Ca?aaioiay ieaoa, oeaia e
i?eaueue
… “A nia?aiaiiii ie?a n aai iau/a-
yie e einoeoooaie oeaeaniia?aciaa i?i-
aiaeeoue iieeoeeo aeanoeie aeaiaaeiie
ca-
?aaioiie ieaou, /ai iieeoeeo aeaeie
ca?aaioiie ieaou.”
Ae.Eaein “Iauay oai?ey caiy-
oinoe
i?ioeaioa e aeaiaa.”
Ia o?aoueai o?iaia oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie, eae iu oaea aiai?eee,
?aoathony aii?inu ?ani?aaeaeaiey i?iecaaaeaiiuo a i?ioeanna
iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea iaoa?eaeueiuo aeaa iaaeaeo anaie aai o/anoieeaie.
Anai ecaanoii, /oi ?aoaaony yoa i?iaeaia ia iniiaa ?aaoee?iaaiey
o?ao acaeiinaycaiiuo yeiiiie/aneeo iiiyoee – ca?aaioiie ieaou, oeaiu e
i?eauee.
O/eouaay aaaeiinoue yoeo yeiiiie/aneeo eaoaai?ee, eo
noaeueaaiinoiinoe a aeecie eaaeaeiai /aeiaaea E.Ia?en, iai?eia?,
aeieeaaeuaae ia canaaeaiee Aaia?aeueiiai Niaaoa ia?aiai Eioa?iaoeeiiaea
a ethia 1865 a. iniiau naiae iiaie yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee, oae e iacaae
naie aeieeaae: “Ca?aaioiay iea-
oa, oeaia e i?eaueue”.
Iaeiaei aei ianoiyuaai a?aiaie yeiiiie/aneie iaoea ia
oaeaeinue oaycaoue oai?eth noieiinoe n ?aaeeyie i?aeoe/aneie
yeiiiieee, iao/ii iauynieoue i?eioeeiu ii?ie?iaaiey ca?aaioiie ieaou,
oeaiu e i?eauee.
A yoie nayce, eioa?anii i?eaanoe auneacuaaiey aeaoo
auaeathueony yeiiiienoia aeaaaeoeaoiai noieaoey A.Eaiioueaaa e
Ae.Eaeina.
A.Eaiioueaa a naieo “Yeiiiie/aneeo ynna” iaienae oae:
“Yeiiiieea, yaeyynue iaoeie yiie?e/aneie, n naiiai ia/aea eiaao
aeaei n yaeaieyie iianaaeiaaiiai iiuoa ethaeae. I?iecaiaenoai e
iio?aaeaiea oiaa?ia, iieoiee e i?iaeaaee, iieo/aiea aeioiaea e o?aou
aai ioiinyony e oai aeaeai aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?ua aaeaaeiaaii
eanathony eaaeaeiai /eaia iauanoaa. Aeaaea i?eiaiaiea iao/iiai
i?eioeeia eiee/anoaaiiie i?iaa?ee ia o?aaiaaei ni noi?iiu o/aiiai iniauo
oneeee – ecia?aiea e ioeaiea (oeaiiia?aciaaiea) ninoaaeytho
iaiouaieaioth /anoue oiai yaeaiey, eioi?ia ii aeieaeai aue iauynieoue.
Aio caeanue-oi e iaoiaeeony aeaaiue enoi/iee oao aaae, eioi?ua
ia?aaeeaaao nia?aiaiiay yeiiiie/aneay iaoea”.
Ae.Eaein neacae aua ii?aaeaeaiiaa, eiaaea eceaaae “Oai?eth oeai”
a naiae ciaiaieoie “Iauae oai?ee caiyoinoe, i?ioeaioa e aeaiaa”.
“Iiea yeiiiienou caieiathony oae iacuaaaiie oai?eae noieiinoe, iie
iau/ii o/ao, /oi oeaiu ii?aaeaeythony oneiaeyie ni?ina e
i?aaeeiaeaiey e /oi, a /anoiinoe, iniaoth ?ieue ea?atho eciaiaiey a
i?aaeaeueiuo ecaea?aeeao i?iecaiaenoaa e yeanoe/iinoue i?aaeeiaeaiey a
e?aoein?i/iii aniaeoa. Ii
eiaaea iie iioii ai aoi?ii oiia eee /aua a ioaeaeueiii o?aeoaoa
ia?aoiaeyo e Oai?ee Aeaiaa e Oeai, iu ia neuoei aieaa ie/aai ia yoeo
i?inouo e aeinooiiuo iiiyoeyo, a ooiaeei n aieiaie a ie?, aaea oeaiu
ii?aaeaeythony eiee/anoaii aeaiaa, nei?inoueth ia?auaiey ii ioiioaieth e
iauaio oi?aiauo naeaeie, o?aiaieai iaee/iinoe, auioaeaeaiiuie
naa?aaeaieyie, eioeyoeeae e aeaoeyoeeae et hoc genum omne”.
Ianiio?y ia ana neacaiiia, iu niae?aainy eceiaeeoue oai?eth
ca?aaioiie ieaou, oeaiu e i?eauee, enoiaey ec eceiaeaiiie ?aiaa oai?ee
noieiinoe. Ii aeey oiai, /oiau ia aianoue a oeacaiioth Ae.Eaeinii
ioeaeo, iu aaaaeai ia yoii yoaia ?anniio?aiey oai?ee i/aiue aaaeiia
ia?aie/aiea – iu ioeaaeainy a yoie aeaaa io iiiyoey aeaiaa aiiaua,
o.a.,i?ineaaeeaay ia?aoiae io noieiinoe i?iaeoeoia o?oaea e oeaia e io
noieiinoe naiiai o?oaea e ca?aaioiie ieaoa, iu eneeth/ei ec ?anniio?aiey
iiiyoea “aeaiueae”.
Iaeiaei, iai i?eaeaony aaanoe ianeieueei iiauo, ?aiaa
ionoonoaiaaaoeo a iaoai eceiaeaiee, iiiyoee e n?aaee ieo oaeia
aaaeiaeoaa iiiyoea eae oiaa?.
*oi iu iiieiaai a iaoai eioi?iaoeeiiiii i?aaenoaaeaiee iiae
oa?ieiii oiaa??
Oiaa? – yoi i?iaeoeo o?oaea, eioi?ue aeaaiaea?y iaiaio, o.a.
iooai “eoiee-i?iaeaaee” iinooiaao e iio?aaeoaeth.
A yoie oi?ioee?iaea i/aiue aaaeii iiiyoue aeaa iieiaeaiey: ia?aia,
i eioi?ii aiai?ee aua E.Ia?en, caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi oiaa?
noaiiaeony oaeiaui oieueei iinea oiai, eae ii iinooieo e iio?aaeoaeth,
o.a. anyeee oiaa? – i?iaeoeo o?oaea, ii ia anyeee i?iaeoeo o?oaea –
oiaa?. Aoi?ia, naycaiiia n ia?aui, aiai?eo i oii, /oi ia?aoiae
i?iaeoeoa o?oaea a oiaa? – yoi i?ioeann, i?ioaeathuee ai a?aiaie e
i?ino?ainoaa, ninoiyuee ec oeaeiai ?yaea yoaiia.
Eiaiii yoio i?ioeann ia?aoiaea i?iaeoeoa o?oaea a oiaa? e
ninoaaeyao nouiinoue oiaa?iuo iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, i?aaenoaaeyy
niaie i?aaeiao ?aaoee?iaaiey ia o?aoueai o?iaia oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieee.
E oioy aeaa i?aaeuaeoueo o?iaiy yeiiiie/aneiai oi?aaeaiey ai iiiaii
ii?aaeaeytho oa caeiiiia?iinoe, eioi?ua oa?aeoa?iu aeey o?aoueaai
o?iaiy, ea?a?oe/aneia iino?iaiea anae nenoaiu aeieai caoaiyei aaeeiue
oa?aeoa? i?iyaeaiey caeiiia ?acaeoey yeiiiieee.
Aoi?ie o?iaaiue yeiiiie/aneiai oi?aaeaiey i?iyaeyaony a o?aoueai,
aunooiay a aeaea i?iecaiaeeoaey i?iaeoeoia o?oaea, caeii/aiiuo a
i?iecaiaenoaa e i?aaeiacia/aiiuo aeey iaiaia. Ii yoi aua ia oiaa?u. Yoi
– i?iaeoeou o?oaea, e, eae i?iaeoeou o?oaea, iie nio?aiytho ana naie
oa?aeoa?enoeee e noieiinoiua e eioi?iaoeeiiiua, o.a. n oi/ee c?aiey
eioi?iaoeeiiiuo oa?aeoa?enoee iie iaeaaeatho ii?aaeaeaiiuie
iio?aaeoaeueiuie naienoaaie, eioi?ua a niioaaonoaee n caeiiii nio?aiaiey
noieiinoe iaeaaeatho aa-
niethoiie noieiinoueth, ii iaeiia?aiaiii, eae i?iaeoeou noa?u
aini?iecaiaenoaa iie eiatho e ioiineoaeueioth noieiinoue. Eiaiii
ioiineoaeueiay noieiinoue, o.a. noieiinoue, eioi?ay ii?aaeaeyao
iauanoaaiiua cao?aou o?oaea i?e nicaeaiee i?iaeoeoia o?oaea ia aeaiiii
yoaia ?acaeoey iauanoaa, e ii?aaeaeytho noieiinoiua ioiioaiey oiaa?ia a
ia/aea iaiaia, ia ia?aii yoaia ia?aoiaea i?iaeoeoa o?oaea a oiaa?.
Iiyoiio ia o?aoueai o?iaia oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie ioiineoaeueioth
noieiinoue i?iaeoeoa o?oaea iiaeii aua iacuaaoue iaiiaie noieiinoueth.
Iu aica?auaainy e aeaoi noieiinoyi A.Nieoa – iio?aaeoaeueiie –
aaniethoiie e ioiineoaeueiie – iaiiaie, ?ane?ua, iaeiiaoe, nouiinoue
o?oaeiaie noieiinoe – aaieaeueiiai i?aaeaeaeaiea iniiaaoaey
yeiiiie/aneie iaoee.
?anniao?eaay caeiiiia?iinoe, naienoaaiiua o?aoueaio o?iaith
yeiiiie/aneiai oi?aaeaiey iu aoaeai eniieueciaaoue iae?iiiaeaee
yeiiiie/aneie nenoaiu, o.a. iiaeaee, a eioi?uo i?aaenoaaeaia
yeiiiie/aneay nenoaia aini?iecaiaenoaa anae no?aiu a oeaeii a ea/anoaa
cae?uoie nenoaiu, o.a. nenoaiu a eioi?ie anaie aiaoieie naycyie iiaeii
i?aiaa?a/ue.
Iu oaea i?eaiaeeee a ia?aie aeaaa yoie ?aaiou (?en 1-3) iaeei ec
aa?eaioia oaeie iae?iiiaeaee, eiaaea ?anniao?eaaee iniiaiua iieiaeaiey
oai?ee oi?aaeaiey. Iaeiaei a ioee/ee io iaa iu oaea aaaee ?yae
aeiiieieoaeueiuo ia?aie/aiee, ioeacaaoenue io eaoaai?ee aeaiaa e
iaiai?ea cae?uoinoue nenoaiu, a eioa?anao oi?iuaiey enneaaeiaaiee.
Aianoa n oai a iiaie iiaeaee aeaaiua ninoaaeythuea iiaeaee ?en 1-3,
o.a. iniiaiua noauaeou o/anoaothueo a nenoaia e naiua nouanoaaiiua
nayce iu ia oieueei nio?aiei, ii e ianeieueei ?ane?iai.
I?aaeaea anaai, yoi eanaaony i?iecaiaeeoaeae e iio?aaeoaeae. Ia ?en
1-3 ana i?iecaiaeeoaee, o/anoaothuea a iauanoaaiiie nenoaia
aini?iecaiaenoaa, eae e ana iio?aaeoaee, auee i?aaenoaaeaiu a ea/anoaa
aaeeiiai i?iecaiaeeoaey e aaeeiiai iio?aaeoaey, oieueei iioiio, /oi
iu oiaaea aua ia ?anniao?eaaee oai?eth o?oaea e oai?eth noieiinoe e ia
ciaee,/oi i?aaenoaaeytho ec naay ia?aua aeaa o?iaiy a nenoaia oi?aaeaiey
yeiiiieeie, ia ciaee, /oi ia ia?aii (oaoiieiae/aneii) e ia aoi?ii
(i?iecaiaenoaaiiii) o?iaiyo ooieoeee i?iecaiaeeoaeae nouanoaaiii
?acee/athony. Aeey oiai /oiau iiiyoue eae yoe ooieoeee i?iyaeythony
ia o?aoueai o?iaia oi?aaeaiey, iu auioaeaeaiu aaanoe aeaa a?aaeaoeee
i?iecaiaeeoaeae e iio?aaeoaeae. Aeaa ?iaea i?iecaiaeeoaeae e
iio?aaeoaeae ii?aaeaeytho aeaa ?iaea i?iaeoeoia o?oaea, a cia/eo e aeaa
?iaea oiaa?ia – i?iaeoeou o?oaea eee oiaa?u,i?aaenoaaeythuea ec naay
iaoa?eaeueiua aeaaa, eee nianoaaiii iio?aaeoaeueneea oiaa?u, e oiaa?u a
aeaea i?oaeee e n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa.
I?iecaiaeeoaeae ia?aiai ?iaea, eee i?iecaiaeeoaeae oiaa?ia Oa
– n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa, e i?iecaiaeeoaeae aoi?iai ?iaea, eee oiaa?ia
Oa – n?aaenoa iio?aaeaiey, i?e yoii iaa ?iaea i?iecaiaeeoaeae, a naith
i/a?aaeue aeeth/atho a naay i?iecaiaeeoaeae – iio?aaeoaeae ia?aiai e
aoi?iai o?iaiy.
I?iecaiaeeoaee e iio?aaeoaee ia?aiai o?iaiy – yoi i?aaenoaaeoaee
ia?aiai o?iaiy oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie, o.a. i?iecaiaeeoaee caiyoua a
oaoiieiae/aneeo oeeeeao. A o.e. ana o/anoieee iauanoaaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa anaaaea auiieiytho naie ooieoeee a eaeeo-oi
oaoiieiae/aneeo oeeeeao, oi e i?iecaiaeeoaeyi e iio?aaeoaeyi ia?aiai
o?iaiy ioiinyony aaniethoii ana o/anoieee iaiaia i?iaeoeoaie o?oaea eee
oiaa?aie. Iauyaea nenoaio cae?uoie, iu oai naiui eneeth/eee ec
i?ioeanna iaiaia anao inoaeueiuo ethaeae, a oii /enea e o/anoieeia
iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea ec ae?oaeo noieiinoiuo yeiiiie/aneeo yoaiia.
Aeeyiea ia i?ienoiaeyuaa yeiiiie/aneea i?ioeannu a noa?a
aini?iecaiaenoaa i?aaenoaaeoaeae ae?oaeo noa? iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea iu
?anniio?ei a neaaeothueo aeaaao, aaea aoaeao iieacaii, /oi oaeia
ia?aie/aiea aiieia aeiionoeii, oioy yoi e ia ii?aaaeuaaao oio oaeo, /oi
nia?aiaiiua yeiiiie/aneea oai?ee ?anniao?eaatho, eae i?aaeei, oieueei
noa?o aini?iecaiaenoaa. I?iecaiaeeoaee e iio?aaeoaee aoi?iai o?iaiy
inouanoaeytho oi?aaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie oeeeeaie, a oii /enea
iaania/aiea i?iecaiaenoaa nu?ueai, iai?oaeiaaieai e iaoa?eaeaie e
aunooiatho a nenoaia iaiaia eae iio?aaeoaee i?iecaiaenoaaiiie
i?iaeoeoeee, eioi?oth, iaeiaei, iie eniieuecotho ia aeey ee/iiai
iio?aaeaiey, a aeey i?aaiecaoeee
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai oeeeea.
Ethaie i?iecaiaeeoaeue aoi?iai o?iaiy yaeyaony iaeiia?aiaiii e
iio?aaeoaeai ia?aiai o?iaiy, o.a. iio?aaeoaeai iaoa?eaeueiuo aeaa.
Aiciiaeiu, i?aaaea, iio?aaeoaee aoi?iai o?iaiy, ia yaeythueany
i?iecaiaeeoaeyie aoi?iai ?iaea, ii ana iie yaeythony iio?aaeoaeyie
eiia/iie i?iaeoeoeee, iay-
caoaeueii yaeythony iio?aaeoaeyie i?oaeee e n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa.
Eoae, ia?aoiaey io nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey i?aaenoaaeaiiie ia ?en 1-3 e
aa iiaeeoeeaoeee n o/aoii oeacaiiuo eciaiaiee, iu i?aaenoaaeyai aa a
aeaea o?ao noauaeoia nenoaiu – i?iecaiaeeoaey, iio?aaeoaey e ?uiea. I?e
yoii a ea/anoaa iauaeoa oi?aaeaiey, eae iu neacaee, aunooiaao i?ioeann
iaiaia, eee ia?aoiaea i?iaeoeoia o?oaea a oiaa?, o.a. i?ioeann
aeaeaeaiey i?iaeoeoia o?oaea io i?iecaiaeeoaey e iio?aaeoaeth, /oi
iaania/eaaao auiieiaiea ia?aiai iinooeaoa oai?ee oi?aaeaiey.
Iaeiaei, oi?aaeyy ia?aiao?aie aeaeaeaiey i?iaeoeoia o?oaea i?e eo
ia?aoiaea a oiaa?, iu ia iiaeai iaieoenue aac eioi?iaoeee oi?aaeaiey. A
ea/anoaa oaeie eioi?iaoeee a eioi?iaoeeiiiii eaiaea nenoaiu
oi?aaeaiey,i?aaenoaaeaiiie ia ?en 1-3, aunooiaee aeaiueae.
A /oi aoaeai eniieueciaaoue a eioi?iaoeeiiiii eaiaea iu?
Aniiiiei Aaeaia Nieoa. Ii aiai?ee, /oi anoue iiieiaeueiay oeaia
oiaa?a a aeaiueaao e anoue aai aeaenoaeoaeueiay oeaia ecia?yaiay
o?oaeii. ?ac ia ia/aeueiii yoaia aeaeaeaiey i?iaeoeoa o?oaea ii
aunooiaao o ian aeey iaiaia ni naiae iaiiaie noieiinoueth, oi
anoanoaaiii a eioi?iaoeeiiiii eaiaea a ea/anoaa eioi?iaoeee aunooiaao
noieiinoue o?oaea.
Iniiaiui i?aaiii oi?aaeaiey, naii?aaoee?iaaiey iioiea i?iaeoeoia
o?oaea i?e eo ia?aoiaea a oiaa? a nenoaia oi?aaeaiey o?aoueaai
o?iaiy aunooiaao ?uiie, ia aoiae eioi?iai n iaeiie noi?iiu iinooiatho
oiaa?u ni naieie noieiinoyie, a n ae?oaie – noieiinoue o?oaea
iio?aaeoaeae ia?aiai o?iaiy, o.a. anao o/anoieeia iauanoaaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa a iaoae nenoaia.
Eiaiii ?uiie aaoiiaoe/anee ?aaoee?oao ?ani?aaeaeaiea iioiea
oiaa?ia io i?iecaiaeeoaeae e iio?aaeoaeyi, eniieuecoy eioi?iaoeeth i
noieiinoe o?oaea oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeae e noieiinoe i?iaeoeoia o?oaea,
ia?acoaioth a i?ioeanna aini?iecaiaenoaa. I?e yoii a i?ioeanna
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey nenoaiu
oi?aaeaiey o?aoueaai o?iaiy noieiinoue o?oaea i?aia?acoaony a
ca?aaioioth ieaoo (CI), a noieiinoue i?iaeoeoia o?oaea a oeaio oiaa?ia
(Oe). Eae, ii eaeei caeiiai e i?eioeeiai inouanoaeyaony yoi
i?aia?aciaaiey iu e aeieaeiu auynieoue.
O/eouaay, /oi iu aaaee aeaa ?iaea oiaa?ia: Oa – iio?aaeoaeueneee
oiaa?u e Oa – oiaa?u i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iacia/aiey, a oaeaea aeaa
o?iaiy i?iecaiaeeoaeae e iio?aaeoaeae, a iaoae iiaeaee ii n?aaiaieth n
iiaeaeueth, i?aaenoaaeaiiie ia ?en 1-3, i?iecioei oaeaiaiea iniiaiuo
ooieoeeiiaeueiuo naycae . N o/aoii anaai neacaiiiai iaoa iiaay
iiaeeoeeaoeey iiaeaee o?aoueaai o?iaiy oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie
auaeyaeeo oae, eae iieacaii ia ?en N 5-1.
Eoae, a iaoae iiaeaee iaicia/aiu aeaa iioiea: iioie i?iaeoeoia
o?oaea, eioi?ue i?ioiaey /a?ac ?uiie i?aa?auaaony a oiaa?, e iioie
eioi?iaoeee i noieiinoe o?oaea, n iiiiuueth eioi?iai, eee oi/iaa ia
iniiaaiee eioi?iai e inouanoaeyaony yoi i?iaeaeaeaiea. Aoaeai n/eoaoue,
/oi a oiaea iaiaia i?aeoe/anee ana i?iecaaaeaiiua oiaa?u iaeaeoo naieo
iio?aaeoaeae. Aiiaua aiai?y, a ?aaeueiie aeecie oaeay nenoaia
?aaioaao aneio?iiii, o.a. iaeie i?iecaiaeeoaee oieueei i?enooiatho e
i?iecaiaenoao, aoi?ua aai
oaea caeai/eaatho, o?aouee iaeiia?aiaiii aaaeoo i?iecaiaenoai e
iaiaieaatho ia ?uiea ?aiaa ecaioiaeaiioth i?iaeoeoeeth. E?iia oiai,
i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oeeeeu ?aciuo i?iecaiaeeoaeae eiatho ?acioth
aeeeoaeueiinoue. Oi aea naiia iiaeii neacaoue e i iio?aaeoaeyo,
eioi?ua iieoiatho i?iaeoeoeeth iacaaeneii
ae?oa io ae?oaa.
Ei anaio neacaiiiio, aeiiieieoaeueiia oneiaeiaiea a aiaeec
nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey aiineo e caieiooue oa?aeoa? eioi?iaoeeiiiiai iioiea,
/oi aucuaaao iaaiciiaeiinoue ii?aaeaeaiey ia/aea e eiioea naiiai iioiea.
Aeey oiai, /oiau ni?aaeoueny n oeacaiiuie o?oaeiinoyie iu
auioaeaeaiu caneio?iiece?iaaoue ?aaioo nenoaiu, o.a. aeaenoaey
i?iecaiaeeoaeae e iio?aaeoaeae, e oaeoe?iaaoue aa, i?aaeoniio?aa
iaeiia?aiaiiia auiieiaiea oaeoia ?aaiou nenoaiu anaie i?iecaiaeeoaeyie
e iio?aaeoaeyie. I?e yoii i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue anao i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
oeeeeia i?eieiaaony iaeeiaeiaie.
Oaeie eneonnoaaiiue i?eai aiieia aeiionoei aeey oai?aoe/aneie
i?i?aaioee, oai aieaa, /oi aeey auyniaiey iinoaaeaiiuo a yoie aeaaa
caaea/ iai aeinoaoi/ii ?anniio?aoue ?acoeueoaou aicaeaenoaey ia nenoaio
oi?aaeaiey oieueei iaeiiai i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai oeeeea, o.a. iao
yeiiiie/aneee oeeee aoaeao ?aaai iaeiiio i?iecaiaenoaaiiiio.
Oaeoe?iaaiiue a niioaaonoaee n oeacaiiuie aeiiouaieyie i?ioeann
i?iaeaeaeaiey i?iaeoeoia o?oaea iiae aicaeaenoaeai nenoaiu
oi?aaeaiey io i?iecaiaeeoaey e iio?aaeoaeth i?aaenoaaeai ia ?en N 5-2 a
aeaea noieiinoiie oaeoia?aiiu. Ii aeeth/aao a naay oanoue oaeoia,
Ia?aue oaeo – oaeo i?iecaiaenoaa (t – t ), i?e eioi?ii ana
i?iecaiaeeoaee oiaa?ia nenoaiu aini?iecaiaenoaa iaeiia?aiaiii, a
iiiaio t , ia/aee i?iecaiaenoaaiiue oeeee e caaa?oeee aai a iiiaio t .
A neaaeothuai oaeoa – i?iaeaeaeaiey (t –
t ) ana i?iaeoeou o?oaea, i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey iio?aaeaiey
iio?aaeoaeyie ia?aiai o?iaiy, iinooiatho ia aoiae ?uiea eae nenoaiu
?aaoee?iaaiey. Ii a iiiaio t a ?acoeueoaoa caaa?oaiey ecaioiaeaiey
i?iaeoeoia o?oaea, eaaeaeue ec o/anoieeia i?ioeanna iauanoaaiiiai
o?oaea iieo/aao “ia ?oee” eioi?iaoeeth i aai o?oaeiaii aeeaaea a yoi
i?iecaiaenoai. Oaeei ia?acii, a oaeoa i?iaeaeaeaiey ia aoiaea ?uiea n
iaeiie noi?iiu iiyaeyaony niaieoiiue i?iaeoeo (Nioi), i?aaenoaaeaiiue
ia oaeoia?aiia (?en N 5-2), a n i?ioeaiiieiaeiie noi?iiu ?uiea
eioi?iaoeey i?iecaiaeeoaeae ia?aiai o?iaiy ia?aiai e aoi?iai ?iaea,
ia?aoaaeoeo a ?ac?yae iio?aaeoaeae, aeaaiaea?y iaee/eth o ieo
eioi?iaoeee i o?oaeiaii aeeaaea e noieiinoe, cao?a/aiiie a i?ioeanna
o?oaea yia?aee aiaoieo enoi/ieeia yia?aiiaania/aiey Ny , eioi?ua
eae iu ciaai aoiaeyo a noieiinoue o?oaeiauo cao?ao, e eioi?ua niaianoii
n o?oaeiaui aeeaaeii aini?eieiathony eae aeaeeiue o?oaeiaie aeeaae
Na = Na + Ny
Ia ?uiea i?ienoiaeeo iaiai oeia “eoiey-i?iaeaaea”, i?e eioi?ii
eaaeaeue i?iecaiaeeoaeue ia?aiai o?iaiy, noaaoee iio?aaeoaeai ia?aiai
o?iaiy, iaiaieaaao noieiinoue naiaai o?oaeiaiai aeeaaea ia i?iaeoeou
o?oaea, a caaeneiinoe io eo noieiinoe i?e yoii i?iaeoeou o?oaea a
i?ioeanna iaiaia i?aa?auathony a oiaa?.
I?aaaea, niaieoiiue i?iaeoeo noa?u aini?iecaiaenoaa (Nioi)
ninoieo ec aeaoo aeaeia oiaa?a – oiaa?ia iio?aaeaiey (O ) e oiaa?ia
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iacia/aiey Oa. Oa iinea ecaioiaeaiey, no?iai aiai?y,
ia aoaeoo i?iaeaeaaoueny ia ?uiie, o.e. yoi naycaii n iaee/eai
eioi?iaoeee i cao?aoao o?oaea o iio?aaeoaeae aoi?iai o?iaiy, a oaeie
eioi?iaoeee iiea ia aoiaea ?uiea, e aeaaea ia auoiaea yoeo
iio?aaeoaeae iieaiano iao.
E ooo iai i?eoiaeeony ia?aoeoueny e iiiyoeth aaaine?iaaiiie
noieiinoe e aaaine?iaaiiiai o?oaea. Yoe iiiyoey iai i?eoiaeeony aaiaeeo
a nayce n aeaoiy iniaaiiinoyie iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea, i eioi?uo iu ?aiaa
aiai?eee.
I?aaeaea anaai o?oae noaiiaeony o?oaeii, eiaaea ii i?eia?aoao
iauanoaaiioth cia/eiinoue eee iauanoaaiioth ioeaieo, o.a. eiaaea
i?iaeoeou o?oaea i?aa?aoyony a oiaa? e aoaeoo ?aaeeciaaiu ia ?uiea.
A yoi i?iecieaeao oiaaea, eiaaea i?iecaiaeeoaee aoi?iai o?iaiy iieo/ao
eioi?iaoeeth n ?uiea i oii, /oi i?iaeoeoeey i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai oeeeea ia
?uiea ?aaeeciaaia.
Caieiooue eioi?iaoeeiiiue iioie o?oaea, oee?eoee?othuee ia
o?aoueai o?iaia oi?aaeaiey e iaania/eaathuee i?iaeaeaeaiea oiaa?ia e
iio?aaeoaeyi, ianao eioi?iaoeeth ia oieueei i cao?aoao o?oaea, ii e
eioi?iaoeeth i ?acoeueoaoao iaiaia oiaa?aie ia ?uiea. Anee ia?aay
eioi?iaoeey iaiaoiaeeia i?i-
ecaiaeeoaeyi ia?aiai o?iaiy e aac iaa iie ia noaioo iio?aaeoaeyie, oi
aoi?ay – i?iecaiaeeoaeyi aoi?iai o?iaiy aeey oiai, /oiau iie auaeaee
i?iecaiaeeoaeyi ia?aiai o?iaiy iaiaoiaeeioth ei eioi?iaoeeth i
noieiinoe eo o?oaea.
Ii oae eae i?iecaiaeeoaeyi ia?aiai o?iaiy eioi?iaoeey i cao?aoao
o?oaea ioaeia a iiiaio t , a eioi?iaoeeth n ?uiea i ?aaeecaoeee
oiaa?ia i?iecaiaeeoaeue aoi?iai o?iaiy iieo/eo oieueei a iiiaio t , oi
ii auioaeaeai aaaine?iaaoue o?oae, auaeaa “ia ?oee” i?iecaiaeeoaeyi
ia?aiai o?iaiy eioi?iaoeeth i cao?aoao o?oaea, ia aeiaeeaeaynue
?aaeecaoeee ia ?uiea auiouaiiuo oiaa?ia.
Oaeei ia?acii, iaycaoaeueiia aaaine?iaaiea noieiinoe o?oaea ia?aia
aaaeiaeoaa oneiaea ?aaiou o?aoueaai o?iaiy oi?aaeaiey oiaa?iie
yeiiiieee.
I?iaeieaeay oaia?ue ?anniio?aiea noieiinoiie oaeoia?aiiu, iu
i?aaeiieiaeei, /oi aanue o?oae i?iecaiaeeoaeae ia?aiai o?iaiy
i?iaaaine?iaai oae, /oi iie iieo/eee aiciiaeiinoue iieiinoueth iaiaiyoue
?acoeueoaou naiaai o?oaea ia iinooieaoea ia ?uiie i?iaeoeou
iio?aaeaiey. Iiiyoii, /oi yoeo
i?iaeoeoia iio?aaeaiey aeieaeii auoue i?iecaaaeaii aeinoaoi/ii aeey
oiai, /oiau iaania/eoue iio?aaiinoe e i?iecaiaeeoaeae Oa e
i?iecaiaeeoaeae Oa. A oaeoa “iaiaia “A” ia oaeoia?aiia iieacaii, /oi a
?acoeueoaoa iaiaia ii/oe any noieiinoue o?oaea i?iecaiaeeoaeae Oa e Oa
iaiaiyia ia iio?aaeoaeueneea oiaa?u. Iaeiaei, i?iaeoeou o?oaea Oa ii
ieii/aieth oaeoa “iaiaia “A” inoaeenue o i?iecaiaeeoaeae Oa aoi?iai
o?iaiy. A oaeoa “iaeiieaiea” i?iecaiaeeoaee Oa aoi?iai o?iaiy iieo/eee,
iaeiiaoe, eioi?iaoeeth i noieiinoe o?oaea iieo/aiiiai a ?acoeueoaoa
iaiaia ecaioiaeaiiie e ?aaeeciaaiiie oiaa?iie i?iaeoeoeee. A yoii oaeoa
iie aica?aoeee anai i?iecaiaeeoaeyi ia?aiai o?iaiy aaaine?iaaiioth
noieiinoue o?oaea, i?e yoii o ieo inoaeanue eioi?iaoeey i noieiinoe
o?oaea i?iecaiaeeoaeae ia?aiai ?iaea,
inouanoaeyaoeo a oaeoa t – t, i?iecaiaenoai Oa. Eniieuecoy yoo
eioi?iaoeeth, iie a oaeoa “iaiaia “A” i?iecaiaeyo aa iaiai ia Nioi. E
ooo iu aeieaeiu neacaoue i aoi?ie iniaaiiinoe iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea e
iaiaia oiaa?aie, eioi?ay naycaia n ?acaeaeaieai o?oaea. Ii i?aaeaea, iu
aeieaeiu ooi/ieoue, /oi ia iiaeaee ?en N 5-1 iu iieacaee a ninoaaa
i?iecaiaeeoaeae oiaa?ia a?oiiu – A oieueei oao, eoi ecaioaaeeaaao
nu?uea, iieooaa?eeaou, eiiieaeoothuea yeaiaiou e ae?oaea i?iaeoeou
o?oaea, o.a. oiaa?u eniieuecoa-
iua i?iecaiaeeoaeyie a?oiiu A a naiai i?iecaiaenoaa iio?aaeoaeueneeo
oiaa?ia.
Iu ia iieacaee caeanue i?iecaiaeeoaeae i?oaeee e n?aaenoa
i?iecaiaenoaa, o.e. i ieo ?a/ue iieaeao iicaea. Iaeiaei, iniaaiiinoue,
i eioi?ie iu oioaee neacaoue, ninoieo a oii, /oi i?iecaiaeeoaee aoi?iai
o?iaiy, i?aaiecoy i?iecaiaenoai aeieaeiu iaania/eoue auiieiaiea
ia/aeueiuo oneiaee. Noieiinoiia cia/aiea oiaa?ia iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey
i?iecaiaenoaa, iu a i?aaeuaeouae aeaaa ii?aaeaeeee eae Ni. yoo
ia/aeueioth noieiinoue i?iecaiaeeoaee eiia/iie i?iaeoeoeee
i?eniaaeeiytho e naiae ioiineoaeueiie eee aeiaaaeaiiie noieiinoe,
?aaeecoy i?iaeoeoeeth ii aeaeeiie noieiinoe. A iaoai neo/aa yoa aeaeeiay
noieiinoue
Nioi = Naeia + N ioi.
Iaeiaei, yoo iaeiieaiioth noieiinoue Ni i?iecaiaeeoaeue eiia/iie
i?iaeoeoeee aeieaeai aaaine?iaaoue ia aeiaeeaeaynue ?aaeecaoeee
eiia/iie i?iaeoeoeee ia ?uiea. E oioy a oaeoa iaiaia “A” e iaio
iinooiaao eioi?iaoeey ia iaiaia Ni, ii yoo eioi?iaoeeth ia caaea?aeeaay
ia?ai?aaeyao e i?iecaiaeeoaeyi
“A”, iieo/ay acaiai iaiaoiaeeiua oiaa?u. A ?acoeueoaoa yoiai a oaeoa
t – t (“iiaeaioiaea”) aini?iecaiaeeony Ni e nenoaia ia?aoiaeeo a
ia/aeueiia ninoiyiea t .
I?e yoii iu aeieaeiu aua ?ac iiae/a?eiooue, /oi ?a/ue eaeao
oieueei i aini?iecaiaenoaa Ni, o.a. iu ?anniao?eaaai oieueei
aaaine?iaaiiua nu?uea,iieooaa?eeaou, aeaoaee e eiiieaeoothuea, eioi?ua
i?iecaiaeeoaee Oa iieo/atho ii eiiia?aoeee io ae?oaeo i?iecaiaeeoaeae.
Eaeea aea auaiaeu iu iiaeai naeaeaoue ec ?anniio?aiey iaeiiai
oeeeea oi?aaeaiey o?aoueaai o?iaiy a niioaaonoaee n iiaeaeueth,
i?aaenoaaeaiiie ia ?en 5-1 n o/aoii noieiinoiie oaeoia?aiiu (5-2).
Ia?aue ec ieo – iaycaoaeueiia aaaine?iaaiea noieiinoe o?oaea, a oae
aea aaaine?iaaiea noieiinoe ia/aeueiuo oneiaee i?iecaiaenoaa.
Aoi?ia, ia iaiaa aaaeiia, iieiaeaiea auoaeaao ec oiai, /oi aeey
iieiiai i?iaeaeaeaiey i?iaeoeoia o?oaea e iio?aaeoaeth, o.a. aeey
oiaa?iie ?aaeecaoeee anae ecaioiaeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee a iaeiii
yeiiiie/aneii oeeeea o?oaea o?aaoaony ia iaiaa aeaoo iai?ioia
oi?aaeythuae eioi?iaoeee, o.a. iu ?anniio?aee aeaoo nooiai/aooth
oanoeoaeoiaoth nenoaio oi?aaeaiey. I?e yoii neaaeoao neacaoue, /oi
anee eiee/anoai oaeoia a iiaeaee iiaeii eciaiyoue a caaeneiinoue io
aeaoaeecaoeee ?anniio?aiey i?ioeanna, oi nooiai/aoinoue iiaeaee no?iai
ii?aaeaeyaony eiee/anoaii iai?ioia oi?aaeythuae eioi?iaoeee e ia iiaeao
auoue aua?aii i?iecaieueii.
Aeey oiai, /oiau eaa/a auei iiieiaoue cia/aiea iiiaiiai?ioiinoe
oi?aaeythuae eioi?iaoeee aeey oi?aaeaiey, ?anniio?ei i?ioeann
i?aia?aciaaiey noieiinoe o?oaea a ca?aaioioth ieaoo.
Enoiaey ec ia/aeueiuo oneiaee, caaeaiiuo aeey iaoae nenoaiu
oi?aaeaiey, iu aeieaeiu i?iecaanoe iaiai oiaa?aie oaeei ia?acii, /oiau
any niaieoiiinoue i?iaeoeoia o?oaea ii noieiinoe auea iieiinoueth
iaiaiyia ia noieiinoue cao?a/aiiiai o?oaea. Iaeaieueoeie ioeeiiaieyie io
yoiai iu iiaeai i?aiaa?a/ue.
Ii yoi icia/aao, /oi iu aeieaeiu auiieieoue oneiaey oi?aaeaiey
aaeaina, i eioi?ii iu aiai?eee a /aoaa?oie aeaaa. I?aaaea, oai oea
?a/ue i anao yoaiao iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea, iu aea aiai?ei i oii, /oi a
iaoai neo/aa a noa?a iaiaia o/anoaotho oieueei ?aaioathuea a yoie
noa?a e iie i?iecaiaeyo iaiai ii ?acoeueoaoai o?oaea a yoie noa?a.
Oiaaea, anee o?aaiaiea aaeaina eiaao aeae
N = No + Na , a Na = Ny + Nci e No = Na + Nia,
oi iao?oaeii iiiyoue, /oi o?aaiaiea aaeaina oieueei aeey
?aaioieeia o?oaea a noa?a aini?iecaiaenoaa aoaeao eiaoue aeae:
Nioi = Na + Ny (5-1) , aaea Ny – any yia?aey,
au?aaeaiiay a aae IIO, cao?a/aiiay ia i?iecaiaenoai oiaa?ia a noa?a
aini?iecaiaenoaa.
Aiiaua aiai?y, eneeth/aiea Nia ec ninoaaa No eaaeaony ia
ei??aeoiui, o.e. i?eaaaeao e eneaaeaieth ?acoeueoaoia o?oaea a noa?a
aini?iecaiaenoaa, ii o/eouaay /oi a noa?a aini?iecaiaenoaa nicaeaaony
oieueei aeiaaaeaiiay noieiinoue Naeia = Na + Ny , oaeia eneeth/aiea
ii?aaaeaii.
Aeey oiai /oiau iiiyoue, eae aea ?ac?aoaaony o?aaiaiea aaeaina
i?e ?uii/iii ?aaoee?iaaiee iaiaia oiaa?aie, aniiiiei i oii, /oi iu
aiai?eee, eiaaea ?anniao?eaaee oi?ie?iaaiea noieiinoe aini?iecaiaenoaa
ia ia?aii o?iaia oi?aaeaiey a oaoiieiae/aneii oeeeea.
Iu oaea oai ia?aoeee aieiaiea ia oi, /oi oioy o?oaeiaie aeeaae
Na anao o/anoieeia a nenoaia aini?iecaiaenoaa i?aeoe/anee iaeeiaeia,
eaaeaeue ec ieo aini?eieiaao naie o?oaeiaie aeeaae anaaaea n o/aoii
aiaoieo yia?aaoe/aneeo cao?ao, o.a. eae aeaeeiue o?oaeiaie aeeaae Na =
Na + Ny .
Ia ia?aue acaeyae eaaeaony, /oi eiaiii oae e ?aoaaony o?aaiaiea
aaeaina, o.a.
Nioi = Na + Ny = Na = Na + Ny
A oae eae naaiaeiy Ny >> Na , oi Nioi = Ny (5-2).
Ii oiaaea au ?ani?aaeaeaiea i?iaeoeoia o?oaea ii?aaeaeyeinue au
aeaaiui ia?acii eniieueciaaieai a i?ioeanna o?oaea aiaoieo enoi/ieeia
yia?aee, a cia/eo noaei au aeaaioii ia?aaiiia?iui. Aaaeue iu oaea
iieacuaaee, /oi yia?aiaii?oaeaiiinoue iniauaiiiai aiaoieie enoi/ieeaie
yia?aiiaania/aiey
oaoiieiae/aneiai oeeeea iiaeao ioee/aoueny io oeeeea iainiauaiiiai a
nioie ?ac, a neaaeiaaoaeueii a noiie ?ac aeieaeia ?acee/aoueny
i?iecaaaeaiiay eie noieiinoue e aeaeeiay noieiinoue o?oaea!
Iani?aaaaeeeainoue oaeiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey i?iaeoeoia o?oaea
niaa?oaiii i/aaeaeia e yoa iani?aaaaeeeainoue ono?aiyaony oi?ie?iaaieai
iiaie yeiiiie/aneie iauanoaaiiie eaoaai?ee – ca?aaioiie ieaoie (CI).
Ca?aaioiay ieaoa – yoi oi?ie?oaiay aia noa?u iauanoaaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa yeiiiie/aneay ioeaiea o?oaeiaiai aeeaaea, ?aaioathueo,
caiyouo i?iecaiaenoaii iio?aaeoaeueneeo oiaa?ia ia iniiaa o/aoa
eniieueciaaiey a i?ioeanna eo o?oaea aiaoieo enoi/ieeia yia?aee, oae,
/oi
CI = Na + Ny (5-3), aaea
Ny – n?aaeiyy noieiinoue yia?aee, i?eoiaeyuayny ia iaeiiai
o/anoieea iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea a noa?a aini?iecaiaenoaa, enoiaey ec
iauae noieiinoe eniieueciaaiiie aeey i?iecaiaenoaa iio?aaeoaeueneeo
oiaa?ia aiaoiae yia?aee.
?anniio?ei iaoo oi?ioee?iaeo aieaa iiae?iaii.
Ca?aaioiay ieaoa oi?ie?oaony aia noa?u iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea. Yoi
icia/aao, /oi a ioee/ee io noieiinoe o?oaea, eioi?ay yaeyaony
iauaeoeaiie eaoaai?eae e oi?ie?oaony a i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa
iacaaeneii io aeaeaiey eee aiee /aeiaaea, ca?aaioiay ieaoa oi?ie?oaony
noauaeoeaii e, oioy e iiae/eiyaony a n?aaeiai ii?aaeaeaiiui iieacaoaeyi,
iiaeao nouanoaaiii ioee/aoueny io aeaenoaeoaeueiuo noieiinoiuo
?acoeueoaoia ?aaiou /aeiaaea.
Eiia/ii aea, ana yeiiiie/aneea eaoaai?ee ?anniao?eaaaiua iaie eae
a yoie aeaaa, oae e a iineaaeothuai, o.a. oeaia, i?eaueue, ca?aaioiay
ieaoa e ioaa/athuea ei caeiiiia?iinoe iinyo anaaaea noaoenoe/aneee
oa?aeoa?, iiae/eiyynue aa?iyoiinoiui n?aaeiei cia/aieyi, ii ioee/ey
ca?aaioiie ieaou io noieiinoe o?oaea naycaii ia n aa?iyoiinoiui
?aca?inii cia/aiee noieiinoe, a n eiie?aoiie caeiiiia?iinoueth
oi?ie?iaaiey ca?aaioiie ieaou.
?aaoee?iaaiea ca?aaioiie ieaou ia iniiaa iauanoaaiiiai
eniieueciaaiey a o?oaea enoi/ieeia aiaoiaai yia?aiiaania/aiey o?oaea
icia/aao, /oi /a?ac ca?aaioioth ieooo, aeaaiaea?y aa oi?ie?iaaieth
aia i?ioeanna o?oaea, ?aoaaony aaaeiaeoee nioeeaeueiue aii?in,
ii?aaeaeythuee o?oaeiaeooth
i?iaeaio aeaaininoiyiey anao /eaiia iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa, a eae
iu oaeaeei a aeaeueiaeoai e anao /eaiia iauanoaa a oeaeii.
Aeaenoaeoaeueii, o?iaaiue eniieueciaaiey aiaoieo enoi/ieeia
yia?aiiaania/aiey o?oaea ii?aaeaeyao aaee/eio ioiineoaeueiie
i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea, o.e. Nioi = Ny, iiyoiio
oi?ie?iaaiea ca?aaioiie ieaou ia iniiaa aeaeeiie noieiinoe o?oaea n
on?aaeiaieai Ny icia/aao ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea iieo/aaiie iauanoaaiiie
i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe iaaeaeo anaie o/anoieeaie iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea
aeinoaoi/ii ?aaiiia?ii i?e oneiaee ii?aaeaeaiiiai iauanoaaiiiai
eiio?iey, i eioi?ii iu aua aoaeai aiai?eoue.
A i?aaeuaeouae aeaaa iu oaea iieacaee, /oi oieueei a
naeueneioicyenoaaiiii i?iecaiaenoaa NNN? a 1988 a. aaee/eia
ioiineoaeueiie i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe ninoaaeyea 99,63 %, o.a. aaee/eia
nianoaaiiiai o?oaeiaiai aeeaaea ethaeae auea ia o?iaia 0,07%. A
aaaeue naeueneia oicyenoai a NNN? auei aeaeaei ia naiie
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiie io?aneueth ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa.
Eniieueciaaiea a o?oaea aiaoieo enoi/ieeia yia?aee niaaaeaiey a
?acaeouo no?aiao ie?a a aeaaaeoeaoii aaea i?eiyei ia?iiiua ianooaau.
Aeinoaoi/ii neacaoue, /oi a 1976 a. a NNN? i?e iauae /eneaiiinoe
?aai/eo e neoaeaueo 104,2 iei /ae aaeaaeiaaii i?iecaiaeeeinue:
yeaeo?iyia?aee – 3.178 iei eao /an
iaooe – 1.420 oun oiii
aaca – 877 iei i
oaey – 1.944 oun oiii.
A ii ?an/aoai oiai aea A.Yia?niia eniieueciaaiea oieueei iaeiie
oiiiu oaey iaania/eaaao ?aaiou yeaeaaeaioiua eniieueciaaieth 5 /aeiaae,
caiyouo ?o/iui o?oaeii a oa/aiee aiaea, o.a. a 1976 aiaeo oieueei
eniieueciaaiea oaey iiaei aeaoue no?aia yia?aeth yeaeaaeaioioth
oece/aneiio o?oaeo 2,5 ie?ae /aeiaae!
Oaeei ia?acii, iiaeii niaei ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi a ianoiyuaa a?aiy
a ?acaeouo i?iiuoeaiiuo no?aiao oi?ie?iaaiea ca?aaioiie ieaou, eae
oeaiu o?oaeiaiai aeeaaea a iauanoaaiiia i?iecaiaenoai anao aai
o/anoieeia, yaeyaony oi?iie ?ani?aaeaeaiey iauanoaii ioiineoaeueiie
i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe, aeinoeaiooie aeaaiaea?y oe?ieiio eniieueciaaieth
aiaoieo enoi/ieeia yia?aiiaania/aiey o?oaea e iaua/aeiaa/aneeo ciaiee.
Ii anee i?e iaiaia oiaa?aie a nenoaia oi?aaeaiey o?aoueaai o?iaiy
noieiinoue o?oaea caiaiyony ca?aaioiie ieaoie, oi i/aaeaeii, /oi e
noieiinoue i?iaeoeoia o?oaea eciaieoueny e aeieaeia ii?aaeaeyoueny
ae?oaie aaee/eiie e yoa aaee/eia iacuaaaony oeaiie oiaa?a (Oe).
Anoanoaaiii, /oi iia aeieaeia oi?ie?iaaoueny oaeei ia?acii, /oiau
auiieiyeinue iiaia oiaa?iia o?aaiaiea aaeaina
CI = Oe (5-4)
Eee, inaiaiaeaeaynue io ciaea iooai eniieueciaaiey caaeaaiuo
aoea, eae iu yoi aeaeaee ?aiaa
Oe = CI (5-5)
Oaia?ue noaiiaeoueny iiiyoiui, /oi oeaia oiaa?a e noieiinoue
i?iaeoeoa o?oaea – yoi ?acee/iua iiiyoey, eioi?ua aeaaea au?aaeaiiua a
aaeeiuo aaeeieoeao iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea (aae IIO) ieeiaaea ia
niaiaaeatho e ia iiaoo i?eioeeieaeueii niaiaaeaoue , ii e?aeiae ia?a ni
a?aiaie eniieueciaaiey iauanoaii aiaoieo enoi/ieeia yia?aiiaania/aiey.
Oeaia – yoi ioiineoaeueiay noieiinoue i?iaeoeoa o?oaea ,
i?aia?aciaaiiay ia iniiaa oi?ie?oaiie iauanoaii ca?aaioiie ieaou a
i?ioeanna ?uii/iiai iaiaia oiaa?aie oae, /oiau i?e iaiaia oiaa?iie
i?iaeoeoeeae anaaaea niaethaeaeinue o?aaiaiea oiaa?iiai aaeaina.
Oi?ie?iaaiea oeai ia iniiaa ca?aaioiie ieaou – yoi e anoue oa
caaea/a, eioi?oth ?aoaao ?uii/iue iaoaieci ii i?eioeeio ni?ina e
i?aaeeiaeaiey.
Iu ia aoaeai ?anniao?eaaoue aeaoaeueii yoo ?aaioo ?uii/iiai
iaoaiecia, o.a. aiai?eoue i e?eauo ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey, yeanoe/iinoe
e iayeanoe/iinoe yoeo e?eauo, iniaaiiinoyo ?uieia ?acee/iuo oiaa?ia,
ineoieiae/aneeo oaeoi?ao a oi?ie?iaaiee oeai e ae?oaeo oaeoi?ao
oeaiiia?aciaaiey, i eioi?uo iiaeii i?i/anoue a ethaii o/aaieea
iae?iyeiiiieee, e eioi?ua aeaenoaeoaeueii ai iiiaii ii?aaeaeytho
aaee/eio oeaiu oiai eee eiiai oiaa?a, iaeiaei iaaei iiieiaoue, /oi
?uiie anaaaea ?aaoee?oao oeaiu, iie?aynue ia eo iauaeoeaioth aaee/eio,
ii?aaeaeyaioth ca?aaioiie ieaoie, i?e yoii iu ?anniao?eaaai
iae?iyeiiiie/aneea i?ioeannu e aeey ian aaaeii, /oi a iniiaa ?aaiou
i?aaeeueii ooieoeeiie?othuaai ?uii/iiai iaoaiecia, o.a. ii?iaeueiie
?aaiou o?aoueaai yeiiiie/aneiai o?iaiy, iaycaoaeueii auiieia-
iea o?aaiaiea oiaa?iiai aaeaina.
A naith i/a?aaeue auiieiaiea o?aaiaiey oiaa?iiai aaeaina aoaeao
niaethaeaoueny oiaaea e oieueei oiaaea, eiaaea ni?in ia oiaa?ioth
i?iaeoeoeeth aoaeao aeanoei ii?aaeaeyoueny ca?aaioiie ieaoie.
Eiaiii ca?aaioiay ieaoa yaeyaony oai aaeeinoaaiiui yeiiiie/aneei
iieacaoaeai, eioi?ue ii?aaeaeyao noaaeeueioth, onoie/eaoth ?aaioo
anae nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey ia o?aoueai o?iaia, o.e. yoi aaeeinoaaiiay
eioi?iaoeey oi?aaeaiey e naiioi?aaeaiey anae yeiiiie/aneie nenoaiie
ia o?aoueai
o?iaia.
Ainoaea?noaaiiue eiio?ieue ca oi?ie?iaaieai ca?aaioiie ieaou
iaiaoiaeei ia oieueei iioiio, /oi iia oi?ie?oaony noauaeoeaii, aia
aeaenoaey yeiiiie/aneeo caeiiia e ?uii/iiai ?aaoee?iaaiey, ii e iioiio,
/oi i?e naii?aaoee?iaaiee nenoaiu ia o?aoueai o?iaia oi?aaeaiey
yeiiiieeie ca?aaioiay ieaoa yaeyaony aaeeinoaaiiui noaaeeece?othuei
oaeoi?ii, i?aa?auathuei “aaia?aoeee”, naienoaaiiua nenoaiai oi?aaeaiey
n ia?aoiuie naycyie. Ae.Eaein aue i?aa, aiai?y i iaiaoiaeeiinoe
i?iaaaeaiey aeanoeie iieeoeee noaaeeecaoeee ca?aaioiie ieaou.
Caia/aoaeueiui ?onneei yeiiiienoii I.Ae.Eiiae?aoueaaui a aai
?aaioa “Aieueoea oeeeeu eiiutheoo?u” iino?iaiu aeeaa?aiiu
ii?aaeaeythuea eiaeaenu oeai e o?iaaiue ca?aaioiie ieaou aeey
iaeioi?uo i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo no?ai ia i?ioyaeaiee i?ioeiai noieaoey.
Oaeea aeeaa?aiiu aeey Aiaeee, acyoua ec aai ?aaiou i?aaenoaaeaiu
iaie ia ?en N 5-3 e 5-4.
Ei??aeyoeey iaaeo e?eauo iieacuaaao, /oi ?uii/iia ?aaoee?iaaiea a
i?ioeii aaea aeiaieueii oniaoii ni?aaeyeinue ni naiae caaea/ae, /aoei
ioneaaeeaay o?aaiaiea oiaa?iiai aaeaina.
E aii?ino i oii, ii/aio a aeaaaeoeaoii noieaoee aieueoeinoai
yeiiiienoia auneacuaaao iaaeiaieuenoai oeaiiia?aciaaiea, naooao ia
iai?aaeneacoaiinoue a yoii aii?ina iu aua aa?iainy a neaaeothueo aeaaao.
A yoie aeaaa iai aaaeii iiiyoue i?e?iaeo, nouiinoue oeaiu oiaa?a,
aa ioee/ea io noieiinoe e naycue n ca?aaioiie ieaoie. Iu aeieaeiu ii
e?aeiae ia?a oaaaeeoueny, /oi ia oeaiu ii?aaeaeytho ca?aaioioth ieaoo,
a ca?aaioiay ieaoa oeaiu oiaa?ia.
Ii oioy iu e ia niae?aainy aeaoaeueii ?anniao?eaaoue ?aaioo
?uii/iiai iaoaiecia, iu neacaee, /oi a iniiao aai ?aaiou iieiaeai
i?eioeei ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey.
*oi eanaaony ni?ina, oi iu /aoei ii?aaeaeeee, /oi ii ia?aie/eaaaony
ca?aaioiie ieaoie, eioi?ay oi?ie?oaony ia iniiaa n?aaeiaai aeaeeiiai
o?oaeiaiai aeeaaea o/anoieeia iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea. Ii e?aeiae
ia?a, aeieaeia oae oi?ie?iaaoueny, anee yoiio ia iaoatho noauaeoeaiua
aeaenoaey ethaeae.
A eaeea ia?aie/aiey aeaenoaotho ni noi?iiu i?aaeeiaeaiey? N
i?aaeeiaeaieai, eae iu iiieiaai, aunooiaao i?iecaiaeeoaeue aoi?iai
o?iaiy, eioi?ue, eae iu aiai?eee a /aoaa?oie aeaaa, ioeaieaaao
?acoeueoaou i?iecaiaenoaa, noieiinoue naiae i?iaeoeoeee, i?iaeoeoeee
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai oeeeea,
ii naiae “aeaeeiie” noieiinoe ( 4-10)
Nioi = Ni + Naeia + Nai;
*oi eanaaony Ni, oi iu oaea neacaee, /oi yoi /anoue aaaine?iaaiiiai
iai?ioiiai eaieoaea, eioi?ay ii?aaeaeyaony aeiaaaeaiiie noieiinoueth
o i?iecaiaeeoaeae aoi?iai ?iaea, a iioiio a i?ioeanna oi?aaeaiey ia
o?aoueai o?iaia i?aia?acoaony a ca?aaioioth ieaoo i?iecaiaeeoaeae
aoi?iai ?iaea. A eae auoue n Nai, aaaeue ia oeeeeia?aiia ?en 5-2 iu
iieacaee, /oi any noieiinoue o?oaea iaiaiaia ia noieiinoue anao
nicaeaiiuo oiaa?ia, a cia/eo Nai ia iiaeao auoue ?aaeeciaaia?
Aeey oiai, /oiau ono?aieoue yoo iaoi/iinoue iu aeieaeiu
?anniio?aoue aua iaeii iiiyoea, oiiiyiooia a caaieiaea yoie aeaau –
i?eaueue.
* * *
Iiiyoea i?eauee – yoi iiaeaeoe naiia neiaeiia e aeaaea
o?aae/aneia iiiyoea a yeiiiie/aneie iaoea. A nia?aiaiiuo o/aaieeao
Caiaaea ii ?uii/iie yeiiiieea iiiyoea “i?eaueue” o?aeooaony i?inoa eae
?acieoea iaaeaeo aeioiaeii oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeae e ecaea?aeeaie
i?iecaiaenoaa aac aiaeeca aa nouiinoe e i?ienoiaeaeaiey. Ia?enenoneia
iiiyoea i?eauee, eae iu oaea aiai?eee, aaei e ?acaeaeaieth iauanoaa ia
“o?oaeyueony” e “yenieoaoaoi?ia”,eai i?eaueue iiaeii auei iieo/eoue
oieueei iooai yenieoaoaoeee ?aai/aai
eeanna. Eiaiii iiyoiio iiiyoea “i?eaueue” auei eneeth/aii ec
iieeoe/aneie yeiiiiee nioeeaeecia, o.e. a nioeeaeenoe/aneii iauanoaa ia
auei yenieoaoaoi?ia, a cia/eo e i?eauee.
Oieueei eioi?iaoeeiiiay oai?ey noieiinoe iicaieeea ii?aaeaeeoue
nouiinoue i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe, ia eioi?ie iniiaaiu iauanoaaiiua
aiciiaeiinoe ii nicaeaieth i?eaaai/iiai i?iaeoeoa.
Eiaiii ?aaeeciaaiiua a i?ioeanna o?oaea aiciiaeiinoe ii
ecaioiaeaieth i?eaaai/iiai i?iaeoeoa e ninoaaeytho iauanoaaiioth
i?eaueue.
Yoe aiciiaeiinoe, eae iu iieacaee ii?aaeaeythony o?aaiaieai
i?eaaai/iiai aaeaina
Niau = No ,
ia iniiaaiee eioi?iai iaie iieo/ai caeii i?iecaiaenoaa i?eaaai/iiai
i?iaeoeoa
Na = Nci + Ny .
Oaeei ia?acii, aiciiaeiay yeiiiie/aneay i?eaueue aeaeaony
eniieueciaaieai aiaoiae yia?aee e o?iaiai eniieueciaaiey ciaiee a
i?ioeanna iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea.
Ia iniiaaiee yoiai iu iiaeai ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi iauay i?eaueue,
iieo/aaiay a i?ioeanna iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea, neeaaeuaaaony ec aeaoo
eiiiiiaioia – aaniethoiie iauanoaaiiie i?eauee e ioiineoaeueiie
iauanoaaiiie i?eauee, o.a. I? ia = I? aa + I? ioi.
Ioiineoaeueiay i?eaueue (I? ioi) eae i?eaaai/iue i?iaeoeo,
iieo/aiiue io ?aaeecaoeee ioiineoaeueiie i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe,
?ani?aaeaeyaony eae iu iieacaee, a i?ioeanna iaiaia i?iaeoeoaie o?oaea
iin?aaenoaii ca?aaioiie ieaou iaaeaeo o/anoieeaie i?ioeanna
iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea a noa?a aini?iecaiaenoaa. Aieaa oiai, ec
?anniio?aiey iiaeaee ?en 5-1 neaaeoao, /oi ana iio?aaeoaeueneea oiaa?u
?ani?aaeaeythony oieueei iaaeaeo o/anoieeaie i?iecaiaenoaa yoeo oiaa?ia.
A eae auoue n oaie, eoi aini?iecaiaeeo i?oaeey e n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa
yaeythony oie iniiaie, aac eioi?ie i?iecaiaenoai a i?eioeeia
iaaiciiaeii. A aini?iecaiaenoaa i?oaeee e n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa
caeioa?aniaaiu ia oieueei i?iecaiaeeoaee aoi?iai o?iaiy, ii e iauanoai a
oeaeii.
Aei naai a?aiaie yeiiiienou ooaa?aeaeaee, /oi noieiinoue i?oaeee
e n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa a i?ioeanna o?oaea “ia?aoiaeeo” ia i?iaeoeou
o?oaea, ecaioaaeeaaaiua n eniieueciaaieai yoeo i?oaeee e n?aaenoa
i?iecaiaenoaa. Ii eioi?iaoeeiiiay oai?ey noieiinoe oaaaeeoaeueii
iieacuaaao, /oi yoi ia oae, eai a noa?a aini?iecaiaenoaa any noieiinoue
aunooiaao oieueei a naiae ioiineoaeueiie oi?ia, o.a. a oi?ia cao?ao
yia?aee e io/anoe o?oaeiaiai aeeaaea ethaeae, a iioiio auaeaeaiea a
ninoaaa nicaeaiiie ioiineoaeueiie
noieiinoe eaeie-oi /anoe aeey oeaeae aini?iecaiaenoaa n?aaenoa
i?iecaiaenoaa – yoi eneonnoaaiiue i?eai, oeaeue eioi?iai –
ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea ioiineoaeueiie i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe iaaeaeo
?acee/iuie eaoaai?eyie ethaeae, o/anoaothueo a iauanoaaiiii
aini?iecaiaenoaa.
?aaeecoaony yoio eneonnoaaiiue i?eai a oi?ia aii?oecaoeeiiiuo
io/eneaiee.
Yeiiiie/anee yoi aaconeiaii iaiaoiaeeii e ii?aaaeaii, n iaeiie
noi?iiu, oai, /oi iaoa?eaeueiua iineoaee eioi?iaoeeiiiuo ea/anoa
i?oaeee e n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa iiaeaa?aeaiu eciino e ?ac?ooaieth, a n
ae?oaie noi?iiu, – iaiaoiaeeiinoueth iinoiyiiiai niaa?oainoaiaaiey
i?iecaiaenoaa ii ia?a ?acaeoey iaoee e oaoieee n oeaeueth oaaee/aiey
i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe. Ii i?iyaeaiea i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe a naiae
iaoa?eaeueiie oi?ia oieueei /a?ac ioiineoaeueioth i?eaaai/ioth
noieiinoue a noa?a aini?iecaiaenoaa, aaaeao e oiio, /oi o/anoieee yoie
noa?u o?oaea, aac i?eiyoey eaeeo-oi eneonnoaaiiuo ia?, iiaoo i?enaieoue
naaa aanue i?eaaai/iue i?iaeoeo ca n/ao eniieueciaaiey i?eioeeia
oi?ie?iaaiey ca?aaioiie ieaou, /oi i?eaaaeao e noaeaieth
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie noa?u, canoith e aeaa?aaeaoeee a yeiiiieea a oea-
eii.
Iiyoiio i?iecaiaeeoaee aoi?iai o?iaiy n niaeaney iauanoaa e, eae
iu aiai?eee iiae aai eiio?ieai i?enaaeaatho naaa /anoue iauanoaaiiie
i?eauee, iai?aaeyy aa ia aini?iecaiaenoai e niaa?oainoaiaaiea
i?oaeee e n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa.
Yoi aeaeaaony iooai eneonnoaaiiiai caauoaiey oeaiu ia
auioneaaioth i?iaeoeoeeth iooai aeeth/aiey a iaa ieaiiauo
aii?oecaoeeiiiuo io/eneaiee oae, /oi
Oe = Ea Oeni (5-6), aaea
Oe – oaaee/aiea oeaiu auioneaaiie i?iaeoeoeee;
Oeni – oeaia n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa;
Ea – onoaiaaeeaaaiue ainoaea?noaii o?iaaiue aii?oecaoeeiiiuo
io/eneaiee.
Oaeea aeaenoaey i?iecaiaeeoaeae oiaa?ia i?eaiaeyo e eciaiaieth a
yeiiiieea a oeaeii o?aaiaiey oiaa?iiai aaeaina, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai iii
i?eieiaao aeae:
Oe + Oe = CI eee Oe = CI – Oe (5-7).
I?e yoii Oe eiaanoe?oaony a i?iiuoeaiiua io?anee aini?iecaiaenoaa
n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa e eniieuecoaony a ieo aeey iieaou o?oaea caiyouo
a yoeo io?aneyo ethaeae.
Eciaiaiiay noaia oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie o?aoueaai o?iaiy aeey yoiai
neo/ay e niioaaonoaothuay yoie noaia noieiinoiay oaeoia?aiia
i?aaenoaaeaiu ia ?en N 5-5 e 5-6.
I?e yoii a oaeoia?aiia iu caiaieee noieiinoue i?iaeoeoia o?oaea
oeaiie oiaa?ia, a noieiinoue o?oaea – ca?aaioiie ieaoie. Caeanue oeaiu
oiaa?ia aunooiatho a naiai iiaii cia/aiee – i?iecaiaenoaaiiie oeaiu.
Aaee/eiu oeai e ca?aaioiie ieaou iu iiaeai en/eneyoue iiyoue a aae. IIO,
o.e. iie oi?ie?othony eiaiii ia yoie iniiaa, ii iu aoaeai oaia?ue
en/eneyoue eo a aae. CI (aaeeieoeao ca?aaioiie ieaou), /oi i/aiue
oaeiaii aeey aiaeeca iae?iyeiiiie/aneeo i?ioeannia, o.e. iicaieyao i?e
?an/aoao caiaiyoue aae.CI eiee-
/anoaii caiyouo a i?ioeannao o?oaea ethaeae.
Oae eae aeaeueiaeoea iaoe enneaaeiaaiey yeiiiie/aneie nenoaiu
aoaeoo aanoenue ia o?aoueai yeiiiie/aneii o?iaia oi?aaeaiey, iu iiaeai
n/eoaoue i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue yeiiiie/aneiai oeeeea ?aaiie iaeiiio
aiaeo, a aae.CI i?eiyoue ?aaiie n?aaeiae aiaeiaie ca?aaioiie ieaoa
iaeiiai ?aaioathuaai,
o.a. iauay ca?aaioiay ieaoa caiyouo a yeiiiieea CI = N CI (5-8), aaea
CI – n?aaeiyy ca?aaioiay ieaoa iaeiiai ?aaioathuaai ca aiae, N –
eiee/anoai ?aaioathueo.
Aeey ia?aoiaea e iaiaa i?iaeieaeeoaeueiui yeiiiie/aneei oeeeeai,
iiaeii ia?aeoe e i?eaaaeaiiui cia/aieyi ca?aaioiie ieaou, acya
n?aaeithth ca?aaioioth ieaoo ca iaeei ?aai/ee aeaiue. Iai?eia?,
n/eoay, /oi a aiaeo 250 ?aai/eo aeiae, iieo/ei
CI
CIi? =
250
CIi? – iu aoaeai iacuaaoue aaeeieoeae ca?aaioiie ieaou.
Io i?eaaaeaiiie ca?aaioiie ieaou iu iiaeai ia?aeoe e iaeiio
n?aaeiaio niaea?aeaieth IIO a aa ninoaaa, enoiaey ec oiai, /oi CI = Na
+Ny.
Aeey ia?aoiaea io aae CIi? e aa niaea?aeaieth a IIO, o.a. e
noieiinoiiio iieacaoaeth o?oaea, iu, anoanoaaiii, aeieaeiu ciaoue
n?aaeiaa cia/aiea yia?aiaii?oaeaiiinoe o?oaea e a.a. IIO.
Anee a.a. IIO = 8, a n?aaeiyy yia?aiaii?oaeaiiinoue ?aaia ?n?,
oi, o.e. ca iaeei ?aai/ee aeaiue ii ii?aaeaeaieth Na = 1 IIO,
CI i? = (1 + 8 ?n?) aae IIO (5-9),
aaea ?n? au?aaeaia a aae III.
N o/aoii neacaiiiai, ?anniio?aiea iiaeaee ?en N 5-5
iieacuaaao,/oi ii n?aaiaieth n ?en N 5-1, i?aaenoaaeaiiay iiaeaeue
ioee/aaony eiee/anoaii nooiaiae oi?aaeaiey e eiee/anoaii ?aai/eo oaeoia.
Iu iieo/eee o?ao nooiai/aooth ainueieoaeoioth nenoaio oi?aaeaiey
aianoi aeaoo nooiai-
/aoie oanoeoaeoiie.
O?aouey nooiaiue oi?aaeaiey, ii?aaeaeeaoay e iiyaeaiea aeaoo
aeiiieieoaeueiuo oaeoia (iaeiieaiey – 2, iaiai “A”) aicieeea eae aeaeii
ec iiaeaee, aeaaiaea?y iiyaeaieth iiaie a?aaeaoeee n?aaee
i?iecaiaeeoaeae, eioi?ay iiyaeeanue a nayce n oai, /oi iu ?acaeee
i?iecaiaeeoaeae oiaa?ia A ia Oa e Oa.
Oa – yoi i?iecaiaeeoaee oiaa?ia, eioi?ua o/anoaotho i?e
i?iecaiaenoaa Oa a ea/anoaa iinoaaueeia nu?uey, iaoa?eaeia e
eiiieaeoothueo.
Oa – yoi i?iecaiaeeoaee i?oaeee e n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa eae aeey
i?iecaiaeeoaeae Oa, oae e aeey i?iecaiaeeoaeae Oa.
Nio?aiyy neo?iiecaoeeth e oneiaey iaiaia oiaa?aie, eioi?ua iu
eniieueciaaee i?e ?anniio?aiee iiaeaee ?en N 5-1, iu aeaeei, /oi
?an/aou n i?iecaiaeeoaeai Oa , a cia/eo e caaa?oaiea iaiaia oiaa?ia Oa
ia Oa , i?ienoiaeeo ia o?aoueai iai?ioa eioi?iaoeee oi?aaeaiey, a
ea/anoaa eioi?ie oaia?ue aunooiaao ca?aaioiay ieaoa. I?e yoii,
o/eouaay iaiaoiaeeiinoue niaethaeaiey oiaa?iiai aaeaina (5-7)
CI = CIa + CIa + CIa (5-10)
O.a. ca?aaioiay ieaoa anao o/anoieeia nenoaiu ?aaia noiia
ca?aaioiuo ieao ecaioiaeoaeae Oa, Oa, Oa, a yoi icia/aao, /oi
Oea = CIa + CIa + CIa = CI (5-11), /oi e iaania/eaaao
auiieiaiea oiaa?iiai aaeaina (5-7).
?anniio?aiea oaeoia?aiiu ia oaeoa “i?iaeaeaeaiey”, eioi?ue
oa?aeoa?ecoao caaa?oaiea i?iecaiaenoaa anaie i?iecaiaeeoaeyie,
iieacuaaao eae aeiioneathony ioeaee a ioeaiea yeiiiie/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoe ec-ca oae iacuaaaiiai “aeaieiiai n/aoa”.
Yoi i?ienoiaeeo ca n/ao o/aoa a ?acoeueoaoao o?oaea, e?iia oeai
nicaeaiiuo iio?aaeoaeueneeo oiaa?ia, oeai, i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oiaa?ia.
Oae iiyaeyaony iieiay oeaiiinoue i?iecaaaeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee
Oei = Oea + Oea + Oea (5-12).
Iieiay ioeaiea oiaa?iie i?iaeoeoeee iauyniyaony iaiiieiaieai
aaaeiaeoaai yeiiiie/aneiai caeiia oiaa?iie yeiiiieee, eioi?ue
auoaeaao ec ?anniio?aiey o?aoueaai o?iaiy yeiiiie/aneiai oi?aaeaiey.
Yoio caeii iu aoaeai iacuaaoue iniiaiui caeiiii ?acaeoey oiaa?iie
yeiiiieee:
“Nicaeaiea i?iecaiaenoa e auione i?iaeoeoeee i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai
iacia/aiey, i?oaeee o?oaea e n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa iiaeao
inouanoaeyoueny oieueei ca n/ao aaniethoiie i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe,
?aaeeciaaiiie a aeaea iio?aaeoaeueneeo oiaa?ia”.
Aieaa ei?ioei yoio caeii iiaeii au?aceoue oae:
“?acaeoea oiaa?iie yeiiiieee iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny oieueei ia
iniiaa ?acaeoey iio?aaeoaeueneeo oiaa?ia”.
Iniiaiie caeii ?acaeoey oiaa?iie yeiiiieee ooi/iyao iaoa iiieiaiea
o?aaiaiey oiaa?iiai aaeaina. Iii i?eia?aoaao aeae
Oea = CI (5-13), aaea
Oea – noiia oeai iio?aaeoaeueneeo oiaa?ia, ?aaeeciaaiiuo a
yeiiiie/aneii oeeeea;
CI – noiia?iay ca?aaioiay ieaoa anao o/anoieeia iauanoaaiiiai
o?oaea a oeacaiiii yeiiiie/aneii oeeeea.
Ia o?oaeii aeaeaoue, /oi iniiaiie caeii ?acaeoey oiaa?iie
yeiiiieee auaeaeaaao o?aaiaaiey i?yiii?ioeaiiieiaeiua iieiaeaieyi
ia?enenoneie iieeoe/aneie yeiiiieee i i?aeiouanoaaiiii ?acaeoee
i?iecaiaenoaa n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa. Yoi iieiaeaiea ai iiiaii
i?aaeii?aaeaeeei e?ecen a ?acaeoee
yeiiiieee no?ai, eniiaaaeiaaaoeo yeiiiie/aneea aeiaiu ia?enecia.
Eiaiii, enoiaey ec oi?ioee?iaee iniiaiiai yeiiiie/aneiai caeiia,
neaaeoao ia iaiaa aaaeiia aeey oai?ee e i?aeoeee iieiaeaiey:
i?eaaai/iue i?iaeoeo, iauanoaaiiay i?eaueue a oiaa?iie yeiiiieea
nicaeaaony oieueei a yeiiiie/aneeo oeeeeao i?iecaiaenoaa
iio?aaeoaeueneeo oiaa?ia. ?aaeecaoeey i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe a io?aneyo
i?iecaiaenoaa n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa, iaania/eaay ?acaeoea yeiiiieee,
ia aeaao iauanoaaiiie i?eauee. Ana yoi a naith i/a?aaeue icia/aao, /oi
oiaa?iay yeiiiieea i?eaioe?iaaia ia iio?aaeoaey e aa ?acaeoea
ii?aaeaeyaony o?iaiai iio?aaeaiey oiaa?ia.
Eiaiii iio?aaeoaeue, i?e/ai iio?aaeoaeue ia?aiai o?iaiy, ieacuaaao
?aoathuaa oi?aaeythuaa aicaeaenoaea ia yeiiiieeo /a?ac eniieueciaaiea
ca?aaioiie ieaou.
Ca?aaioiay ieaoa iio?aaeoaeae ia?aiai o?iaiy – yoi iniiaa eae
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey, oae e ?acaeoey oiaa?iie yeiiiieee, oaeiai aaaeiaeoaa
neaaenoaea oiiiyiooiai iniiaiiai caeiia.
Aicieeaao aii?in: ii/aio ia yoii ia aiai?eee eeanneee iieeoe/aneie
yeiiiieee? Ii/aio, iai?eia? A.Nieo ienae, /oi “oeaia aieueoae /anoe
oiaa?ia ?aniaaeaaony ia o?e /anoe, ec eioi?uo iaeia iiea/eaaao ieaoo ca
o?oae, aoi?ay i?eaueue ia eaieoae, a o?aouey – ?aioo n caiee…”? Eee
a ae?oaii ianoa: “Ca?aaioiay ieaoa, i?eaueue e ?aioa yaeythony o?aiy
ia?aiia/aeueiuie enoi/ieeaie anyeiai aeioiaea, ?aaii eae e anyeie
iaiiaie noieiinoe”.
Aaiee Aaeaia Nieoa aeae i?aainoiaeiia iienaiea iiaeaee
oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie ia o?aoueai o?iaia (a ioee/ee io E.Ia?ena n aai
iaei??aeoiie oi?ioeie O-Ae-O). A.Nieo ienae: “Aaeeeia eieani ia?auaiey
aiiaua ioee/ii io oiaa?ia, ia?auathueony iin?aaenoaii aai. Aeioiae
iauanoaa aiiaua ninoieo a yoeo oiaa?ao, a ia a eieana, i?e iiiiue
eioi?iai iie ia?auathony”.
E ii aue i?aa a oii niunea, /oi a yoii “eieana” oi?aaeaiey iioieii
oiaa?ia ca?aaioiay ieaoa, i?eaueue e ?aioa eiatho iaeio e oo aea
i?e?iaeo e a yoii niunea aunooiatho ia ?aaiuo i?aaao a “Aaeeeii eieana
ia?auaiey”. Ii oieueei ia o/ae a?aiaiiie iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe
iiyaeaiey yoeo yeiiiie/aneeo eaoaai?ee, eo acaeiioth o?ainoi?iaoeeth.
Eae ?aioa, oae e i?eaueue, – yoi anaai eeoue o?ainoi?ie?iaaiiay
/anoue ca?aaioiie ieaou, oie aa /anoe, eioi?ay iaeaieeaaaony a oaeoa
iaeiieaiey i?iecaiaeeoaeyie aoi?iai o?iaiy (e eioi?ui iu a yoii neo/aa,
ia ?anniao?eaay eo yeiiiie/aneie cia/eiinoe, ioiinei e
caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa). Ii e ?aioa e i?eaueue nouanoaotho oieueei a oaeoa
iaeiieaiey, e ia iineaaeothueo oaeoao ia?auaiey iie en/acath,
o?ainoi?ie?oynue iiyoue a ca?aaioioth ieaoo. E ooo iu aeieaeiu ia?aoeoue
aieiaiea ia oi, /oi a ioee/ee
io iiaeaee, ecia?aaeaiiie ia ?en N 5-1 a iiaeaee ?en 5-2 a ninoaaa
iio?aaeoaeae ia?aiai e aoi?iai o?iaiy o ian iiyaeeenue iaeiieoaeueiua
nenoaiu.
I?i iaiaoiaeeiinoue iaeiieaiey ia aoi?ii o?iaia yeiiiie/aneiai
oi?aaeaiey iu ia oieueei aiai?eee, ii e iieacaee aai niune ia
oaeoia?aiiao. Eiaiii a iaeiieoaeyo, eae iu oaia?ue iiieiaai, i?ienoiaeeo
i?iiaaeooi/iia i?aia?aciaaiea, o?ainoi?iaoeey ca?aaioiie ieaou a
?aioo, i?eaueue, aii?oecaoeeiiiua iaeiieaiey.
Ii ca/ai nenoaia iaeiieaiey iio?aaeoaeyi ia?aiai o?iaiy?
Ana aeaei a oii, /oi naie iio?aaeoaeueneea oiaa?u aunooiatho a
aeaoo iniiaiuo iio?aaeoaeueneeo oi?iao – e?aoein?i/iiai iio?aaeaiey e
aeieain?i/iiai iio?aaeaiey. Oiaa?u e?aoein?i/iiai ni?ina – yoi, i?aaeaea
anaai, ieua, iaeaaeaea, aeaeaie/aneea oiaa?u e o.i. – iio?aaeythony a
eaaeaeii yeiiiie/aneii oeeeea i?iecaiaenoaa eee ca ia?eiae a ianeieueei
oaeeo oeeeeia, i?aeoe/anee eaaeaeui iio?aaeoaeai ia?aiai o?iaiy.
Oiaa?u aeeeoaeueiiai ni?ina, eae i?aaeei, eiatho aieaa aunieoth
noieiinoue – iai?eia?, aeeeeua, o?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa, yeaeo?i e
?aaeeioaoie/aneay aiia?aoo?a, e iio?aaeythony iio?aaeoaeyie ia?aiai
o?iaiy cia/eoaeueii ?aaea e aeey eo i?eia?aoaiey iaaeinoaoi/ii
ca?aaioiie ieaou iaeiiai yeiiiie/aneiai oeeeea i?e oneiaee
iio?aaeaiey ae?oaeo oiaa?ia e iie auioaeaeaiu iaeaieeaaoue eioi?iaoeeth
i cao?aoao o?oaea aeey i?eia?aoaiey oaeeo oiaa?ia.
Anee ei anaio neacaiiiio iaiiiieoue i oii, /oi yeiiiie/aneay
nenoaia, i?aaenoaaeaiiay ia iiaeaeyo, i?eioeeieaeueii ia iiaeao
?aaioaoue aac aaaine?iaaiey ca?aaioiie ieaou, /oi ii?aaeaeyao
iaiaoiaeeiinoue iaeiieaiey o i?iecaiaeeoaeae aoi?iai o?iaiy (Ii ia
noaia), oi noaiiaeony iiiyoiui, /oi nenoaia iaeiieaiey a oiaa?iie
yeiiiieea niaa?oaiii iaiaoiaeeiue yeaiaio ii?aaeaeythuee ai iiiaii aa
ooieoeeiie?iaaiea. Ai?ei?e iiaeii ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi, eae e ethaie
iaeiieoaeueiue yeaiaio a oi?aaeythueo nenoaiao, nenoaia iaeiieaiey
iio?aaeoaeae ia o?aoueai o?iaia oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie iiaeao
i?iyaeyoueny a aeaea eieaaaoaeueiie, aieiiia?aciie ooieoeee oi?aaeaiey,
eioi?ay i?e ionoonoaee aeaioe?othueo nenoai aoaeao aucuaaoue niaaeu e
iiaeuaiu a yeiiiieea. I?aeoe/anee iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea yoiai au-
aiaea /eoaoaeue iiaeao iaeoe a aaeeeieaiiie enneaaeiaaoaeueneie
?aaioa I.Ae.Eiiae?aoueaaa, oaea ?aiaa iaie oiiiyiooie, “Aieueoea oeeeeu
eiiutheoo?u” e iaaeyaeii iiniio?aoue ia yoe oeeeeu, eniieuecoy ?en N 5-3
e 5-4. Ii iu e yoiio aua aa?iainy a neaaeothueo aeaaao.
Caeanue aea iu aeieaeiu aua ?ac aa?iooueny e caia/aieth A.Nieoa,
ec eioi?iai neaaeoao, /oi iaeiieaiea “a eieana ia?auaiey” anaaaea
naycaiu n iaeiieaieai oiaa?ia. Anee iu caiaaeeeee, onei?eee eee
inoaiiaeee i?iaeaeaeaiea ca?aaioiie ieaou, oi yoi icia/aao, /oi
niioaaonoaaiii caiaaeeeony, onei?eony eee inoaiiaeony i?iaeaeaeaiea
i?iaeoeoia o?oaea e iio?aaeoaeyi, i?iaeaeaeaiea oiaa?ia a yeiiiie/aneie
nenoaia.
Anyeia iaeiieaiea a nenoaia ia?auaiey aaaeao e iaeiieaieth
i?iaeoeoia o?oaea aia noa?u iio?aaeaiey e i?ae?auaieth aeaeaeaiey /anoe
oiaa?ia.
* * *
Iaaethaeaoaeueiue /eoaoaeue, eiia/ii, caiaoee, /oi, ?anniao?eaay
yeiiiie/aneea iiaeaee, iu iieiinoueth ?ani?aaeaeeee aanue iauanoaaiiue
i?iaeoeo a noa?a aini?iecaiaenoaa iaaeaeo o/anoieeaie oieueei yoie
noa?u, ie/aai ia inoaaea aeey iio?aaeoaeae ae?oaeo noa? iauanoaaiiiai
o?oaea. I?aaaea, iu iieaiano ie/aai ia neacaee ia aaniethoiie
iauanoaaiiie i?eauee, oiiiyioa oieueei, /oi iia yaeyaony ninoaaiie
/anoueth iauae iauanoaaiiie i?eauee.
Aeoiaaony, /oi oaea ?anniio?aiea oai?ee noieiinoe iieacaei
aeanoeoth acaeiinaycue iaaeaeo yeiiiie/aneei iaania/aiea o?oaea aia
noa?u aini?iecaiaenoaa n aaniethoiie i?eaaai/iie noieiinoueth, a
cia/eo e n aaniethoiie iauanoaaiiie i?eaueueth, ii iaoaieci yoie
acaeiinayce iai aua i?aaenoieo
auynieoue.
Aaniethoiay iauanoaaiiay i?eaueue anoue ?acoeueoao ?aaeecaoeee
aaniethoiie i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe
Naa = Nia + Nci
a aeaea aaniethoiiai i?eaaai/iiai i?iaeoeoa
Na = Nci
Iu oaea iaiaeiie?aoii iiae/a?eeaaee, /oi aaniethoiay i?eaaai/iay
noieiinoue, a cia/eo e aaniethoiay i?eaueue ia?acothony ia ia?aii e
aoi?ii o?iaia oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie, ii auyaeythony oieueei ii
?acoeueoaoai aeayoaeueiinoe o?aoueaai o?iaiy oi?aaeaiey, o.e.
Naa = Naa – Nioi.
Auyaeaiea aaniethoiie i?eauee iaeuecy i?iecaanoe iooai ecia?aiey
noieiinoiuo iieacaoaeae i?iaeoeoia o?oaea, eai a naieo i?iaeoeoao
o?oaea, eae iu aeaeaee i?eaaai/iiai i?iaeoeoa iao. Aaniethoiay
i?eaaai/iay noieiinoue – yoi ia oaaee/aiea eaeiai-oi i?iaeoeoa, a
yeiiiiey iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea. Yoa yeiiiiey aeinoeaaaony eniieueciaaieai
a oaoiieiae/aneeo oeeeeao o?oaea nicaeaiiie iauanoaii eioi?iaoeee –
ciaieyie, a oii /enea e iauanoaaiiuie ciaieyie a aeaea i?oaeee o?oaea.
Anyeia i?oaeea o?oaea, iacaaeneii io oiai iniciaiii auei /aeiaaeii
aai i?eiaiyaoei eee iao, anaaaea aunooiaao eae aoi?e/iay eioi?iaoeey,
ciaiey, iniiaaiiua ia eniieueciaaiee ii?aaeaeaiiuo caeiiia i?e?iaeu
e i?aaeaea anaai caeiiia ii?aaeaeythueo aieaa ?aoeeiiaeueiia
eniieueciaaiea yia?aee. Yoi iicaieyao /aeiaaeo a eaeie-oi ia?a
?aaeeciauaaoue anaiauee i?eioeei ieieioia aeenneiaoeee i?e nicaeaiee
eioi?iaoeee.
Ia /ai auea iniiaaia “aaeeeay neea” eaiaiiiai oiii?a? Yoi e caeii
?u/aaa, i eioi?ii cia/eoaeueii iicaea ainoi?aeaiiiai aiai?ee aaeeeee
A?oeiaae, e caeii ?ani?aaeaeaiey aeaaeaiey a caaeneiinoe io ieiuaaee, ia
eioi?oth aicaeaenoaoao neea, eae ?acoeueoao iiyaeaiey ino?ie noi?iiu
oiii?a, e aua ia ioe?uoue Iuethoiiii caeii: neea i?iii?oeeiiaeueia ianna
e onei?aieth, niiauaiiiio yoie ianna. A i?aeoe/aneee ?acoeueoao a
o?oaea?
Iaeei /aeiaae iia caaioiaeoue ae?ia aeey eino?a, iai?eia?, aieueoa,
/ai 3 /aeiaaea, ia eiathueo eaiaiiuo oiii?ia. Aio aai e aaniethoiay
i?eaaai/iay noieiinoue – ae?ia noaei noieueei aea eee aeaaea aieueoa, a
ethaeae, caiyouo ?aaioie ii caaioiaea ae?ia – iaiueoa.
A ecia?aoaiea eieana? Yoi ia oieueei iiyaeaiea aiciiaeiinoe
i?aia?aciaaiey iinooiaoaeueiiai aeaeaeaiey ai a?auaoaeueiia e iaiai?io.
Yoi – caiaia o?aiey neieueaeaiey o?aieai ea/aiey. ?acoeueoaou a
i?aeoeea o?oaea ia?iiiu – oai, aaea ?aiueoa aeey ia?aiina a?ocia
eniieueciaaeenue aeanyoee ethaeae, oaia?ue ni?aaeyeny iaeei.
Oaeei ia?acii, anyeia i?oaeea o?oaea aeaaiaea?y eniieueciaaieth
ii?aaeaeaiiuo oece/aneeo caeiiia iicaieyao iioeiece?iaaoue eee
oiaiueoeoue cao?aou yia?aee i?e i?iecaiaenoaa eioi?iaoeee e, aeaaiaea?y
yoiio, ?aaeeciaaoue aaniethoioth i?eaaai/ioth noieiinoue, /oi aaaeao e
nicaeaieth i?eaaai/iiai i?iaeoeoa.
Ia ca?a ?acaeoey oeeaeeecaoeee, eiaaea ethaee aua ia oiaee
eniieueciaaoue aiaoiea enoi/ieee yia?aiiaania/aiey, eiaiii aaniethoiay
i?eaueue eae ?acoeueoao iaauanoaeaiiuo a i?oaeeyo o?oaea ciaiee,
ninoaaeyea anth iauoth iauanoaaiioth i?eaueue e noeioee?iaaea
iauanoaaiii ?acaeoea, o.a. aaniethoiay i?eaueue iiyaeeanue a i?ioeanna
o?oaea caaeieai aei iiyaeaiey ioiineoaeueiie i?eauee.
Iaeiaei, e?iia iauanoaaiiuo ciaiee a aeaea i?oaeee o?oaea a
oaoiieiae/aneii oeeeea i?iecaiaenoaa eniieuecothony e ae?oaea ciaiey.
Yoi ciaiey i i?aaeiaoa o?oaea e niiniaao aai ia?aaioee, a
?acoeueoaoa eioi?ie ii o?ainoi?ie?oaony a i?iaeoeo o?oaea.
Ia ia?aii e aoi?ii yoaiao ?acaeoey i?oaeee o?oaea yoe ciaiey iiaoo
eniieueciaaoueny oieueei i?e iin?aaenoaa /aeiaaea eae nenoaiu
oi?aaeaiey ia ia?aii o?iaia yeiiiie/aneiai oi?aaeaiey. Yoi iaoiaeeo naia
io?aaeaiea a aaee/eia aaniethoiie i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe a aeaea aa
ninoaaeythuae Nia.
Iaeiaei, a ninoaaa i?eaaai/iiai i?iaeoeoa noieiinoue Nia aae?oa
en/acaao, /oi iiaeao iieacaoueny no?aiiui.
Ia naiii aeaea yoi iauyniyaony oai, /oi /aeiaae a oaoiieiae/aneii
oeeeea aunooiaao i?inoi eae i?iiaaeooi/iia caaii, inouanoaeythuaa
ia?aeiaee?iaaiea aoi?e/iie eioi?iaoeee, nicaeaiiie a
iao/ii-oaoie/aneie noa?a aeey aeaiiiai oaoiieiae/aneiai oeeeea, a
ia?ae/ioth eioi?iaoeeth oi?aaeaiey ?aaioie i?oaeea o?oaea, o.a. ii ia
nicaeaao eaeie-oi iiaie eioi?iaoeee, a neaaeiaaoaeueii e iiaie
noieiinoe, a oai aieaa i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe n oi/ee c?aiey
eniieueciaaiey aai eae enoi/ieea eioi?iaoeee. Aai noieiinoiie aeeaae a
nicaeaiea noieiinoe i?iaeoeoa o?oaea ii?aaeaeyaony oieueei Na. Eiaiii
iiyoiio oae aacaieaciaiii n yeiiiie/aneie oi/ee c?aiey i?ienoiaeeo
caiaia /aeiaaea ANO ia o?aoueai yoaia ?acaeoey i?oaeee o?oaea.
Iaeiaei, ciaiey i i?aaeiaoa o?oaea, eae e oaoiieiae/aneea
ciaiey, eniieuecoaiua a i?ioeanna o?oaea aoiaeyo a ninoaa oao ciaiee,
noieiinoue eioi?uo ii?aaeaeyao eae aaniethoioth i?eaaai/ioth
noieiinoue, oae e aaniethoioth iauanoaaiioth i?eaueue.
I oii, eae neacuaaaony eniieueciaaiea yoeo ciaiee a noa?a
aini?iecaiaenoaa eaa/a anaai i?ineaaeeoue eiaiii ia oii aeaeaeii
ia?eiaea o?oaeiaie aeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae, eiaaea iie ia
eniieueciaaee aiaoieo enoi/ieeia yia?aee, a cia/eo e ia nouanoaiaaei
ioiineoaeueiie i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe.
Oioy iu iiieiaai, /oi a oio aeaeaee ia?eiae oiaa?iua ioiioaiey a
iauanoaa aua ionoonoaiaaee, ainiiaenoaiaaei a iniiaiii iaoo?aeueiia
oicyenoai, a ca/aoi/iue iaiai oiaea iinee iaoo?aeueiue oa?aeoa?,
oai?aoe/anee iu iiaeai i?aaenoaaeoue oiaa?ioth yeiiiieeo aac
eniieueciaaiey n?aaenoa aiaoiaai yia?aiiaania/aiey, i?e yoii iia
aeieaeia iiae/eiyoueny anai ?aiaa i?eaaaeaiiui noieiinoiui
caeiiiia?iinoyi ca eneeth/aieai ioiineoaeueiie i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe,
eioi?ie aua ia nouanoaiaaei, a ioiineoaeueiay noieiinoue auea ?aaia
i?inoi o?oaeiaiio aeeaaeo ethaeae (Nioi =Na).
I?e i?aaiecaoeee oiaa?iiaiaia a oaeii iauanoaa noiia?iay
ca?aaioiay ieaoa oiaea ?aaia o?oaeiaiio aeeaaeo, o.a.
CI = Na , aaea
Na – noiia?iue o?oaeiaie aeeaae o/anoaothueo a o?oaea ethaeae, a
neaaeiaaoaeueii e noiia?iay oeaia ecaioiaeaiiuo a iauanoaa i?iaeoeoia
?aaia noiia?iiio o?oaei-
aiio aeeaaeo
Oe = CI = Na (5-16).
Iaeiaei, o?oae, noieiinoue eioi?iai oaea ninoaaeyea
No = Na + Nia
a ?acoeueoaoa eniieueciaaiey iauanoaaiiuo ciaiee i?eiineo aaniethoioth
i?eaaai/ioth noieiinoue
Naa = Nia + Nci ,
a ?acoeueoaoa ?aaeecaoeee eioi?ie iauanoai iieo/aei aeiiieieoaeueiue
i?iaeoeo ?aaiue
Na = Nci .
Ii oae eae eniieueciaaiea ciaiee a oio ia?eiae ia eciaieei
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea ethaeae, e iie i?iaeieaeaee o?oaeeoueny io
ca?e aei ca?e, oi eo o?oaeiaie aeeaae, a neaaeiaaoaeueii e “ca?aaioiay
ieaoa” inoaaaeenue iaeciaiiuie, ii ca n/ao Na a ?acoeueoaoa o?oaea
iauanoai iieo/eei aeiiieieoaeueiue i?iaeoeo noieiinoueth
Na = Nci = Oe (95-17) , o.a.
iieo/eei noiia?iue i?iaeoeo noieiinoueth (a yoii neo/aa noieiinoue
e oeaia niaiaaeatho)
Oe = Oe + Oe (5-18) , aaea
Oe – noiia?iay oeaia i?iaeoeoia o?oaea aac eniieueciaaiey a
i?ioeanna o?oaea ciaiee (aaee/eia, eiia/ii aea, aeiioaoe/aneay, o.e. aac
ciaiee ia auaaao o?oaea e iauanoaa);
Oe – noiia?iay oeaia i?iaeoeoia o?oaea n o/aoii eniieueciaaiey
ciaiee;
Oe – aaniethoiue i?eaaai/iue i?iaeoeo.
Anee au a oaeii iauanoaa a ?acoeueoaoa eoiee-i?iaeaaee ia
o?aoueai o?iaia oi?aaeaiey ana i?iecaiaeeoaee aoi?iai o?iaiy
?aaeeciaaee au ecaioiaeaiioth oiaa?ioth i?iaeoeoeeth, oi o.e. Oe=CI iie
iieo/eee au CA = Oe, /oi iiaeao auoue aeinoeaiooi oieueei, anee oiaa?u
noieiinoueth Oe aoaeoo iaiaiaiu ia CI, eioi?ay ia?aciaaeanue eaeei-oi
ia?acii aia noa?u iauanoaaiiiai aini?iecaiaenoaa. A i?eioeeia, iie
i?inoi iiaee aac anyeiai iaiaia ?acaeaoue aeiiieieoaeueii iieo/aiioth
oiaa?ioth i?iaeoeoeeth noa?eeai e aeaoyi, /oi ii-aeaeeiiio, e aeaeaee
iaoe aeaeaeea i?aaeee.
Iaeiaei, a nia?aiaiiii iauanoaa iaoaieci ?ani?aaeaeaiey
aaniethoiie i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe ai?acaei neiaeiaa. Iiiaiaaeiaie iiuo
?acaeoey oeeaeeecaoeee ia iaoae ieaiaoa iieacuaaao, /oi ?ani?aaeaeaiea
aaniethoiie i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe, eioi?ay eae iu oaeaeei, ai iiiaii
i?aaeii?aaeaeyao
iauanoaaiiia ?acaeoea aiiaua, ia iiaeao auoue inouanoaeaii aac
aiaoaoaeuenoaa ainoaea?noaa, e iaeiie ec aaaeiaeoeo i?e/ei
aicieeiiaaiey ainoaea?noaaiiinoe ia Caiea, ia anao aa eiioeiaioao,
yaeeanue iaiaoiaeeiinoue ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie e
i?aaeaea anaai iooai ?ani?aaeaeaiey aaniethoiie i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe.
Ia ?en N 5-7 e 5-8 iieacaiu yeiiiie/aneay iiaeaeue o?aoueaai
o?iaiy oi?aaeaiey e niioaaonoaothuay ae noieiinoiay oaeoia?aiia aeey
yeiiiieee
n ainoaea?noaaiiui oi?aaeaieai nenoaiie ?ani?aaeaeaiey aaniethoiie
iauanoaaiiie i?eauee. Ec ?en N 5-7 iu aeaeei, /oi ia iiaeaea e?iia
?aiaa iacaaiiuo iaeiieoaeae eioi?iaoeee oi?aaeaiey a aeaea CI o
iio?aaeoaeae ia?aiai e aoi?iai o?iaiy, iiyaeeenue aua aeaa iaeiieoaey –
iaeiieoaeue o iio?aaeoaeae o?aoueaai o?iaiy, a ea/anoaa eioi?iai
aunooiatho ana iio?aaeoaee, o/anoaothuea a iauanoaaiiii o?oaea aia noa?u
aini?iecaiaenoaa, e iaeiieoaeue ainoaea?noaa (Ia), eioi?ue ?aniieiaeai
a oeaie neaaeiaaiey aaniethoiie iauanoaaiiie i?eauee io i?iecaiaeeoaey
aoi?iai o?iaiy e iio?aaeoaeyi yoiai o?iaiy. I?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe yoio
iaeiieoaeue ?ani?ino?aiyaony e ia iioie ca?aaioiie ieaou CI ,
iniaaiii, anee i?iecaiaeeoaee aoi?iai o?iaiy ?acee/iuie iooyie
?ani?aaeaeytho yoo i?eaueue iaaeaeo iio?a-
aeoaeyie ia?aiai o?iaiy.
I?e yoii ainoaea?noai aeieaeii aaaine?iaaoue o/anoea a
yeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe iio?aaeoaeae o?aoueaai o?iaiy(CIn), aac
o/anoey eioi?uo a oiaa?iiaiaia iieo/aiea aaniethoiie i?eauee noaiiaeony
iaaiciiaeiui. Oiaaea
CI = CIa + CIa + CIa + CIn (5-19).
Yoa oaeeaeoaeueiay aeey iaiinayuaiiuo noi?iia ooieoeeiie?iaaiey
oiaa?iie yeiiiieee ia o?aoueai o?iaia oi?aaeaiey aei neo ii? ieioi
iniciaaony aeaaea iiuoiuie yeiiiienoaie, oioy nae?ao i/aiue i?ino:
aaniethoiay i?eaueue a iauanoaa anoue ?acoeueoao aunaiaiaeaeaiey ec
noa?u iauanoaaiiiai
aini?iecaiaenoaa aeey o/anoey a ae?oaeo noa?ao iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea
eaeiai-oi eiee/anoaa ethaeae, aeaaiaea?y i?eiaiaieth a noa?a
aini?iecaiaenoaa ?aiaa nicaeaiiuo ciaiee a aeaea ia?ae/iie e aoi?e/iie
eioi?iaoeee. Iaeiaei, yoa i?eaueue aoaeao eiaoue ianoue oiaaea e
oieueei oiaaea, eiaaea aunaiaiaeeaoeany ?aaioieee aoaeao eiaoue
aiciiaeiinoue i?iaeieaeaoue o/anoaiaaoue a iaiaia oiaa?aie ia o?aoueai
o?iaia oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie, eai nicaeaiiue i?eaaai/iue i?iaeoeo
aeieaeai auoue iaycaoaeueii ?aaeeciaai iooai eoiee-i?iaeaaee.
Yoi i/aiue oi?ioi iiieiae Ae.Eaein, eiaaea ienae: “Ae?aaiee
Aaeiao aue aaeaieia n/anoeea e, ianiiiaiii, aue iaycai naiei neaci/iui
aiaaonoaii oiio, /oi ii ?aniieaaae aeaoiy oaeeie aeaeaie aeayoaeueiinoe,
eae nii?oaeaiea ie?aieae e aeiau/a aeaai?iaeiuo iaoaeeia, ieiaeu yoie
aeayoaeueiinoe ia iiaee iaiin?aaenoaaiii oaeiaeaoai?eoue ioaeaeu
/aeiaaea e ia eniieueciaaeenue aeey iio?aaeaiey, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, e ii
ia?a oaaee/aiey eciaeeey iie ia oo?a/eaaee naiae oeaiiinoe. A n?aaeiea
aaea no?ieee niai?u e neoaeeee iaieoeaeu. Iu oaia?ue noieue ouaoaeueii
acaaoeaaee eaaeaeia ?aoaiea i?aaeaea /ai oaaee/eoue “oeiainiaia
a?aiy”, eioi?ia aiceaaaaony ia iioiinoai i?e nii?oaeaiee aeiiia,
i?aaeiacia/aiiuo aeey iaoeo aeaoae e aioeia, /oi o ian iao oaeeo
eaaeeo niiniaia ecaaaea naay io no?aaeaiee,
i?e/eiyaiuo aac?aaioeoeae”.
I?aaaea, iieo/aiiay a ?acoeueoaoa ?aaeecaoeee aaniethoiie
i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe aaniethoiay i?eaueue iiaeao auoue eniieueciaaia
ia oieueei aeey iaania/aiey yeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe
iio?aaeoaeae ae?oaeo noa? iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea, ii e aeey ?acaeoey
naiie noa?u aini?iecaiaenoaa, iai?eia?, aeey nicaeaiey iiauo
i?iiuoeaiiuo io?aneae, eae yoi iieacaii ia iiaeaee ?en N 5-7, aaea a
ea/anoaa oaeie io?anee aunooiaao iiaay i?iecaiaenoaaiiay nooiaiue
i?ieiaanoe?iaaiiay i?iecaiaeeoaeyie aoi?iai o?iaiy a aeaea /aoaa?oie
nooiaie i?iecaiaenoaa n auaeaeaieai yoie io?anee /anoe aaniethoiie
i?eauee a aeaea CIe.
Oaeei ia?acii, aaniethoiay i?eaaai/iay noieiinoue iiaeao yaeyoueny
e enoi/ieeii eiaanoeoeee aeey ?acaeoey naiie noa?u iauanoaaiiiai
aini?iecaiaenoaa. Ii iiaeao neo/eoueny e oae, /oi /anoue aaniethoiie
i?eauee i?iecaiaeeoaeyie aoi?iai o?iaiy, o eioi?uo iia niae?aaony,
aoaeao ia?a?ani?aaeaeaia a aeaea ca?aaioiie ieaou, iooai
niioaaonoaothuaai oaaee/aiey aa auoa n?aaeiaai o?iaiy. Oaeea
aeaenoaey i?iecaiaeeoaey aoi?iai o?iaiy a ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?aaeaeao
i?aaiia?iu, o.e. noeioee?otho iiauoaiea i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea
iooai eniieueciaaiey eioi?iaoeeiiiuo iaoiaeia, i eioi?uo iu aiai?eee ai
aoi?ie aeaaa. Cia/eoaeueiua ioeeiiaiey io n?aaeiaai cia/aiey, aeieaeiu
aeaioe?iaaoueny ainoaea?noaii, aeey /aai e neoaeeo ainoaea?noaaiiue
iaeiieoaeue a iioiea CI , eai ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea aaniethoiie
i?eauee a iieueco oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeae aaaeao e nie?auaieth
iio?aaeaiey aia noa?u aini?iecaiaenoaa, a neaaeiaaoaeueii e nie?auaieth
naiie aaniethoiie i?eauee.
I?e yoii iaaei ?acee/aoue iiauoaiea ca?aaioiie ieaou,
ii?aaeaeyaiia ?inoii iauanoaaiiie ioiineoaeueiie i?eauee io ?inoa
ca?aaioiie ieaou ca n/ao iauanoaaiiie aaniethoiie i?eauee.
?ino ca?aaioiie ieaou ca n/ao ?inoa ioiineoaeueiie i?eauee – yoi
?ino n?aaeiae ca?aaioiie ieaou, ii?aaeaeyaiue ?inoii n?aaeiae
yia?aiaii?oaeaiiinoe iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea. Yoi – iauaeoeaiue niaa?oaiii
iaiaoiaeeiue ?ino CI, o.e. ii nii?iaiaeaeaaony ?inoii i?iecaiaeeiie
ioiineoaeueiie noieiinoe, ?inoii aeaeeiie noieiinoe o?oaea, a cia/eo e
?inoii noiia?iiai iauaia oeai. Yoi i?ienoiaeeo i?aaeaea anaai, a oao
neo/ayo, eiaaea a noa?a iauanoaaiiiai aini?iecaiaenoaa, aeaaiaea?y
inaiaieth iiauo iauanoaaiiuo ciaiee, iiyaeythony iiaua aeaeu oiaa?ia,
i?ienoiaeeo ?anoe?aiea iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa e o?aaiaiea oiaa?iiai
aaeaina o?aaoao oaaee/aiey n?aaeiae ca?aaioiie ieaou. I?e yoii aua
?ac iiae/a?eiai, /oi ?a/ue eaeao ia i ca?aaioiie ieaoa a aeaiueaao, i
eioi?uo iu a yoie aeaaa ia aiai?eee, a i noieiinoiuo oa?aeoa?enoeeao
ca?aaioiie ieaou, o.a. ia iauaeoeaiuo iieacaoaeyo ?acoeueoaoia
iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea.
?ino aea aaniethoiie i?eauee icia/aao nie?auaiea /eneaiiinoe
?aaioathueo a noa?a aini?iecaiaenoaa aac oaaee/aiey ca?aaioiie ieaou.
I?e yoii aaeiaie iaoeeiiaeueiue i?iaeoeo a noieiinoiii iauaia ia
oaaee/eaaaony, a “nyeiiiieaiiue” o?oae aeey ?aaeecaoeee aaniethoiie
i?eauee aeieaeai ia?aianoeoueny a ae?oaea noa?u iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea.
A i?aaeuaeouae aeaaa iu aiai?eee i oii, /oi ioiineoaeueiay
i?eaaai/iay noieiinoue iiaeao ia?aoiaeeoue a aaniethoioth, a cia/eo e
ioiineoaeueiay i?eaueue oiaea i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo ia?aoiaeeo a
aaniethoioth, ii yoi oaaee/aiea aaaeao e ?inoo aeaeeiiai o?oaeiaiai
aeeaaea, a cia/eo e e ?inoo ca?aaioiie ieaou a noa?a aini?iecaiaenoaa.
Iaiaoiaeeiia ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea iauanoaaiiie ioiineoaeueiie i?eauee a
yoii neo/aa iiaeao auoue i?iecaaaeaii oieueei eneonnoaaiiui iooai,
iaeiei ec oao, i eioi?ii iu aiai?eee, iai?eia?, ca nao aii?oecaoeeiiiuo
io/eneaiee.
Ia?aoiae ioiineoaeueiie i?eauee a aaniethoioth e i?iyaeaiea
aaniethoiie i?eauee a aeaea ioiineoaeueiie noieiinoe, eioi?ay e
ia?aoiaeeo a oeaio oiaa?ia, cao?oaeiyao ?acaeaeaiea iauae i?eauee ia
ioiineoaeueioth e aaniethoioth, ii iiieiaiea eo i?e?iaeu e nioeeaeueiie
iai?aaeaiiinoe iicaieeo i?aaeeueii inouanoaeyoue ainoaea?noaaiiia
aicaeaenoaea ia yeiiiie/aneea i?ioeannu, aac eioi?uo, eae iu iieacaee,
ii?iaeueiia oi?aaeaiea yeiiiieeie iaaiciiaeii.
Aeey oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie ia ainoaea?noaaiiii o?iaia aaaeii ia
i?ienoiaeaeaiea aaniethoiie i?eauee, a i?aaeaea anaai aa aaee/eia,
eioi?ay iiaeao auoue iiaen/eoaia, enoiaey ec n?aaeiae ca?aaioiie ieaou,
eee, /oi oiaea naiia, enoiaey ec eiee/anoaa caiyouo a noa?a
aini?iecaiaenoaa e aia yoie noa?u, a ioiineoaeueiii aeaea, eae iu yoi
aeaeaee i?e iiaen/aoa ii?iu i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe. Oieueei oaia?ue iu
yoo aaee/eio aoaeai iacuaaoue ii?iie aaniethoiie iauanoaaiiie i?eauee e
iaicia/aoue I? aa.
CI I – N
I? aa = = * 100 % (5-20), aaea
CI I
CI – noiia?iay ieaoa ?aaioathueo aia noa?u iauanoaaiiiai
aini?iecaiaenoaa;
N – eiee/anoai caiyouo aia noa?u iauanoaaiiiai aini?iecaiaenoaa;
CI – noiia?iay ca?aaioiay ieaoa ethaeae caiyouo a noa?a
iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea;
I – eiee/anoai ethaeae caiyouo a noa?a iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea.
A ioee/ee io ii?iu aaniethoiie i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe, eioi?oth iu
?an/eouaaee aeey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiie noa?u, ii?io aaniethoiie
iauanoaaiiie i?eauee iu ?an/eouaaai enoiaey ec eiee/anoaa ethaeae,
caiyouo a iauanoaaiiii o?oaea.
Iu, eiia/ii, iiieiaai, /oi iioie aaniethoiie iauanoaaiiie i?eauee,
ecia?aaeaiiue ia iiaeaee ?en N 5-7 neeaaeuaaaony ec i?eauee
ioaeaeueiuo i?iecaiaenoa. Iu oaea aiai?eee, /oi eiaiii i?iecaiaeeoaee
aoi?iai o?iaiy caieiathony ia?aiia/aeueiui ?ani?aaeaeaieai aaniethoiie
i?eauee.
Aaee/eio yoie i?eauee iu aoaeai oa?aeoa?eciaaoue iieacaoaeai
?aioaaaeueiinoe i?iecaiaenoaa.
Oe – Oei – Oea – CIi
?i = * 100 %
(5-21),
CIi
aaea: Oe- noiia oeai ?aaeeciaaiiuo ia ?uiea oiaa?ia ca a?aiy
yeiiiie/aneiai oeeeea;
Oei – noiia oeai oiaa?ia, caeoieaiiuo i?aaei?eyoeai a
i?ioeii yeiiiie/aneii oeeeea aeey i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa a oaeouai
yeiiiie/aneii oeeeea;
Oea – aii?oecaoeeiiiua io/eneaiey i?aaei?eyoey, au?aaeaiiua
a oeaia ?aaeeciaaiiuo ii ?acoeueoaoai oaeouaai yeiiiie/aneiai oeeeea –
oiaa?ia eee aii?oecaoeeiiiay ninoaaeythuay oiaa?iuo oeai;
CIi – noiia?iay ca?aaioiay ieaoa o/anoieeia i?iecaiaenoaa ca
a?aiy yeiiiie/aneiai oeeeea.
Aaee/eio Oe – Oei – Oea = Oe/.i. iu aoaeai iacuaaoue oeaiie /enoie
i?i-
aeoeoeee i?aaei?eyoey. Oiaaea
Oe/.i. – CIi
?i = * 100% (5-22).
CIi
?aioaaaeueiinoue oa?aeoa?ecoao aaee/eio aaniethoiie i?eauee
i?aaei?eyoey ioiineoaeueii ca?aaioiie ieaou.
Aua A.Nieo caiaoee, /oi iaaeaeo i?eaueueth e ca?aaioiie ieaoie
“nouanoaoao ecaanoiay i?iii?oeey”, eioi?ay caaeneo, ii-aeaeeiiio,
eeoue a iaeie noaiaie io aiaaonoaa eee aaaeiinoe yoiai iauanoaa, aai
i?ia?anna, canoiy eee oiaaeea; iia inoaaony iaeciaiiie eee ii/oe
iaeciaiiie i?e anao yoeo ninoiyieyo iauanoaa”.
E aua:”Yoa i?iii?oeey, eae auynieony a aeaeueiaeoai, caaeneo
io/anoe io i?e?iaeu ?acee/iuo i?iiuneia e io/anoe io ?acee/iuo caeiiia
e iauae iieeoeee, nouanoaothueo a aeaiiii iauanoaa”.
Ii, ianiio?y ia yoi aienoeio aaieaeueiia ioe?uoea A.Nieoa,
yeiiiienou ia i?ioyaeaiee aaeia i?iaeieaeaee ecia?youe ii?io i?eauee ia
“iniiaiie eee aanue aaaine?iaaiiue eaieoae”, e aeaaea noiaee iaeoe
“caeiiiia?iua oaiaeaioeee” yoie ii?iu i?eauee e iiieaeaieth.
I?e yoii iiae “iniiaiui eaieoaeii” iiieiaaony oeaia i?oaeee e
n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa, eniieuecoaiuo a i?iecaiaenoaa, a iiae
“iai?ioiui eaieoaeii” aaaine?iaaiioth ca?aaioioth ieaoo e oeaiiaia
cia/aiea aaaine?iaaiiie noieiinoe ia/aeueiuo oneiaee i?iecaiaenoaa.
Eioi?iaoeeiiiay oai?ey yeiiiieee iieacuaaao, /oi ie iniiaiie, ie
iai?ioiue eaieoae ieeaeiai ioiioaiey e aaniethoiie i?eauee ia eiaao.
Iniiaiie eaieoae, eae iu oaia?ue ciaai, oa?aeoa?ecoao anaai eeoue
ioiineoaeueioth noieiinoue e ainiieiyaony iauanoaii ii ia?a eciina e
ii?aeueiiai noa?aiey ca n/ao iauanoaaiiie ioiineoaeueiie i?eauee, a
iai?ioiue eaieoae aiiaua o/anoaoao a oi?aaeaiee yeiiiie/aneeie
i?ioeannaie oieueei ia o?aoueai o?iaia oi?aaeaiey, aaea i?eaueue
i?eioeeieaeueii ia iiaeao ia?aciauaaoueny, oae eae iia oi?ie?oaony
oieueei a i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa, a ia o?aoueai o?iaia oi?aaeaiey
eeoue auyaeyaony eae ?acoeueoao aaeeiiai iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea.
Aaniethoioth i?eaueue ianao eioi?iaoeey eniieuecoaiay a noa?a
aini?iecaiaenoaa, a oii /enea, eiia/ii, e iaauanoaeaiiay eioi?iaoeey,
o.a. eioi?iaoeey, caeiaeaiiay a iniiaiii eaieoaea, ii i?eia?aoay
iniiaiie eaieoae, noauaeo aaaine?othuee i?iecaiaenoai, o.a. nicaeathuee
i?aaei?eyoea, ca eioi?iaoeeth ia ieaoeo, o.e. iiea/eaaao oieueei
ioiineoaeueioth noieiinoue o?ainoi?iaoeee yoie eioi?iaoeee a
iai?oaeiaaiea, yia?aaoe/aneea cao?aou ia nicaeaiea i?oaeee e n?aaenoa
i?iecaiaenoaa. Eioi?iaoeeth yoio noauaeo iieo/aao “aea?ii”, /oi e
ii?aaeaeyao iiyaeaiea aaniethoiie i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe.
*ai aieueoa eioi?iaoeeiiiay aieinoue nicaeaaaaiiai oiaa?a, o.a.
/ai aieueoa eioi?iaoeee eniieueciaaeinue i?e aai i?iecaiaenoaa, oai
aieueoa aaniethoiay i?eaueue i?iecaiaeeoaey.
I?aaaea, a i?ioeanna ?uii/iiai oeaiiia?aciaaiey i?ienoiaeeo
iaeioi?ia ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea aaniethoiie i?eauee iaaeaeo
i?iecaiaeeoaeyie e iio?aaeoaeyie aoi?iai o?iaiy. Yoi
ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea i?ienoiaeeo ca n/ao iaeioi?iai nieaeaiey oeai ia
aunieieioi?iaoeeiiiua oiaa?u n iaeiia?aiaiiui iiauoaieai oeai ia
oiaa?u ieceieioi?iaoeeiiiua aeaaiaea?y ?uii/iiio iaoaiecio
“ni?ina-i?aaeeiaeaiey”, o.e. oieueei a yoii neo/aa nio?aiyaony
o?aaiaiea oi?aiaiai aaeaina e i?iecaiaeeoaee ieceieioi?iaoeeiiiuo
oiaa?ia iiaoo yeaeaaeaioii iaiaieaaoue naith i?iaeoeoeeth ia oiaa?u
aunieieioi?iaoeeiiiua.
E niaeaeaieth, iaoaieci ni?ina-i?aaeeiaeaiey, ?aaioaao aeaeaei ia
aacoi?a/ii, iniaaiii i?e aeaoeoeeoa auioneaaiie oiaa?iie i?iaeoeoeee ia
?uiea eee i?e iiiiiieueiii i?iecaiaenoaa oiaa?ia ioaeaeueiuie
oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeyie. Iu caeanue ia aoaeai eanaoueny yoeo aii?inia,
ioi?aaeyy /eoaoaey e ethaiio iiniaeth ii iae?iyeiiiieea, aaea iie
iiae?iaii ?anniao?eaathony.
I?e ?anniio?aiee aea iae?iiiaeaee yeiiiieee aaaeii a yoii
aii?ina oynieoue neaaeothuaa:
aaniethoiay i?eaueue e oa?aeoa?ecothuay aaee/eio yoie i?eauee
?aioaaaeueiinoue yaeythony aaaeiaeoeie iieacaoaeyie ethaiai
i?iecaiaenoaa e eaaeaeue i?iecaiaeeoaeue aoi?iai o?iaiy no?aieoueny e
iaeneiaeueiiio iiauoaieth yoeo iieacaoaeae.
A yoii iiiyoiii no?aieaiee, eae iieacuaaao i?aeoeea, aeaeaei ia
ana i?iecaiaeeoaee aoi?iai o?iaiy, no?aiyony aeinoeaiooue aunieeo
iieacaoaeae caeiiiia?iui iooai, o.a. iooai iiauoaiey
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea ca n/ao aiaae?aiey a i?iecaiaenoai
eioi?iaoeeiiiuo niiniaia aai iiauoaiey. Oaeie iooue o?aaoao
ii?aaeaeaiiuo iaoa?eaeueiuo cao?ao, eioaeeaeooaeueiie iiaeaioiaee e
ia?aiiaeaioiaee caiyouo a i?iecaiaenoaa ethaeae. Eiia/ii aea, eaa/a
eniieueciaaoue ecaanoiua n iacaiaiyoiuo a?aiai i?inoua,
ia o?aaothuea cao?ao, niiniau iiauoaiey i?eauee – caauoaiea oeai eee
nieaeaiea ca?aaioiie ieaou, oioy e oi e ae?oaia, /oi oaeaea ecaanoii
n iacaiaiyoiuo a?aiai, yaeyaony i?enaiaieai /oaeie i?eauee.
Aaea i?ioiaeeo a?aiue iaaeaeo anoanoaaiiui ia?a?ani?aaeaeaieai
aaniethoiie i?eauee i?e ?uii/iii oeaiiia?aciaaiee e eneonnoaaiiii
i?enaiaieai yoie i?eauee iooai caauoaiey oeai, oi/ii oeacaoue
i?aeoe/anee iaaiciiaeii. Iaeiaei i?aaeeueiue iiaen/ao ?aioaaaeueiinoe
i?aaei?eyoey n o/aoii oa?aeoa?a i?iecaiaenoaa, iaoeiaieinoe auioneaaiie
i?iaeoeoeee, iiaeao n aeinoaoi/iie i?aeoe/aneie oi/iinoueth ioaaoeoue ia
yoio aii?in. Ii yoi oaea i?aaeiao niaoeeaeueiuo i?aeoe/aneeo
enneaaeiaaiee.
Oioy, ia i?iaiaey oaeeo aeaoaeueiuo enneaaeiaaiee, iiaeii,
iai?eia?, ai?ei?e neacaoue, /oi naeueneioicyenoaaiiia i?iecaiaenoai,
eae e ae?oaea nu?ueaaua io?anee oicyenoaa anaaaea aoaeoo
iecei?aioaaaeueiuie, o.e. a nu?ueaauo oaoiieiae/aneeo oeeeeao
eniieuecoaony oieueei i?e?iaeiay eioi?iaoeey, eioi?ay ia eiaao
noieiinoe e oieueei eneonnoaaiiia caauoaiea oeai ia nu?uea eee
aeaoaoee?iaaiea yoeo io?aneae iiaeao iaania/eoue ei iaiaoiaeeiue
o?iaaiue ?aioaaaeueiinoe.
A yoie nayce ioaeii iniai inoaiiaeoueny ia aunieii o?iaia
?aioaaaeueiinoe a oiieeaiaeiauaathueo io?aneyo.
Iieiaeaiea iauyniyaony iniaie ?ieueth yia?aiiineoaeae a
yeiiiieea. Yia?aiiineoaee – yoi ia oieueei oiaa?, yaeythueeny enoi/ieeia
aaaeiie aeey iaania/aiey /aeiaaea yia?aee, eniieuecoaiue naaiaeiy
iianaianoii a aai auoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe. Yoi – ia oieueei naao, oaiei
e ae?oaea oaeianoaa a /aeiaa/aneii aeiia, aac eioi?uo nia?aiaiiay
oeeaeeecaoeey naay ia iuneeo. Yoi – i?aaeaea anaai, enoi/iee
ioiineoaeueiie i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe a i?ioeanna iauanoaaiiiai
o?oaea, yoi oi, /oi inaiaiaeeei /aeiaaea io oyaeaeiai oece/aneiai
o?oaea, naeaeaei iacaaeneiui io eai?ecia i?e?iaeu. Yoi – yeaeaaeaio
o?oaeiaiai aeeaaea ethaeae a naiuo ?acee/iuo oaoiieiae/aneeo oeeeeao
iauanoaaiiiai aini?iecaiaenoaa, eioi?ue iaania/eaay iauanoaaiiia
aeaaininoiyiea a aai iaoa?eaeueiie oi?ia. E a yoii naiai ea/anoaa oeaia
yia?aee i?eia?aoaao iniaia cia/aiea: naaiaeiy ?aaeueiay oeaia yia?aee
ii?aaeaeyao ?aaeueioth aaee/eio ca?aaioiie ieaou, o.a. iineieueeo
ca?aaioiay ieaoa ii?aaeaeyaony on?aaeiaiiie aeaeeiie noieiinoueth, a
iia i?aeoe/anee i?aaenoaaeyai naaiaeiy a ?acaeouo no?aiao n?aaeithth
noieiinoue, eniieuecoaiie a iauanoaaiiii aini?iecaiaenoaa yia?aee, oi
noieiinoue yia?aee iaiin?aaenoaaiii ii?aaeaeyao ca?aaioioth ieaoo.
Oi?ie?iaaiea oeai ia aaca yia?aicao?ao ii?aaeaeyao aiciiaeiinoue
noieiinoiie ioeaiee yeiiiieee, aeeth/ay oaeea aaaeiaeoea aa
oa?aeoa?enoeee eae ?aaeueiay oeaia, n?aaeiyy ca?aaioiay ieaoa,
?aaeueiue iaoeeiiaeueiue aeioiae.
Aeey oiai, /oiau ii?aaeaeeoue niioiioaiea iaaeaeo CIi? a aae. IIO e
niioaaonoaothuei ?anoiaeii yia?aee, iieiaeei a o?aaiaiee (5-9)
CI i? = (1 + 8 ?n?)aae IIO, ?n? = 0 ; oiaaea, o/eouaay, /oi a.a.
IIO = 8, CIi? a aae IIO aoaeao ?aaia yeaeaaeaioiie noieiinoe 1 e.n./. =
736 ao./. = 634,4 eeae.
Yoo aaee/eio iu aoaeai iacuaaoue aaeeieoeae yeaeaaeaioiinoe
cia/aiey (aae YC).
A n o/aoii oaieioai?iie niiniaiinoe eniieuecoaiiai a o?oaea
oiieeaa, iai?eia?, eaiaiiiai oaey e aeeaeeiai oiieeaa ia iniiaa iaooe
eee aaca ii?yaeea 6300 eeae e 11000 eeae niioaaonoaaiii
1 aae. YC = 100 a. oaey = 57,7 a. aeeaeeiai oiieeaa.
Iaeiaei, iieo/aiiua cia/aiey ia o/eouaatho eiyooeoeeaioa
iieaciiai aeaenoaey (EIAe) oao i?oaeee o?oaea, eioi?ua eniieuecothony a
i?iecaiaenoaa.
Ecaanoii, /oi naiue ieceee EIAe iieo/aaony a ono?ienoaao,
?aaioathueo ia i?eioeeiao naeeaaiey oaey. Anee enoiaeeoue ec
i?eaaaeaiiiai ?aiaa ?an/aoa A.Yia?niia, eioi?ue ii?aaeaeee
yooaeoeaiinoue eniieueciaaiey eaiaiiiai oaey a niioiioaiee:
iaeia oiiia oaey = 5 /ae., ?aaioathueo a oa/aiee 1 aiaea; oi iu
iieo/ei EIAe ieiei 10% (200 ?aai/eo aeiae a aiaeo).
Naiue aunieee EIAe o yeaeo?iaa?aaaoia e aai iiaeii n/eoaoue
?aaiui 70 – 80 %. *oi eanaaony aeaeaaoaeae aioo?aiiaai nai?aiey, a
eioi?uo eniieuecoaony aeeaeeia i?aaie/aneia oiieeai, oi iie caieiatho a
yoii ?yaeo i?iiaaeooi/iia cia/aiea. Enoiaey ec yoiai, aeey
ioeaii/iuo yeiiiie/aneeo ?an/aoia iiaeii iieaaaoue:
1 aae. YC = 1 e.a./. = 1 eao./. = 1 ea.oaey = 0,25 ea aeeae.oiie.
(5-22)
Oeacaiiia niioiioaiea (5-22) ii?aaeaeyao iauanoaaiioth
noieiinoioth ioeaieo yia?aiiineoaeae. Yoi niioiioaiea aiai?eo i oii, /oi
eniieueciaaiea a i?ioeanna o?oaea oaeiai eiee/anoaa yia?aee
yeaeaaeaioii ii noieiinoe oece/aneei cao?aoai iaeiiai ?aaioathuaai
/aeiaaea a oa/aiee iaeiiai ?aai/aai aeiy. I?e yoii nicaeaaony
noieiinoue yeaeaaeaioiay o?oaeiaiio aeeaaeo a 8 aae. IIO
Oiaaea, iiaenoaaeyy a au?aaeaiea (5-9) aeey ii?aaeaeaiey
yeaeaaeaioiinoe noieiinoe ca?aaioiie ieaou n?aaeiaa cia/aiea
yia?aiaii?oaeaiiinoe oaoiieiae/aneiai oeeeea a aae.YC, iu iieo/ei:
CIi? = 1 + 8 ?n? aae. YC (5-23), aaea
?n? – n?aaeiaa cia/aiea yia?aiaii?oaeaiiinoe oaoiieiae/aneiai
oeeeea a aae. YC.
I?e ?n? >> 1 CI i? 8 ?n? aae. YC.
Anee aniiiieoue, /oi noieiinoue yia?aee (4-31)
Ny ioi = Naeia nu? + No + E Nyi
e ia?aeoe io yoiai au?aaeaiey a oeaia yia?aee, oi iieo/ei:
Oeyi = Oenu? + Oeo + E Oeai (5-24) , aaea
Oenu? – oeaia eniieuecoaiiai yia?aiiineoaey;
Oeo – oeaia o?ainii?oe?iaee nu?uey e ia?aaea/e yia?aee;
E Oeai – aii?oecaoeeiiiua io/eneaiey.
Oiaaea yooaeoeaiinoue eniieueciaaiey yia?aee (4-32) i?aia?acoaony :
Ny ioi Oeyi
Yo y = 1 – = 1 – (5-25) , eee
Ny Oey
o/eouaay o?aaiaiea oiaa?iiai aaeaina
CIyi I
Yo y = 1 – = 1 – (5-26) , aaea
CI N
CIyi – ca?aaioiay ieaoa ethaeae, caiyouo i?iecaiaenoaii yia?aee
io iieo/aiey nu?uey aei aa o?ainii?oe?iaee, iauei eiee/anoaii a “I”
/aeiaae
N – iauaa eiee/anoai ethaeae, caiyouo i?iecaiaeeoaeueiui o?oaeii.
Oaeei ia?acii, aeey yeiiiieee a oeaeii yooaeoeaiinoue
yia?aiiaania/aiey ii?aaeaeyaony niioiioaieai ethaeae, caiyouo a
i?iecaiaenoaa e o?ainii?oe?iaea yia?aee, ii ioiioaieth ei anae
/eneaiiinoe caiyouo a noa?a i?iecaiaeeoaeueiiai o?oaea.
Yooaeoeaiinoue yia?aiiaania/aiey iieacuaaao eaeay /anoue
ioiineoaeueiie i?eauee, iieo/aiiie a ?acoeueoaoa eniieueciaaiey aiaoieo
nenoai yia?aiiaania/aiey o?oaea, aeinoaaony oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeyi, e
eaeay /anoue yoie ioiineoaeueiie i?eauee eaeao ia oaeiaeaoai?aiea
iio?aaiinoae naiie yia?aiiaania/eaathuae io?anee.
Iiaeieiay, iai?eia?, eneonnoaaiii oeaiu ia yia?aiiineoaee, eee
oaaee/eaay ii?iu aii?oecaoeeiiiuo io/eneaiee a yia?aiiaania/eaathueo
io?aneyo, iiaeii ia?a?ani?aaeaeyoue iauanoaaiioth ioiineoaeueioth
i?eaueue a oo eee eioth noi?iio. Ionthaea iiiyoii, /oi aunieea i?eauee a
io?aneyo aeiau-
aathueo yia?aiiineoaee anoue ?acoeueoao ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey
ioiineoaeueiie i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe a iieueco yoeo io?aneae.
I?aaeaea anaai yoi ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea neacuaaaony ia
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo io?aneyo i?iecaiaenoaa, aaea aunie o?iaaiue
eniieueciaaiey naiiai aei?iaiai aeeaeeiai oiieeaa, /oi nieaeaao e aac
oiai ieceoth ?aioaaaeueiinoue naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa.
Yoi aiai?eo i oii. /oi eiio?ieue ca ?aioaaaeueiinoueth ?acee/iuo
io?aneae i?iecaiaenoaa, ?acee/iuo i?iecaiaenoa – o/anoieeia
iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea – aaaeiaeoay caaea/a ainoaea?noaa a oi?aaeaiee
yeiiiieeie no?aiu.
I?e yoii iniaia aieiaiea aeieaeii oaeaeyoueny yia?aiiaania/eaathuei
io?aneyi, eioi?ua naaiaeiy ii?aaeaeytho ana noi?iiu aeayoaeueiinoe a
noa?a aini?iecaiaenoaa.
Ianeieueei neia i ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiee i?eauee a iieueco noa?u oneoa.
Anyeia eneonnoaaiiia oaaee/aiea oeaiu, eae iu yoi aeaeaee ia
i?eia?a n aii?oecaoeeiiiuie io/eneaieyie, anoue ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea
i?eaaai/iiai i?iaeoeoa. A yoi icia/aao, /oi eiaiii ca n/ao
ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey i?eaaai/iiai i?iaeoeoa e iaania/eaaaony ana
ooieoeeiie?iaaiea noa?u oneoa. Ii iu aiai?eee, /oi, anee ioiineoaeueiue
i?eaaai/iue i?iaeoeo ia?a?ani?aaeaeyaony ca n/ao ca?aaioiie ieaou, oi
eneonnoaaiiia eciaiaiea oeai aaaeao e ia?a?ani?aaeaeaieth aaniethoiie
i?eauee. A yoi cia/eo, /oi, aaiaey oaei?iaeathuea iaaeaaaee ia oiaa?u,
noa?a oneoa, aa ooieoeeiia?u iiaoo i?enaaeaaoue naaa e ii?aaeaeaiioth
aaniethoioth i?eaueue, eioi?ay oa?aeoa?ecoaony ?aioaaaeueiinoueth. Iia
iiaeao auoue ?an/eoaia ii oie aea oi?ioea ?aioaaaeueiinoe (5-22), a
eioi?ie a ea/anoaa oeaiu /enoie i?iaeoeoeee aun-
ooiatho oeaiu oaei?iaeaiey (oiaa?iua iaaeaaaee), o.a.
Oeo – CIi
?i = * 100 % (5-28) , aaea
CIi
Oeo – noiia?iay aaee/eia oeai oaei?iaeaiey (oi?aiauo iaaeaaaie)
ca a?aiy yeiiiie/aneiai oeeeea;
CIi – noiia?iay ca?aaioiay ieaoa ethaeae, caiyouo a aeaiiii
oi?aiaii i?aaei?eyoee ca a?aiy yeiiiie/aneiai oeeeea.
Iauanoai caeioa?aniaaii, /oiau aaee/eia ?aioaaaeueiinoe noa?u
oneoa ?inea ia ca n/ao oaaee/aiey oeai, a ca n/ao nieaeaiey ecaea?aeae
o?oaea e yia?aicao?ao a noa?a oneoa.
I?e yoii, eiio?iee?oy ?aioaaaeueiinoue, iu aeieaeiu iiieiaoue,
/oi nieaeaiea ?aioaaaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey a ethaie noa?a iauanoaaiiiai
o?oaea oaeaea ieioi neacuaaaony ia yeiiiieea a oeaeii, eae e
iaiainiiaaiiia aa caauoaiea, e ia oieueei iioiio, /oi yoi eaaei
aeinoeaaaony i?inoui ia?a/eneaiea i?eauee a ca?aaioioth ieaoo
?aaioathueo ia aeaiiii i?aaei?eyoee, ii e iioiio, /oi i?eaueue iauanoaa
neaaaaony ec i?eauee i?aaei?eyoee e aac iauanoaaiiie i?eauee yeiiiieea
?acaeaaoueny ia iiaeao, /oi iu aeaeei i?e iaoai aeaeueiaeoai aiaeeca
yeiiiie/aneie nenoaiu a oeaeii.
E niaeaeaieth, ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea ?aioaaaeueiinoe
eee, eae yoi iau/ii iacuaatho, ?aaoee?iaaiea ii?iu i?eauee, ineiaeiyaony
oai, /oi ai anao no?aiao aei neo ii? en/eneytho ii?io i?eauee ia
eaieoae. I oii, /oi i?e yoii i?ienoiaeeo, aiai?eo neaaeothuay
auaea?aeea, acyoay iaie ec eieae ?.Ieiaeaeea e Ae.?oaeioeeaea
“Iee?iyeiiiieea”: … i?e ?aaoee?iaaiee ii?iu i?eauee aicieeatho
neiaeiua i?iaeaiu (i?iaeaiu, eioi?ua ?aaeotho na?aeoea aaeaieaoia e
aooaaeoa?ia). Ai-ia?auo, o?oaeii ioeaieoue iaiaanoeaiaiiue
aeoeeiia?iue eaieoae, oioy yoi eeth/aaie yeaiaio i?e ii?aaeaeaiea ii?iu
i?eauee oe?iu. Ai-aoi?uo, “ni?aaaaeeeaay” ii?ia i?eauee aeieaeia
iniiauaaoueny ia oaeoe/aneeo ecaea?aeeao eaieoaea, ii yoe ecaea?aeee a
naith i/a?aaeue caaenyo io iiaaaeaiey o/?aaeaeaiey, ?aaoee?othuaai
oeaio (e io aini?eyoey aeeaae/eeaie eaieoaea aoaeoueo aeiionoeiuo ii?i
i?eauee).
Neiaeiinoue niaeaniaaiey eioi?iaoeee, eioi?ay aeieaeia
eniieueciaaoueny i?e ?an/aoao ii ii?ia i?eauee, ca/anooth aaaeao e
caiacaeuaaieth ?aaeoeee ?aaoee?othuaai o/?aaeaeaiey ia eciaiaiea a
ecaea?aeeao e a ?uii/iuo oneiaeyo, a oaeaea e aeeeoaeueiui e
aei?iainoiyuei ianoaeaeaieyi aii?ina ia onoaiiaeaiee oeaiu”.
Ia?aoiae e ioeaiea ?aioaaaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey ia iniiaa auaiaeia
eioi?iaoeeiiiie yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee iicaieeo oi?inoeoue nenoaio
eiio?iey e i?iaiaeeoue aa ia no?ie iao/iie iniiaa.
Eioi?iaoeeiiiay oai?ey yeiiiieee iicaieyao, iaeiiaoe, ioaaoeoue
ia aeaaioth yeiiiie/aneoth caaaaeeo, caaaaeeo, iaae eioi?ie aaeaie
aeeenue yeiiiienou, caaaaeeo i?ienoiaeaeaiey i?eauee.
Eiaiii ia yoie caaaaeea aiai?ee E.Ia?en, oiiieiay i oii, /oi iaeei
ec iniiaiiieiaeieeia iieeoe/aneie yeiiiiee Eaiy io/ee naieo i?ioeaieeia
caaaaei/iinoueth oiai oaeoa, “/oi eaieoaeeno, caaioyueeny oieueei i
i?iecaiaenoaa iaiiaie noieiinoe, ana a?aiy noa?aaony iiieceoue iaiiaoth
noieiinoue naieo oiaa?ia”.
Nai E.Ia?en aeaeae “ioaaaeeo” a iaiiea/eaaaiie /anoe o?oaea
?aai/aai, eioi?oth ii e iacuaae i?eaaai/iie noieiinoueth, e eioi?oth
a naiae ciaiaieoie, ii, oau, niaa?oaiii iaaa?iie oi?ioea noieiinoe
i?iaeoeoia o?oaea – N + V + m, – aeeth/ay a eaaeaeoth noieiinoue
i?iaeoeoeee.
…Iaeei e oio aea i?ioeann – ienae E.Ia?en ii yoiio iiaiaeo, –
oaeaoaaeyao oiaa? e oaaee/eaaao caeeth/athuothny a ieo i?eaaai/ioth
noieiinoue.
Yoi aeoaieia caaeoaeaeaiea noaei ia oieueei caaeoaeaeaieai E.Ia?ena
e anao iieieaiee yeiiiienoia, ii e caaeoaeaeaieai anao o/anoieeia
o?oaea, e, i?aaeaea anaai, i?iecaiaeeoaeae aoi?iai o?iaiy, eioi?ua
oi?ie?otho iioiaua oeaiu ia naith i?iaeoeoeeth, iinoiyiii
oaaee/eaatho eo ioiineoaeueii iieo/aiiuo cao?ao ia iaaeoiaiioth
“aaee/eio” i?eauee, eneaaeay oai naiui yeiiiie/aneea iieacaoaee
iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea. E oioy ?uii/iue iaoaieci ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey
i?e oeaiiia?aciaaiee noa?aaony eni?aaeoue yoi iaaei?acoiaiea, aio yoi
aeaeaei ia anaaaea oaeaaony.
Aio ii/aio ioaeii aua ?ac iiae/a?eiooue, /oi a oeaia iao ieeaeie
i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe, aeaaea ioiineoaeueiie, eai iia oi?ie?oaony ia
iniiaa ca?aaioiie ieaou, eioi?ay aeaaiaea?y aeaeeiiio o?oaeiaiio
aeeaaeo ia?a?ani?aaeaeyao ioiineoaeueioth i?eaaai/ioth noieiinoue
iaaeaeo o/anoieeaie i?ioeanna o?oaea.
E ana-oaee “iaeei e oio aea i?ioeann”, eioi?ue oaeaoaaeyao oiaa?
e oaaee/eaaao iauanoaaiioth i?eaaai/ioth noieiinoue anoue, – yoi
nie?auaiea aeeaiai o?oaea a i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa oiaa?ia.
Yoio iauaeoeaiue i?ioeann ii?aaeaeyao e ?ino i?eauee
i?iecaiaeeoaeae aoi?iai o?iaiy e ?ino iauanoaaiiiai aeaaininoiyiey e
yeiiiie/aneia e nioeeaeueiia ?acaeoea iauanoaa.
Iaeiaei, ana yoi aeinoeaaaony oieueei i?e oneiaee i?aaeeueiiai
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey yeiiiieee ia o?aoueai o?iaia oi?aaeaiey. *oi yoi
icia/aao iai e i?aaenoieo ?acia?aoueny.
A U A I Ae U
1. Ca?aaioiay ieaoa – yoi oi?ie?oaiay aia noa?u iauanoaaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa, yeiiiie/aneay ioeaiea o?oaeiaiai aeeaaea ?aaioieeia ia
iniiaa o/aoa eniieueciaaiey a i?ioeanna o?oaea aiaoieo enoi/ieeia
yia?aee.
Iiaeii n/eoaoue, /oi a ?acaeouo no?aiao i?e oneiaee
ii?iaeueiiai ooieoeeiie?iaaiey o?aoueaai o?iaiy oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie
CI = Ny
A yoi a naith i/a?aaeue icia/aao, /oi ca?aaioiay ieaoa naaiaeiy
ia eiaao ie/aai iauaai ni noieiinoueth o?oaea, eioi?ay ii?aaeaeyaony eae
No = Na + Nia.
Oaeei ia?acii, ca?aaioiay ieaoa naaiaeiy – yoi ia ieaoa ca o?oae, a
iauanoaaiiia ?ani?aaeaeaiea ioiineoaeueiie iauanoaaiiie i?eauee,
iieo/aaiie aeaaiaea?y oe?ieiio i?eiaiaieth a i?iecaiaenoaa aiaoieo
enoi/ieeia yia?aee.
Aianoa n oai, ca?aaioiay ieaoa yaeyaony aaeeinoaaiiie iniiaie,
ii?aaeaeythuae naii?aaoee?iaaiea ia o?aoueai o?iaia oi?aaeaiey
yeiiiieeie, a cia/eo e aaeeinoaaiiui oaeoi?ii, niiniaiui
noaaeeece?iaaoue ?aaiou anae nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie.
Ana yoi i?aaeii?aaeaeyao yeiiiie/aneee eiio?ieue ca ca?aaioiie
ieaoie noi?iiu ainoaea?noaa, i?aaeioa?auathuee aiciiaeiua ia?aeinu a
ca?aaioiie ieaoa, o.e. yoi ii?aaeaeyao ana aii?inu ii?iaeueiie ?aaiou
yeiiiie/aneie nenoaiu a oeaeii.
2. Oeaia – yoi ioiineoaeueiay noieiinoue i?iaeoeoia o?oaea
i?aia?aciaaiiay ia iniiaa oi?ie?oaiie iauanoaii ca?aaioiie ieaou a
i?ioeanna ?uii/iiai iaiaia oiaa?aie oae, /oiau i?e iaiaia oiaa?iie
i?iaeoeoeeae anaaaea niaethaeaeinue oi?aaeaiea oiaa?iiai aaeaina
Oe = CI.
Oeaiu ?aaoee?otho ?ani?aaeaeaiea aaniethoiie i?eaaai/iie
noieiinoe iaaeaeo oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeyie, o.e. ethaia eciaiaiea oeaiu
ioiineoaeueii anoanoaaiiiai cia/aiey, ii?aaeaeyaiiai o?oaeiauie
cao?aoaie, au?aaeaiiuie a ca?aaioiie ieaoa, aaaeao e ia?a?ani?aaeaeaieth
aaniethoiie i?eauee.
3. Iauay iauanoaaiiay i?eaueue eae ?acoeueoao ?aaeecaoeee iauae
i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe ninoieo eo ioiineoaeueiie e aaniethoiie i?eauee.
Ioiineoaeueiay i?eaueue eae ?acoeueoao iaoeeiiiiai iiauoaiey
yia?aiaii?oaeaiiinoe o?oaea ii?aaeaeyao a nia?aiaiiii iauanoaa
ca?aaioioth ieaoo e ia?a?ani?aaeaeyaony ia aa iniiaa.
Aaniethoiay i?eaueue, yaeyynue iniiaiui iieacaoaeai
yooaeoeaiinoe ethaiai i?iecaiaenoaa, oa?aeoa?ecoy iaeiia?aiaiii ana
noi?iiu iiauoaiey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea e
yooaeoeaiinoue oi?aaeaiey anaie yeiiiie/aneeie i?ioeannaie ia
i?iecaiaenoaa e a yeiiiieea a oeaeii,
i?iyaeyaony a aeaea nie?auaiey aeeaiai o?oaea a i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa
oiaa?ia.
I?eaueue ethaiai i?aaei?eyoey oa?aeoa?ecoaony ?aioaaaeueiinoueth
Oe/.i. – CI
?i = * 100 %
CI
I?e eiio?iea ca o?iaiai ?aioaaaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee aeieaeia
o/eouaaoueny aaniethoiay iauanoaaiiay i?eaueue a noa?a iauanoaaiiiai
aini?iecaiaenoaa, eioi?ay oa?aeoa?ecoaony ii?iie aaniethoiie
iauanoaaiiie i?eauee.
CI I – N
I? aa = = , aaea
CI I
N – eiee/anoai caiyouo a noa?a iauanoaaiiiai aini?iecaiaenoaa;
I – eiee/anoai caiyouo a noa?a iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea.
Iauaeoeaiay ioeaiea aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey aeieaeia o/eouaaoue
iaiaoiaeeiue o?iaaiue aii?oecaoeeiiiuo io/eneaiee.
4. Iniiaiie caeii ?acaeoey yeiiiieee, ii?aaeaeythuee ?acaeoea
n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa, eae iniiau ?acaeoey yeiiiieee, ooaa?aeaeaao:
“Nicaeaiea i?iecaiaenoa e auione i?iaeoeoeee i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai
iacia-
/aiey, i?oaeee e n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa anaaaea inouanoaeyaony oieueei
ca
n/ao aaniethoiie i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe, ?aaeecoaiie a aeaea
iio?aaeoaeue-
neeo oiaa?ia”.
A oeaeyo niaethaeaiey oeacaiiuo o?aaiaaiee i?e oi?aaeaiee
yeiiiieeie i?aaeoniao?eaaaony oaaee/aiea oeai ia oiaa?u iio?aaeaiey ia
aaee/eio oae iacuaaaiuo aii?oecaoeeiiiuo io/eneaiee, eioi?ay
ii?aaeaeyaony ainoaea?noaaiiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii e yaeyaony
eneonnoaaiiui oaaee/aieai oeaiu n oeaeueth ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey
aaniethoiie iauanoaaiiie i?eauee a iieueco i?iecaiaeeoaeae aoi?iai
o?iaiy aeey aini?iecaiaenoaa n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa.
5. Nie?aeueiue iioie ca?aaioiie ieaou a naiai aeaeaeaiee i?e
oi?aaeaiee iioieii oiaa?ia i?ioiaeeo /a?ac iaeiieoaee iio?aaeoaeae e
?ani?aaeaeeoaee i?iecaiaeeoaeae aoi?iai o?iaiy i?iecaiaenoaa,
aeaaiaea?y /aio ?aniaaeaaony ia n?aaenoaa iaeiieaiey, a?aiaiii
auauaathuea ec iai?ioa,i?eaueue, ?ani?aaeaeyaioth i?iecaiaeeoaeyie
aoi?iai o?iaiy e ainoaea?noaii e ca?aaioioth ieaoo naieo o/anoieeia
noa?u aini?iecaiaenoaa.
Ii ecia/aeueii aanue yoio enoeiiue aeaeaaoaeue oiaa?iiai
i?iecaiaenoaa ninoieo ec aaaine?iaaiiie ca?aaioiie ieaou anao
i?iecaiaeeoaeae ia?aiai o?iaiy eae iio?aaeoaeae, a oaeaea ae?oaeo
o/anoieeia oiaa?iiai iaiaia, eioi?ue i?iecaiaeeony i?iecaiaeeoaeyie
aoi?iai o?iaiy ec enoi/ieeia iaeiieaiey iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa e
ainoaea?noaii ec aai enoi/ieeia iaeiieaiey.
Aaaine?iaaiea ca?aaioiie ieaou – aaaeiaeoaa oneiaea ii?iaeueiie
?aaiou oiaa?iie yeiiiieee, eioi?ay aac oaeiai aaaine?iaaiey ?aaioaoue
ia iiaeao, a neaaeiaaoaeueii iia ia iiaeao ?aaioaoue e aac niaoeeaeueiuo
iaeiieoaeueiuo nenoai.
Ia yoeo iaeiieoaeyo iu aua aoaeai aiai?eoue.
Caeai/eaay ?anniio?aiey oaeeo aaaeiaeoeo ia oieueei yeiiiie/aneeo,
ii e nioeeaeueiuo eaoaai?ee, eae ca?aaioiay ieaoa, oeaia e i?eaueue,
iu iiieiaai iaiaeeaeaiiinoue e iai?eau/iinoue naeaeaiiuo a iae auaiaeia.
Eia o eiai yoi iiaeao aucaaoue ?aci/a?iaaiea e aeaaea iai?eyciue e
neacaiiiio,eai ?ooaony aaeaie onoiyaoeany ii?aaeaeaiey, “iacuaeaiua”,
“aa/iua” oai?ee, na?ueaciua iieeoe/aneea onoaiiaee. Ii oieueei iao/iue
iiaeoiae, iniiaaiiue ia nia?aiaiiie oai?ee iiaeaee?iaaiey i?ienoiaeyueo
yeiiiie/aneeo i?ioeannia e iinoaiiaee yeiiiieee ia i?i/iue ooiaeaiaio
anoanoaaiiuo iaoe, eaeiaui yaeyaony yia?aey e eioi?iaoeey, iiaeao
iicaieeoue, iaeiiaoe, ?aoeoue ecaa/ioth i?iaeaio iauanoaaiiiai
aeaaininoiyiey ia n iiceoeee yiioeeiiaeueiiai aoioa?noaa o?oaeyueony
eee aeaiiaiae/aneeo cayaeaiee iieeoeeia, ia n iiceoeee iiioeecia eee
ia/oaiee, a iniiauaaynue ia iao/iii aiaeeca ninoiyiey yeiiiieee
ainoaea?noaa e auoaeathueo ec yoiai aiaeeca iauanoaaiiuo aiciiaeiinoae.
Oieueei oaeie iiaeoiae a ninoiyiee oeacaoue iooue ?aaeecaoeee
ia?iiiiai iao/iiai iioaioeeaea nia?aiaiiie oeeaeeecaoeee e
i?aaieciaaoue oi?aaeaiea yeiiiieeie, iaania/eaathuaa onei?aiiia
i?iaeaeaeaiea aia?aae ia yoii iooe.
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