii:
aa?othuaio aeinoaoi/ii auei i?ee?aieoue e oanoo eenoie n iieeoaie, /oiau
aai eieaaae aaoa?, eee aeiaeeoue aai a niaoeeaeueiue aa?aaai. Anee a
eeanne/aneii Aoaeaeecia ia auei ia?aca aa?oiaiiai Aiaa – oai?oea, oi
caeanue ii iiyaeyaony a eeoea Aaeeaocaeu, i?aaenoaaeythuaainy ia?ae/iu
yaaiii anao aeaeueiaeoeo aiieiuaiee Aoaeaeu. Eaiaeci ia ioeacaeny io
o/aiey i ie?aaia, ii ianoi ie?aaiu a eaiaecia caiye ?ae. Anee aa?othuee
aoaeao auiieiyoue ana o?aaiaaiey eaiaenoneie ii?aee, oi iinea no?aaeaiee
e eeoaiee naina?u aai aeaeoo oniieiaiea e aeaaeaiiay aeeciue a ?ath.
Aeey oa?aeoa?enoeee eaiaenoneie ea?oeiu ie?a eiaao ecaanoiia cia/aiea
aa?iaaiea a nouanoaiaaiea iaaaaeiiiaiai eaeaaeueiiai ainoaea?noaa
(Oaiaaeu), eioi?iio i?aaenoieo nua?aoue eiaaea-ieaoaeue ?aoathuoth ?ieue
a enoi?ee Anaeaiiie e Caiee.

A iiiaea aiaeu naiaai nouanoaiaaiey Aoaeaeeci ?ani?ino?aieeny a
aceaoneii ?aaeiia, aaea ai iiiaeo ainoaea?noaao ieacuaaao neeueiia
aeeyiea ia iauanoaaiioth e iieeoe/aneoth aeeciue. A Eaina, Eaiaiaeaea e
Oaeeaiaea ?oeiaiaenoai oea?eiaueth i?eiaaeeaaeeo aeaaai ainoaea?noa. A
no?aiao, aaea neeueii aeeyiea Aoaeaeecia, nio?aiyaony iiiaeanoai
iiiaoia: aeinoaoi/ii neacaoue, /oi a Eaiaiaeaea iiiaoii yaeyaony
eaaeaeue aeaaaeoeaoue ioae/eia. Aoaeaeeeneee iiianou?e aunooiatho a
ea/anoaa e?oiiuo o/aaiuo caaaaeaiee, eioi?ua yaeythony oeaio?aie
i?inaauaiey e eneonnoaa.

A iaoae no?aia Aoaeaeeci i?aaenoaaeai a iniiaiii a ea/anoaa Eaiaecia.
Aoaeaeeeneie ?aeeaee i?eaea?aeeaathony iiiaea ia?iaeu, ianaeythuea
Neae?ue.. Aeayoaeueiinoue eaiaenoneiai aeooiaainoaa aicaeaaeyaony
Oeaio?aeueiui Aeooiaiui Oi?aaeaiea Aoaeaeenoia, o/?aaeaeaiiui niai?ii
1946 a. I?aaenaaeaoaeue oi?aaeaiey iineo nai aaiaeeaei-oaiaieaau e
iaoiaeeoueny a Eaieaeineii aeaoeaia (iiianou?a), ?aniieiaeaiiui
iaaaeaeaea io a. Oeai – Oaea.

Iiaaeeoaeue oaeueaa Ooaeaeoiaeaia ia aeaeae nuio ?aeeaeiciie ea?uea?u.
Ii ia?oaeee ?aaaiea ?ineioueth, ne?uaay io iaai ana oaiaaua no?iiu
aeecie, aeae aio aeanoyuaa naaoneia ainieoaiea, aeaiee ia i?aeanoiie
aeaaooea, eioi?ay anei?a iiaea?eea aio nuia.

Ii iaeiaaeaeu ai a?aiy i?iaoeee ii ai?iaeo Aaooaia ano?aoee iie?uoiai
ycaaie aieueiiai, nai?aeaiiiai aiaeaie ae?yoeiai noa?eea,
iia?aaaeueioth i?ioeanneth e iia?oaeaiiiai a ?acaeoiuey aneaoa. Oae ii
ociae i iaecaaaeiuo aeey aeeauo nouanoa no?aaeaieyo. E a oo aea ii/ue
ii oaeeii iieeioe aeai?aoe, /oiau a iooaeueie/anoaa eneaoue iooue,
aaaeouee e ecaaaeaieth io no?aaeaiee.

A oa/aiea naie eao ii aac?acoeueoaoii i?aaeaaae enoycaieyi naith ieioue
e ?aciuoeye iaae oaenoaie nayuaiiuo eiea ae?aoeia ? a?aoiaiia. E eeoue
ia?anoaa aieiaeaoue e ioeacaaoenue io eiaeiuo i?aioae?inoae, A Aooaia
iooai aiacaiiiai ica?aiey, aeinoeaiooiai aeieaei aeoaieei nica?oeaieai,
ioe?ue iooue e nianaieth.

I. ENOIEE

Aoaeaeeci aiciee ia oa??eoi?ee Eiaeinoaia a YI a. aei i.y. A
aeaeueiaeoai ii caaiaaae ieeeeiiu iineaaeiaaoaeae a no?aiao Acee, ii ia
oa??eoi?ee Eiaeinoaia oo?aoee naie iiceoeee e oaeoe/anee en/ac.

Aicieeiiaaiea aoaeaeecia naycuaaaony n aeeciueth e i?iiiaaaeie/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoueth Neaeaeoa?ooe Aaooaiu Aoaeaeu.

Ciaiaieoay aaia?anneay i?iiiaaaeue Aoaeaeu n/eoaaony naiui
ooiaeaiaioaeueiui aa?ieniiaaaeiui aeieoiaioii aoaeaeecia.

Aicieeiiaaiea aoaeaeecia auei naycaii n iiyaeaieai ?yaea i?iecaaaeaiee,
aioaaeoeo aiineaaenoaee a ninoaa eaiiie/aneiai naiaea aoaeaeecia –
Oeieoaee; yoi neiai iaicia/aao ia ycuea iaee “o?e ninoaea” (oi/iaa o?e
ei?ceiu).Oeieoaea auea eiaeeoeoee?iaaia ieiei III a.Oaenou O?eieoaee
?acaeaeaiu ia o?e /anoe – ieoaee: Aeiay-ieoaea,Noooaieoaea e
Aaoeaeoa?iaieoaea.Aeiay-ieoaea iinayuaia i?aeiouanoaaiii i?aaeeai
iiaaaeaiey iiiaoia e ii?yaeeai a iiiaoeneeo iaueiao.Oeaio?aeueioth e
iaeaieueooth /anoue O?eieoaee ninoaaeyao Noooa-Ieiaoa.Iia
niaea?aeeo ia?iiiia eiee/anoai iiaanoaiaaiee ia ioaeaeueiuo yieciaeao
aeecie Aoaeaeu e aai ec?a/aiee ii ?acee/iui iiaiaeai. A o?aoueae
“ei?ceia”- Aaoeaeoa?iaieoaea caeeth/athny aeaaiui ia?acii i?iiiaaaee e
iio/aiey ia yoe/aneea e aano?aeoii-oeeinioneea oaiu.

A aoaeaeecia nouanoaotho ianeieueei iai?aaeaiee ,iacuaaaiua
iaoayiie- “oe?ieie eieanieoeie”,oeiayiie-“oceie eieanieoeae”(eee
ooa?aaaaeie – “enoeiiui o/aieai”) e aa?aeaeayiie – “aeiaciie
eieanieoeae “.

II.AeIAIAOU

 _ea?oeia ie?a

Anaeaiiay a aoaeaeeeneie aeiaiaoeea eiaao iiiaineieiia no?iaiea.
Iiaeii ian/eoaoue aeanyoee iaaan,oiiieiaaiuo a ?acaee/iuo eaiiie/aneeo
e iaeaiiie/aneeo ni/eiaieyo oeiayiu e iaoayiu.

Anaai nouanoaotho ,ii i?aaenoaaeaieyi yoie einiieiaee ,31 noa?a
auoey ,?aniieiaeaiiua ae?oa iaae ae?oaii,nieco aaa?o ii noaiaie naiae
aicauoaiiinoe e iaeooioai?aiiinoe. Iie aeaeyony ia o?e ?ac?yaea:
ea?iieiea, ?oiaeiea e a?oiaeiea.

A ea?iaeieo aoiaeyo 11 nooiaiee eee o?iaiae niciaiey. Yoi iecoay
iaeanoue auoey.Caeanue iieiinoueth aeaenoaoao ea?ia.Yoi iieiinoueth
oaeaniay iaoa?eaeueiay noa?a auoey,eeoue ia aunoeo naieo o?iaiyo
ia/eiathuay ia?aoiaeeoue a aieaa aicauoaiiua noaaeee.

O?iaie n 12-ai ii 27-e ioiinyony e aieaa aunieie noa?a nica?oeaiey
-?oiaeiea. Caeanue oaea aeaenoaeoaeueii ia i?yiia a?oaia nica?oeaiea, a
aiia?aaeaiea,ii iii aua naycaii n oaeaniui ie?ii, n oi?iaie aauae. E
iaeiiaoe, iineaaeiee o?iaaiue -a?oiaeiea- io?aoai io oi?iu e io
oaeaniiai iaoa?eaeueiiai ia/aea. Oi,eae auaeyaeeo /oanoaaiiue ie? a
aoaeaeecia, iaaeyaeii iieacuaaao ea?oeia ?aeeaeiciiai niaea?aeaiey
,iacuaaaiay “naina?eei-oo?aea” ,o.a. “eieani naina?u”.

Ia o?aaeeoeeiiiii ?enoiea ia?iiiue no?aoiue aeoo- iaiaon, neoaa
aeaaeuee nia?oe,aea?aeeo a coaao e eiaoyo aieueoie e?oa,
neiaieece?othuee naina?o.

A oeaio?a e?oaa – iaaieueoia e?oaeia iiea ,a eioi?ii nieaeenue
oaea ciae,iaoooa e naeiuee.Yoi neiaieu oao nee,eioi?ua aucuaatho
iaecaaaeiua no?aaeaiey:ceiau,neaaeino?anoey e iaaaaeanoaa.

Aie?oa oeai?aeueiiai iiey ?aniieiaeaii iyoue
naeoi?ia,niioaaonoaothueo aiciiaeiui a naina?a oi?iai ia?a?iaeaeaiey.
I?e yoii aae iiiauaaony anaaaea aieco,a ie?u ethaeae e iaaiaeeoaeae – a
aa?oiae /anoe e?oaa.

I?aaue aa?oiee naeoi? caiyo ie?ii ethaeae. Ii ieaeiaio e?ath
yoiai naeoi?a ?aniieiaeaiu oeao?u,neiaieece?othuea /aeiaa/aneea
no?aaeaiey: ?iaeathuay aeaiueia,noa?ee,ia?oaaoe e aieueiie.

Neaaa aaa?oo oaeie aea aaee/eiu naeoi? caieiatho iaoiaeyueany a aa/iie
a?aaeaea ae?oa n ae?oaii oaia?ee e ano?u.Iie ia/oo ae?oa a ae?oaa eiiuey
e no?aeu.

Ni?aaa e neaaa ?aniieiaeaiu naeoi?u aeeaioiuo e “ae?eoia”.
AEeaioiua oa?catho ae?oa ae?oaa,neeueiua iiaee?atho neaauo. No?aaeaiey
ae?eoia ninoiyo a iai?a?uaiii aieiaea.

Caiiie noae,caiiua iuoee e eacie iaoee io?aaeaiea a ieaeiai
naeoi?a e?oaa.Iin?aaee ia i?anoiea neaeeo nai aeaaeuea nia?oe e aaea
– Y?eee-oai (naie?eoneia -ssia).

“Naina?eei-oo?aea” ?acuyniyao e naiue i?ioeann iai?aeiaeiiai
caeiia ia?a?iaeaeaiey a aai aoaeaeeeneii iiieiaiee.12 ieaeai ioaaouaatho
3 neaaeothuea ae?oa ca ae?oaii aeecie ,i?e/ai yoaiu,ia eioi?ua yoio
i?ioeann auoey ?aniaaeaaony ,neiaiee/anee ecia?aaeaiu ia oaa?aei
onoaiiaeaiiuo aeey eaaeaeiai ec ieo ?enoieao.

?enoiee,neiaieece?othuea ieaeaiu, ?aniieiaeaiu ii oe?ieiio
iaiaeo, ioaaouaathuaio nia?oaee iniiaiie e?oa eieana.

I?ioaaeoay aeeciue i?aaenoaaeaia 2-iy ieaeaiaie.Ia?aay
ecia?aaeaaony a aeaea neaiie noa?ooe,ia ciathuae,eoaea iia eaeao.Yoi-
neiaie “ii?a/aiiinoe” (aaeaeuey),eiinoaoaoeey oaeoa caaeneiinoe io
no?anoae, no?aieaiey e aeecie,iaee/ea oiai caaeoaeaeaiey oia, eioi?ia
aeaeaao iaecaaaeiui iiaia ia?a?iaeaeaiea.Aoi?ay ieaeaia neiaieece?oaony
ecia?aaeaieai ai?oa/ieea ca ecaioiaeaieai ninoaea.
Yoi-“niaeayiiia” (naina?a eee ea?ia).

Ianoiyuay (aeaiiay) aeeciue ia?aaeaia 8-iueth ieaeaiaie. 1-ay
ieaeaia – iaacueyia,?aouay ieiaeu n aea?aaa,- neiaie
“niciaiey”(aeaeaeiyia),aa?iaa eeoue ia?aiai iiiaioa iiaie aeecie,
eioi?ay ,niaeanii aoaeaeeeneei i?aaenoaaeaieyi, ia/eiaaony n
i?iaoaeaeaiey niciaiey. 2-ay e 3-yy ieaeaiu “ianoiyuae aeecie”
i?ioaeatho a ia?eiae yia?eiiaeueiiai ?acaeoey /aeiaaea.Yia?eii
ia?aaeeaaiee ia eiaao. Iinoaiaiii neeaaeuaathony “oanoue
aac”,neoaeaueo “i?aaiaie /oanoa”,oi/iaa “aeoaie iuooaiey” – c?aiea
,neoo,iaiiyiea,inycaiea,aeon e ” iaian” , iiae eioi?ui iiieiaaony ”
niciaiea i?aaeuaeouaai iiiaioa”.Neiaieu – /aeiaae a eiaeea e aeii n
caeiei/aiiuie ieiaie.

4-ay ieaeaia “nii?eeiniiaaiea” (nia?oa) neiaieece?oaony iaieiathueieny
ioae/eiie e aeaiueiie.N/eoaaony ,/oi aua a oo?iaa iaoa?e ?aaaiie
ia/eiaao aeaeaoue e neuoaoue,o.a. yeaiaiou /oanoaa nii?eeanathony n
niciaieai.Ii i?eyoiuo eee iai?eyoiuo yiioeee ia aicieeaao.

5-ay ieaeaia -“/oanoai” (aaaeaia),o.a. niciaoaeueiia ia?aaeeaaiea
i?eyoiiai, iai?eyoiiai, aac?acee/iiai, yiioeeiiaeueiay iaeanoue
niciaiey. Aaaeaio neiaieece?oao ecia?aaeaiea /aeiaaea,a aeac eioi?iai
iiiaea no?aea. “*oanoai” au?anoaao a “aiaeaeaeaiea” (o?eoia) ,eioi?ia
iiyaeyaony a aic?anoa iieiaiai nic?aaaiey e aiieiuaii ia
“naina?eei-oo?aey” a aeaea /aeiaaea n /aoae aeia. “No?aieaiea” – 7-ay
ieaeaia,niioaaonoaothuay ananoi?iiiaio oi?ie?iaaieth ac?ineiai
/aeiaaea,eiaaea o iaai neeaaeuaathony ii?aaeaeaiiua aeeciaiiua
eioa?anu e i?eaycaiiinoe.Ia ?enoiea – /aeiaae, ?aouee n aea?aaa
ieiaeu. “Aaaa”,o.a. aeeciue,- iineaaeiyy ieaeaia aeaiiiai nouanoaiaaiey
/aeiaaea .Yoi ?anoeaao aai aeecieaeayoaeueiinoe, oiaaeie aa, noa?aiea e
nia?oue. Neiaie aaau -eo?eoea, auneaeeaathuay yeoea.

Aoaeothuay aeeciue ioaaouaaaony aeaoiy ieaeaiaie – “?iaeaeaieai”
(aeaeaoe) e “noa?inoueth e nia?oueth” (aeaea?a-ia?aia).Ia?aay
neiaieece?oaony ecia?aaeaieai ?iaeathuae aeaiueiu, aoi?ay-oeao?ie
neaiiai noa?eea, aea aea?aeauaainy ia iiaao .?iaeaeaiea-yoi iiyaeaiea
iiaiai niciaiey ,a noa?inoue e nia?oue – any aeeciue,oae eae ” noa?aiea
” ia/eiaaony n iiiaioa ?iaeaeaiey, a iiaay aeeciue iiyoue
ii?iaeaeaao no?aieaiey e aeaeaiey,aucuaathuea iiaia ia?a?iaeaeaiea.

 _o/aiea i aeooa

Niaeanii o?aaeeoeee,aa?ouae ia/aei a eeoa?aoo?a Aaoeaeoaiiu,oi
,/oi i?eiyoi n/eoaoue ee/iinoueth,ninoieo ec:

a) “/enoiai niciaiey” (/eooa eee aeaeaeiyia)

a) ineoe/aneeo yaeaiee a aano?aeoeee io niciaiey (/aeooa)

a) “/oanoaaiiiai” a aano?aeoeee io niciaiey (?oia)

a) nee ,nieaoathueo ,oi?ie?othueo i?aaeuaeouea eaoaai?ee a

eiie?aoiua ni/aoaiey,eiioeao?aoeee (nainea?a,/yoaia)

A aoaeaeeeneeo oaenoao oeacuaaaony ia oi,/oi Aoaeaea ia ?ac
aiai?ee,aoaeoi aeooe iao.Iia ia nouanoaoao eae iaeay naiinoiyoaeueiay
aeooiaiay nouiinoue,a?aiaiii iaeoathuay a iaoa?eaeueiii oaea /aeiaaea e
iieeaeathuay aai iinea nia?oe,n oai /oiau ii caeiio ia?anaeaiey aeoo
niiaa iaeoe naaa ae?oaoth iaoa?eaeueioth oaiieoeo.

Iaeiaei aoaeaeeci ia io?eoeae e ia io?eoeaao eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai
“niciaiey”,eioi?ia “ianao a naaa” aanue aeooiaiue ie? /aeiaaea,
o?ainoi?ie?oaony a i?ioeanna ee/iuo ia?a?iaeaeaiee e aeieaeii
no?aieoueny e oniieiaieth a ie?aaia.

A niioaaoaee n o/aieai i ae?aoiao “iioie niciaoaeueiie aeecie”
eiaeeaeaeooia a eiia/iii n/aoa yaeyaony ii?iaeaeaieai “ie?iaie
aeooe”,iaiiciaaaaiiai naa?oauoey.

Ii ia?a naiaai ?acaeoey aoaeaeeci ana aeaeueoa iooiaeee io
ia?aiia/aeueiuo acaeyaeia ia aeooo,eae ia iioie,eae “iai?a?uaiinoue
iinoiyiii iaiythueony eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoae.

 _ioiioaiea e caiiie aeecie

Iaeioi?ua enneaaeiaaoaee n yoei ia niaeaniu:”*oi aea oaanei e iioooei a
ie?aaia? Oaanea aeaaeaea aeecie, no?anoiia aeaeaiea nouanoaiaaiey e
ianeaaeaeaiey;oaanee caaeoaeaeaiey e iaieueuaiey e eo iuooaiey e
aeaeaiey;iiooo ia?oeathuee naao ieciaiiiai y,i?aoiaeyuae
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoe.”

III.II?AEUe

A ioee/ea io iiiaoia,ie?yiai aeaaaeny i?inoie yoe/aneee eiaeaen Iai/a
Oeea (Iyoue caiiaaaeae),naiaeeaoeeny e neaaeothuaio:

1.Aicaea?aeeaaeny io oaeenoaa.

2.Aicaea?aeeaaeny io ai?ianoaa.

3.Aicaea?aeeaaeny io aeoaea.

4.Aicaea?aeeaaeny io eaee.

5.Aicaea?aeeaaeny io aicaoaeaeathueo iaieoeia.

Iiieii yoeo caiiaaaeae “oianaee” aeieaeiu auee aethnoe aa?iinoue
Aoaeaea, aai o/aieth e i?aeaio.

IY.EE*IINOUe INIIAAOAEss

” Aai eiy auei Neaeaeoa?oa,a oaieeueiia i?icaeua Aaooaia.Ii ?iaeeeny
ieiei 563 a. aei ?.O. aeec Aeiaeaaa,ia a?aieoea Iaiaea.

Eeoa?aoo?a:

1. Ei/aoia A.I. Aoaeaeeci. I.,Iieeoecaeao,1968.

2. E?uaaeaa E.A. Enoi?ey ?aeeaee. O.2 I.,”Iuneue”,1988.

3. Aeaenaiae? Iaiue. Enoi?ey ?aeeaee. I.,1994.

AAAAeAIEA

Eaiaeci” 0-oa?iei, aaaae?iiue a Aa?iia, a a iniiao aai iieiaeaii
oeaaoneia neiai “eaia”. Iii icia/aao aoeaaeueii “auoa iao”,
“auni/aeoee”.

A naiii oeaaoneii ycuea neiaa ” 2eaiaeci 0″ iao, a ?aeeaey
iaicia/aaony eae /ie (“caeii” eee “o/aiea”), aaeoaia (“naeoa
aeia?iaeaoaee”) eee oany? (“ae?eoay oaiea”).

 2Eaiaeci  0- iaeia ec ?aaeueii nouanoaothueo oi?i aoaeaeecia.
Ana iniiaiua iieiaeaiey aai o/aiey aace?othony ia aoaeaeeeneie
eeoa?aoo?a, iinoiyiii iie?athony ia aaoi?eoao eaaaiaea?iiai “iniiaaoaey
aoaeaeecia” – aoaeaeu Oaeueyioie, eoeueo  2eaiaecia  0i?iiecai
aoaeaeeeneeie i?aaenoaaeaieyie.

ENOI?Ess AICIEEIIAAIEss EAIAECIA

 2Eaiaeci  0eae oi?ia aoaeaeecia aiciee a VII-XIV aa. i. y. a Oeaaoa
e noae ainiiaenoaothuae ?aeeaeae.  2Eaiaeci  0- nioeeaeueiia yaeaiea,
ii?iaeae?iiia eiie?aoiuie oneiaeyie aeecie oeaaoneeo e?aiinoiuo e ?aaia
e iaoaaeoaa naaa iineaaeiaaoaeae n?aaee o?oaeyueony Iiiaieee, a
caoai n?aaee ao?yo, ooaeioeaa e eaeiueia eiaiii iioiio, /oi oneiaey eo
iauanoaaiiie aeecie ni noaiiaeaieai ?acaeouo eeanniauo aioaaiieciia a
oie eee eiie ia?a ieacaeenue noiaeiuie n

oaie, eioi?ua aucuaaee i?eiyoea aoaeaeecia oeaaooeaie.

Oe?aieaiea aoaeaeecia a Oeaaoa e neeaaeuaaiea aai iniaie oi?iu
eaiaecia  0- ioo?i iai?a?uaiuo iiaaae iiaie ?aeeaee ia auei. Iaeiaei
iaeaieueoaa aeeyiea ia aeaeueiaeooth noaeueao aoaeaeecia a Oeaaoa eiae
ciaiaieoue Aoeoa. Ii ?iaeeeny a 982 a. a Aaiaaeee a ei?ieaaneie
naiuea, noae ianoiyoaeai iiianou?y Aee?aia/eea e aue aiineaaenoaee
i?iaicaeao?i aeaaie anao iineaaeiaaoaeae iaoayiu a oea?noaa Iaaaaeoa.

Ioaa?aioa ia?aia i?eaeaoaiea oeaaoneeo eiycae, ii iinea iiauo
ianoiyoaeueiuo i?inuea, oaea a i?aeeiiiii aic?anoa i?ineaaeiaae,
nii?iaiaeaeaaiue aunieeie ii/anoyie, /a?ac Iaiae e iiyaeeny a 1040 a.
a Caiaaeiii Oeaaoa, aaea nia?ae aie?oa naay aieueooth a?oiio
eiaeeeneeo e oeaaoneeo iiiaoia. Aoeoa iiae/??eeaae yoe/aneea o?aaiaaiey
aoaeaeecia, no?iaoth i?aaieciaaiiinoue iiiaoanoaa, /?oeoth
?aaeaiaioaoeeth eoeueoa e aiaae?aiea i?aeoeee nica?oeaiey. Iie?aynue
aeaaiui ia?acii ia o/aiea iaaeoueyieeia, Aoeoa noae ia?aui
i?iiaaaiaeenoii a Oeaaoa oaio?eeneie nenoaiu eaea/ae?a (“eieani
a?aiaie”), nua?aaoae aiineaaenoaee iniaoth

?ieue a oi?ie?iaaiee aaaeiaeoeo aeieo?ei  2eaiaecia 0.

Oaea iinea ia?aiina ?aceaeaioeee a Oeaio?aeueiue Oeaao Aoeoa
nicaae a 1050 a. iiae naiei i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaii oea?eiaiue niai?,
ii/eoathueeny eae “naaeueiie niai? aoaeaeeeneie oea?eae” e
iauaaeeieaoee ia iaeioi?ia a?aiy ia oieueei anao iiiaoia Oeaaoa, ii e
eiaeeeneeo iaiaeeoia. Niai? yoio oi?aeanoaaiii i?iaicaeanee iiaia
iniiaaiea aoaeaeecia a Oeaaoa. Oia? Aoeoa a 1054 a. ai a?aiy iae iie ec
naieo iiiai/eneaiiuo iiacaeie ii no?aia.

O/aieee Aoeoe, n?aaee eioi?uo aue e aai ciaiaieoue aeia?ao e
ninoaaeoaeue “i?aaee oeieu Aoeoe” A?iiiiaea (1004-1065), i?iaeieaeaee
i?iaiaeeoue eeieth ia ia?aie/aiea caiyoee iiiaoaie iaaeae, ia oe?aieaiea
iiianou?neie aeenoeeieeiu e auaeaeaeaiea ia ia?aue ieai o?aaiaaiee
?aeeaeiciie ii?aee.

 3″Iniiaaoaeue Eaiaecia”- Oeciieaaa (1357-1419 aa.).

Oeciieaaa nua?ae ?aoathuoth ?ieue a ieii/aoaeueiie e?enoaeeecaoeee
 2eaiaecia 0, cae?aiee aai aaaeiaeoea oaiaeaioeee. A oii, /aai
aeiaeaaeny Oeciieaaa, auee yeaiaiou iaiiaeaiey, e ainnoaiiaeaiey, e
aianaiey i?eioeeieaeueii iiaiai.

N 1394 a., iinaeeaoenue a ie?anoiinoyo Eoanu, Oeciieaaa ie?oaeaao
naay o/aieeaie, onoaiaaeeaaao no?iaea iiiaoaneea i?aaeea e ia/eiaao
naith i?iiiaaaeie/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue. Ia ?acaunoea
eaiu-e?aniioaii/ieee iuoaeenue iiaei?aaoue aai aaoi?eoao, ii aeaaiaea?y
naiae auaea?aeea, ia/eoaiiinoe e e?anii?a/eth ii anaaaea auoiaeee
ec noieeiiaaiee n ieie iiaaaeeoaeai. Ia?aiia/aeueii Oeciieaaa iacuaae
naith iaueio “iiaie eaaeaiiie”, e eeoue iicaea iniiaaiiia ei
iai?aaeaiea – ainiiaenoaothuaa iai?aaeaiea anaai iineaaeothoaai e
nia?aiaiiiai  2eaiaecia  0- iieo/eei oe?iei ecaanoiia iacaaiea
aaeoaia, o. a. “naeoa, eee oeiea aeia?iaeaoaee”, a oaeaea oany?, o. a.
“ae?eoay oaiea” (oaiia?-“e?aniay oaiea”).

E naiiio ia/aeo XV a. ioiinyo iiyaeaiea aeaaiiai ni/eiaiey
Oeciieaau, iinyuaai iacaaiea “Aaeeeee iooue ii nooiaiyi ioae?inoe”,
ecaanoiiai iau/ii a nie?au?iiii aeaea eae Eai?ei/aiii eee i?inoi Eai?ei.

E eiioeo aeecie Oeciieaaa ninoaaee “iaeue Eai?ei”, yaeythueeny
eaeioynnaioeeae aai aeaaiiai o?oaea. Nai Oeciieaaa neacae ia yoii
?oeiaiaenoaa: “Anee nionoy iiiai a?aiaie eoi-ieaoaeue, eoi neuoae i
iieo aeaeao, ii/oanoaoao aeaeaiea aeaeaoue iaiy e aiai?eoue ni iiie,
ii iiaeao acyoue yoo eieao e oiaaea ii ano?aoeony ni iiie”. Eai?ei noae
iii?iui aeieoiaioii anaai iineaaeothuaai  2eaiaecia 0.

Iaa iacaaiiuo i?iecaaaeaiey Oeciieaau – ii nouanoao o/aaieee,
eceaaathuea i?eioeeiu aeaoo iniiaiuo iooae aaaeoueo e “aunoaio
niaa?oainoao”. Neioac yoeo aeaoo iooae ninoaaee oio “iiaue iooue”
nianaiey, eioi?ue, aoaeo/e nenoaiaoece?iaaiiui Oeciieaaie, e ii?aaeaeyao
nouiinoue  2eaiaecia  0eae oaea eaiiiece?iaaiiie iiaie oi?iie
aoaeaeecia, au?inoae e oei?aieaoaeny ia iniiaa oeaaoneiai oaiaeaeecia.

N oeaeueth oeaio?aeeciaaoue e /?oei ea?a?oe/anee i?aaieciaaoue
eainoai Oeciieaaa o/?aaeee neiaeioth nenoaio oea?eiaiie ea?a?oee,
?ac?aaioae i?eia?iue onoaa aeey eaiaenoneeo iiianou?ae, onoaiiaee
aaca?a/ea aeey eai e, /oi auei iniaaiii aaaeii, ?ac?aoee eaiai eiaoue
nianoaaiiinoue. Ai aeaaa iiaie ea?a?oee anoaee “aeeaua aiae” – caiiua
aiieiuaiey ?acee/iuo aunoeo aiaeanoa eaiaenoneiai iaioaiia. Naia
ea?a?oe/aneay nenoaia aeaaaea aiciiaeiinoue eaaeaeiio eaia iaeoe a iae
nai? ianoi, ii?aaeaeyaoaany eae iauanoaaiiui iieiaeaieai e naycyie,
oae e a eaeie-oi ia?a ee/iuie aeaeiauie ea/anoaaie e noaiaiueth
o/?iinoe. Yoi iaania/eaaeinue onoaiiaeaieai ea?a?oee e niaoeeaeecaoeee
a “?acee/iuo i?ioeeyo”.

Aeaeaa auei onoaiiaeaii aeaeaiea eai ii eo ooieoeeyi a niaa?oaiee
eoeueoa, eioi?ue aeeth/ae e?iia ?yaeiauo aiaineoaeaiee e iuoiuo
i?acaeieeia niaa?oaiea iiiaeanoaa auoiauo o?aa, aeaaiui ia?acii aia
iiianou?y, iaiin?aaenoaaiii a naiueyo aa?othueo. Oaeia oneiaeiaiea
eoeueoa i?eaaei e ?acaeaeaieth eai ia ano?ieiaia e aaaeaoaeae, iaaeeeia
e caeeeiaoaeae, niaoeeaeenoia ii iioi?iiai e ae?oaei auoiaui ia?yaeai.

Iaeiiaoe, eaiu aeaeeeenue ii noaiaie o/?iinoe. Niioaaonoaothuea
ciaiey i?enaaeaaeenue ei a ?acoeueoaoa naea/e neiaeiuo yecaiaiia,
i?iaiaeeaoeony aeaaiui ia?acii a oi?ia oaieiae/aneeo aeeniooia.

Oeciieaaa i?enuaaaony aaaaeaiea neiaeiie ia?yaeinoe, oe?ieia
eniieueciaaiea yeaiaioia oaao?aeueiiai eneonnoaa e iocuee ai a?aiy
e?ani/iuo ienoa?ee, iinayu?iiuo ?acee/iui aiaai eee iai?aaeaiiuo ia
i/euaiea ianoiinoe io ceuo aeooia, i?acaeieeia, onoaiiaeaiiuo yeiau
a /anoue aaaeiaeoeo niauoee a aeecie Oaeueyio ie, a /anoue a?yaeouaai
aoaeaeu Iaeo?ae e o. ae. ?aoi?iu Oeciieaau ianoieueei oe?aieee
iieeoe/aneea iiceoeee aunoaai aoaeaeeeneiai aeooiaainoaa Oeaaoa, /oi
anei?a iinea eii/eiu “iniiaaoaey eaiaecia” a ea?a?oee eainoaa iiyaeyaony
iiaia aunoaa caaii. Eaaaiaea i?eienuaaao Oeciieaaa i?i?i/anoai, nia
eanoii eioi?iio aeaa aai ethaeiuo o/aieea aoaeoo iinoiyiii aiieiuaoueny
a aeaoo aunoeo ea?a?oia eaiaenoneie oea?eae. Iaeii ec yoeo aiieiuaiee
iieo/eei oeooe aeaeae-eaiu, ae?oaia – iai/ai ?eiiii/a, eee iai/ai-eaiu.

 3EEOA?AOO?A EAIAECIA

O/aiea i nouiinoe auoey e i nianaiee, ninoiyuai a i?aiaeieaiee
no?aaeaiee “yiie?e/aneiai ie?a” e aeinoeaeaiee ie?aaiu, a oaeaea
nenoaia eoeueoiauo ia?ii?eyoee, iiaoueo yeiau niaeaenoaiaaoue
nianaieth, eceiaeaiu a iaoe?iaeoae eeoa?aoo?a eaiaecia. A? iiaeii
?acaeaeeoue ia eaiiie/aneoth e eiiiaioaoi?neoth.

Nianoaaiii eaiiiii aeey eaiaenoia yaeyaony oieueei Aaiaeaeo?,
?aaioa iaae ninoaaeaieai eioi?iai auea caaa?oaia a ia?aie o?aoe XIV a.
Oae eae Aaiaeaeo? e noiyuee ii naiaio cia/aieth aeey aeiaiaoeee e
eoeueoa  2eaiaecia  0ii/oe ia iaeiii o?iaia n Aaiaeaeo?ii nai?iee
ae?aaiaeoeo eiiiaioa?eaa e ae?oaeo oaenoia -Aeaiaeaeo?- ninoaaeytho
iniiao anae eaeaieiaee e eoeueoiaie i?aeoeee  2eaiaecia 0.

Aaiaeaeo?.

Aaiaeaeo? icia/aao ii-oeaaonee “ia?aaiae i?aaeienaiee”, “ia?aaiae
ioe?iaaiee” e ?anniao?eaaaony eaiaenoaie eae nia?aiea iaeaieaa
aaoi?eoaoiuo, i?eienuaaaiuo aoaeaea Oaeueyioie oaenoia e ec?a/aiee,
eiathueo aaconeiaioth eaiiie/aneoth neeo. Aaiaeaeo? – ia oieueei aeaaiue
enoi/iee iniiaiuo iieiaeaiee aeiaiaoeee, ii e i?aaeiao eoeueoa (eae,
ai?i/ai, e anyeay ?aeeaeiciay eieaa aeey

eaiaenoa).

Ecaea?ony Aaiaeaeo? a 100, 102 oiiao e aieaa (aei 108),
niaea?aeaueo a iauae neiaeiinoe 1083 ioaeaeueiuo ni/eiaiey. Iaeaieaa
?ani?ino?aiaii /eaiaiea anaai nai?ieea ia naiue iniiaiuo ?acaeaeia.

Ia?aue ?acaeae iineo oeaaoneia iacaaiea Aeoe-aa (naine?. Aeiay),
/oi icia/aao “iiiaoaneay aeenoeeieeia” eee “i?aaeea iiaaaeaiey
iiiaoaneie iaueiu”, e niaea?aeeo ianeieueei ni/eiaiee. Ni/eiaiea
“Iniiau aeenoeeieeiu” eceaaaao oneiaey i?e?ia a aoaeaeeeneoth
iiiaoaneoth iaueio, niiniau iiaeaea?aeaiey a iae aeeenoeeieeiu, i?aaeea
iiaaaeaiey a? /eaiia ii a?aiaiai aiaea, aioo?aiithth no?oeoo?o iaueiu,
o?aaiaaiey e iineiie iiiaoaie iaeaaeaea, e iai?oaeiaaieth aeeeeua,
eiaeo aeey nia, ii?yaeeo i?eiyoey ieue e o. ae.

A ni/eiaiea “Oieeiaaiea onoaaa” aeeth/aia ciaiaieoay I?aoeiieoanoo?a n
a? 253 i?aaeienaieyie aeey “iieiiai iiiaoa”, niaethaeaiea eioi?uo
aeieaeii eiio?iee?iaaoueny ia “eniiaaaeaeueiuo nia?aieyo”. Aeaeaa eaeoo
ni/eiaiey, aieaa aeaoaeueii ii?aaeaeythuea ?anii?yaeie aeiy, i?aaeea
i?iaaaeaiey o/aaiuo caiyoee, oi?aaeiaiee a nica?oeaiee, iniaua
o?aaiaaiey e iiiaoeiyi, i?aaenia?oiua i?aae ienaiey Oaeueyioie naiei
o/aieeai, iieeoaaiiua oaenou e aeaaineaaaiey.

Neaaeothuee ?acaeae Aaiaeaeo?a – Oy?/ei – iau?iii io 21 aei 24
oiiia – iinayu?i i?aaeaea-ia?aieoa, o. a. “aunoae nooiaie aaniethoiie
(iioonoi?iiiae) ioae?inoe”, eee “aunoae ioae?inoe, ia?aaiaeyuae ia
ae?oaie aa?aa nouanoaiaaiey. Niaeanoii ?aeeaeiciie o?aaeeoeee, yoa
“ioae?inoue” enoiaeeo io naiiai a?yaeouaai aoaeaeu

Iaeo?ae e auea eceiaeaia Anaiaie. O/aiea i “eiia/iii iiciaiee”
i?aiiaeiineony a Oy?/eia a oanoe ?acee/iuo ii naiae iiae?iaiinoe
aa?eaioao. Ii naiae nooe – yoi eceiaeaiea iooe nianaiey a oii aeaea,
eae ii i?aiiaeiineony oeieie iaaeoueyieeia.

O?aoee ?acaeae – Iae/ai – i?ino?aiii (a 6 oiiao e 24 aeaaao)
eceaaaao iaeii ec iaeaieaa iiioey?iuo ni/eiaiee iaoayiu –
Iaoaaaeioeuey-noo?o (“noo?a i aaeeeii nia?aiee”). A oi?ia
iiaanoaiaaiey i ainueie ano?a/ao Aoaeaeu n ?acee/iuie aiaeanoaaie e
nayouie iiae?iaii iienuaathony iiiai/eneaiiua aoaeaeu e aiaeoenaooau,
iaeanoe eo aeeyiee, eo iniaua ea/anoaa, niaa?o?iiua eie a ?acee/iuo
ia?a?iaeaeaieyo iiaeaeae e aeaea, iai?aaeaiiua ia nianaiea aeeauo
nouanoa. Ooo aea i?eaaaeaiu iieeoau, aae?aniaaiiua yoei aiaeanoaai. A
oiaea iineaaeiae ano?a/e Aoaeaea yeiau i?aaeneacae, /oi aoaeaeeci
?ani?ino?aieony aiineaaenoaee a “aeeeii niaaeiii oea?noaa”, e
iiae/a?eioe ?ieue a yoii niauoee aiaeoenaooau Aaaeieeoaoaa?u, caiiui
aiieiuaieai eioi?iai noaee aiineaaenoaee N?iioecai-aaiai e ana
aeaeae-eaiu.

Aii?inai ?aeeaeiciie ii?aee iinayu?i /aoa??oue ?acaeae
nai?ieea – Eii-oecaa eee Aiicaa (naine?. ?aoiaeooa – “ai?a
ae?aaioeaiiinoae”). Iyoue eee oanoue oiiia yoiai ?acaeaea niaea?aeao
aeeaeiae Aoaeaeu n o/aieeaie e auneayuaaiey ?acee/iuo aaoi?eoaoiuo aeey
aoaeaeenoia ee/iinoae ii aii?inai yoeee e iaoaoeceee. Ooo aea
i?eaiaeyony ?acee/iua eaaaiaeu e e?aoei eceaaathony aaaeiaeoea
iieiaeaiey aoaeaeecia, ?ane?uaathony “enoeiiay nouiinoue” Aoaeaeu e
i?eciaee aeinoeaeaiey “aunoae i?inaaoe?iiinoe”.

Iyoue ?acaeae – Aei eee Aei-aey (naine?. noo?a), o. a.
“?oeiaiaenoai”, “iio/eoaeueiua ?a/e”. Ii ioaaouaaao 30 eee 32 oiia e
/anoe/ii niaiaaeaao ii niaea?aeaieth n Noooa-ieoaeie iaeeeneiai
eaiiia, aeeth/ay, iaeiaei, e iiiaea aanueia nouanoaaiiua ni/eiaiey
iaoayiu, /oi aeaeaao yoio ?acaeae iniaaiii aaaeiui aeey iiieiaiey
eaeaieiaee  2eaiaecia 0. Niaea?aeaiea 270 i?iecaaaeaiee, aoiaeyueo a
Aei, aanueia ?aciiia?acii. Iiiaea noo?u iinayuaiu aeayieyi Aoaeaeu a
i?aaeieo ia?a?iaeaeaieyo, eaaaiaea?iui ?anneacai i aeecie ?acee/iuo
eeoe, eceiaeaieth aii?inia eneonnoaa, ano?ieiaee, iaaeeoeeiu. Ooo aea
i?eaiaeyony i?oiaeienaeueiua e a?aoe/aneea o/aiey, caeiiu i?aanoaaiiua
e a?aaeaeaineea. Iienuaathony oanoue ?iaeia aeeauo nouanoa, ianoa eo
iaeoaiey e i?e/eiu eo ia?a?iaeaeaiee a yoeo ianoao e oi?iao.
Oa?aeoa?ecothony ianoa i?aauaaiey aoaeae e aiaeoenaooa, eo “ia?ac
aeecie” e o. ae. Iiiaea noo?u eceiaeaiu a aeaea ioaaoia Aoaeaeu ia
aii?inu ?acee/iuo eeoe – yoi iniaaiii oe?iei i?eiyoue a aoaeaeecia i?e?i
inaauaiey aeiaiaoe/aneeo i?iaeai.

Iacaaiea oanoiai ?acaeaea – Iueeaaeae -“inaiaiaeaeaiea io
ai?anoae” – niioaaonoaoao naine?eoneiio oa?ieio “ie?aaia”. Caeanue anaai
aeaa oiia, eceaaathuea a iaoayie/aneie ?aaeaeoeee “?anneac i aaeeeie
eii/eia”. A ieo iiae?iaii iienuaathony ianoiyoaeuenoaa nia?oe
(“ia?aoiaea a ie?aaio”) Oaeueyioie, aai iineaaeiea ianoaaeaiey,
o?aae/aneea ia?aaeeaaiey anao aeeauo nouanoa, aucaaiiua “ooiaeii
o/eoaey”, iiaeianaiea aio aea?oa, /oaeana, nii?iaiaeaeaaoea nia?oue,
niaeaeaiea oaea e aeae?ae inoaieia iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie ?i
aei-ieaiaiiuie a?oiiaie e caoi?iiaiea ?aeeeaee a nooiao a ?aciuo ianoao
Eiaeee.

Naaeueiie, iineaaeiee ?acaeae Aaiaeaeo?a iacuaaaony
Aeaethae (naine?. oaio?a – aoea. “nieaoaiea”, “oeaiue”). Yoi 22 eee 24
oiia ni/eiaiee oaio?ecia, eioi?ue oaeei ia?acii aaiaeeony a ninoaa
eaiiie/aneie eeoa?aoo?u  2eaiaecia 0. A yoeo ni/eiaieyo iienuaathony
ioaeneea e aeaineea aiaeanoaa, aeathony ianoaaeaiey ii i?eianaieth
aea?oa aiaai, i?eaiaeyony oaenou iieeoa, aeiiia, ?ane?uaathony
iaae/aneea i?e?iu aicaeaenoaey ia noa?o naa?ouanoanoaaiiiai.

 3Aeaiaeaeo? 0.

Aoi?ui aaaeiaeoei nai?ieeii eaiaenoneie eeoa?aoo?u yaeyaony
Aeaiaeaeo? – “ia?aaiae o/aiee” eee “ia?aaiae oieeiaaiee”. Ii
niaea?aeeo iniiaiua iieiaeaiey aoaeaeecia aieioue aei X a. i. y.
Aeaiaeaeo? noaaeony aai ii/eoaoaeyie i/aiue auniei, ii ia ana aai
?acaeaeu ?anniao?eaathony eaiaie eae iai?aeiaeiia ?oeiaiaenoai.
Iniiaioth ianno aoiaeyueo a Aeaiaeaeo? i?iecaaaeaiee ninoaaeytho, eae e
a Aaiaeaeo?a, ia?aaiaeu n naine?eoa, aeiiieiaiiua ia?aaiaeaie n
eeoaeneiai e iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo ycueia. Eeoue iaiiiaea ni/eiaiey,
aioaaeoea a Aeaiaeaeo?, iiaoo n/eoaoueny i?eaeiaeueiuie oeaaoneeie.

Aeaiaeaeo? aeaeeony ia aeaa aieueoea /anoe: Aeaethae (oaio?a) e
Aei

(noo?u).

Aeaethae aiauaao a naieo 88 oiiao 2640 o?aeoaoia, caeeeiaiee,
iaae/aneeo i?ecuaia e aineeeoeaiee, “ea/aaiuo” oi?ioe, iieeoa e o. ae.,
?aniieiaeaiiuo aia?aiaaeeo. Caeanue i?aaenoaaeaiu ana nouanoaothuea 24
oaio?eeneea nenoaiu, iauaaeeiyaiua “/aou?ueiy io aeaeaie oaio?”.

A /anoe Aei – 137 oiiia. Iia ninoaaeaia, eae i?aaeei, ia ecnaieo
noo?, a ec eiiiaioa?eaa e iaeioi?ui noo?ai, aioaaeoei a Aaiaeaeo?, e
ec i?eaeiaeueiuo ni/eiaiee e?oiiaeoeo aoaeaeeeneeo aaoi?ia I oun. i.
y. Caeanue i?aaenoaaeaiu aaaeiaeoea ni/eiaiey “oanoe oe?aoaiee
Eiaeee” – Iaaa?aeaeoiu, A?ueyaeaau, Anaiae, Aanoaaiaeoo, Aeeaiaae e
Aeoa?iaee?oe – e ?acuyniaiey e yoei ni/eiaieyi, naeaeaiiua ae?oaeie
aaoi?aie. Anoue ni/eiaiey (aaoi?noai eo i?eienuaatho aiaeoenaooaa
Iaeo?aa), eceaaathuea aaaeiaeoea iieiaeaiey iaoayie/aneiai aoaeaeecia,
a ?yaeii n ieie iiiauaiu o?aeoaou n eaiiie/aneeie o?aaiaaieyie e
ooaeiaeieeai, ieoouei eeiiu e ea?oeiu ?aeeaeiciiai niaea?aeaiey, a
oaeaea caeeeiaiey io aieaciae, io oeona ciae e aeaaea oeaeua ni/eiaiey
ii oeaaoneie iaaeeoeeia.

Aoiaeyo a /anoue Aei e ooaeiaeanoaaiiua i?iecaaaeaiey, iai?eia?
oeaaoneee ia?aaiae yie/aneie iiyiu i aeecie Aoaeaeu, iaienaiiue
eiaeeeneei iiyoii, ae?aiaoo?aii e oeeinioii aoaeaeenoii Aoaaaoioae (I-II
aa. i. y.) e o. ae.

 3I “OAI?AOE*ANEEO INIIAAO” EAIAECIA

N iaeioi?ie aeieae oneiaiinoe an? o/aiea  2eaiaecia  0iiaeii
?acaeaeeoue ia aeaa /anoe: “oai?aoe/aneea iniiau” iaiaoiaeeiinoe
?aeeaeiciiai nianaiey e “i?aeoe/aneea iooe” ?aeeaeiciiai
nianaiey.”Oai?aoe/aneay iniiaa” iaiaoiaeeiinoe ?aeeaeiciiai nianaiey a
 2eaiaecia  0caieiaao nieeaeiia ianoi, oae eae  2eaiaeci  0ia/ae
oi?ie?iaaoueny a oneiaeyo oeai?aeueiiaceaoneiai oaiaeaeecia oiaaea,
eiaaea a Eiaeee, Eeoaa e Iaiaea aoaeaeeci a ai?ueaa n ae?oaeie ?aeeaeyie
aeinoea iaeaunoaai o?iaiy naiaai oai?aoe/aneiai ?acaeoey.

 2Eaiaeci  0iieiinoueth ?acaeaeyao naienoaaiiia anai oi?iai
aoaeaeecia ioiaeaeanoaeaiea auoey e no?aaeaiey e iieiyueeny ia yoii
ioiaeaeanoaeaiee oacen i iaiaoiaeeiinoe “i?aiaeieaiey auoey” aeey
aeinoeaeaiey nianaiey. A eaiiie/aneie eeoa?aoo?a  2eaiaecia  0iu
iaoiaeei ana iniiaiua i?eienuaaaiua Oaeueyioie i?iiiaaaee, a eioi?uo
ooaa?aeaeathony a?aiiinoue ethauo oi?i auoey e anaiauiinoue
no?aaeaiey, onoaiaaeeaaaony naycue noa?aaeaiey n iiaaaeaieai /aei aaea a
i?aaeieo ia?a?iaeaeaieyo (“o/aiea i anaiauae i?e/eiiie caaeneiinoe”) e
oeacuaaaony iooue e i?aiaeieaieth no?aaeaiee a iiaeaaeaiee aeaaeaeu
auoey, aeaaeaeu aeecie.

Ii, aoaeo/e ii?iaeaeaieai oeaio?aeueiiaceaoneiai oaiaeaeecia,
eaiaeci  0i?eaea?o yoei iniiaiiieaaathuei i?eioeeiai aoaeaeecia
naiaia?acioth oi?io. Aeey iaai oa?aeoa?ii no?aieaiea ni/aoaoue iaeaieaa
aano?aeoiua oiic?eoaeueiua iino?iaiey noauaeoeaii-eaeaaeenoe/aneiai
oa?aeoa?a n aeiaaae?iiuie aei i?aaeaeueiie eiie?aoiinoe
i?aaenoaaeaieyie i naa?ouanoanoaaiiie nouiinoe aini?eieiaaiiai iaie
ie?a e n ?ac?aaioaiiie aei iaeue/aeoeo iiae?iaiinoae nenoaiie
iaaeei-i?aeoe/aneiai ia yoio ie? “aicaeaenoaey”.

 3″Ineoieiaey” e “iioieiaey”. O/aiea i aeoa?iao.

Aoaeaeeci ?acaeaeyao iauoth aeey anao ?aeeaee eeanniaiai
iauanoaa enoiaeioth iiceoeeth – ?aceia i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiea /oanoaaiiiai,
yiie?e/aneiai ie?a, ie?a aauae e yaeaiee, ie?a iai?a?uaiuo eciaiaiee,
noaiiaeaiee e ?ac?ooaiee iaeiaio i?eioeeieaeueii i?ioeaiiieiaeiiio aio
ie?o – ie?o “enoeiiiai”, “aunoaai” auoey, ie?o aaniethoiiai e ia?ooeiiai
iieiy. Ino?i e?eoe/aneia ioiioaiea e yiie?e/aneiio ie?o e “oai?yuaio”
aai niciaieth, anoanoaaiii, i?eaiaeeo e aa?a a iaecaaaeiinoue
nouanoaiaaiey noa?u eee ie?a aiayiie?e/aneiai, aaniethoiiai e a
aiciiaeiinoue ia?aoiaea eiaeeaeaea, no?aaeathuaai a yiie?e/aneii ie?a,
a oio eiie, aiayiie?e/aneee ie?. Nianaiea ec ie?a yiie?e/aneiai a
iaauoea, a iniaue aiayiie?e/aneee ie? aaniethoiiai iieiy – eiioeaioeey
/enoi ?aeeaeiciay. Iia i?enoua anai iai?aaeaieyi e oi?iai aoaeaeecia
iioiio, /oi ana iie eeaaeoo a iniiao aeiaiaoeee “/aou?a aeaai ?iaeiua
enoeiu”, eceiaeaiiua oaea a ia?aie – “aaia?anneie” – i?iiiaaaee
eaaaiaea?iiai “iniiaaoaey aoaeaeecia”. A iae auei i?iaicaeaoaii
oiaeaeanoai 1  0yiie?e/aneiai auoey e no?aaeaiey (“enoeia ia?aay”);
onoaiiaeaia eiie?aoiay i?e/eia aaneiiiia/iuo iiaoi?aiee yoiai
auoey-no?aaeaiey: i?eaycaiiinoue e aeecie ai anao a? i?iyaeaieyo
(“enoeia aoi?ay”); ioe?uoa ia?niaeoeaa i?aiaeieaiey
no?aaeaiey-auoey ioo?i iiaeaaeaiey aeaaeaeu aeecie, o. a. ioo?i
niioaaonoaothuae ia?ano?ieee niciaiey (“enoeia o?aouey”); oeacai

eiie?aoiue niinia – “ainueie/eaiiue aeaai?iaeiue iooue” i?aiaeieaiey
aeaaeaeu aeecie e auoiaea ec “e?oaiai?ioa auoey-no?aaeaiey”, iooue
oaeaea oeaeeeii eaaeauee a noa?a niciaiey (“enoeia /aoa??oay”).

Ii ia?a ?acaeoey aoaeaeecia a naiie Eiaeee e ca a? i?aaeaeaie yoe
aaaeiaeoea, iniiaiiieaaathuea aeiaiaou iieo/aee eiie?aoecaoeeth,
?acaeoea e aeaeueiaeooth ?ac?aaioeo.

Enoiaeiui a aiaeeca niciaiey yaeyaony aa?iia iaaethaeaiea iaae aai
oa?aeoa?ii: iii ia anoue ia/oi iaiiaeaeaeiia e canouaoaa, yoi –
iai?a?uaiue iioie iaiiaaiii niaiythueo ae?oa ae?oaa aia/aoeaiee,
/oanoa, iuneae, iano?iaiee. “Oaeo/anoue” niciaiey ia oieueei
aaniethoece?oaony aoaeaeeciii, ii e iauyniyaony oae iacuaaaiie oai?eae
iaiiaaiiinoe. I?e aeaeueiaeoae ?ac?aaioea yoie oai?ee noieanoe/aneay
iuneue, neiaaiiay eaeaae “auoiaea” ec yoie oaeo/anoe, ?ac?aaaouaaao
oai?eth aeoa?i – “enoeiiuo iineoaeae” iaoaai niciaiey.

Neiai “aeoa?ia”, oiio?aaeyaiia a noieanoe/aneeo o?aeoaoao,
neaaeoao iiieiaoue a ea/anoaa iaeue/aeoae iaaeaeeiie /anoeoeu
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai niciaiey. A naiae niaieoiiinoe, aniuoeaay ia
e?ao/aeoaa iaiiaaiea e ooo aea niaiyynue iiauie, aeoa?iu eiaeeaeaeooia
“oai?yo” an?, /oi i?ioaeaao a aai niciaiee,- aini?eieiaaiue ei ie?, ana
oi?iu naiiai ineoe/aneiai i?ioeanna – i?aaenoaaeaiey, eaeae, yiioeee.

 3Iaecaaaeiinoue nia?oe.

I?e/ei nia?oe aaneiia/ii iiiai, a n?aaenoa, iiaeaea?aeeaathueo
aeeciue, i/aiue iaei. Oaei iaoa iiaeiaii aiaeyiiio iocu?th – aeinoa
oi/ii ionoyea, /oiau aai ?ac?ooeoue. Naia aiciiaeiinoue
i?iniooueny oo?ii aeieaeia ?anniao?eaaoueny eae /oaei. Iiyoiio ia
ioeeaaeuaaoue ie ia iaeei /an an? oi, /oi iaiaoiaeeii niaa?oeoue,
aeaau iaania/eoue naaa eo/oaa ia?a?iaeaeaiea, i?eaeeceoueny e
nianaieth. Oio, eoi oaaaeee naay, /oi nia?oue iiaeao ianoe/ue aai a
ethaie iiiaio, iiaeao auoue naaiaeiy, ia aoaeao ioaeaaaoueny
ae?oaeaa,caaioeoueny i i?eia?aoaiee eiouanoaa, ii ia?aoeony e eaia ca
iiiiuueth, /oiau ioa?aoeoueny io a?aoiaiuo iinooieia. A iaiai/eaay
iaaeaaeaea ia aeeeoaeueiinoue aeecie ia Caiea aea/?o e caiiui
ianeaaeaeaieyi, aucuaaao no?anoue e iaeiieaieth eiouanoaa, e ii/anoyi,
/oi a naith i/a?aaeue ii?iaeaeaao aiaa, ai?aeinoue, caaenoue e o. ae.,
o. a. iaecaaaeii aaae?o e iiaui no?aaeaieyi a iiauo ia?a ?iaeaeaieyo.

 3Oi?iu ia?a?iaeaeaiee.

A iaoai ie?a an? a aeaeaeaiee, a iai?a?uaiie niaia oi?i e
anoue oieueei iaeii, /oi niioonoaoao iaecaaaeii anai yoei oi?iai,-
aieiaiey, no?aaeaiey, io/aiey.

Ii o/aieth  2eaiaecia  0nouanoaotho oanoue aiciiaeiuo oi?i
ia?a?iaeaeaiee aeeauo nouanoa. Iie ninoaaeytho aeaa a?oiiu –
“aeaaii?eyoiuo, eee aeaaeaiiuo, ia?a?iaeaeaiee” e “ian/anoiie, eee
aeo?iie, o/anoe”.

E ia?aie a?oiia ioiinyony ethaee, anno?ee (aeooe) e oaia?ee
(aiae-iaaiaeeoaee).

Ei aoi?ie – nouanoaa, ia?a?iaeeaoeany aeey io/aiee a aaeo, i?aou
eee ae?eou (/aeiaaeiiiaeiaiua n ia?iiiuie aeeaioaie, iinoiyiii
no?aaeathuea io aieiaea e aeaaeaeu) e aeeaioiua. Eiie o/anoe, iiea
ia inoaiiaeaii e?oaia?auaiey auoey, oaeeauo nouanoa iao.

Iiaeiaii o?enoeainoao, ?a 1n 0oeaieaathuaio no?aaeaiey eae
n?aaenoai nianaiey, iauyaeyy eo “eniuoaieai, eioi?ia ainiiaeue a naiae
aaneiia/iie ioae?inoe ieniinueaao ethaeyi ai eneoieaiea eo a?aoia”,
 2eaiaeci  0?anniao?eaaaao no?aaeaiey /aeiaaea eae iaioeaieiue
iieiaeeoaeueiue oaeoi? nianaiey: iie oie/oiaeatho aunieiia?ea,
iiiiaatho ecaaaaoue ii?ieia e oieeatho e aeia?iaeaoaee. Ii yoiai
iaei. Iie – oio /oanoaaiii ia?aaeeaaaiue aacen, ia iniiaa eioi?iai
noaiiaeony iniaaiii ieiaeioai?iui iinoiyiiia nin?aaeioi/aiea iunee
/aeiaaea ia oaeanao no?aaeaiee a neo/aa ia?a?iaeaeaiey a noa?a “aeo?iie
o/anoe”.

Naiui aeaaii?eyoiui aeey aeinoeaeaiey nianaiey yaeyaony
ia?a?iaeaeaiea a “no?aia ethaeae”. Oioy e ethaeyi naieneaaiii
no?aaeaiea, ninoaaeythuaa nouiinoue eo “/oanoaaiiiai auoey”, an? aea
?iaeaeaiea /aeiaaeii aea?o iaeaieueoea “aa?aioee” aiciiaeiinoe
au?aaoueny ec “eieana ia?a?iaeaeaiee”. I?e yoii iniaaiii aeaaii?eyoii
aic?iaeaeaiea a ianoao ?ani?ino?aiaiey aoaeaeecia.

 3″Aeanyoue /??iuo a?aoia”.

Iai?aeiaeiue caeii ea?iu, aiceaaathuee anth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca
eniuouaaaiua no?aaeaiey ia naiiai /aeiaaea, eiie?aoece?othony a
 2eaiaecia  0iienoeia neo?ioe?cii ninoaaeaiiui ia?a/iai a?aoiaiuo
aeayiee e iieaaathueony ca ieo iaeacaiee a aeaiiie e iineaaeothueo
aeeciyo.

N?aaee anao a?aoiaiuo aeayiee auaeaeaii aeanyoue iaeaieaa oyae?euo.
Iie iacaaiu “/??iuie a?aoaie”. E /??iui a?aoai oaea ioiinyony
oaeenoai, e?aaea e “iai?aaeeueiia” niaieoieaiea. E a?aoai ?a/e –
eiaeue, nieaoiy eee eeaaaoa (nayiea a?aaeaeu iaaeaeo aeeauie
nouanoaaie), ceineiaea, ionoineiaea. E a?aoai iunee io ianaiu
aeaaeiinoue (caaenoue), ceiaa, eiaeiua aicc?aiey.

I?e aiaeeca eaaeaeiai a?aoiaiiai aeaenoaey auaeaeythony aai
“iauaeo”, “iiiaiou aiee” (aioo?aiiea iioeau niaa?oaiey
i?anooieaiey), “aeaenoaea” e aai “?acoeueoao”. Oae, iai?eia?, anee
aiaeece?oy oaeenoai, oi “iauaeoii” aai aoaeao “nouanoai, iaeaaeathuaa
aeeciueth”. “Iiiaiou aiee” ?aniaaeathony ia oaeea yeaiaiou, eae
“i?aaenoaaeaiea” – iaee/ea niciaiey oiai, /oi ia?aae oiaie aeeaia
nouanoai e ou oi/aoue aai oaeoue, “iaia?aiea” – naiue iicua e oaeenoao
eae ?acoeueoao iaeiiai ec o??o “i?e?iaeiuo cie” – no?anoe, aiaaa
eee iaaaaeanoaa. “Eniieiaiea” – naii aeaenoaea, i?eaiaeyuaa e eeoaieth
aeecie. “?acoeueoao” – nia?oue.

Oae aea iiae?iaii ?acae?athony “iauaeou”, aioo?aiiea iioiau,
niiniau niaa?oaiey e ?acoeueoaou i?e ?anniio?aiee inoaeueiuo /??iuo
a?aoia. Ia?yaeo n ianoaeaeaieai iieiauo eca?auaiee e ia?ooaiey
noi?oaeaneie aa?iinoe iniaaiii oyaeeei “iai?aaeeueiui niaieoieaieai”
n/eoaaony niaa?oaiea iieiaiai aeoa aaeece eaiu, nayuaiiuo
nii?oaeaiee e ecia?aaeaiee aiaeanoa.

A iiiyoea “eiaeiiai aicc?aiey” aoiaeeo a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue
io?eoeaiea aaaeiaeoeo aeiaiaoia aoaeaeecia, eanathueony nouiinoe auoey e
iooe nianaiey.

Ana a?aoe ieoathony “o?aiy yaeaie” – ceiaie, no?anoueth e
iaaaaeanoaii. Oaeenoai, ceineiaea e ceiaa “aeiaiaeyony aei eiioea”
aiaaii; e?aaea, a?aoiaiia niaieoieaiea e aeaaeiinoue – no?anoueth;
eiaeue, eeaaaoa, ionoineiaey e iai?aaeeueiua aicc?aiey –
iaaaaeanoaii.

 2″ 3Aeanyoue aaeuo aeia?iaeaoaeae 2″.

Niaeaenoaotho nianaieth aeia?iaeaoaee. Aeaaiuo ec ieo oiaea
aeanyoue, e iie iacuaathony “aaeuie aeia?iaeaoaeyie”.Iie aeaeyony ia o?e
a?oiiu – aeia?iaeaoaee oaea, ?a/e e iunee. Ii nouanoao naiaio –
yoi aeaenoaey, iinooiee e iunee, i?yii i?ioeaiiieiaeiua a?aoai eee
iaoathuea inouanoaeaieth a?aoiaiuo aeayiee. Oae, e aeia?iaeaoaeyi
ioiinyony i?aiyonoaea e niaa?oaieth oaeenoaa, e?aaee, iai?aaeeueiiai
niaieoieaiey. Yoi oae aea i?aaaeeainoue, oie?ioai?aiea, ?a/ue,
aeia?iaeaeaoaeueiay e i?a aeeueiay ii naiaio nouanoao. Yoi ionoonoaea
aeaaeiinoe e caaenoe, ceiau e iai?aaeeueiuo aicc?aiee.

Ana aeia?iaeaoaee eiatho oaeaea naie iauaeou, “iiiaiou aiee”, oiae
eniieiaiey e ?acoeueoao. Oae aea, eae e a a?aoao, iniaia cia/aiea
i?eaea?ony “iiiaioai aiee”, o. a. niciaieth, i?iyaeaieth “naiaiaeu aiee”
a niioaaonoaee n aioo?aiiei eiioeuenii. Ainiiaa eo eaaeao ioeac io
ceiau, no?anoe e iaaaaeanoaa, aioo?aiiyy aeooiaiay i?inaaoe?iiinoue,
eioi?oth aeatho eeoue “aaeeeea caeiiu” Aoaeaeu.

 3O/aiea i ?aa.

Oaiaeaioeey e eiie?aoecaoeee iaueo iieiaeaiee aoaeaeecia,
naienoaaiiay  2eaiaecio 0, i?eaaea, a /anoiinoe, e ?ac?aaioea o/aiey i
?aa, iooanieaoai a eaeie-oi noaiaie a niciaiee aa?othuaai ooiaiioth
ie?aaio ia aoi?ia ianoi.

O/aiea i ?aa a  2eaiaecia  0?acaeaaeinue a oaniie nayce n
?acaeoeai i?aaenoaaeaiey i aoaeaea Aieoaaa (Aieaea, Aaeaea). Eiaiii ii
oie/oiaeee aaaeiaeooth i?e/eio no?aaeaiee – neaaeino?anoea.

?ae a  2eaiaecia  0i?aaenoaaeai eae caiey, aaea ii/aa i/aiue
ieiaei?iaeia, iueue oai ia iueeo, aieueoay /anoue caiee ?iaiay
iiaa?oiinoue, i?aaeiaoia ia?ieyoiuo ia aeae aiana iao. Oai an?
i?ae?anii, e eoaea ie iiniio?e, ie/aai ia iaeae?oue iaoi?ioaai, /oi ia
auei au i?eyoii aeey aeaca. A a oeai?a anaai yoiai aeaaiooa iey
ainnaaeaao ia o?iia aoaeaea Aieoaaa. Aie?oa iaai – aiaeanoaa aieaa
ieceiai ?aiaa, aai iiiiuieee.

Ii caiai/eaua ia?niaeoeau ?aeneiai aeaaeainoaa a iauai ia
i?ioeai?a/ao iniiaiie oai?ee nianaiey aoaeaeecia: aaaeue ?ae –
oieueei iineaaeiee yoai ia iooe e ieii/aoaeueiiio auoiaeo ec
e?oaiai?ioa auoey.

 3IAIOAII EAIAECIA

Iauyaeyy aanue “/oanoaaiiue ie?” eeethceae iaoaai caaeoaeoaai
niciaiey, ii?iaeaeaieai iaaaaeaiey (aaeaeuey),  2eaiaeci 0,
oe?ieieniieuecoy aeey yoiai ecia?aceoaeueiia eneonnoai, aiooaao
aa?othuei eo iieioth caaeneiinoue io iienoeia a?aiaeeiciiai ie?a
nouanoa naa?ouanoanoaaiiuo – aiaeanoa e aeooia ?acee/iiai ?aiaa e
?acee/iuo “niaoeeaeueiinoae”.

Ana nouanoaa a iaioaiia  2eaiaecia  0?acaeaeythony ia ainaiue

?aiaia.

Ia ia?aii ianoa noiyo aoaeaeu (o. a. “i?inaaoe?iiua”, “i?ic?aaoea”)
– oa aunoea ?oeiaiaeeoaee, eioi?ua yeiau nenoaiaoe/anee yaeythony a
ie? ethaeae aeey i?iiiaaaee iooe e nianaieth. Eaiaeci oi/ii ii?aaeaeyao
/enei oaeeo nianeoaeae – eo ouny/a.

Ei aoi?iio ?aiao aiaeanoa ioiinyony eaeaiu, eee
aiaeanoaa-o?aieoaee. Caeanue ia ia?aii ianoa noieo Aaeeaoaeaea –
eneiiiue, ia?ae/iue aoaeaea, ia?aii?e/eia ie?a e “o?aieoaeue anao
oaei” a oi?ia Aaaeae?aaeoa?u, eioi?ue neeie naiae ioae?inoe e
nica?oeaiey yiaie?oao ec naay iyoue oae iacuaaaiuo aeoayie-aoaeae
(“aoaeae nica?oeaiey”). Iie ii?iaeaeatho aiaeoenaooa nica?oeaiey –
aiaeanoaa, ea?athuea oaea i?yioth e iaiin?aaenoaaiioth ?ieue a
nianaiee aeeauo nouanoa, niaeaenoaoy yoiio naieie iaae/aneeie
aiciiaeiinoyie.

O?aoee ?aia – aoaeaeu, ia?aaeoea /aeiaa/aneee iaeee. E iei
ioiinyony iyoue “iiaaaeeoaeae”.

*aoa??oue ?ac?yae aiaeanoa – aiaeoenaooau. A ?aiiai aoaeaeecia
aiaeoenaooaaie iacuaaeenue oa aeeaua nouanoaa, eioi?ua a ?acoeueoaoa
iaeiieaiey iaecia?eiiai iau?ia aeia?iaeaoaee yaeyeenue oaea
iioaioeeaeueiuie aoaeaeaie.

Aeaaiuo aiaeoenaooa ainaiue. Iie iinyo aunieee oeooe “nuiiaae
aoaeaeu”. Yoi aiaeanoaa, niiniaiua aiaoeaaoueny a oiae caiiuo
i?ioeannia e ethaeneeo noaeaa, aaaeouea iai?eia?eioth ai?ueao ni ceuie
neeaie ie?a.

E?iia aiaeoenaooa ioaeneiai iiea anoue e aeaineea aiaeoenaooau.
N?aaee ieo iaeaieueoae iiioey?iinoueth iieuecoaony Oa?a, ii/eoathuayny
eae thi (naine?. oaeoe), ienoe/aneay noi?oaa Aaaeieeoaoaa?u,
“?iaeae?iiay ec aai ne?c”.

Iyoue ?ac?yae aiaeanoa – /enoi aeaineee. Yoi aeaaeie (“aicaeooiua
iooaoanoaaiieoeu”). Iie naiaiaeii ia?aaeaeaathony a iaaaniii
i?ino?ainoaa, iiaaeaaatho aeaiiiaie e iiaoo iieacuaaoueny oai, eoi
euao eo iiiiue eee aucuaaao eo caeeeiaieyie.

Oanoie ?ac?yae aiaeanoa – no?aoiua “o?aieoaee caeiia” (aeoa?iaiaeu,
oeaaone. aeieoeou) e “iaaiaeyuea oaean iaea/e”. Yoi – a?iciua
caueoieee aa?u. ?ac?yae theeoa (“aiae ianoiinoe”) ioaaouaaao
iiiai/eneaiiua oi?iu nii?iaiaeaeathueo aeaaiuo aiaia iaiaa cia/eoaeueiuo
aiaeanoa, aioaaeoeo a eaiaenoneee iaioaii /anoe/ii ec iaioaiia
eiaeoenoneiai, ii aeaaiui ia?acii o?ainoi?ie?iaaiiuo  2eaiaeciii
 0aeooia oeaaoneiai e iiiaieueneiai oaiaiecia.

Ainueiie ?ac?yae – naaaeuee – “oicyaaa caiee”, iie?iaeoaee
ioaeaeueiuo eiie?aoiuo ai?, ?ae, ?iaeieeia, aea?aaueaa, eaiiae,
ianae?iiuo ioieoia e o. ae.

 3III?A IA EAIO – AAAEIAEOAA ONEIAEA NIANAIEss

Aac o/aiey Aoaeaeu – noo? – iaaiciiaeii nianaiea. Ii i?aiiaeaoue
yoi o/aiea iiaeao oieueei eaia. Iiyoiio “aicauoaiiue ae?oa” /aeiaaea,
o. a. eaia, yaeyaony aaaeiaeoei oaeoi?ii nianaiey.

No?aoiuie aaaenoaeyie oa?iaeaao  2eaiaeci  0oai, eoi iaaoaeao
aicaeaaaoue eaia iienoeia aiaeaneeo ii/anoae. Eo aeaeoo a yoie aeecie
anaaiciiaeiua ian/anouey, a iinea nia?oe – ia?a?iaeaeaiea a aeo?iie
o/anoe e iaen/eneeiua io/aiey “a oa/aiea aan//eneaiiuo ie?iauo
ia?eiaeia”.

Eaia “iiiiaaao nianaieth” aeaoiy iniiaiuie iooyie: oaea?aeeaay io
a?aoiaiuo aeayiee e ooaa?aeaeay a aeia?iaeaoaeueiuo; i?ecuaay
iaae/aneeie n?aaenoaaie iiiiuue aiaeoenaooa, iiaoueo niaeaenoaiaaoue
nianaieth.

E oae  3eaiaeci  2- yoi oi?ia aoaeaeecia, aicieeoay a VII-XIV

 2aa. i. y. a Oeaaoa, eiathuay naith eaiiie/aneoth e iaeaiiie/aneoth
 2eeoa?aoo?o, naith /?oei ii?aaeae?iioth aeiaiaoeeo e ea?a?oeth.

NIENIE ENIIEUeCOAIIE EEOA?AOO?U

1. Ei/aoia A. I. Eaiaeci. – I.: Iaoea, 1973

2. Ne?uiieeiaa O. Ae. Eaiaenoneay oea?eiaue e ainoaea?noai.

– Iiaineae?ne: Iaoea, 1988

3. Ei/aoia A. I. Aoaeaeeci – eaiaeci. – I.: Iaoea, 1979

Aeaineci.

Aa?oe eeoaeneiai iauanoaa aeeee ii eiioooeeaineei ii?iai, eniieiyee
ia?yaeu e ?eooaeu a /anoue i?aaeeia. Ethaie ec oao eoi iaoiaeeeny auoa
o?iaiy i?inoiethaeeiia ia iia aeeoue aac niaethaeaiey yoeo ii?i. ?ieue
aeooiaiie ioaeooeiu a Eeoaa ea?ae Aeaineci.

Ae. Aiciee a *aeioneii E. Iaeiia?aiaiii n Eiio. A aeaea naiinoiyoaeueiie
oeeinioneie aeieo?eiu .Iniiaaoaeue – Eai oecu. A ioee/ee io Eiioooeey
iao aeia?aoe/aneeo naaaeaiee. Eai oecu- oeao?a eaaaiaea?iay. *oaeaniia
?iaeaeaiea – iaoue iineea aai ianeieueei aeanyoeia eao e ?iaeeea
noa?eeii. A o?aeoaoa Aeai-aey oeceiue (4-3 a aei iy) eceaaaaony iniiaa
Aeainecia. A oeaio?a o/aiea i aaeeeii Aeai, Anaiauai caeiia e Aaniethoa.
Aai ieeoi ia nicaeae, ii ana i?ienoiaeeo io iaai. Aeaaea aaeeeia Iaai
neaaeoao Aeai. Iiciaoue Aeai, neaaeiaaoue aio, neeoueny n iei- a yoii
oeaeue e niune aeecie. Aunoae oeaeueth ae?aaia eeoaeneeo aeainia auei
oeoe io no?anoae e noaoiinoe aeecie e ia?aiauoiinoe i?ioeiai, e i?inoioa
e anoanoaaiiinoe.

Aeaineci e e?. Aeaeaeaiey.

A ia?iaea i?ineaaeeny iaa *aeai Oecthy ii auea/eaae aieacie
nae?ainoaiaaoea a oi a?aiy. Ii ieacaeny ai aeaaa ii aiaiiiio
i?aaieciaaiiie iiaouanoaaiiie naeou. N ia?iiiie auno?ioie aeaineci ec
i?aaeai?iie ?aeeaee i?aa?aoeeny a ciaiy iaacaeieaiiuo e oaiaoaiiuo
Ainnoaiea “AEaeouo iiaycie” Naeoa noaaeea naiae caaea/ae naa?aeaiea
nouanoaothuaai no?iy e caiaiie aai Oea?noaii Aaeeeiai ?aaainoaa.

Aannia?oea.

Oaei /aeiaaea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iee?inii, eioi?ue neaaeoao oiiaeiaeoue
iae?iniio o.a. Anaeaiiie. I?aaieci /aeiaaea – yoi neiieaiea aeooia e
aiaeanoaaiiuo nee. No?aiyueeny e aeinoeaeaieth aannia?oey aeieaeai
nicaeaoue aeey ana yoeo aeooi-iiiaae., oaeea oneiaey /oiau iie ia
no?aieeenue iieeiooue oaei, aneaaenoaea yoiai oaei aeaiaoa?eaeecoaony e
/aeiaae noaiiaeony aannia?oiui. Ae?oaei aaaeiui yeaiaioii aeinoeaeaiey
aannia?oey auee oece/aneea e aeuoaoaeueiua oi?aaeiaiey. Ia anth
iiaeaioiaeo e aann. Ooiaeeea i?aeoe/anee any aeeciue e ana yoi auei
oieueei i?aethaeeae ia?aae neeyieai i?aaiecia n aaeeeei Aeai. *aeiaae
ia oie?ae, a ia?aoiaeee ia iaai e aeee oai aa/ii.

Eeoa?aoo?a:

1. Ei/aoia A.E. Aoaeaeeci. I.,Iieeoecaeao, 1970.

Iao/iue aoaeci I., Iieeoecaeao, 1973.

NIENIE ENIIEUeCOAIIE EEOA?AOO?U

1. Ei/aoia A. I. Eaiaeci. – I.: Iaoea, 1973

2. Ne?uiieeiaa O. Ae. Eaiaenoneay oea?eiaue e ainoaea?noai. –
Iiaineae?ne: Iaoea, 1988

Ei/aoia A. I. Aoaeaeeci – eaiaeci. – I.: Iaoea, 1979

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Aoaeaeeci

Aoaeaeeci

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