?®a?®ca??© ca®¤®a®¦e© ?aa?aaa
˜ … ” … ˜ ? ’
˜? ˜˜…„?…’“: ’…?˜?? “˜˜?‚‹…˜??
aY¬a: ???˜?˜??˜?????
Faa?? 1‚˜„‘
?« §a®c®© ˜.‚.
??‘?‚? 1993 F.
‚‚…„…˜?…
???a®i?®®¬?? ¤«i aaa¤Ya®c, ?aYa?aaie?aai aY¬, ? ?
a !®a Ya a®§i?aacYe© ¬Ya ?§¬, — a ¬e© ?®¤a®¤ie?© ?
?!®«YY ?aYaYae© ?aY¤¬Ya. ?a®Y ?®?¬ ?Y a®F®, ca® a ?®Y
¬??a®i?®®¬?? , Y®!a®¤?¬® ¤«i a?a c«YcYa??a aYeY?©,
a §a !®a?? a®ae? «i®© ?®«?a???, c !®«YY ®!eY¬ ?« Y — ¤«i
?®?¬ ?i ¬Ya ?§¬ aea?ae?®?a®c ?i a®caY¬Y®© i?®®¬???. ?
??a « ia®a aYaeYa a ?®a®¬a, ca® ¤Yi« ai § ?aYaYa®c ai
aaa¤Ya®c aY¬? a §¤Y« ¬? ¬??a®i?®®¬???, ?®a®aeY § ?®a«Y¤YY
caY¬i § i«? c Y© cY¤aeYY ¬Yaa®, — aaa aYF?Y© ?®?aaYae??,
a®«ii Y®?aY¤Y«Y®aa? ? ?ae®a¬ ae??, a ?¦Y «?§ ¬
ae®a¬?a®c ?i aeY ae?a¬ ¬? c aa«®c?ia ae? . ‚e a§ YaY ? ?
?a?®«i§®c ai ¬??a®i?®®¬??a c ? cYaacY ?aaaa¬Ya ¤«i
?a?ia?i aYeY?©, ? ? ?a?¬Yiai cec®¤e ¬??a®i?®®¬??? c ¦?§?.
‚ ia®¬ aYaeYa aY Yaai ®cY©e i aY®a?i ¬??a®i?®®¬???, a ?¦Y
aci§i ia®© aY®a?? a a?a c«YcYa?®© ?a ?a??®© ? cea !®a?®©
a®ae? «i®© ?®«?a???. ˜a®a ?a ?a?cYa??© ?®¤a®¤ ?®¤?aY?«iYaai
?®?aYae¬? ?a?¬Ya ¬? ?§ ®!« aa? «?§ a?a®a , § aa a,
iaeaeY?a?c®aa? ae? , a §a !®a?? aeY®c®© aaa aYF??,
? ??a «®c«®¦Y?© ? aaa aYF?? ?a®?§c®¤aac , a ?¦Y a®ae? «i®©
?®«?a???.
˜aY¤¬Ya “???a®i?®®¬?? ” c®!a « c aY!i caY aaeYaacYeY
?§¬YY?i, ?a®?aeY¤e?Y c a®§i©aacY®¬ ¬Ya ?§¬Y § ?®a«Y¤YY
caY¬i.
˜˜…„‚?˜?’…‹?˜›… ‡??…—?˜??
˜?®®¬?? ?®¤a §¤Y«iYaai ¤cY ®a®ceY ®!« aa?:
¬??a®i?®®¬??a (˜a?aa c? “¬??a®” ?a®?aa®¤?a ®a FaYcYa?®F®
– 2 –
a«®c “¬ «Yi??©”. ?®F?Y ?§ ®a¤Y«iea aa!eY?a®c YcY«???,
®¤ ?® «?ei ?® ®a®eY?i ? i?®®¬??Y ‘?? c aeY«®¬. ˜ ?a?¬Ya,
Y¦YF®¤e© a®c a®-®!®a®a ae?a¬e “„¦YYa « ¬®a®aa”, ?˜? ?«?
“˜??a®” !®«ieY , cY¬ c «®c®© ae?® «ie© ?a®¤a?a ¬®F?a
aaa . ) ? ¬ ?a®i?®®¬??a. ???a®i?®®¬?? aci§ a
¤YiaY«i®aaii ®a¤Y«iea i?®®¬?cYa??a aa!eY?a®c . ? ?¬
®a®aiaai ?®aaY!?aY«?, a !®c?Y, c?« ¤c??? ? ??a « ,
§Y¬«Yc« ¤Y«iaee , ae?a¬e — ae ?a?cYa?? «i!®© ?¤?c?¤aa¬ ?«?
a®§i©aacYe© aa!eY?a , ?®a®ae© ?Fa Ya aaeYaacYai a®«i c
aea?ae?®?a®c ?? i?®®¬???. ???a®i?®®¬?? ®!eiaiYa, ? ? ?
?®cY¬a ?a??¬ iaai i?®®¬?cYa??Y aYeY?i ?§eY¬ aa®cY .
˜ ?a?¬Ya , ® ®!eiaiYa , ? ? ?®aaY!?aY«? ?a??¬ ia aYeY?i ®
?®?a??Y a®c a ? ? ? ?a ce!®a c«?iia ?§¬YY?i aeY ? ?a
¤®a®¤®c ; ? ??¬ ®!a §®¬ ae?a¬e ?« ?aaia c?a«Y®aai a !®c?a ?
? ? a !®c?Y aYe ia, F¤Y ? a?®«i?® ?¬ Y®!a®¤?¬® a !®a ai.
„aaF?¬ c ¦e¬ a?Y?a®¬ ¬??a®i?®®¬??? ic«iYaai
c§ ?¬®¤Y©aac?Y aa!eY?a®c i?®®¬??? c ?a®aeYaaY ®!a §®c ?i
!®«YY ?aa?ea aaaa?aaa — ae?®c c ®aa a«ia ?a®¬ee«Y®aa? .
???a®i?®®¬?? ?®¬®F Ya ?®iai, ?a?¬Ya, «®F??a ?aa®a?cYa?®F®
a §c?a?i ¬Ya?? a?®© ca®¬®!?«i®© ?a®¬ee«Y®aa? , ? ?
c§ ?¬®¤Y©aacaia ¬Y¦¤a a®!®© ?a®?§c®¤?aY«? ? ?®aaY!?aY«?
ca®¬®!?«i®¬ ae?Y. ? ®!eiaiYa, ? ? aaa c«?c iaai aeYe
ca®¬®!?«?, ? ??Y aaY¤aac ca®¬®!?«ieY ?®¬? ??
?cYaa?aaia aaa®?aY«iaac® ®cea § c®¤®c ? a?®«i?®
ca®¬®!?«Y© ?a®?§c®¤?aai Y¦YF®¤®. ?§ac i ¤YiaY«i®aai
®a¤Y«iea ae?a¬ ? ?®aaY!?aY«Y©, ¬??a®i?®®¬?? ca?aec Ya , ? ?
aea?ae?®?aaia ? a §c?c iaai ®aa a«? ?a®¬ee«Y®aa? ? ae??,
? ??¬ ®!a §®¬ ?a ¤YiaY«i®aai c«?iia ?®«?a?? ?a c?aY«iaac
? i?®®¬?cYa??Y aa«®c?i ¤aaF?a aaa .
‚ ®a«?c?Y ®a ia®F® ¬ ?a®i?®®¬?? aci§ a a®c®?a?®aaii
®!e?a i?®®¬?cYa??a ?®? § aY«Y© — a ??a, ? ? aY¬?e a®aa
?a®?§c®¤?aY«i®aa? c aaa Y , acYaeY aa c?? ?a®aeYa ,
!Y§a !®a?ae ? ?ae«iae?i . ˜® Fa ?aee ¬Y¦¤a ¬ ?a®- ?
– 3 –
¬??a®i?®®¬??®© c ?®a«Y¤?Y F®¤e caY !®«ieY a §¬ec iaai.
˜a?c? § ?«ic Yaai c a®¬, ca® ¬ ?a®i?®®¬?? a ?¦Y aci§ a
«?§®¬ a®c®?a?ea ae?®c, ?a?¬Ya a®c a®c, aa«aF, a !®cY©
a?«e ? aeYea !a¬ F. —a®!e ?®iai, ? ? ¤Y©aacaia a®c®?a?eY
ae??, ¤® a c « ?§ac?ai ?®cY¤Y?Y ae?a¬, ?®aaY!?aY«Y©,
a !®c?a , c?« ¤c??®c ? ??a « , ?®a®aeY ac aacaia c
aea?ae?®?a®c ?? ia?a ae?®c. ’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, a?Yae? «?aae ?®
¬ ?a®i?®®¬??? caY c eY § ?¬ iaai ¬??a®i?®®¬?cYa??¬?
®!®a®c ?i¬? , a ¬ ¬ ?a®i?®®¬?? a ¬®¬ ¤Y«Y ic«iYaai
?a®¤®«¦Y?Y¬ ¬??a®i?®®¬?cYa?®F® «?§ .
˜˜??…˜…˜?… ? ?˜?˜?–› ???˜?˜??˜???—…‘??‰ ’…?˜??
? ? ? «i! i a? , i?®®¬?? aci§ a ®!eiaY?Y¬ ?
?a®F®§?a®c ?Y¬ !«i¤ Y¬ea ic«Y?©. ˜®cY¬a, ?a?¬Ya, ae?a¬e
aaaY¬iaai ?¬ ai ?«? ac®«iiai aaa¤ie?aai, ?®F¤ ¬Yiiaai
aeYe aeaiY, ?®aaY!«iY¬®Y c ?a®aeYaaY ?a®?§c®¤aac ? ˜a?¬Ya®
a?®«i?® ?a ¤®«¦® !eai ?a?ia® a !®aa ?«? ac®«Y® ae?a¬®©
(®aa a«ii ?a®¬ee«Y®aa?),Ya«? aeY aeaiY c®§a aaYa 10%?
‚ i?®®¬??Y, ? ? ? c ¤aaF?a a? a, ®!®a®c ?Y ? ?a®F®§
®a®cec iaai aY®aYa?cYa??a ?®«®¦Y?ia, ?®a®aeY ?a?®«i§aiaai
¤«i ®!eiaY?i !«i¤ Y¬ea ic«Y?© a a®c?? §aY?i a®c®?a?®aa?
®a®cea ?a c?« ? ?aY¤«®¦Y?© . ’Y®aYa?cYa??© «?§
i?®®¬?cYa?®© ¤YiaY«i®aa? ae?a¬e, ?a?¬Ya, c? Yaai a
?a®aa®F® ?aY¤«®¦Y?i, ca® ® !a¤Ya aaaY¬?aiai ¬ ?a?¬?§?a®c ai
ac®i ?a?!e«i . ’Y®a?i ?a?®«i§aYa ¤ ®Y ?aY¤«®¦Y?Y , ca®!e
®!®a®c ai ?« e ae?a¬ ?® !®aa a !®cY© a?«e, ®!eY¬a
? ??a «iea c«®¦Y?© ? aeaii ¤«i ?a®?§c®¤aac ®?aY¤Y«Y®F®
?®«?cYaac ?a®¤a?ae??. ? ®!eiaiYa, ? ? ae?a¬e ?« ?aaia ac®Y
?a®?§c®¤aac® c § c?a?¬®aa? ®a cY«?c?e aeY ®a®ceY ae ?a®ae
?a®?§c®¤aac — a !®cai a?«a, ? ??a « ? aeaiY, a ?¦Y ? ®a
– 4 –
aeY !a¤aeai ?a®¤a?ae?i.
˜?®®¬?cYa? i aY®a?i a«a¦?a a ?¦Y aea¤ ¬Ya®¬
?a®F®§?a®c ?i. ? ®!eiaiYa ?a?c?a ?§¬YY?i ®!eY¬
ce?aa? ?a®¤a?ae?? c § c?a?¬®aa? ®a acY«?cY?i § a !®a®© ?« ae
?«? a¬YieY?i aeY ¬ aYa? «e. ˜a? ?a?¬YY?? aa a?aa?cYa??a
? i?®®¬Yaa?cYa??a ¬Ya®¤®c ?aa«Y¤®c ?i c®§¬®¦® ?®aaa®Y?Y
¬®¤Y«Y©, ?a?®«i§aY¬ea ¤«i ?®«?cYaacYea ?a®F®§®c. ?®¤Y«i
ic«iYaai ¬ aY¬ a?cYa??¬ cea ¦Y?Y¬, ®a®c e¬
i?®®¬?cYa?®© aY®a??, ae?a¬e, ae? ?«? ? ?®F®-?!a¤i ¤aaF®F®
i?®®¬?cYa?®F® aa!eY?a . ’ ?, ¬e ¬®¦Y¬ a §a !®a ai ¬®¤Y«i
®a¤Y«i®© ae?a¬e ? ?a?®«i§®c ai YY ¤«i ?a®F®§?a®c ?i
?§¬YY?i aa®ci ce?aa? ?a®¤a?ae?? ae?a¬e c aY§a«ia aY, a? ¦Y¬,
? ¤Y?i aeY aeaiY 10 %.
˜? ®¤ ac i aY®a?i, c a®¬ c?a«Y ? i?®®¬?cYa? i, Y
®!« ¤ Ya !a®«ia®© a®c®aaii. ˜®«Y§®aai ? § c?¬®aai aY®a??
§ c?aia ®a a®F®, a?®«i?® aa?Ye® ® ®!eiaiYa ?
?a®F®§?aaYa ?§ac Y¬eY ic«Y?i. ‘ ia®© aeY«ii aY®a?? ?®aa®i®
?a®cYaiiaai ?a ?a??®©. ‚ aY§a«ia aY ?®¤®!a ®© ?a®cYa??
aY®a?? YaY¤?® ¬®¤?ae?ae?aaiaai, aa®cYaeYaacaiaai, ?®F¤ ®a
?a ?a?a®¤?aai ¤ ¦Y ®a? §ec aiai. ˜a®aeYaa ?a®cYa?? ?
a®cYaeYaac®c ?i aY®a?© ic«iYaai ?a?ae??? «ie¬ ¤«i a §c?a?i
i?®®¬??? ? a??.
˜a? ®aeY?Y aY®a?? c ¦® ?®?¬ ai, ca® ® Y ¬®¦Ya !eai
a?a cY¤«?c®© !a®«ia® ¤«i caYa a«ac Yc. ˜a® ®a®a?aai ? «i!®©
®aa a«? a??. ˜ ?a?¬Ya, § ?® ˜®©«i (‚ ®aYcYaacY®©
«?aYa aaaY — § ?® ˜®©«i — ? a?®aa : ?a®?§cY¤Y?Y ®!eY¬
¤ ®© ¬ aae ?¤Y «i®F® F § ? YF® ¤ c«Y?i ?®aa®i® ?a?
?®aa®i®© aY¬?Ya aaaY; aaa ®c«Y Y§ c?a?¬® ˜. ˜®©«Y¬ (1662)
? ˜. ? a?®aa®¬ (1676) . ) . c ae?§??Y aaa c«?c Ya c§ ?¬®aci§i
¬Y¦¤a ®!eY¬®¬, aY¬?Ya aaa®© ? ¤ c«Y?Y¬ F § . ‡ ?® ®a®c
?aY¤?®«®¦Y??, ca® ®a¤Y«ieY ¬®«Y?a«e F § cY¤aa aY!i
?®¤®!® ?a®a®ae¬ i« aa?ce¬ !?««? a¤e¬ e a ¬. ‚ aa®ieYY
caY¬i ae?§??? § ia, ca® c ¤Y©aac?aY«i®aa? ¬®«Y?a«e F § Y
– 5 –
caYF¤ cY¤aa aY!i a ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ? ®ac aa? ?§-§ ia®F® § ?®
˜®©«i Y aa ! aec Ya ?a? ?a ©?a § cY?ia ¤ c«Y?i ?
aY¬?Ya aaae. ’Y¬ Y ¬YYY c !®«ie?aacY a«ac Yc ® ?aY?a a®
®?aY¤Y«iYa ¤? ¬??a aY¬?Ya aaae F § ?a? ?§¬YY?? ¤ c«Y?i ?
®!eY¬ , a«Y¤®c aY«i®, ic«iYaai c ¦e¬ ?aaaa¬Ya®¬ ?a?
?a®cY¤Y?? acea ?aa«Y¤®c ?© ? ?¦YYaea a acYa®c.
? c i?®®¬??Y ¤Y« ®!aa®ia ?®¤®!e¬ ¦Y ®!a §®¬. ˜ ?a?¬Ya,
ae?a¬e Y caYF¤ ¬ ?a?¬?§?aaia ac®i ?a?!e«i. ˜®ia®¬a, ¬®¦Ya
!eai, aY®a?i ae?a¬e ?¬Y« «?ei c aa?ce© aa?Ya c ®!eiaY??
a ??a a?Y?a®c YY ¤YiaY«i®aa?, ? ? acYa ae ?a®a caY¬Y? c
®aeY?Y iaeaeY?a?c®aa? ?cYaa?ae?®ea ¬Ya®?a?ia?©. ’Y¬ Y ¬YYY
aY®a?i ®!eia?« ®!e?ae© a?Y?aa ic«Y?©, ? a ie?aai
a®§i©aacY®© ¤YiaY«i®aa? ? ic®«iae?? ? ? ae?a¬ , a ? ? aeY«ea
®aa a«Y© ?a®¬ee«Y®aa? . ? ic«iYaai c ¦e¬ ?aaaa¬Ya®¬ c
aa? a ¬YY¤¦Ya®c ? a?Yae? «?aa®c, ®acYaaacYea § a §a !®a?a
?®«?a??? ae?a¬.
˜?‡?’?‚˜›‰ ?˜?‹?‡ ‚ ‘˜?‚˜…˜?? ‘ ˜?˜??’?‚˜›?
˜®§?a?ce© «?§ ?aY¤?®« F Ya ®!eiaY?Y ?
?a®F®§?a®c ?Y ic«Y?© c i?®®¬??Y, ®a¬ a?ce© ®acYc Ya
c®?a®a, ? ? ¤®«¦® !eai. ˜aY¤?®«®¦?¬, ?a c?aY«iaac® ‘??
aaa c«?c Ya ?c®aa ?¬?®aa ca®¬®!?«Y©. ‚®§?? Ya c®?a®a:
ca® ?a®?§®©¤Ya a aeY ¬? ®aYcYaacYeY, ®!eY¬®¬ ?a
?a®?§c®¤aac ? a!ea®¬? ? ?®Y c«?i?Y ia® ®? ¦Ya
¬Ya?? a??a ?®aaY!?aY«Y© ? a !®a ie?a c ca®¬®!?«i®©
?a®¬ee«Y®aa?? ‚aY ia? c®?a®ae — ®!« aai ?®§?a?c®F®
«?§ . ˜®§?a?ce© «?§ § ?¬ Ya aeYaa «i®Y ¬Yaa® c
¬??a®i?®®¬??Y . ? ? a¦Y a? §ec «®ai , aY®a?i a §a ! aec Yaai
¤«i ®!eiaY?i i?®®¬?cYa??a ic«Y?© , ?a®cYaiYaai ?a ?a??®© ?
?a?¬YiYaai ¤«i a®F®, ca®!e ?®aaa®?ai ?a®F®§eY ¬®¤Y«?.
– 6 –
?a?®«i§®c ?Y i?®®¬?cYa?®© aY®a?? ?a? ?a®F®§?a®c ??
c ¦® ? ? ¤«i ¬YY¤¦Ya®c ae?a¬ , a ? ? ¤«i F®aa¤ aaacYea
¤YiaY«Y©. ˜aY¤?®«®¦?¬, a aa¬ aa?c Yaai ®ce© aeY¤Ya «ie© «®F
!Y§?. ‘ ccY¤Y?Y¬ ®c®F® «®F ?§¬Y?aai aeY !Y§?,
ca® ¤®«¦® ?§¬Y?ai a?a®a ¬ «®«?aa ¦eY ca®¬®!?«?, a ?¦Y
?a ?a?®«i§®c ?Y c ?®caY¤Yc®© ¦?§? ? a. ¤. „«i a §a¬®F®
?« ?a®c ?i ac®Y© ¤YiaY«i®aa? Yaeaie¬ ?
ca®¬®!?«Yaaa®?aY«ie¬ ?®¬? ?i¬, ?a®?§c®¤?aY«i¬ § ? aea
c aaY© ? ca®¬®!?«i¬ ? ae?a¬ ¬, § ?¬ ie?¬ai aaa?§¬®¬,
?®aaY!aYaai ®?aY¤Y«?ai, ? ??¬? !a¤aa a §«?ceY ?®a«Y¤aac?i
?§¬YY?i «®F®c®© ?®«?a??? F®aa¤ aaac . ˜a c?aY«iaacYe¬
cY¤®¬aac ¬ ? ?®«?a?cYa??¬ ¤YiaY«i¬ a ?¦Y ?®aaY!aiaai
?®«?cYaacYeY ®aeY?? ?®a«Y¤aac?© ccY¤Y?i ®c®F® aeY¤Ya «i®F®
«®F . ?? ¤®«¦e !a¤aa ®?aY¤Y«?ai ¤®?®«?aY«ieY a aa®¤e
?®aaY!?aY«Y© (aFaa???a®c ea ?® ? aYF®a?i¬ ¤®a®¤®c), aci§i
®c®F® «®F a ?®«ac Y¬®© ¤®?®«?aY«i®© ?a?!e«ii c Yaeai®©,
ca®¬®!?«i®© ?a®¬ee«Y®aa? ? aaeYaY aaa?§¬ , a ?¦Y a §¬Ya
Y¦YF®¤ea ?®aaa?«Y?© c F®aa¤ aaacYe© !i¤¦Ya.
?®F¤ ¬e a®a?¬ ?®©a? ¤ «YY ®!eiaY?i ? ?a®F®§ , ca®!e
®acYa?ai c®?a®a: ca® ¦Y «aceY? ?acYa YF® ¬®¦® ?®«ac?ai
c aY§a«ia aY ®a¬ a?c®F® «?§ , ?®a®ae© ?¬YYa c ¦®Y
§ cY?Y ? ¤«i ¬YY¤¦Ya®c ae?a¬, ? ¤«i ” aa?aY?a®a®c” ®c®©
F®aa¤ aaacY®© ?®«?a???. ‚YaY¬ai ? ?a?¬Yaa a ®ce¬ «®F®¬
!Y§? . ?ca®¬®!?«ieY ?®¬? ?? § a®aia ®?aY¤Y«?ai
®?a?¬ «iai (¬ ?a?¬ «iai) ?a?!e«i, ®!eY¬e ce?aa? !®«ie?a ?
¬ «®«?aa ¦ea ca®¬®!?«Y© ?®a«Y ?a?ia?i «®F , a §¬Yae
? ??a «®c«®¦Y?© , Y®!a®¤?¬ea ¤«i ?YaYa®¤ ? ce?aa?a
i?®®¬?cea ca®¬®!?«Y© . ˜®«?a?cYa??a «?¤Ya®c !a¤Ya
?aYaYa®c ai c®?a®a ® a®¬, ? ??¬ ®!a §®¬ ®ce© «®F ®acYc Ya
F®aa¤ aaacYe¬ ?aYaYa ¬. ?¤? ? aY ¦Y ?®«?a?cYa??Y aeY«?
( ?a?¬Ya, acY«?cY?Y ?®aaa?«Y?© c F®aa¤ aaacYe© !i¤¦Ya ?
a¬YieY?Y § c?a?¬®aa? ®a ?¬?®aa Yaea?) ¬®Faa !eai ¤®aa?Faae
a ¬Yie?¬? ?§¤Ya¦? ¬? ?a? ¤aaF®¬ c?¤Y «®F — ?®e«?Y
– 7 –
?¬?®aa?aaY¬ai Yaeai.
˜®a¬ a?ce© «?§ ? a Yaai Y a®«i?® ? cYaacY®F®
ce!®a i?®®¬?cYa?®© ?®«?a??? . ? c?«ic Ya a ?¦Y a §a !®a?a
YY ?®?aYaea c a? a®c. ˜ ?a?¬Ya, ? ? a®«i?® aYeY®, ca®
«®F !Y§? ¦Y« aY«Y, c®§?? Ya c®?a®a ® YF® a §¬Ya a.
“c?aec i ! « a a aa®¤®c ? ¤®a®¤®c, ¬e § ¤ Y¬ai c®?a®a®¬ ®
a®¬, ? ?®c ®?a?¬ «ie© a §¬Ya «®F !Y§?.
˜®a¬ a?ce© «?§ § c aaai ¤®?®«iYaai ®aeY®ce¬?
aa¦¤Y?i¬?. ˜ ?a?¬Ya, aa c?c i «®F !Y§? ? ?®e«?a
?¬?®aa?aaY¬ai Yaeai, ¬®¦® ?a?©a? ? § ?«icY?i, ca® a®ai
«®F®¬ !Y§? «YFcY a?a c«iai , ® ® ?¬YYa F®a §¤®
!®«ieYY c®§¤Y©aac?Y ?®aaY!?aY«Y© a ?§??¬ ¤®a®¤®¬. ‚ ia®a
¬®¬Ya ®!eYaac® ¤®«¦® a®?®aa c?ai a®ae? «iai a?a cY¤«?c®aai a
i?®®¬?cYa?®© iaeaeY?a?c®aaii . ?®F¤ ?a?c«Y? iaai ®aeY®ceY
aa¦¤Y?i, ¬??a®i?®®¬?? !Yaa?«i ®acYa?ai c®?a®a, c cY¬
§ ?«ic Yaai ?«ace?© c a? a ?®«?a??? . ?¤ ?® ® ¬®¦Ya
?®? § ai c§ ?¬®c«?i?Y ae ?a®a®c ? aY¬ a ¬e¬ ?®¬®¦Ya ?a®ia?ai
a?®aai ?a®!«Y¬a.
˜›˜?? ? –…˜›
?e ¬®¦Y¬ ?®¤a §¤Y«?ai ®a¤Y«ieY i?®®¬?cYa??Y aa!eY?ae
¤cY Faa??e a®F« a® ?a aea?ae?i¬ — ?®?a? aY«Y© ? ?a®¤ cae®c. ?
?®?a? aY«i¬ ®a®aiaai ?®aaY!?aY«?, ?®a®aeY ?a?®!aYa ia a®c ae
? aa«aF?, a ?¦Y ae?a¬e, ?®?a? ie?Y aaa¤, ? ??a « ? aeaiY, ?a?
?®¬®e? ?®a®aea ®? ?a®?§c®¤ia ia? a®c ae ? aa«aF?. ? ?a®¤ cae ¬
®a®aiaai ae?a¬e, ?a®¤ ie?Y ac®? a®c ae ? aa«aF?, aaa¤ie?Yai,
?a®¤ ie?Y ac®i a !®cai a?«a, ? c« ¤Y«iaee aYaaaa®c, ?®a®aeY
a¤ ia c aY¤a ?«? ?a®¤ ia ?a. ?cYc?¤®, ca® !®«ie?aac® «i¤Y©
? ae?a¬ ¤Y©aacaia ®¤®caY¬Y® ? ? ?®?a? aY«? ? ?a®¤ caee, ®
¤«i a a¤®!YY ac?a ai ?a ?®?a? aY«i¬?, ?®F¤ ®? ?a?®!aYa ia
ca®-a®, ? ?a®¤ cae ¬?, ?®F¤ ®? cY¬-?!a¤i a®aFaia.
– 8 –
‚§ ?¬®¤Y©aacai, ?®?a? aY«? ? ?a®¤ caee ®!a §aia ae®?.
˜e®? ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®!®© a®c®?a?®aai ?®?a? aY«Y© ? ?a®¤ cae®c
, c§ ?¬®¤Y©aac?Y ?®a®aea ?a?c®¤?a c ?a®FY ? c®§¬®¦®aa?
®!¬Y . ‘«Y¤aYa ®a¬Ya?ai, ca® ae®? Y ?acYa?ec Yaai ®¤®©
®aa a«ii ?a®¬ee«Y®aa?. ?aa a«i ?a®¬ee«Y®aa? —
a®c®?a?®aai ae?a¬ , a®aFaie?a ®¤?¬ ? aY¬ ¦Y ?«? a®¤aacYe¬?
c?¤ ¬? a®c a®c.
˜e?? ic«iiaai aeYaa®¬ i?®®¬?cYa?®© ¤YiaY«i®aa?, ?
¬®F?Y ?!®«YY c ¦eY i?®®¬?cYa??Y ?a®!«Y¬e aci§ e a
aea?ae?®?a®c ?Y¬ ae? . ˜ ?a?¬Ya, ?®cY¬a Y?®a®aea ae? a
a®«i?® Ya?®«i?® ae?a¬ ?®?aa?aaia ¤aaF a ¤aaF®¬, c a® caY¬i
? ? ¤aaF?a ae? a ?aY¤aa c«Y® ?a¤ !®«ieY ?®«?cYaac®
?®¬? ?©? ?!i§ aY«i® «? ®!?«?Y ae?a¬ – ?®?aaYa®c ®§ c Ya
ceF®¤a ¤«i ?®aaY!?aY«Y© ? ‘«Y¤aYa «? ?a c?aY«iaaca
c¬Ye?c aiai, ?®F¤ ae?Y ¤Y©aacaYa caYF® Ya?®«i?® ae?a¬?
˜®cY¬a ®¤?a ae? a aeYe !eaaa® ?®¤?¬ iaai ? !eaaa®
a?¦ iaai, ¤aaF?a ®? ?a ?a?cYa?? ®aa iaai a®¬ ¦Y
aa®cY? ? ??Y ae?? aa«ia «ace?Y c®§¬®¦®aa? ?aY¤?a??¬ aY«i,
a®!?a ieY¬aai c ai ac®Y ¤Y«®?
??˜?“˜…˜’˜›… ? ˜…??˜?“˜…˜’˜›… ˜›˜??
˜ ae?Y a®cYaeY®© ?®?aaYae?? ?¬YYaai ¬®F®
?®?a? aY«Y© ? ?a®¤ cae®c, ?®ia®¬a ? ®¤? ®a¤Y«i® c§iae©
?®?a? aY«i ?«? ?a®¤ cYae Y ®? §ec Ya § c?aY«i®F® c«?i?i
aeYa. ˜®«ie?aac® aY«ia?®a®§i©aacYea ae?®c !«?§?? ? ae? ¬
a®cYaeY®© ?®?aaYae?? . ˜ ?a?¬Ya, aeaic? aeYa¬Ya®c cea e?c ia
?eY?aea, ?®a®aai ?®?a? ia aeaic? ?®?a? aY«Y©. ‚ ?a®FY ? ®¤?
aeYa¬Ya ? ? ®¤? ?®?a? aY«i Y ¬®Faa aaeYaacYe¬ ®!a §®¬
?®c«?iai aeYa ?eY?aee.
?®F?Y ¤aaF?Y ae?? ¤®aa a®c® ?®?aaYae , ca®!e
a aa¬ aa?c ai ?a ? ? ae?? a®cYaeY®© ?®?aaYae??. ??a®c®©
– 9 –
ae®? ¬Y¤?, ?a?¬Ya, ?¬YYa Ya?®«i?® ¤Yaia?®c ®a®cea
?®aa ce??®c. ˜a®F® ¤®aa a®c®, ca®!e c a«ac Y , Ya«? ®¤? ?§
?®aa ce??®c cea®¤?a ?§ ¤Y« , c«?i?Y aeYa !e«® !e
Y§ c?aY«ie¬. ’ ? i ¦Y ? aa? !«i¤ Yaai ¬®F?a ae? a
¬?Ya «i®F® ? ?a?a®¤®F® aeaii — a ??a, ? ? aF®«i, ¦Y«Y§®,
®«®c® ?«? ??«®¬ aYa? «e.
˜i¤ ae?®c a Y!®«ie?¬ c?a«®¬ ?®aa ce??®c a aa¬ aa?c iaai
caY-a ?? ? ? ?®?aaYaeY c aeY«ia «?§ . ˜ ?a?¬Ya,
c? ae?®eY ?YaYc®§?? c ‘?? ®!a«a¦?c iaai Ya?®«i??¬?
¤Yaia? ¬? ?®¬? ?©, ® !®«ie i c aai c? ?YaYc®§®? ?a?a®¤?aai
«?ei Ya?®«i??a ?§ ?a, aY¬ Y ¬YYY ?®?aaYae?i ¬Y¦¤a ?¬?
( ® Y caYF¤ !) ¤®aa a®c® ¦Yaa? i, ?®ia®¬a c Y?®a®aea
a«ac ia (® Y c® caYa) ae®? a aa¬ aa?c Yaai ? ?
?®?aaYae©. ˜ ?®Yae, ai¤Y ae?®c ¬®F® ?®aa ce??®c ?
?a®?§c®¤?aY«Y©, ® ia? ae?? ic«iiaai Y?®?aaYae¬?. „Y«® c
a®¬, ca® §¤Yai ®a¤Y«ieY ae?a¬e ¬®Faa ?®c«?iai aeYa
?a®¤a?ae??. ??a®c®© ae®? Yaea? — ®¤? ?§ a ??a ?a?¬Ya®c. ‘
c « 70-a F®¤®c ae?Y ¤®¬??aaYa ? aaY«i ?˜…? (? aaY«i —
Faa?? ?®««Y?a?c® ¤Y©aacaie?a ?®aa ce??®c ?«?
?a®?§c®¤?aY«Y©).
˜ ae? a a®cYae iaai a¤Y«?? ¬Y¦¤a ?®?a? aY«i¬? ?
?a®¤ cae ¬? ?® ®?aY¤Y«Ye¬ aeY ¬. ˜ ?®?aaYa®¬ ae?Y ®!ec®
?aY®!« ¤ Ya ®¤ aeY , ?®a®aai §ec ia ae®c®© aeY®© a®c a .
?®Yc®, ae®c i aeY a®c a ¬®¦Ya ¬Yiaiai a® caY¬YY¬, ?
¤ ¦Y !eaaa®. ”®¤®c i !?a¦ , ? ?a?¬Yaa, cea®?®?®?aaYa —
a ¬, ? ? ?a c?«®, ¬®F® ?®?a? aY«Y© ? ?a®¤ cae®c «i!ea ?ae?©.
? ¦¤e©, ?a® § ?¬ «ai ®?Ya ae?i¬? ae®¤®c®© !?a¦Y, § Ya ,
ca® aeY ®a¤Y«iea ?ae?© ?®«Y!«Yaai Y¦Y¬?aa® ? ¬®¦Ya aY§?®
¬Yiaiai c aYcY?? ®¤®F® ¤i. ? «®F?ce¬ ®!a §®¬ aeYe
a ??Y a®c ae e?a®?®F® ?®aaY!«Y?i, ? ? ?eY?ae , !®!e a®?,
?®aeY, Yaeai , §®«®a®, aYaY!a® ?«? ??«®¬ aYa? «e, ¬®Faa aY§?®
a?¦ aiai ?«? ?®cee aiai c aYcY?? ¤i ?«? Y¤Y«?.
?e c aa® aa c?c Y¬ aeYa a®c a c aa®ieYY caY¬i a a®©
– 10 –
aeY®©, ?® ?®a®a®© ia®a a®c a ?a®¤ c «ai c ?a®e«®¬,
?aYaYaaY¬ai, !a¤Ya «? ?®cee aiai ?«? ?®?¦ aiai aeY c
!a¤aeY¬. —a®!e a ?®Y aa cY?Y !e«® ®a¬ea«Ye¬, Y®!a®¤?¬®
a®?§¬Yaiai aeYe ®a¤Y«ieY a®c ae a ®!e?¬ ?a aa®cY¬. ‚
!a®«ia®¬ cea ¦Y?? aeY ¤i¦?e i?ae aYF®¤i c® ¬®F® a §
ceeY, cY¬ 50 «Ya § ¤ , ® ®a®a?aY«i® ®!eYF® aa®ci aeY
¤i¦? i?ae aa®?a ¤YeYc«Y . ‘«Y¤®c aY«i®, ¬e ¤®«¦e ae aY«i®
¤Y« ai ?®?a c?? ?ae«iae?i, ?®F¤ aa c?c Y¬ aeYe c a §«?ceY
caY¬YeY ?Ya?®¤e . ˜a® ®§ c Ya ?§¬YY?Y aeY c a®?®aa c?¬ea
Y¤??ae a.
?‘˜?‚› ’…?˜?? ‘˜˜?‘? ? ˜˜…„‹?†…˜??
˜?®®¬?cYa??© «?§ ?aY¤«®¦Y?i ? a?a®a ic«iYaai
a?cYaa «ie¬ aaY¤aac®¬, ?®a®a®Y ¬®¦Ya !eai ?a?¬YY® ?
e?a®?®¬a ?aaFa a §®®!a §ea ?a®!«Y¬. ‚ ?a c?a«Y ¬®¦® §c ai
: ?a®F®§ c«?i?i ¬Yiie?aai ¬?a®cea i?®®¬?cYa??a aa«®c?©
ae®cai aeYa ? iaeaeY?a?c®aai ?a®?§c®¤aac ; ®aeY? c«?i?©
?a c?aY«iaacYea ¬Ya ?® ?®aa®«i aeY, ¬??¬ «i i § a !®a i
?« a ? i?®®¬?cYa??Y aa?¬a«e, c«?i?Y «®F®c, aa!a?¤?©,
?®e«? ?¬?®aa ? ?c®a ?®aaY!?aY«Y© ? ?a®?§c®¤?aY«Y©.
˜ cY¬ a «?§ Fa ae??®c ?aY¤«®¦Y?i ? a?a®a ,
?a?®«i§aY¬ea ¤«i ®??a ?i ae®c®F® ¬Ya ?§¬ . ?§cYaa®, ca®
!Y§ c¬Ye aY«iaac ?a c?aY«iaac (a.Y. !Y§ ccY¤Y?i ?®aa®«i §
aeY ¬? ?«? ¤aaF?a § ?®®¤ aY«iea ¬Ya) ?aY¤«®¦Y?Y ? a?a®a
?a?¤aa c a c®cYa?Y, ! §Y ?®a®a®F® !a¤aa aaa ®c«Ye
ae®c i aeY ? YF® ®!e?© ®!eY¬ ?a®?§c®¤aac .
˜›˜?—˜›‰ ?…•?˜?‡?
˜ aa¬®aa?¬ ?a a?® ®a®cai ¤? Fa ¬¬a”?aY¤«®¦Y?Y — a?a®a”.
– 11 –
?
? Ae Ae Ae Ae Ae Ae?
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AeAeAAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAe
?
˜ ®a? ®a¤? a ®!®§ cY aeY Y¤??aee a®c a ˜ c ¤®«« a a.
˜a® aeY , ?®a®aai ?a®¤ cYae ?®«ac Ya § ®?aY¤Y«Y®Y
?aY¤« F Y¬®Y ?®«?cYaac® a®c a ? ?®a®aai ?®?a? aY«i § ?« a?a
§ ®?aY¤Y«Y®Y aaY!aY¬®Y ?®«?cYaac® ia®F® a®c a . ?ai !ae?a
?®? §ec Ya ®!eYY aaY!aY¬®Y ? ?aY¤« F Y¬®Y ?®«?cYaac® a®c a Q
c ¤ e© ?Ya?®¤ caY¬Y?.
?a?c i ?aY¤«®¦Y?i S ?®? §ec Ya, ? ?®Y ?®«?cYaac® a®c a
? ?® ? ?®© aeYY ?a®?§c®¤?aY«i ¬®Faa ?a®¤ ai ae?Y . ?a?c i
?®¤?¬ Yaai ccYaa, ?®a®¬a ca®, cY¬ ceeY aeY , aY¬ !®«ieYY
c?a«® ae?a¬ ?¬YYa c®§¬®¦®aai ?a®?§c®¤?ai ? ?a®¤ c ai a®c a.
˜ ?a?¬Ya, !®«YY cea®? i aeY ¤ Ya c®§¬®¦®aai aaeYaacaie?¬
ae?a¬ ¬ a ae?a?ai ®!eY¬ ?a®?§c®¤aac c ?®a®a??© ?a®¬Y¦aa®?
caY¬Y? § acYa ?a?c«YcY?i ¤®?®«?aY«i®© a !®cY© a?«e ?«?
acYaaaa®cea a !®a, c ¤«?aY«ie© ?a®¬Y¦aa®? caY¬Y? — §
acYa i?aaYa?c®F® a §c?a?i a ¬®F® ?a®?§c®¤aac . ˜®«YY cea®? i
aeY ¬®¦Ya a ?¦Y ?a?c«Yci ae®? ®ceY ae?a¬e, a ?®a®aea YeY
cea®?? ?§¤Ya¦?? ?a®?§c®¤aac ? ?a®¤a?ae?i ?®a®aea ?a? ?§??a
aeY a ic«iYaai YaYa !Y«i®©.
?a?c i a?a®a D ?®? §ec Ya, ? ?®Y ?®«?cYaac® ?a®¤a?ae??
?®aaY!?aY«? F®a®ce ?a?®!aYa ai ?® ? ¦¤®© aeYY. ?a?c i ?¤Ya
c?§, ?®a®¬a ca® ?®aaY!?aY«i ®!ec® ?aY¤?®c?a Ya ?a?®!aYa ai
!®«ieY , Ya«? aeY ?¦Y . ˜ ?a?¬Ya , !®«YY ?§? i aeY
?®§c®«?a ?®?a? aY«i¬ , ?a?®!aYa ie?¬ a®c a , ?®?a? ai YeY
– 12 –
!®«ieYY ?®«?cYaac® ? ¤ aa c®§¬®¦®aai ?®aaY!?aY«i¬ , ?®a®aeY
a YY Y ¬®F«? ?®§c®«?ai aY!Y ?®?a??a , c ai ?a?®!aYa ai
a®c a .
„cY ?a?ceY ?YaYaY? iaai c a®c?Y a c®cYa?i a?a®a ?
?aY¤«®¦Y?i ( ˜ c®cYa?Y ®§ c Ya a ?®Y a®aa®i?Y ae®c®©
a?aaY¬e , ?®a®a®Y a a ?aYa?§aYaai a cYaac®¬ a?a®a ?
?aY¤«®¦Y?i.), a.Y. ?a? a c®cYaea aeYY ? ?®«?cYaacY a®c a .
?a? aeYY ˜® YF® ?aY¤« F Y¬®Y ? aaY!aY¬®Y ?®«?cYaac® ®¤? ?®c®
(Q®). ‚ ia®© a®c?Y Ya ? ¤Yae?ae?a , ? ?§!ea®c®F® ?aY¤«®¦Y?i
, § c?a , Ya ¤ c«Y?i ?§¬YY?Y aeYe c ¤ «iY©eY¬ .
˜aY¤«®¦Y?Y ? a?a®a Y caYF¤ aa c®cYeYe ae?Y, ?a?¬Ya
a®F¤ , ?®F¤ Y®¦?¤ ® ¬Yiiaai aa«®c?i, ® a ae?®c ?¬YYaai
aY¤Yae?i ? a c®cYa?i.
—a®!e ?®iai, ?®cY¬a ia® ?a®?aa®¤?a , ?aY¤?®«®¦?¬ , ca®
?Yac® c «i® aeY !e« ceeY a c®cYa®F® aa®ci, ?a?¬Ya
!e« a c ˜1. ’®F¤ ?a®?§c®¤?aY«? !a¤aa ?ea aiai ?§F®a®c«iai
? ?a?F®a®c«iai !®«ieY a®c a , cY¬ ?®aaY!?aY«? !a¤aa F®a®ce YF®
?a??ai . ˜a¤Ya a? ?«?c aiai ?§«?eY?, ? ca®!e a a?a®¤ ai ia®a
?§«?eY? ?«? ?® ¬YieY© ¬YaY Y ¤®?aaa?ai YF® a®aa ,
?a®?§c®¤?aY«i¬ a«Y¤aYa a?¦ ai aeYa. ’®F¤ aeY !a¤Ya
a?¦ aiai a?a e?c Y¬®Y ?®«?cYaac® a®c a acY«?c?c aiai,
?aY¤« F Y¬®Y ?®«?cYaac® a®c a a¬Yie aiai ¤® aYa ?®a, ?®? Y
!a¤Ya ¤®aa?Faa aeY a c®cYa?i ˜®.
˜a®a?c®?®«®¦ i a?aa ae?i c®§??Ya, Ya«? aeY
?Yac® c «i® !e« ?¦Y ˜®, ?®«®¦?¬ ˜2. ˜a¤Ya a §c?c aiai
¤Yae?ae?a, ?®a®¬a ca® ?a? ia®© aeYY ?®aaY!?aY«? Y a¬®Faa ?a??ai
aa®«i?® a®c a®c , a?®«i?® ®? a®aY«? !e. ˜a® a®§¤ Ya ¤ c«Y?Y
?®ceeY?Y aeYe , ?®F¤ ?®aaY!?aY«? !a¤aa aa a aiai ®!®©a?
¤aaF ¤aaF , ca®!e ?a??ai ?¬Yie?©ai a®c a, ?a®?§c®¤?aY«?
®aaY F?aaia ia® ?®ceeY?Y¬ aeY ? a ae?aY?Y¬ ?a®?§c®¤aac .
‚ ?®Yc®¬ ?a®FY aeY ®?iai ¤®aa?FYa aa®ci ˜®.
‘aa®i ? ?a?®«i§ai ?a?ceY ?aY¤«®¦Y?i ? a?a®a ,
?aY¤?®« F Y¬, ca® ?a? ®?aY¤Y«Y®© aeYY !a¤Ya ?a®?§cY¤Y® ?
– 13 –
aY «Y§®c ® ®?aY¤Y«Y®Y ?®«?cYaac® ?a®¤a?ae??. ˜a® ?¬YYa a¬ea«
c a®¬ a«ac Y, Ya«? ae®? a®ai !e c ?Yac®¬ ?a?!«?¦Y??,
ic«iYaai ae?®¬ ac®!®¤®© ?®?aaYae??, ?®a®a®¬ ®!Y aa®a®e
— ?a®¤ caee ? ?®?a? aY«? — ¬ «® c«?iia ?§¬YY?Y ae®c®©
aeYe. …a«? ¦Y ?aY¤«®¦Y?Y ?®aa®«?aaYaai Y¤?aacYe¬
?a®?§c®¤?aY«Y¬ (¬®®?®«?aa®¬), a® ?a®aa®F® ®¤®§ c®F®
a®®a®eY?i ¬Y¦¤a aeY®© ? ?aY¤« F Y¬e¬ ?®«?cYaac®¬ a®c a Y
!a¤Ya. ˜a?c? § ?«ic Yaai c a®¬, ca® ?®cY¤Y?Y ¬®®?®«?aa
§ c?a?a ®a ae®a¬e ? ?aY¤«®¦Y?i ?a?c®© a?a®a . …a«? ?a?c i
a¬Yaa?aai ? ??¬-?!a¤i ®!a §®¬, ¬®®?®«?aaa ¬®¦Ya ®? § aiai
ceF®¤e¬ ae??a?a®c ai ®!eY¬ ?aY¤«®¦Y?i . ˜®ia®¬a ?®F¤ ¬e
aaa®?¬ ?a?ceY a?a®a ? ?aY¤«®¦Y?i, ¬e Ycia® ?aY¤?®« F Y¬,
ca® ?¬YY¬ ¤Y«® a ?®?aaYae¬? ae? ¬?.
?‡?…˜…˜?… ‘˜˜?‘? ? ˜˜…„‹?†…˜??
?a?ceY a?a®a ? ?aY¤«®¦Y?i a? §ec ia, ? ?®Y ?®«?cYaac®
a®c a ?®?aa?aaie?Y ?a®?§c®¤?aY«? ? ?®aaY!?aY«? F®a®ce
?a®¤ c ai ? ?®?a? ai c § c?a?¬®aa? ®a aeYe, ?®a®aai ®?
?®«ac ia ?«? ?« aia. ˜®, ?®¬?¬® aeYe, ?aY¤«®¦Y?Y ? a?a®a
®?aY¤Y«iiaai ¤aaF?¬? aa«®c?i¬? . ˜ ?a?¬Ya, ?®«?cYaac® a®c a ,
?®a®a®Y ?a®?§c®¤?aY«? F®a®ce ?a®¤ ai, § c?a?a Y a®«i?® ®a
aeYe, ® ? ®a ?§¤Ya¦Y? ?a®?§c®¤aac . ‘?a®a a®c a § c?a?a
? ? ®a !i¤¦Ya ?®aaY!?aY«Y©. a ? ? ®a ¤aaF?a ae ?a®a®c. ˜?¦Y ¬e
®?aY¤Y«?¬, ? ? ?§¬YY?Y i?®®¬?cYa??a aa«®c?© ?«? «®F®c®©
?®«?a??? c«?iia ae®ceY aeYe ? ?aY¤«®¦Y?i a®c a®c. —a®!e
a¤Y« ai ia® , ¬e ¤®«¦e ?®iai, ? ? a¤c?F iaai ?a?ceY
?aY¤«®¦Y?i ? a?a®a c ®acYa ?§¬YY?i a ??a cY«?c?, ? ?
aa c?? § a !®a®© ?« ae, ? ??a «ieY § aa ae ? ¤®a®¤.
– 14 –
?
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AAe Ae Ae Ae Ae Ae Ae Ae AeA Ae Ae?
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AAe Ae Ae Ae Ae Ae Ae Ae Ae? ?
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AAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAAeAeAeAeAeAAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAe
˜ cY¬ a ?a?c®© ?aY¤«®¦Y?i S. ? ?®? §ec Ya, ? ?®©
®!eY¬ a®c a ?a®?§c®¤?aY«? F®a®ce ?a®¤ ai c § c?a?¬®aa? ®a
aeYe ae?Y . ˜ ?a?¬Ya, ?a? aeYY ˜1 ?a®?§c®¤?¬®Y ?
aY «?§aY¬®Y ?®«?cYaac ?a®¤a?ae?? ae?Y !a¤Ya a c® Q1.
’Y?Yai ?aY¤?®«®¦?¬, ca® aa®?¬®aai aeaii a?§?« ai.
‘?¦Y?Y aa®?¬®aa? aeaii, a ?¦Y ? ? ? «i!®Y a?¦Y?Y
§ aa a , ¤Y« Ya ?a®?§c®¤aac® !®«YY ?a?!e«ie¬ , aa?¬a«?aai
a §c?a?Y ?a®?§c®¤aac ? ?aY¤®aa c«ii ®ce¬ ae?a¬ ¬ c®§¬®¦®aai
ce©a? ae®? a® ac®?¬ a®c a®¬. ˜®ia®¬a Ya«? aeY ®aa Yaai
aa®cY ˜1, ¬®¦® ®¦?¤ ai !®«ieYF® ce?aa? ?a®¤a?ae??, cY¬
?aY¦¤Y. ˜ a?aa?Y ia® ?®? § ® ? ? a®aa Q1 ¤® Q2. ‚e?aa?
a aaYa Y§ c?a?¬® ®a aeYe , ?®ia®¬a cai ?a?c i ?aY¤«®¦Y?i
a¤c?F Yaai c ?a c®, ca® ?®? § ® a?aa?Y ? ? a¬YeY?Y S ?
S`.
„aaF®© a?®a®! ?a®a«Y¤?ai c®§¤Y©aac?Y a?¦Y?i aa®?¬®aa?
aeaii — ia® ?aY¤aa c?ai aY!Y, ca® ?a®?§c®¤?¬®Y ?®«?cYaac®
®aa Yaai ae??a?a®c e¬ Q1, ? ?a???aai, ? ?ai aeYa ?®aaY!aia
ae?a¬e, ca®!e ?a®?§c®¤?ai ia® ?®«?cYaac®. ?§-§ a®F® ca®
§ aa ae ?¦Y, aaY!aY¬ i aeY a®¦Y !a¤Ya ?¦Y — ˜2 a?aa?Y.
’ ? !a¤Ya ®!aa®iai ¤Y«® Y§ c?a?¬® a® ?®«?cYaac ?a®?§cY¤Y®©
– 15 –
?a®¤a?ae?? . ?e ®?iai c?¤?¬, ca® ?a?c i ?aY¤«®¦Y?i ¤®«¦
a¤c?aaiai c?a c®.
?®Yc® ¦Y, ? aeY , ? ?®«?cYaac® Y ®!i§ aY«i® ®aa aaai
?®aa®ie¬?, ?®F¤ a?¦ iaai ?§¤Ya¦??. ?!ec® ? a®, ? ¤aaF®Y
¬YiYaai, c a® caY¬i ? ? ®c i ?a?c i ?aY¤«®¦Y?i ?a?a®¤?a c
a c®cYa?Y a ?a?c®© a?a®a .
?
?
?
A Ae Ae Ae Ae Ae Ae Ae?
?
AAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAAeAeAeAe?
?
? ? ?
?
AAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAAeAeAeAeAAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAe
˜a® ?®? § ® a«Y¤aieY¬ a?aa?Y
(3), ?¤Y ?a?c i ?aY¤«®¦Y?i a¬Yaa?« ai a S ? S` , ? ? ?
?aY¤e¤aeY¬ a?aa?Y (2). ‚ ?a®FY ae®c i aeY ? ¤ Ya (a ˜1 ¤®
˜3), ®!eYY ?a®?§cY¤Y®Y ?®«?cYaac® c®§a aa Ya (a Q1 ¤® Q3)
. ? ? ? a«Y¤®c «® ®¦?¤ ai !®«YY ?§??Y ?§¤Ya¦??, ?a?c®¤ia ?
!®«YY ?§??¬ aeY ¬ acY«?cY?i a!ea (Ya®¬Y®, ?®aaY?Y®Y
a?¦Y?Y ?§¤Ya¦Y? c aY§a«ia aY aYa?cYa?®F® ?a®FaYaa ?
a®cYaeYaac®c ?i a?a c«Y?i ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®!®© c ¦ai
¤c?¦aeai a?«a i?®®¬?cYa?®F® a®aa ).
?!a a?¬ai aY?Yai ? a?aa?a (4), F¤Y aea?ae?i a?a®a
?®¬YcY !a?c®© D. ? ? a®aa ¤®a®¤ ?®aaY!?aY«Y© c«?iYa
a?a®a?
– 16 –
?
?
AAe Ae Ae Ae Ae ?
?
? ?
?
AAe Ae Ae Ae Ae A Ae Ae?
? ? ?
?
? ? ?
?
AAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAAeAeAeAeAAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAe
˜a? !®«ieY¬ ¤®a®¤Y ?®a«Y a?« ae «®F®c ?®aaY!?aY«? ¬®Faa
a aa®¤®c ai !®«ieY ¤YYF ?®?a??a «i!®F® a®c a , ? Y?®a®aeY
?®aaY!?aY«? a ? ? ?®aaa?ia c ®a®eY?? !®«ie?aac a®c a®c.
…a«? !e ae®c i aeY ®aa c « ai !e ?®aa®i®© — ˜1, ¬®¦®
!e«® !e ®¦?¤ ai a®aa ?®aaY!«iY¬®F® ?®«?cYaac , a? ¦Y¬ a Q1 ¤®
Q2. ˜a® ?a®?§®©¤Ya Y§ c?a?¬® ®a a®F®, ? ?®c ae®c i aeY ,
?®ia®¬a ?a®F®¬ !a¤Ya a¤c?F ?a?c®© a?a®a c?a c®. ˜ a?aa?Y
ia® ®aa ¦Y® ? ? a¤c?F ®a D ? D’. ‚ ? cYaacY «iaYa a?ce ¬e
¬®¦Y¬ § ¤ ai a ?®© c®?a®a: ? ?ai aeYa ?®aaY!?aY«? § ?« aia,
ca®!e ?a?®!aYaa? ®?aY¤Y«Y®Y ?®«?cYaac® a®c a Q1? ˜a?
!®«ieY¬ aY «i®¬ ¤®a®¤Y ®? !a¤aa F®a®ce a?« a?ai !®«YY
cea®?ai aeYa, a? ¦Y¬ ˜2 c¬Yaa® ˜1 a?aa?Y (4). ‘®c ?a?c i
a?a®a a¬Yaa?aai c?a c®.
‚ aeY«®¬ ? aeY , ? ?®«?cYaac® a®c a Y ®aa aaai
?®aa®ie¬? ?a? acY«?cY?? aY «i®F® ¤®a®¤ . ˜®ceY aeY ?
?®«?cYaac® c ?a®FY ?a?cY¤aa ? a c®cYa?i a?a®a ? ?aY¤«®¦Y?i.
? ? c?¤® a?aa?Y (5) , ¬®¦® ®¦?¤ ai , ca® ?®aaY!?aY«?
§ ?« aia !®«YY cea®?ai aeYa ˜3 , ae?a¬e !a¤aa ?a®?§c®¤?ai
– 17 –
!®«ieYY ?®«?cYaac® Q3 c aY§a«ia aY acY«?cY?i ¤®a®¤ .
?
?
AAe AeAe Ae Ae Ae Ae Ae AeAe?
?
AAe Ae Ae Ae Ae Ae? ?
?
? ? ?
?
? ? ?
?
AAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAAeAeAeAeAAeAeAeAeAeAe
?§¬YY?Y aeY c§ ?¬®aci§ eY a®c ae a ?¦Y c«?iia
a?a®a. ˜ ?a?¬Ya, ¬Y¤i ? «i¬??© ic«iiaai
a®c a ¬?-§ ¬Y?aY«i¬?, a ? ? ? ®¤? ¬®¦Ya § ¬Y?ai ¤aaF®© c
?a®?§c®¤aacY®¬ ?®aaY!«Y??; a?a®a ¬Y¤i c®§a aa Ya, Ya«?
acY«?c?aai aeY «i¬??© . ‘ ¤aaF®© aa®a®e, !Y§?
ic«iYaai ¤®?®«?aY«ie¬ a®c a®¬ ?® ®a®eY?i ? ca®¬®!?«i , a.
Y. ®? ?a?®«i§aiaai a®c¬Yaa®. ‘«Y¤®c aY«i®, a?¦Y?Y aeY
!Y§? acY«?c?c Ya a?a®a ca®¬ e?e . ˜®ia®¬a a¤c?F c?a c®
?a?c®© a?a®a a?aa?Y (5) ¬®¦Ya a ?¦Y !eai aY§a«ia a®¬
acY«?cY?i aeYe a®c a -§ ¬Y?aY«i ?«? a?¦Y?i aeYe
¤®?®«?aY«i®F® a®c a .
˜ !®«ie?aacY ae?®c ?a?ceY ? a?a®a , ? ?aY¤«®¦Y?i
?aYaYa?Yc ia caY¬i ®a caY¬Y? ®?aY¤Y«YeY ?§¬YY?i . „®a®¤
?®aaY!?aY«Y© ¬YiYaai ?® ¬YaY i?®®¬?cYa?®F® a®aa ( ?«?
a®?a e Yaai ?® ¬YaY a? ¤ ). ‘?a®a Y?®a®aeY a®c ae
?§¬YiYaai c § c?a?¬®aa? ®a aY§® ( a®?«?c® , ?a? «ieY
?a? ¤«Y¦®aa?, §®a???), c aci§? a ?§¬YY?Y¬ aeY
– 18 –
c§ ?¬®§ ¬YiY¬ea a®c a®c (a®aa aeY Yaeai acY«?c?c Ya a?a®a
?a?a®¤e© F §) ?«? ?a®aa® ?§-§ ¬Yiie?aai ¬®¤e ? c?aa®c.
? «®F?ce¬ ®!a §®¬ caY¬i ®a caY¬Y? ¬Yiiaai a §¬Ya
§ a !®a®© ?« ae , ? ??a «ieY c«®¦Y?i, aeYe aeaii, ca® c
§ c?aY«i®© ¬YaY c«?iYa ?aY¤«®¦Y?Y a®c a®c.
?
?
A Ae Ae Ae Ae Ae Ae Ae Ae?
A Ae Ae Ae Ae ? ?
?
? ? ?
?
? ? ?
AAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAeAAeAeAeAeAeAeAAeAeAeAeAe
?a?ceY ?aY¤«®¦Y?i ? a?a®a ¬®Faa ?a?®«i§®c aiai ¤«i
a®F®, ca®!e ?a®a«Y¤?ai ?®a«Y¤aac?i ia?a ?§¬YY?©. ˜ a?aa?Y
(6) ?a?¬Ya, a¤c?F c?a c® ?a?cea ?aY¤«®¦Y?i ? a?a®a
?a?c®¤ia ? caai !®«YY cea®?®© aeYY (®a ˜1 ¤® ˜2) ? § c?aY«i®
!®«ieY¬a c?a«a a®c a ( ®a Q1 ¤® Q2). ‚ aeY«®¬ ®! ?®? § aY«i
!a¤aa ?§¬Yiaiai c § c?a?¬®aa? ? ? ®a a¤c?F®c ?a?cea a?a®a ?
?aY¤«®¦Y?i, a ? ? ®a ?a ae®a¬e. —a®!e ?aY¤a? § ai a §¬Ya ?
?a c«Y?Y ?®¤®!ea ?YaY¬Y , Y®!a®¤?¬® ?®«?cYaacY®
®a a ?aYa?§®c ai § c?a?¬®aai ?aY¤«®¦Y?i a?a®a ®a aeYe ?
¤aaF?a ?YaY¬Yea.
˜‹?‘’?—˜?‘’? ˜˜…„‹?†…˜?? ? ‘˜˜?‘?
– 19 –
? ? a¦Y a? §ec «®ai a YY , a?a®a a®c a § c?a?a ®a YF®
aeYe , ¤®a®¤ ?®aaY!?aY«i ? aeY ¤aaF?Y a®c ae. ? «®F?ce¬
®!a §®¬ ?aY¤«®¦Y?Y § c?a?a ®a aeYe ia®a a®c a ? ?§¤Ya¦Y?
YF® ?a®?§c®¤aac®. ˜ ?a?¬Ya, Ya«? aeY ?®aeY c®§a aaYa, a®
a?§?aai a?a®a YF® ? ?§¬YiYaai ®!eY¬ ?aY¤«®¦Y?i . ?¤ ?®
§ c aaai ¬e a®a?¬ § ai cY«?c?a a®aa ?«? a?¦Y?i
?aY¤«®¦Y?i ? a?a®a . ˜ a?®«i?® cacaac?aY«Y a?a®a ?®aeY ?
?§¬YY?i aeY? …a«? aeY ?®¤?¬Yaai 10 % , ? ? ?§¬Y?aai
a?a®a ? ? ? ?§¬Y?aai a?a®a , Ya«? ¤®a®¤ c®§a aaYa 5 % ?
—a®!e ®acYa?ai ?®¤®!eY c®?a®ae , c®a?®«i§aY¬ai ?®ia?Y¬
i« aa?c®aa?. ˜« aa?c®aai — ¬Ya aY F?a®c ?i ®¤®©
?YaY¬Y®© cY«?c?e ?§¬YY?Y ¤aaF®© ; a®cYY ia® c?a«® ,
?®a®a®Y ?®? §ec Ya ?a®aeYa®Y ?§¬YY?Y ®¤®© ?YaY¬Y®© c
aY§a«ia aY ®¤®?a®aeYa®F® ?§¬YY?i ¤aaF®© ?YaY¬Y®©.
‚ ¦Y©e?¬ ?a?¬Ya®¬ a«a¦?a i« aa?c®aai a?a®a ®a aeYe ,
?®a®a i ®aa ¦ Ya ?§¬YY?Y aaY!aY¬®F® ?®«?cYaac a®c a ?®
®a®eY?i ? ?§¬YY?i aeYe. ˜« aa?c®aai a? §ec Ya ¬ , ? ?®Y
?a®aeYa®Y ?§¬YY?Y a?a®a ?®a«Y¤aYa ?®a«Y ®¤®?a®aeYa®F®
acY«?cY?i aeYe a®c a .
˜« aa?c®aai a?a®a ®a aeYe ®!ec® ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®!®©
®aa?ae aY«iai cY«?c?a . ?®F¤ aeY a®c a ?®cee Yaai , YF®
aaY!aY¬®Y ?®«?cYaac®, ? ? ?a c?«®, a?¦ Yaai.
˜« aa?c®aai a?a®a ®a aeYe ¤®«¦ ?§¬Yiaiai c ®a¤Y«i®©
a®c?Y ?a?c®© a?a®a ? !a¤Ya c aeY«®¬ ¬Yiaiai ?® ¬YaY eYF®
¤c?¦Y?i ?® ?a?c®©.
‘˜?‚˜…˜?… ?˜?’??‚˜…?…˜˜???
? „?‹??‚˜…?…˜˜??? ??˜””?–?…˜’?‚
˜‹?‘’?—˜?‘’?
˜a? «?§Y a?a®a ? ?aY¤«®¦Y?i c ¦® ce¤Y«iai
?a®¤®«¦?aY«i®aai ?Ya?®¤ caY¬Y? . „aaF?¬? a«®c ¬? , Ya«? ¬e
– 20 –
a?a e?c Y¬ , a?®«i?® ¬YiYaai a?a®a ?«? ?aY¤«®¦Y?Y c
aY§a«ia aY ?§¬YY?i aeY , ¬e ¤®«¦e ?®?aYa® aaa ®c?ai,
cYaY§ ? ?®© ?a®¬Y¦aa®? caY¬Y? ¬e !a¤Y¬ ®?aY¤Y«iai ?§¬YY?i
aaY!aY¬®F® ?«? ?aY¤« F Y¬®F® ?®«?cYaac . …a«? ¬e
a aa¬ aa?c Y¬ ?®a®a??© ?a®¬Y¦aa®? caY¬Y? ( ®¤? F®¤ ?«? ¬YYY
) , a® aYci ?¤Ya ® ?a a?®caY¬Yea a?a®aY ? ?aY¤«®¦Y??. ‚
aeY«®¬ ?a?ceY a?a®a ? ?aY¤«®¦Y?i § ?®a®a??© ?a®¬Y¦aa®?
caY¬Y? ceF«i¤ia a®cYaeY® ? cY, cY¬ § ¤®«F®caY¬Ye©.
‘˜˜?‘
„«i ¬®F?a a®c a®c a?a®a !®«YY i« aa?cY ®a aeYe ¤«i
¤«?aY«i®F®, Y ?®a®a?®F® ?a®¬Y¦aa? caY¬Y?. ?¤ ?§ ?a?c?
§ ?«ic Yaai c a®¬ , ca® «i¤i¬ aaY!aYaai caY¬i, ca®!e ?§¬Y?ai
ac®? ?®aaY!?aY«ia??Y ?a?cec??. ˜ ?a?¬Ya, Ya«? ¤ ¦Y aeY
?®aeY aY§?® c®§a aaYa, aaY!aY¬®Y ?®«?cYaac® YF® !a¤Ya a?¦ aiai
a®«i?® ?®aaY?Y® , a ? ? ? ?®aaY!?aY«? !a¤aa ¬YieY ?®aeY Y
aa §a. „aaF i ?a?c? § ?«ic Yaai c a®¬, ca® a?a®a ®¤?
a®c a ¬®¦Ya !eai aci§ a § ? a®¬ ¤aaF®F® a®c a a
?®aaY!?aY«Y©, ?®a®ae© ?§¬YiYaai ¬Y¤«YYY . ˜ ?a?¬Ya , a?a®a
!Y§? § c?aY«i® i« aa?cYY ¤«i ¤«?aY«i®F® ?a®¬Y¦aa?
caY¬Y?. ˜Y§?®Y ?®ceeY?Y aeYe !Y§? a®?a e Ya
a?a eec Y¬®Y ?®«?cYaac® c ?®a®a??© ?a®¬Y¦aa®? caY¬Y? § acYa
¬YieYF® c?a« ?®Y§¤®? , ® ®® ®? §ec Ya ®Fa®¬®Y c«?i?Y
a?a®a ca®¬®!?«? , cea¦¤ i ?®aaY!?aY«Y© ?a?®!aYa ai
¬ «®«?aa ¦eY ? i?®®¬?ceY ca®¬®!?«? . ˜® § ¬Y aa aea
ca®¬®!?«Y© ®ce¬? aaY!aYa ¤«?aY«i®F® caY¬Y? , ?®«?cYaac®
aaY!aY¬®F® !Y§? a?¦ Yaai a®¦Y ¬Y¤«Y®.
‘ ¤aaF®© aa®a®e, ¤«i ®?aY¤Y«Yea a®c a®c a a ?aYa
?ai¬® ?a®a?c®?®«®¦ i ? aa? — a?a®a !®«YY i« aa?cY ¤«i
?a a?®caY¬Y®F®, Y ¤®«F®caY¬Y®F® ?Ya?®¤ . ˜a? a®c ae (
ca®¬®!?«?, a®«®¤?«i???, aY«Yc?§®ae ?«? ®!®aa¤®c ?Y c
?a®¬ee«Y®aa?) ic«iiaai a®c a ¬? ¤«?aY«i®F® ?®«i§®c ?i, ?
– 21 –
?®ia®¬a aa¬¬ ae© § ? a ? ¦¤®F® a®c a , ?a? ¤«Y¦ e?©
?®aaY!?aY«i¬ , cY«?? ?® aa cY?i a Y¦YF®¤e¬ ®!eY¬®¬ ?a
?a®?§c®¤aac . ‚ aY§a«ia aY Y!®«ie®Y ?§¬YY?Y c aa¬¬ a®¬
§ ? aY, ?®a®ae¬ a®aia ®!« ¤ ai ?®aaY!?aY«?, ¬®¦Ya ?a?cYaa? ?
!®«ie®¬a c ?a®aeYa®¬ cea ¦Y?? ?§¬YY?i ®!eY¬ ?®?a?®? .
˜aY¤?®«®¦?¬, ?a?¬Ya, ca® aeY a®c a ?®¤i« ai 10 % ? c
aY§a«ia aY aa¬¬ ae© § ? a, ?®a®ae© a®aia ?¬Yai ?®aaY!?aY«?,
a?¦ Yaai 5 %. ˜Yac® c «i® ia® ce§®cYa a?¦Y?Y ?®?a?®?
§ c?aY«i® !®«ieY, cY¬ 5 %. ˜® ?®aaY?Y® , ?® ¬YaY
a aa®¤®c ?i § ? a ( ? § ¬Ye ?§®eYea ¤Ya «Y© ), a?a®a
a®c cea aaYa. ˜®ia®¬a ¤®«F®caY¬Y®¬ ®aaY§?Y aa¬¬ ae©
§ ? a a®c a , ?a? ¤«Y¦ e?© ?®aaY!?aY«i¬, !a¤Ya 5 % ¬YieY,
cY¬ ¤® ?®ceeY?i aeYe. ˜« aa?c®aai a?a®a ®a ¤®a®¤ a ?¦Y
a §«?c ¤«i ?a a?®caY¬Y®F® ? ¤®«F®caY¬Y®F® ?Ya?®¤®c. „«i
!®«ie?aac a®c a®c ? aa«aF ( ?a®¤a?a®c ??a ?i, ??a?®c,
a®?«?c , ?¤aaaa?? a §c«YcY?© ? a. ¤. ) i« aa?c®aai a?a®a
®a ¤®a®¤ !®«ieY ¤®«F®caY¬Y®¬ ®aaY§?Y. ?§-§ a®F® ca®
a?a®a a®c ae ¤«?aY«i®F® ?®«i§®c ?i ?®«Y!«Yaai ®cYi aY§?®
c ®acYa ?a a?®caY¬YeY ?§¬YY?i ¤®a®¤ , ®aa a«?,
?a®?§c®¤ie?Y a®c ae ¤«?aY«i®F® ?®«i§®c ?i , cYai¬
cacaac?aY«ie ? ?§¬YY?i ¬ ?a®i?®®¬?cYa??a aa«®c?© . ‚
c aa®aa?, ia® ? a Yaai ae??« ¤Y«®c®© ?a?c®aa? – a? ¤®c ?
!a¬®c. ˜Y¤ a®¬ ia? ®aa a«? YaY¤?® §ec ia “ae??«?ce¬?” – ?a
a!ea ?¬YYa aY¤Yae?i acY«?c?c ai ae??«?cYa??Y ?§¬YY?i c
c «®c®¬ ae?® «i®¬ ?a®¤a?aY ? ae?® «i®¬ ¤®a®¤Y.
˜˜…„‹?†…˜?…
˜« aa?c®aai ?aY¤«®¦Y?i a ?¦Y a §«?c Yaai c ¤®«F®aa®c®¬
? ?a a?®aa®c®¬ ?Ya?®¤ a. „«i !®«ie?aac ?§¤Y«?© c
¤®«F®aa®c®¬ ?Ya?®¤Y ?aY¤«®¦Y?Y § c?aY«i® i« aa?cYY ®a
aeYe , cY¬ c ?a a?®aa®c®¬ , ?®a®¬a ca® ae?a¬e aa «??c iaai a
– 22 –
®Fa ?cY?i¬? ?a®?§c®¤aacYea c®§¬®¦®aaY© ?®a®a?®¬
caY¬Y®¬ ®aaY§?Y ? a¦¤ iaai c® caY¬Y? , ca®!e a ae?a?ai
ac®? ?a®?§c®¤aacYeY c®§¬®¦®aa? ?aaY¬ aaa®?aY«iaac ®cea
¬®e®aaY© ? ©¬ a !®c?a ¤«i a !®a ®c®¬ ?a®?§c®¤aacY.
˜a?¬ ¬e Y a®a?¬ a? § ai, ca® ?aY¤«®¦Y?Y !eaaa® Y c®§a aaYa,
Ya«? aeY !eaaa® ?®¤a?®c?a. „ ¦Y § ?®a®a??© ?a®¬Y¦aa®?
caY¬Y? ae?a¬e ¬®Faa acY«?c?ai ce?aa? a®c a®c , ?a?®«i§ai
aaeYaacYeY ?a®?§c®¤aacYeY ¬®e®aa? , acY«?c?c i
?a®¤®«¦?aY«i®aai a !®cY© Y¤Y«? , ce?« c?c i acYaaaa®ceY ?
?a?c«Y? i c i?aaaYea a«ac ia ¤®?®«?aY«iai caY¬Yai
a !®cai a?«a. ˜® ae?a¬e a¬®Faa a ae?a?ai ce?aa? c § c?aY«i®
!®«ie?a a §¬Ya a, Ya«? a ?a Yaai caY¬i a §c?a?Y
?a®?§c®¤aacYea ¬®e®aaY© ? Y¬ !®«ie®F® c?a« ?®aa®iea
a !®c?a. ˜® ai¤a a®c a®c ? aa«aF ?aY¤«®¦Y?Y ?®a®a?®¬
®aaY§?Y ?®a®a?®¬ ®aaY§?Y caY¬Y? a®cYaeY® Yi« aa?c®.
‘¤ c ¤®¬®c c aY¤a c !®«ie?aacY F®a®¤®c a®¬a ?a?¬Ya . ‚
?aY¤Y« a ®cYi ?®a®a?®F® ?Ya?®¤ ?§-§ ae??a?a®c ®F® c?a«
aY¤aY¬ea ¤®¬®c a®aa a?a®a «?ei ?®¤a®«?Ya ? ?®ceeY?i aeYe.
˜ !®«YY ¤«?aY«i®¬ ®aaY§?Y ?a? ®aaaaaac?? ?®aa®«i §
aY¤®© ?« a®© cea®??Y aeYe ®!Ya?Yc a aa?¬a« ¤«i ¬®¤Ya?§ ae??
aaeYaacaie?a §¤ ?© ? aaa®?aY«iaac ®cea, ? ?®ia®¬a a §¬Ya
?aY¤«®¦Y?i acY«?c?aai. ?¤ ?® ¤«i !®«ie?aac a®c a®c ? aa«aF
ae?a¬e ¬®Faa ©a? a?®a®!e, ca®!e acY«?c?ai ce?aa? ¤ ¦Y §
?®a®a??© ?a®¬Y¦aa®? caY¬Y?, Ya«? aeY®c®© aa?¬a« ¤®aa a®c®
a?«Y . ˜a®!«Y¬ § ?«ic Yaai c a®¬, ca® ?§ – § ®Fa ?cY?©, a
?®a®ae¬? aa «??c iaai ae?a¬e, !eaaa®Y acY«?cY?Y ce?aa?
aci§ ® a® § c?aY«ie¬? a aa®¤ ¬?, ? ?®ia®¬a ¤«i Y!®«ie®F®
acY«?cY?i ?aY¤«®¦Y?i c ?®a®a??Y aa®?? ¬®¦Ya ?®aaY!®c aiai
!®«ieYY acY«?cY?Y aeY.˜® ai¤a a®c a®c ?aY¤«®¦Y?Y !®«YY
i« aa?c® c ?®a®a??Y, Y c ¤«?aY«ieY ?a®¬Y¦aa?? caY¬Y?.
’ ??Y a®c ae ic«iiaai a®c a ¬? ca®a?c®F® ?®«i§®c ?i, a.Y.
¬®Faa !eai ca®a?c® ?YaYa !®a e ? c®ci ceaaa??ai ? ? c aai
?aY¤«®¦Y?i ?a? ?®ceeY?? aeY. ˜a?¬Ya®¬ a«a¦?a ca®a?c®Y
– 23 –
?a?®«i§®c ?Y ¬®F?a ¬Ya ««®c (a.Y. ?aY¤«®¦Y?Y ¬Ya ««®«®¬ ,
?®a®ae© ?®a®ae© aYFa«ia® ?YaY?« c«iYaai). ?®F¤ aeY ¬Y¤?
a aaYa, ia® aa?¬a«?aaYa ca®a?c®Y ?a?®«i§®c ?Y «®¬ ¬Y¤?, ?
?®ia®¬a c c «Y ®!eY¬ ca®a?c®F® ?aY¤«®¦Y?i !eaaa®
acY«?c?c Yaai. ˜® c ?®aeY ?®ae®c § ? a cea®?®? cYaacY®F®
«®¬ a?§?aai, ¤Y« i ®c®Y ?a®?§c®¤aac® ¬Y¤? !®«YY ¤®a®F?¬,
a ? ca® ca®a?c®Y ?aY¤«®¦Y?Y a®?a a?aai. ‚ aY§a«ia aY
¤®«F®caY¬Y i i« aa?c®aai ca®a?c®F® ?aY¤«®¦Y?i !a¤Ya
¬YieY , cY¬ i« aa?c®aai ?a a?®caY¬Y i.
??˜’˜?‹? ??‘“„?˜‘’‚? ˜?„ –…˜???
‚ ‘?? ? !®«ie?aacY ¤aaF?a ?a®¬ee«Y® a §c?aea aaa
ae?? aY¤?® ic«iiaai Y§ c?a?¬e¬? ®a c¬Ye aY«iaac
F®aa¤ aaac . ˜®¬?¬® ccY¤Y?i «®F®c ? ?aY¤®aa c«Y?i
aa!a?¤?©, ?a c?aY«iaac® c aa® aYFa«?aaYa ae?? (¤ ¦Y ae??
ac®!®¤®© ?®?aaYae??) a §«?ce¬? a?®a®! ¬?. ‡¤Yai ¬e
a aa¬®aa?¬, ? ? ?a?®«i§®c ai § c?a?¬®aa? ¬Y¦¤a ?aY¤«®¦Y?Y¬ ?
a?a®a®¬ ¤«i «?§ c®§¤Y©aac?i ®¤®© ®!eYa a?a®aaa Y®©
ae®a¬e F®aa¤ aaacY®F® aYFa«?a®c ?i: ?®aa®«i ¤ aeY ¬?.
˜ a?aa?Y (7) ?®? § ® c®§¤Y©aac?Y ?®aa®«i ¤ aeY ¬?:
˜® ? Q® ?aY¤aa c«iia a®!®© a c®cYaeY aeYa ? ?®«?cYaac® (a.Y.
aeYa ? ®!eY¬ ?a®¤ ¦, ?®a®aeY aaa ®c?«?ai !e !Y§
?a c?aY«iaacY®F® c¬Ye aY«iaac ). ˜a c?aY«iaac®, ®¤ ?®,
a®¤?a aeYa ˜® a«?e?®¬ cea®?®© ? aaa c«?c Ya , ca® aeY Y
¤®«¦ !eai ceeY ¬ ?a?¬ «i®© aeYe, ?®a®aai ¬e ®!®§ c Y¬ ? ?
˜max. ? ?®c !a¤Ya aY§a«ia a? ?§-§ a®F®, ca® aeY ?¦Y
a c®cYa®© ?a®?§c®¤?aY«? (®a®!Y® aY, a ?®F® cea®??Y
?§¤Ya¦??) !a¤aa ?a®?§c®¤?ai ¬YieY ? ?aY¤«®¦Y?Y !a¤Ya a c®
Q1. ‘ ¤aaF®© aa®a®e, ?®aaY!?aY«? acY«?c a a?a®a ?a? ia®©
?§?®© aeYY — ®? § a®aia ?a?®!aYa ai ?®«?cYaac® Q2. ˜®ia®¬a
– 24 –
a?a®a ?aYcee Ya ?aY¤«®¦Y?Y, ? c a?®aY c®§??Ya ¤Yae?ae?a, ?«?
?§!ea®ce© a?a®a. ?!eY¬ ia®F® ?§!ea®c®F® a?a®a a®aa c?a Q2
— Q1.
˜a®a ?§!ea®ce© a?a®a ?a??¬ Ya ae®a¬a ®cYaY¤Y©, ? ? ia®
?a®?aa®¤?«® §?¬®© 1974 F. ? «Ya®¬ 1975 F., ?®F¤ c®¤?aY«?
ceaaa ?c «?ai c ?®«®a, ca®!e ?a??ai !Y§? ( c ®!®?a a«ac ia
®cYaY¤? § !Y§?®¬ !e«? aY§a«ia a®¬ ?®aa®«i ¤ aeY ¬?.
˜a c?aY«iaac® Y ¤®?aaa?«®, ca®!e caaaYY¬ ae?Y aeYe
¬ a«® ? !Y§? ?®¤i«?ai c¬YaaY a ¬?a®ce¬? aeY ¬? Yaeai).
?®F¤ ?§!ea®ce© a?a®a ?a??¬ Ya ae®a¬a ®Fa ?cY?© ?
®a¬?a®c ?i ?®aa c®?, ? ? ia® !e«® a ?®aa®«Y¬ aeY
?a?a®¤e© F §, ca® ?a?cY«® c aYaY¤?Y 70-a F®¤®c ? Yac a?Y
F § , ?®F¤ ?a®¬ee«YeY ?®aaY!?aY«? F § a®?a a?«?
?®aaY!«Y?Y ? Y?®a®aeY § c®¤e !e«? cea¦¤Ye § ?aeaiai.
?®F¤ , ?®F¤ ?a?aaaacY® § cee Yaai a?a®a, ® ?YaY?«ic Yaai
¤aaF?Y ae??. ˜ ?a?¬Ya, c 60-Y F®¤e ?®aa®«i ¤ aeY ¬?
?a?a®¤e© F § YeY Y ce§c « ®Fa ?cY?© , ® ?®aYae? «i®
®ceY ?®?a? aY«? Y ¬®F«? ?®¤?«ic aiai ? a?aaY¬Y aaa!®?a®c®¤®c
? !e«? cea¦¤Ye c¬Yaa® F § ?a?®«i§®c ai Yaeai.
?a ?®aa®«i ¤ aeY ¬? ?a®-a® ce?Faec Ya, ?a®-a® ?
?a®?Faec Ya . ˜?aa®? ( 7 ) ?aY¤?®« F Ya, ca® ?a®?§c®¤?aY«?
?a®?Faec ia — ®? ?®«ac ia ?§?ai aeYa ? Y?®a®aeY ?aY?a e ia
¤YiaY«i®aai c a ¬? a ®aa a«? ?a®¬ee«Y®aa? . ˜Y?®a®aeY
?®aaY!?aY«?, ® ¤ «Y?® Y caY, ce?Faec ia. ˜®aaY!?aY«?,
?®a®aeY ¬®Faa ?a?®!aYaa? a®c a ?® !®«YY ?§?®© aeYY, ic® c
ce?FaeeY, ® aY, ?a® !e« ?®a ¦Y “®a¬a” ? Y a¬®F c®®!eY
?a??ai a®c a , ®? §ec iaai c aaa¤®¬ ?®«®¦Y??.
‚›‚?„›
1. ???a®i?®®¬?? ?§ac Ya ¬Ya ?§¬ ?a?ia?i aYeY?©
®a¤Y«ie¬? i?®®¬?cYa??¬? aa!eY?a ¬?: ?®aaY!?aY«i¬?,
aaa¤ie?¬?ai, c?« ¤c?? ¬? ? ??a « , c« ¤Y«iae ¬? aYaaaa®c ?
– 25 –
®a¤Y«ie¬? ae?a¬ ¬?. ? a ?¦Y ?aa«Y¤aYa c§ ?¬®¤Y©aac?i
?®aaY!?aY«Y© ? ae?a¬, ae®a¬?aaie?a ae?? ? ®aa a«?
?a®¬ee«Y®aa?.
2. ???a®i?®®¬?? ®a®cec Yaai ?a?¬YY?? aY®a??,
?®a®a i ¬®¦Ya (a?a®eYe¬ a?®a®!®¬) ?®¬®ci ®!eia?ai ¤Y©aac?i
®a¤Y«iea i?®®¬?cYa??a aa!eY?®c ? a¤Y« ai a®®acYaaacaie?©
?a®F®§ !a¤aeYY. ?®¤Y«?, ?aY¤aa c«iie?Y a®!®©
¬ aY¬ a?cYa?®Y cea ¦Y?Y aY®a??, ?a?¬Yiiaai ¤«i ?««iaaa ae??
¤ ®F® ®!eiaY?i ? c ?a®aeYaaY ?a®F®§?a®c ?i.
3. ???a®i?®®¬?? § ?¬ Yaai ®!eiaY?Y¬ ?
?a®F®§?a®c ?Y¬ i?®®¬?cYa??a ic«Y?©. ˜® ¬??a®i?®®¬??
c ¦ a ?¦Y ? ¤«i ®a¬ a?c®F® «?§ , ?a? ?®a®a®¬ ¬e
®acYc Y¬ c®?a®a, ? ? i «iaYa a?c «aceY — ¤«i ae?a¬e ?«?
¤«i ®!eYaac c aeY«®¬. ˜®a¬ a?ce© «?§ c® ¬®F?a a«ac ia
¤®«¦Y a®cYa aiai a ®a¤Y«ie¬? ®aeY®ce¬? aa¦¤Y?i¬?, a ? ? ?
§¤Yai ¬®Faa a aa¬ aa?c aiai ?a®!«Y¬e a cYaac ?
a?a cY¤«?c®aa?, a ? ¦Y ? ? ? i?®®¬?cYa?®© iaeaeY?a?c®aa?.
4. ? ?®ia?i ae? ®a®a?aai a®c®?a?®aai ?®?a? aY«Y© ?
?a®¤ cae®c, c aY§a«ia aY c§ ?¬®¤Y©aac?i ?®a®aea c®§¬®¦®aai
a!ea ? ?a?®!aYaY?i a®c a®c ? aa«aF. ???a®i?®®¬??
§ ?¬ Yaai ?§acY?Y¬ ? ? ?®?aaYaea ae?®c, F¤Y ®¤?
®a¤Y«i® c§iae© ?®?a? aY«i ?«? ?a®¤ cYae Y ?¬YYa c«?i?i
aeYa, a ? ? Y?®?aaYaea ae?®c, F¤Y ®a¤Y«ieY FYae ¬®Faa
c®§¤Y©aac®c ai aeYe.
5. —a®!e i«?¬??a®c ai c«?i?Y ?ae«iae??, ¬e ?a?®«i§aY¬
a®?®aa c?¬eY, Y ¤Y©aacaie?Y aeYe. ‘®?®aa c?¬eY aeYe
a aac?aec ia ?® FaYF?a®c ®¬a ?¤Y?aa aeY — a ?®¬a ? ? ?˜–.
6. ? «?§ ?a?cea a?a®a ? ?aY¤«®¦Y?i ic«iYaai ®¤?¬ ?§
®a®cea ?aaaa¬Ya®c ¬??a®i?®®¬???. ˜ ?®?aaYa®¬ ae?Y
?a?ceY ?aY¤«®¦Y?i ? a?a®a a? §ec ia, a?®«i?® ?a®¤a?ae??
?a®?§cY¤Y® ae?a¬ ¬? ? ? ??¬ !a¤Ya a?a®a ?®aaY!?aY«Y© ?a?
®?aY¤Y«Y®© aeYY.
7. ˜e®ce© ¬Ya ?§¬ ?¬YYa aY¤Yae?i ? a c®cYa?i (a.Y.
– 26 –
aeY ¤c?¦Yaai ? aa®ci ae®c®© a a?a®¤ ¦?), a aY¬ ca®!e Y
!e«® ? ?§!ea®c®F® a?a®a , ? ?§!ea®c®F® ?aY¤«®¦Y?i.
8. ˜« aa?c®aai a a ?aYa?§aYa aY ?ae?i ?aY¤«®¦Y?i a?a®a
?§¬YY?Y aeYe, ¤®a®¤ ? ¤aaF?a ?YaY¬Yea. ˜ ?a?¬Ya,
i« aa?c®aai a?a®a ®a aeYe ?®? §ec Ya ?§¬YY?Y aaY!aY¬®F®
?®«?cYaac c ?a®aeYa a c aY§a«ia aY acY«?cY?i aeYe 1 .
9. ˜« aa?c®aai ®a®a?aai ? aY¬ ?«? ?e¬ caY¬Ye¬
a ¬? ¬, ? ¤«i !®«ie?aac a®c a®c c ¦® a §«?c ai
?a a?®caY¬Ye© ? ¤®«F®caY¬Ye© ?®iaeae?ae?Yae i« aa?c®aa?.
10. …a«? ¬e ¬®¦Ya a aac?a ai, a®ai !e ?a?!«?§?aY«i®,
?a?ceY ?aY¤«®¦Y?i ? a?a®a ®?aY¤Y«Ye© a®c a, ¬e ¬®¦Y¬
cec?a«?ai aeYa, ?a?a c?c i ?aY¤«®¦Y?Y ? a?a®a. …a«? ¬e a ?¦Y
§ Y¬, a?®«i?® ?aY¤«®¦Y?Y ? a?a®a § c?aia ®a ¤aaF?a
i?®®¬?cYa??a ?YaY¬Yea cY«?c? (a ??a, ? ? ¤®a®¤ ?«? aeYe
¤aaF?Y a®c ae), ¬e ¬®¦Y¬ cec?a«?ai, ? ? !a¤aa ¬Yiaiai
a c®cYaeY aeY ? ®!eY¬ ?a®¤ ¦ ?a? ?§¬YY?? ¤aaF?a
?YaY¬Yea. ˜a® ®¤® ?§ aaY¤aac, ®!eiaiie?a ?«?
?a®F®§?aaie?a ?®cY¤Y?Y ae?Y.
11. ˜a®aa®© c?a«Ye© «?§ ¬®¦® ce?®«?ai, a®?®aa c«ii
¤ eY ® aeY a ? ?®«?cYaac a ?a?ce¬? ?aY¤«®¦Y?i ? a?a®a ?
®aeY?c i i« aa?c®aai. ˜® ¬®F?¬ ae? ¬ a ??Y ¤ eY
aaeYaacaia, ? ?a®aaY©e?Y a acYae ¬®Faa ?®¬®ci ¬ «aceY ?®iai
a a ?aYa?aa??? ? ?®cY¤Y?Y ae? .
– 27 –
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