IAEAAEAIEA.
TOC \o “1-3” 1. AAAAeAIEA GOTOBUTTON _Toc445439170 PAGEREF
_Toc445439170 3
2. ENOI?Ess AICIEEIIAAIEss ?AEEAIU GOTOBUTTON _Toc445439171 PAGEREF
_Toc445439171 6
3. NAAIAeIssOIssss NEOOAOeEss IA ?AEEAIIII ?UIEA GOTOBUTTON
_Toc445439172 PAGEREF _Toc445439172 7
4. IIIssOEA, NOUIINOUe, NIAeA?AEAIEA ?AEEAIU GOTOBUTTON _Toc445439173
PAGEREF _Toc445439173 11
4.1 Iiiyoea ?aeeaiu. GOTOBUTTON _Toc445439174 PAGEREF _Toc445439174
11
4.2 Iniiaiua /a?ou ?aeeaiu. GOTOBUTTON _Toc445439175 PAGEREF
_Toc445439175 12
4.3 Oeaee ?aeeaiu. GOTOBUTTON _Toc445439176 PAGEREF _Toc445439176
12
4.4 Aeaeu ?aeeaiu. GOTOBUTTON _Toc445439177 PAGEREF _Toc445439177
13
4.5 ?aeeaia eae i?ioeann ec /aou?ao ninoaaeythueo GOTOBUTTON
_Toc445439178 PAGEREF _Toc445439178 14
4.5.1 ?aeeaiiaeaoaee GOTOBUTTON _Toc445439179 PAGEREF _Toc445439179
14
4.5.2 ?aeeaiiua aaaionoaa. GOTOBUTTON _Toc445439180 PAGEREF
_Toc445439180 14
4.5.3 N?aaenoaa ?aeeaiu. GOTOBUTTON _Toc445439181 PAGEREF
_Toc445439181 15
4.5.4 Iio?aaeoaee. GOTOBUTTON _Toc445439182 PAGEREF _Toc445439182
15
4.6 Ooieoeee ?aeeaiu. GOTOBUTTON _Toc445439183 PAGEREF
_Toc445439183 15
5. ?AEEAIIUA I?AAIECAOeEE. GOTOBUTTON _Toc445439184 PAGEREF
_Toc445439184 18
5.1 ?aeeaiiia aaaionoai. GOTOBUTTON _Toc445439185 PAGEREF
_Toc445439185 18
5.1.1 Ooieoeee ?aeeaiiiai aaaionoaa. GOTOBUTTON _Toc445439186
PAGEREF _Toc445439186 18
5.1.2 I?aaiecaoeeiiiay no?oeoo?a ?aeeaiiiai aaaionoaa. GOTOBUTTON
_Toc445439187 PAGEREF _Toc445439187 19
5.1.3 Iieaoa. GOTOBUTTON _Toc445439188 PAGEREF _Toc445439188 20
5.2 I?aaiecaoeey ?aeeaiiaeaoaey. GOTOBUTTON _Toc445439189 PAGEREF
_Toc445439189 21
5.3 ?icie/iua ?aeeaiiaeaoaee. GOTOBUTTON _Toc445439190 PAGEREF
_Toc445439190 23
6. CAEETH*AIEA. GOTOBUTTON _Toc445439191 PAGEREF _Toc445439191 24
7. NIENIE ENIIEUeCIAAIIUO ENOI*IEEIA. GOTOBUTTON _Toc445439192
PAGEREF _Toc445439192 25
AAAAeAIEA
Aoi?ay iieiaeia XX a. oa?aeoa?ecoaony iiiaeie cia/eiuie yaeaieyie e
oaiaeaioeeyie a aeecie iauanoaa e yeiiiieee ?aciuo no?ai ie?a. Ii
iiaieth niaoeeaeenoia iaeiie ec iniiaiuo oaiaeaioeee iaoaai a?aiaie
yaeyaony ao?iia ?acaeoea noa?u oneoa. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, noa?a oneoa,
noaiaiue a? ?acaeoey e no?oeoo?a noaee aunooiaoue aaaeiaeoei
e?eoa?eaeueiui i?eciaeii ?acaeoey iauanoaa. Anee ia?aoeoueny e oeeo?ai,
eaeoth aeieth caieiaao noa?a oneoa a yeiiiieea ?acaeouo no?ai, oi yoe
oeeo?u iiaoo naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaoue i ianooieaiee iiaiai yoaia a
iauanoaaiiii, a oii /enea e iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ?acaeaeaiee o?oaea. Yoi
aiai?eo i i?ienoiaeyuae nia?aiaiiie no?oeoo?iie ia?ano?ieea
iaoeeiiaeueiiai e ie?iaiai oicyenoaa. Cia/aiea yoie ia?ano?ieee
ianoieueei aaeeei, /oi niaoeeaeenou n?aaieaatho a? n eiaeono?eaeueiie
?aaiethoeeae. Oaeia ea?aeeiaeueiia eciaiaiea ?iee noa?u oneoa aeaei
iniiaaiea aiai?eoue i oi?ie?iaaiee oae iacuaaaiiai na?aeniiai iauanoaa,
a yeiiiieeo yoiai iauanoaa iacuaaoue yeiiiieeie oneoa
(iinoeiaeono?eaeueiia iauanoai, na?aeniia iauanoai). [10]
Eae oaeiaua, oneoae oaea aeaaii yaeythony ninoaaiie /anoueth yeiiiieee
aieueoeinoaa ?acaeouo no?ai (oeiainu, o?ainii?o, naycue e ae?.). Iie
nua?aee aaaeioth ?ieue a i?iiuoeaiiie ?aaiethoeee. Ii oiaaea iie eae au
niinianoaiaaee ?acaeoeth i?iiuoeaiiinoe, a a ianoiyuaa a?aiy iie
ia/eiatho caiauaoue i?iiuoeaiiinoue. Oa?iei «oneoae» ioaaouaaao oe?ieee
e?oa io?aneae, eioi?ua auiieiytho ?acee/iua ooieoeee, ii ia aeeth/atho a
naay, eee aeeth/atho e?aeia ?aaeei i?iaeaaeo ?aaeueiiai i?iaeoeoa.
Enoi?e/anee, eaaeaeue aeae oneoa ?anniao?eaaeny ioaeaeueii, eae iniaay
noa?a aeayoaeueiinoe n iniiaiuie oa?aeoa?enoeeaie o?oaea e caiyoinoe, a
noa?a oneoa i?aaenoaaeyea niaie niaieoiiinoue yoeo ?acee/iuo aeaeia
aeayoaeueiinoe e naiaeeeanue e eo ia?a/eneaieth. O?aaeeoeeiiii a ie?iaie
i?aeoeea iaeaieaa iieiue ia?a/aiue oneoa aeeth/aao a naay neaaeothuea
iiceoeee:
Iioiaay e ?icie/iay oi?aiaey;
O?ainii?o, naycue;
Eiiioiaeueiua oneoae, no?ieoaeuenoai, iia?aoeee n iaaeaeaeeiinoueth.
Oo?eci;
No?aoiaaiea, aaieianeea e ?acee/iua oeiainiaua iia?aoeee;
Oneoae ii iaeio ?aai/ae neeu;
I?ieao oeeueiia e oaeai?ia?aii;
?aeeaia;
Aooaaeoa?neia aeaei, ia?aciaaiea, eiinoeueoe?iaaiea ii aii?inai
oi?aaeaiey, th?eaee/aneea oneoae e ae?oaea i?ioanneiiaeueiua oneoae,
eioi?iaoeeiiii-au/eneeoaeueiua oneoae.
Ni?in e i?aaeeiaeaiea ia yoe oneoae naycai ni niaoeeoeeie e enoi?e/aneei
?acaeoeai no?aiu. [11]
Noa?a oneoa – yoi oe?iu, i?iecaiaeyuea iaaeaeeiua oiaa?u eee
ieacuaathuea iieaciua oneoae a eioa?anao eeeaioa.
Noa?a oneoa e naie oneoae eiatho ioee/eoaeueiua iniaaiiinoe:
Iaoeiaeiinoue e iainycaaiinoue oneoae.
Iieoiaoaeth oneoae o?oaeii ioeaieoue oi, /oi ii iieoiaao, iiyoiio
auioaeaeai aa?eoue i?iaeaaoeo ia neiai. Oiaiea ?anneacaoue ia oneoaa,
oaaaeeoue a iaiaoiaeeiinoe yoie oneoae aeaeaao aiciiaeiui i?iaeaaeo yoie
oneoae. Iiyoiio aeey iieoiaoaey i?iaeaaaoe oneoae aunooiaao eae yenia?o,
eioi?iio iieoiaoaeue aa?eo ia neiai. Anooiaao a neeo ineoieiae/aneee
aniaeo.
Ia?ac?uaiinoue i?iecaiaenoaa e iio?aaeaiey oneoae.
Iaeioi?ua oneoae iiaoo auoue i?aaeinoaaeaiu aac i?enoonoaey iieoiaoaey,
ii i/aiue iiiaea aeaeu oneoa iaioaeaeeiu io oiai, eoi eo iio?aaeyao.
Iaiaeii?iaeiinoue e eciai/eainoue ea/anoaa.
Ea/anoai oneoa a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie caaeneo io oiai, eoi a?
iaania/eaaao. Aioo?e iaeiie e oie aea ainoeieoeu iiaeao auoue
aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiue e aaaeeeaue eniieieoaeue, a ae?oaie iiaeao
auoue aunieiia?iui e a?oaui. Iaeei e oio aea neoaeauee oiaea iiaeao
ii-?aciiio ianeoaeeaaoue. *aua anaai iaiinoiyinoai e eciai/eainoue
ea/anoaa naycaiu n eaaeeoeeaoeeae ia?niiaea, aai o?aie?iaeie e
iao/aieai. Iiyoiio eiiaaea iaiinoiyinoai ea/anoaa auiieiaiiuo oneoa
naycaii n iaiiaeoiaeyueie ee/iinoiuie ea/anoaaie /aeiaaea.
Ianiiniaiinoue oneoa e o?aiaieth.
Eieaaaiea ni?ina ia oneoae i?enoua ii/oe anai aeaeai oneoa. Ni?in,
iai?eia?, ia oo?enoe/aneea oneoae iiaeao eieaaaoueny ii a?aiaiai aiaea,
ii i?acaeieeai e o.ae.
Eoae, iniiaiua ioee/eoaeueiua /a?ou ieacaiey oneoa, niaoeeoeea o?oaea a
noa?a oneoa a aieueoae noaiaie i?ienoaeatho io ee/iiai eiioaeoa
i?iecaiaeeoaey e iio?aaeoaey. Oaeie eiioaeo n iaeiie noi?iiu
niinianoaoao oneeaieth eiiioieeaoeaiuo naycae, ii n ae?oaie noi?iiu
oaaee/eaaao o?aaiaaiey e i?ioanneiiaeueii eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiui ea/anoaai
?aaioieeia, e aai iiuoo, yoeea, e iauae eoeueoo?a iiaaaeaiey. [11]
Iieiii?aaiui, iieiioeaiiui yeaiaioii noa?u oneoa yaeyaony ?aeeaia.
Aeieacaoaeuenoaii oiio iiaeao neoaeeoue e oi, /oi ?aeeaiiua oneoae a
aeinoaoi/iie ia?a iaeaaeatho auoaia?a/eneaiiuie iniaaiiinoyie noa?u
oneoa. E?iia oiai, o/eouaay oi, /oi na?aeniay iiaeaeue iauanoaa a iaoae
no?aia au? oieueei oi?ie?oaony, a ?aeeaiiue ?uiie yaeyaony iiaeaeoe
naiui aeeiaie/ii ?acaeaathueiny (eee ii e?aeiae ia?a yaeyeny oaeiaui aei
e?ecena 17 aaaonoa), oi ?aeeaia yaeyaony aaaeiaeoei oaeoi?ii
oi?ie?iaaiey noa?u oneoa a ?innee. Iaci?o ?aeeaiiuo oneoa y e oi/o
iinayoeoue aeaiioth ?aaioo. Eiia/ii, yoa oaia i/aiue iaoe?ia, e i?e an?i
aeaeaiee iia ia oaeanony ?ane?uoue a? iieiinoueth a iaeiii ?aoa?aoa.
Iiyoiio y iieoo eeoue iaeaieaa cia/eiua iiiaiou aeaiiie oaiu.
Iiaeoaa?aeaeaieai aeooaeueiinoe yoie oaiu iiaoo yaeyoueny e neaaeothuea
iiiaiou:
Oae, eae ?aeeaia a iaoae no?aia iiyaeeanue nianai iaaeaaii,
neaaeiaaoaeueii aeieaeii nouanoaiaaoue i/aiue iiiai aii?inia, naycaiiuo
n iae, e iiyoiio yoa oaia yaeyaony nae/an /?acau/aeii aeooaeueiie e
ianoaeaeaaiie. E yoi aeaenoaeoaeueii oae, ii ia oieueei iioiio /oi aeey
ian iia yaeyaony au? iaeieco/aiiie. A ?acaeouo no?aiao oaia ?aeeaiu
yaeyaony oaeaea ai?y/i ianoaeaeaaiie, e nouanoaoao ?yae aii?inia,
naycaiiuo n ?aeeaiie, ia eioi?ua aei neo ii? ia nouanoaoao iaeiicia/iuo
ioaaoia.
Aio, iai?eia?: «iaania/eaatho ee ?uiee iaaeeaaeauaa ?aciiia?acea, eee
no?aieaiea oe?i eae-oi iaee/eoue naie oiaa?u io oiaa?ia-eiieo?aioia
yaeyaony /?acia?iui, i?eaiaey e ?anoi/eoaeuenoao? ?ano?a/eaatho ee oe?iu
iauanoaaiiua ?ano?nu aionooth, eiaaea caieiathony ?aeeaiie naieo
ecaeaeee a oeaeyo eo aeeooa?aioeeaoeee e oaaee/aiey ni?ina ia ieo, eee
?aeeaia yaeyaony yooaeoeaiui niiniaii iaania/aiey eioi?iaoeeae?»
O?oaeiui e aaaeiui inoa?ony aii?in i oii, iaieioee?oao ee ?aeeaia
aeonaie iio?aaeoaeae. ssaeyainy ee iu ae/iuie iio?aaeoaeyie, eaeiau iu e
anoue ii iiaieth iiiaeo, aii?aee /aeiaa/aneie i?e?iaea e aneaaenoaea
?aeeaiu? Eee i?inoi a /aeiaa/aneie i?e?iaea caeeth/aia aa?aioey oiai,
/oi iu i?aaenoaaeyai niaie na?ue?ciuo iio?aaeoaeae aeaaea ionoy/iuo
oiaa?ia? Iineooii ee neaaeoao ?aeeaia ca eciaiaieyie a iauanoaa, eee
naia aucuaaao yoe eciaiaiey? (Yoio aii?in aiaeiae/ai aii?ino i
ia?ae/iinoe ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey (eo?eoea e yeoei)). [1 – n. 3].
Ii iiieii oaeeo oai?aoe/aneeo aii?inia, nouanoaoao au? ?yae i?e/ei,
aieaa i?eaeeaeaiiuo e i?aeoeea, ii eioi?ui neaaeoao na?ue?cii ioiineony
e ?aeeaia. A iineaaeiaa a?aiy ioia/aaony ?ino cia/eiinoe
eiiioieeaoeeiiiie iieeoeee a ia?eaoeiaa a nayce ni neaaeothueie
ianoiyoaeuenoaaie:
oneeaiea eiieo?aioiie ai?ueau ca iio?aaeoaey;
iiauoaiea ?eneia, naycaiiuo n nicaeaieai iiauo oiaa?ia;
?ino o?aaiaaiee e noaiaea?oai ea/anoaa, /oi cao?oaeiyao
aeeooa?aioeeaoeeth oiaa?a. [5].
ENOI?Ess AICIEEIIAAIEss ?AEEAIU
?aeeaia ?iaeeeanue iaeiia?aiaiii n ?uieii. N eaouie neiai ia?aaiaeeony
eae «aue?eeeaaoue», /oi e aiai?eo naii ca naay. A?iieea e?eee cacuaae a
oi?aiauo ?yaeao, aaiyo, oee?theueiyo, oa?/aaiyo e ia iinoiyeuo aeai?ao –
yoi oaea ?aiiyy ?aeeaia. I?ecuau ?aciin/eeia, eaai/ieeia, a?iaey/eo
?aianeaiieeia e iin?aaeieeia a ieacaiee ?acee/iuo oneoa – oiaea ?aeeaia.
Ii oeeoeai Ae?aaieo Aoei e N?aaeiaaaeiaie Aa?iiu oiaeeee aeaoaoae,
aicaauay i i?iaeaaea ?aaia, neioa, nea?aa e oiaa?ia. Iie aea iauyaeyee
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua oeacu, yaeeeou e ?anii?yaeaiey. A Ae?aaiai ?eia iiae
yoei i?aaeeiaii i?iaiaeeeenue iieeoe/aneea aeoau: ia?iiua e?eeoiu
iieeaaee a?ycueth niia?ieeia naiaai iao?iia, aeaeay aeinoiyieai ioaeeee
eiii?iiaoe?othuea aeaoaee eo ee/iie aeecie, /?acia?iia /anoiethaea e
ii?aeueioth ia/enoiieioiinoue. ?aeeaia e eiii?iiao oaea auee neeoeii
aeecei ae?oa e ae?oao.
Iaaeyaeiay ?aeeaia oiaea iiyaeeanue aeaaii. Ae?aaiea ?eieyia ?anienuaaee
noaiu iauyaeaieyie i aeaaeeaoi?neeo aiyo e oee?eiauo i?aaenoaaeaieyo.
Oeieeeeoeu ?ac?eniauaaee neaeu ii ia?o?ooai i?acaeie/iuo oanoaee,
i?aaiciiny a yoeo ?inienyo aeinoieinoaa naieo oiaa?ia. O?e ouny/e eao
iacaae iauyaeaiea a ai?iaea Oaaan aicaauaei i aaaeii ?aaa: ca aai iieieo
e aica?auaiea oicyei noeee iieiioeaiioth cieiooth iiiaoo. Iiaeiaiua
?aeeaiiua iauyaeaiey iaoiaeeee e a Iiiiayo, e a Ea?oaaaia. A N?aaeiea
aaea oaenou caiaiyee ea?oeieaie – oea?eiaiay eieaeceoeey ?ani?aaeyeanue
n a?aiioiuie. A 1622 aiaeo a Aiaeee auoea ia?aay a ie?a aacaoa «Weekly
News», e a? no?aieoeu niaea?aeaee ?aeeaio – ia?aia ecaanoiia aacaoiia
iauyaeaiea eanaeinue oe?aaeaiiie eioaaee. A 1630 aiaeo ia?eaeneee
einoii?aa ioe?ue eaaeo, ia noaiao eioi?ie eaaeaeue ca o?e no iia
auaaneoue ?aeeaio – aue i?ioioei ?aeeaiiiai aaaionoaa. *a?ac ianeieueei
eao oaeeo aaaionoa a Noa?ii Naaoa auei nioie. A 1666 aiaeo «Eiiaeii
Aacaoo» oaea eiaea oeaeua ?aeeaiiua iieinu, ?aeeaia noaea aacaeanouae,
io ia? iaeoaea auei aeaoueny. Aeioei aei oiai, /oi ei?ieue *a?euec II
cai?aoee ?aeeaio ia oeeoeao Eiiaeiia: «Io ia? oaea ia/ai aeuoaoue, e iia
canoeo naao aiaeee», – aeanee ei?ieaaneee oeac.
Oaooe?iaeo ia oaea oiaea iiaeii iacaaoue ?aeeaiie (n iaeioi?uie
aeiiouaieyie, eae e iaeaaeaeo). E o ieai?i, /ue? ?acaeoea iaoiaeeony ia
o?iaia eaiaiiiai aaea, e o iuiaoieo oaieiaieeia iia i?aneaaeoao iaeio e
oo aea oeaeue – ?anneacaoue ie?oaeathuei i ee/iinoe, eanoiaie
i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe, ianoa a oaaaea i ?aiaao e iineoaeiii nienea a?
iineoaey.
E ?aeeaia iiaeii ioianoe e «aeaceu ia/aeueieeia» – i?iia?acu neeiao?ia,
i?eiaaeeaaeaaoeo ae?aaiei aiaai – neiaieece?othuea aeanoue eo
iaeaaeaoaeae, a oaeaea ciaee nianoaaiiinoe: eeaeia, eioi?uie oicyaaa
iaoeee i?aaeiaou iaeoiaea e aeiiaoiee neio, a aiineaaenoaee ?aaia.
?aianeaiieee noaaeee eeaeia ia naieo oiaa?ao, iai?eia?, oaeeo eae
aii/a?iua ecaeaeey, e ii ia?a oiai, eae iieaa ?aciineea neoo i aeia?ie
?aiooaoeee ianoa?a, iiaeaoaee ia/eiaee eneaoue oiaa? n aai eeaeiii. Io
ieo iioee nia?aiaiiua oiaa?iua ciaee. Oeaia ia ecaeaeey, eiaaoea
oiaa?iue ciae, eee oi?aiaoth ia?eo, ecia/aeueii auea auoa, /ai ia
ecaeaeey aac ieo.
N iiyaeaieai a 1450 aiaeo ia/aoiiai noaiea ecaeaoaeueneea ia?ee ia/aee
noaaeoueny ia eieaao. Yoi auee eeai aaicaeueiua ciaee, ninoiyuea ec
eieoeeaeia aeaaeaeueoeaa oeiia?aoee, eeai yiaeaiu ia aa?aeueaee/aneeo
ueoao, eeai eaoeineea naioaioeee.
Iai?eia?, ia ia?ea e?eaiaeneie oeiia?aoee Ieaioaiia, iniiaaiiie a 1555
aiaeo e i?inouanoaiaaaoae aieaa o??onio, ecia?aaeaia ?oea, aea?aeauay
oee?eoeue n eaoeineei aeaaecii: «Labore et constantia» – «O?oaeii e
iinoiyinoaii». Eiaiii yoeie ea/anoaaie Ieaioaiu e caaiaaaee oniao a
ecaeaoaeueneii aeaea.
A 1622 aiaeo ?aeeaia iieo/eea iiuiue noeioe a aeaea ia/aaoae auoiaeeoue
ia?aie aacaou ia aiaeeeneii ycuea, eioi?ay iacuaaeanue «Weekly News».
Iicaeiaa Yaeaeenii e Noee ia/aee auioneaoue aacaoo «Oyoea?», noaa
aa?iuie iiniaieeaie ?aeeaiu. Yaeaeenii iaia/aoae neaaeothuee niaao
ninoaaeoaeyi ?aeeaiiuo oaenoia: «Aaeeeia eneonnoai iaienaiey ?aeeaiiiai
iauyaeaiey caeeth/aaony a iouneaiee i?aaeeueiiai iiaeoiaea, aeaau
caoaaoeoue aieiaiea /eoaoaey, aac /aai aeia?ay aanoue iiaeao inoaoueny
iacaia/aiiie eee caoa?youeny n?aaee ecaauaiee i aaie?ionoaa».
Iaeaieueoaai ?anoeaaoa ?aeeaia aeinoeaea a Niaaeei?iiuo Ooaoao.
A ?innee ecaeaoaeueneea ia?ee ia eieaao iiyaeeenue a XVI aaea, ii
iieo/eee oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea eeoue iinea oeaca eiia?ao?eoeu
Aeaoa?eiu II i ?ac?aoaiee nicaeaaaoue «aieueiua oeiia?aoee». A
?acoeueoaoa cia/eoaeueii aic?inei /enei ia/aoaaoeony eiea. O oeiia?aoee,
eioi?ua a oi a?aiy ii nouanoao auee ecaeaoaeuenoaaie, aicieeea
iaiaoiaeeiinoue eiaoue naith ia?eo. Oae, ciaeii oeiia?aoee Aeaaeaiee
iaoe ?innee neoaeeei ecia?aaeaiea eeth/a a iaaea, a ia ecaeaoaeueneie
ia?ea a?aoa Ieeieay ?oiyioeaaa aue ecia?aae?i aai oaieeueiue aa?a n
aeaaecii: «Non solum armis» – «Ia i?oaeeai oieueei».
Ecia?aceoaeueiay e onoiay ?aeeaia anaaaea ?acaeaaeanue ia?aeeaeueii.
Oniao, eioi?ui iieueciaaeenue a?iaey/ea eiiaaeeaiou – oieonieee,
aeiiae??u, ae?iaaou, – o?e io ?aeeaiu, a eioi?ie oee?ea/e eniieueciaaee
ia oieueei naie aiein, ii e aeaeaeaiea oaea, aeanoa e ieieeo. Yoiio aea
neoaeeee e iaeaaeaea aeo??ia, eo i?e/?nee, iaai? i?aaeiaoia, eioi?uie
iie iaieioee?iaaee, no?aiynue i?eaea/ue e naaa aieiaiea. Ia oae ee
iiaea?o naay nia?aiaiiay ?aeeaia?
Niaaeeiaiea ?enoiea n aue?eeii cacuaaeu i/aiue oa?aeoa?ii e aeey
?inneeneiai y?ia?i/iiai oieueeei?a. N ecia?aoaieai ?aeea – c?aeeuiie
oa?iaiee, aioo?e eioi?ie ia?aaeaeaaeanue eaioa niaaeei?iiuo a
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe eoaeia e oeao?ie – iiyaeeny oae iacuaaaiue ?aaoiue
noeo, a eioi?ii nicaeaaaeny i?eoyaaoaeueiue ?aeeaiiue ia?ac n
eniieueciaaieai iaeiia?aiaiii caoea, ?eoia, ?eoiu e iniaie oiiaeueiinoe
yia?aee, oaeaeuenoaa, eeoa/anoaa.
Aaeeinoai i?acaeieea e aeaea, ?acaea/aiey e eiiia?/aneie auaiaeu
oa?aeoa?ii aeey y?ia?i/iiai oieueeei?a ?innee. Niaoeeoeea aaeaaaiiiai
aeaenoaa caeeth/aeanue a aaeeinoaa iocuee, neiaa, aeanoa, ecia?aaeaiey e
ae?aiaoe/aneiai i?aaenoaaeaiey. Aaeaaai ?iaeeeny ia ia?ana/aiee
neiii?ioueeo o?aaeeoeee, eoaea e ?aaoieea.
A ia/aea XIX aaea a ?innee ia/aee oi?ie?iaaoueny ia?aua aeaeiaua
ieaeaou, eioi?ua aianoa n e?ani/iuie aoeoaie a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a aeeyee
ia iaeee ai?iaea. Iaeiaei o yoiai oeia ?aeeaiu nouanoaiaae eneiiiue
eiieo?aio – auaanea, eioi?ay ii iiaieth Iaeneieeeaia Aieioeia, «Ai?acaei
aieueoa ii?aaeaeyao oeceiiiieth oeeoeu, /ai aoeoa, oaea iioiio, /oi iia
anaaaea aeneo ia nai?i ianoa».
I oa?aeoa?a auaanie ?onneeo ai?iaeia XIX – ia/aea XX aaeia iiaeii
noaeeoue ii ai?iaeneei iaecaaeai Ai?ena Eonoiaeeaaa, Ieoaeea Ea?eiiiaa,
Eaaia Iaoeiaa. Eiinoaioei Iao?ia-Aiaeeei iacaae ?aaioo iaae ?aeeaiiuie
auaaneaie «oeieie ia?aie nooiaie». A o Ie?iniaie o?aeoe?iua auaanee
noaee oaaeaa?aie. Aeaaeeie? Iayeianeee aeaaea iaienae aeeoe?aia
«Auaaneai».
Naaiaeiyoiyy ?aeeaia – a??cu e nii ?inneeneie aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe. A iae
an? naiia, naiia, naiia… Ec a/a?aoiae Cieooee iia i?aa?aoeeanue a
ei?ieaao aaea. Anee /aeiaae ia aa?eo ae, iia iiaoi?eo naay au? ?ac, e
au?, e au?. N?aaioaao yeaiaio aeiiica, e iieoiea ninoieony. Aeaaea E.
Eeueo e A. Iao?ia ia onoiyee ia?aae iae: «Ia?aue ianyoe iu aea?aeaeenue
noieei. Iu ia ieee «eiea-eiea». Iu i?iaea?aeaeenue ii/oe aei eiioea
iooaoanoaey. Au? ianeieueei aeiae – e iu auee au oaea a ieaaia, aia
iianiinoe, ii an?-oaee ?aeeaia acyea nai?. Iu ia auaea?aeaee e ioaaaeaee
yoiai iaieoea». [9 – n.9-13].
NAAIAeIssOIssss NEOOAOeEss IA ?AEEAIIII ?UIEA
Aeiaa?ea e i?yiie ?aeeaia a ?innee naaiaeiy iiaei?aaii a ?acoeueoaoa
na?ee neaiaeaeia ia oeiainiaii ?uiea, eiaaea aea?oaaie iioaiieeia noaee
ieeeeiiu ethaeae, iioa?yaoeo a iauae neiaeiinoe aieaa 5 ieeeea?aeia
aeieea?ia. Yoi an? /aua canoaaeyao i?iecaiaeeoaeae ia?auaoueny e
einaaiiie e ne?uoie ?aeeaia.
Iiae/a?ei?i, /oi ianiaa?oainoai ?inneeneiai iaeiaiaiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa noaaeo a ia?aaiua eiieo?aioiua oneiaey ?inneeneeo
?aeeaiiaeaoaeae, iineieueeo iie ia iiaoo caeiaeeoue a naaanoieiinoue
i?iaeoeoa cao?aou ia ?aeeaio iieiinoueth e auioaeaeaiu ioiineoue /anoue
eo ia i?eaueue, /oi oaeoe/anee oaeaaeaaao noieiinoue ?aeeaiu.
Iiyoiio ia ?inneeneii ?uiea ?aeeaiu eeaee?othuea iiceoeee iiea caieiatho
ca?oaaaeiua eiiiaiee. Yoei aea iauyniyaony e oniao ?acee/iuo aanieaoiuo
?aeeaiiuo ecaeaiee. Ia eo aeieth i?eoeinue ieiei 300 ieeeeiiia
aeieea?ia, oiaaea, eae iau?i ?aeeaiu a aacaoao ninoaaee ieiei 280
ieeeeiiia aeieea?ia, a a aeo?iaeao – ieiei 130 ieeeeiiia aeieea?ia, e
yoa oaiaeaioeey iiea nio?aiyaony.
A 1997 aiaeo auei aeaeueiaeoaa oaaee/aiea iai?ioa ?aeeaiiuo aaaionoa e
iiyaeaiea aeinoaoi/iiai eiee/anoaa iiuiuo ioa/anoaaiiuo ?aeeaiiuo
eiiiaiee, eioi?ua iioanieee caiaaeiuo eiieo?aioia a neeo i?ae?aniiai
ciaiey ?inneeneie aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe. [9 – n.9].
?aeeaiiue ?uiie – iaeei ec iaeaieaa aeeiaie/ii ?anooueo ?uieia ai an?i
ie?a. A na?aaeeia 90-o aiaeia a NOA aai iau?i ioeaieaaaony a 250
ieeeea?aeia aeieea?ia a aiae (ca iineaaeiea aeanyoue eao ii oo?ieeny);
ai O?aioeee – a 30 ieeeea?aeia (oo?iaiea i?iecioei ca 7 eao); a ?innee –
iiea a iaeei ieeeea?ae, ii oo?iaiea i?iecioei ca aeaa aiaea.
Iai?io ?inneeneiai ?uiea ?aeeaiu a 1996 aiaeo oaaee/eeny ia 10 % ii
n?aaiaieth n 1995 aiaeii e ninoaaee 1,1-1,5 ieeeea?aeia aeieea?ia. I?e
yoii iai?io ia oaeaaeaeaiee aeinoea 344 ieeeeiiia aeieea?ia, ia i?anno
i?eoeinue ieiei 700 ieeeeiiia aeieea?ia, ia ia?oaeioth ?aeeaio – 150
ieeeeiiia aeieea?ia, ia ?aaeei?aeeaio – ieiei 80 ieeeeiiia aeieea?ia. [9
– n.3].
?aeeaia eae iauanoaaiii cia/eiue aeae aeayoaeueiinoe aiciiaeia oieueei
i?e ?acaeouo ?uii/iuo ioiioaieyo, ?inney ionoaea io ?acaeouo no?ai e a
oie, e a ae?oaie iaeanoe.
Naaiaeiy ?inney ioaeaeaaony a aiaeeca ca?oaaaeiiai iiuoa. Eiaiii aiaeec
noaaeee e iooae ?acaeoey ?aeeaiu, a ia neaiia eiie?iaaiea iicaieeo
iiiyoue, ia eaeie noaaeee ?acaeoey ?aeeaiiie i?aeoeee iaoiaeeiny iu e
eae iia aeieaeia ?acaeaaoueny aeaeueoa.
Aac ciaiey iaoeo ioa/anoaaiiuo, ?inneeneeo iniaaiiinoae aini?eyoey
?aeeaiu iaoeie a?aaeaeaiaie o?oaeii aeiaeoueny oi?ioeo ?acoeueoaoia.
?aoi?ie?iaaiea ?inneeneie yeiiiieee ii iooe ?uii/iuo i?aia?aciaaiee
i?eaaei e iiyaeaieth iiaiai aeaea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe –
?aeeaiiiai aeciana. I?ioeann oi?ie?iaaiey ?aeeaiu eae ninoaaiie /anoe
?uii/iie eio?ano?oeoo?u e iaeiiai ec naeoi?ia ?uii/iie yeiiiieee a
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ia/aeny ii nouanoao noeoeeii. I?aaeiee iiuo
i?aaiecaoeee eiiia?/aneie ?aeeaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?ue eiaeny a
oneiaeyo eiiaiaeii-aaeieieno?aoeaiie nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey, aue niaa?oaiii
iaaeinoaoi/ai aeey iiauo yeiiiie/aneeo ?aaeee. A oneiaeyo, eiaaea
oicyenoaaiiua nayce iaaeaeo oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeyie e iio?aaeoaeyie
onoaiaaeeaaeenue oeaio?aeeciaaiii, iio?aaiinoue a ?aeeaia eae
eiiia?/aneie eioi?iaoeeiiiie eiiioieeaoeee ai iiiaii iineea
neiaiee/aneee oa?aeoa?. Oieueei ai aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, a
oaeaea a ?icie/iie oi?aiaea, aaea a i?eioeeia auei iaaiciiaeii “aeieoe”
aei eaaeaeiai iio?aaeoaey a ioaeaeueiinoe ia?aciauaaeinue i?ino?ainoai
aeey inouanoaeaiey ?aeeaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Ii e yoa aiciiaeiinoue
eniieueciaaiey ?aeeaiu eae n?aaenoaa iiaoaeaeaiey e iieoiea a oneiaeyo
ainiiaenoaa ?uiea i?iaeaaoea e niioaaonoaaiii oioaeueiiai aeaoeoeeoa
oiaa?ia ia?iaeiiai iio?aaeaiey nouanoaaiii oiaiueoaeanue.
A yoie nayce ia ia/aeueiuo yoaiao oi?ie?iaaiey ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee e
?uii/iie eio?ano?oeoo?u a ?innee oei aeoeaiia inaiaiea oi?i e iaoiaeia
?aeeaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, neiaeeaoeony a no?aiao n ?acaeoie ?uii/iie
yeiiiieeie. ?aeeaia a ?innee i/aiue auno?i noaea iaiaoiaeeiie /anoueth
i?aeoe/anee anao noi?ii aeecie iauanoaa. A ioee/ea io ae?oaeo ?inneeneeo
?uieia, iaoiaeyueony a ninoiyiee aeai?annee eee nie?auaiey, ?uiie
?aeeaiu no?aieoaeueii ?acaeaaeny. Ca ia?aua o?e aiaea ?uii/iuo
i?aia?aciaaiee ?uiie ?aeeaiu no?oeoo?e?iaaeny, onoaiiaeeenue
ii?aaeaeaiiua i?iii?oeee iaaeaeo ioaeaeueiuie aeaeaie ?aeeaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, noaee neeaaeuaaoueny ioiioaiey iaaeaeo iniiaiuie
noauaeoaie ?aeeaiiiai i?ioeanna.
Aianoa n oai ?acaeoea ?uiea ?aeeaiu a ?innee i?ienoiaeeo ia oiia iauaai
e?ecena yeiiiieee, ainoaea?noaaiiinoe, a oaeaea iieeoe/aneie
ianoaaeeueiinoe. Anoanoaaiii, yoi ia iiaeao ia neacuaaoueny ia ninoiyiee
e aeaeueiaeoai ?acaeoee ?aeeaiiiai aeaea.
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi ?ieue e ianoi ?aeeaiu a oneiaeyo yeiiiieee
ia?aoiaeiiai ia?eiaea aua ia iieiinoueth ii?aaeaeaiu: ionoonoaotho
enneaaeiaaiey, iicaieythuea eco/eoue e oai?/anee aaeaioe?iaaoue e
ioa/anoaaiiui oneiaeyi iiuoa caiaaeiuo no?ai a yoie iaeanoe, ia auyniaiu
n en/a?iuaathuae iieiioie aii?inu oi?ie?iaaiey i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo no?oeoo?
a ?aeeaiiii aeciana, aanueia aeeneonneiiiie inoaaony i?iaeaia auai?a
eaiaeia ?ani?ino?aiaiey ?aeeaiiie eioi?iaoeee e ?ac?aaioee ?aeeaiiuo
eaiiaiee e ioeaiee eo yooaeoeaiinoe.
Cia/eiinoue enneaaeiaaiey yoeo e ae?oaeo i?iaeai oi?ie?iaaiey ?aeeaiiiai
aeciana a ?innee e iaaeinoaoi/iinoue ?ac?aaioee eo a iao/iie eeoa?aoo?a
ii?aaeaeytho aeooaeueiinoue aeaiiie ?aaiou.
?uii/iay yeiiiieea, eae iieacuaaao iiuo iiiaeo ?acaeouo no?ai, ia iiaeao
ooieoeeiie?iaaoue aac einoeoooa ?aeeaiu. ?aeeaia – aioo?aiia i?enouee
yeaiaio ?uiea, iaeei ec aaaeiaeoeo eino?oiaioia aai ?acaeoey.
Ioeaieaaoue ninoiyiea ?aeeaiiiai ?uiea a ?innee ia ianoiyuee iiiaio
aanueia iai?inoi. Ca ia?eiae 1991-1994 aa. ii no?aieoaeueii ?acaeaaeny.
Anee a 1992 aiaeo aiaeiaie iai?io ?uiea ninoaaee 71 iei. aeieea?ia, 1993
aiaeo – 255 iei. aeieea?ia, oi oaea a 1994 aiaeo ii au?in aei 905 iei.
aeieea?ia. Ia?yaeo n eiee/anoaaiiuie eciaiaieyie a yoio ia?eiae
i?iecioee e ea/anoaaiiua eciaiaiey. Ai-ia?auo, ?uiie ?aeeaiu noae
i?aaeneacoaiui, ai-aoi?uo, ia iai iiyaeeenue i?ioanneiiaeu eae ni
noi?iiu ?aeeaiiaeaoaeae, oae e ni noi?iiu ?aeeaiiuo aaaionoa.
A-o?aoueeo, ia/aeinue aeoeaiia i?iieeiiaaiea ia ?inneeneee ?uiie ?aeeaiu
e?oiiuo ca?oaaaeiuo ?aeeaiiaeaoaeae. Iaeiaei, ia/eiay ni aoi?ie iieiaeiu
1995 aiaea, ?uiie “caaoeniaae”, e iiyaeeenue aieina i “caeaoa”
?aeeaiiiai ?uiea a ?innee. Eiiaoe “cieioiai aaea” iauyniyaony ooiaeii n
?uiea e?oiiuo ioa/anoaaiiuo ?aeeaiiaeaoaeae, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue
oeiainiauo ie?aieae, aeiieie?iaaaoeo a 1994 aiaeo, ioeaoii ec ?innee
eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia, auoiaeii ia ?inneeneee ?uiie caiaaeiuo ?aeeaiiuo
aaaionoa, aaieianeei e?ecenii. Iniiaiua iioa?e iiianee ?aeeaiiua
aaaionoaa, iieo/athuea i?eauee io oaeaaeceiiiie ?aeeaiu. Iaeiaei yoio
e?ecen einioeny ia anao ?aeeaiiuo aaaionoa. Oa ec ieo, eioi?ua noiaee
“?ane?ooeoue” ae?oaea aeaeu ?aeeaiiuo oneoa, ecaaaeaee e?eceniuo yaeaiee
a naiae aeayoaeueiinoe.
Ca ia?eiae n ia/aea ?uii/iuo i?aia?aciaaiee ?acee/iua naeoi?a ?uiea
?aeeaiu a ?innee ?acaeaaeenue ia?aaiiia?ii. ?aiueoa ae?oaeo ia/aeinue
yia?ae/iia ?acaeoea ?aeeaiu a i?anna (i?aeiouanoaaiii a aacaoao). Ia
oaeaaeaeaiee aeaiiue i?ioeann caoyioeny ia ianeieueei aieaa
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiia a?aiy, e aeinoaoi/ii yia?ae/iia inaiaiea oaeayoe?a
ia/aeinue n eiioea 1992 aiaea. Caiaoii “caaea?aeaeinue” ia noa?oa
?aaeeiaauaiea, ii n 1993 aiaea, n iiyaeaieai ia?iiiiai /enea
anaaiciiaeiuo, eae i?aaeei, iaaieueoeo eiiia?/aneeo ?aaeeinoaioeee,
ianooiee ianoiyuee aoi e a noa?a ?aaeei?aeeaiu.
Iiyaeeenue e ae?oaea aeaeu ?aeeaiu – ia?oaeiay, noaaie?iay, aee?aeo-iyee
e ae?. [8].
Ia oaeaye?aia, a aeo?iaeao e aacaoao a iineaaeiaa a?aiy an? /aua
iiyaeyaony ?aeeaia ?inneeneeo oiaa?ia: ioa/anoaaiiua i?iecaiaeeoaee,
?aaioathuea naaiaeiy a oneiaeyo ae?noeie eiieo?aioeee, iiieiatho, /oi
aac ?aeeaiu oniaoiia i?iaeaeaeaiea oiaa?ia ia ?uiea iaaiciiaeii.
Iaaeaaii ?inneeneea iio?aaeoaee, iiniio?aa e?ani/iua oaea?ieeee, ociaee,
/oi iiieii «A?eyeue» e «Oaeae», nouanoaotho ?inneeneea ii?ioee «Y?a» e
«Eine», eioi?ua ii naiei ea/anoaai ia onooiatho eiii?oiui.
?aeeaiiay eaiiaiey iineianeiai AI «Y?a», i?iecaiaeyuaai noe?aeueiua
n?aaenoaa ii iaiaoeeie eeoeaicee, iaaeyaeii i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaea, /oi
?inneeneea oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaee ia/eiatho ?anniao?eaaoue ?aeeaio eae
iaiaoiaeeiia e auaiaeiia aeiaeaiea n?aaenoa. ?aiueoa iiiaea i?aaei?eyoey
auee iiiiiieenoaie a naiae noa?a, a eo oiaa?u auee a aeaoeoeeoa, iiyoiio
ei ia ioaeia auea ?aeeaia. Nae/an iiyaeeinue iiiai eiii?oiuo oiaa?ia,
iiiai eiieo?aioia. Yoi canoaaeyao caaeoiaoueny i ?aeeaia i/aiue
na?ue?cii.
Iaeaieueoee ?acoeueoao e ?aeeaia naiae i?iaeoeoeee ia oaeaaeaeaiee ii
aeaiiui aaaionoaa «?iniaaeeaiiieoi?eia», i?iyaeytho ?inneeneea
i?aaei?eyoey aaoiiiaeeueiie, e?aeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, i?iecaiaeeoaee
oicyenoaaiiuo e auoiauo oiaa?ia, eiiiaiee iaaeeoeeineie io?anee,
ecaioiaeoaee no?ieiaoa?eaeia e naioaoieee, einiaoeee e ia?othia?ee.
Oai ia iaiaa, aeiey caeacia eiino?aiiuo i?iecaiaeeoaeae a athaeaeaoao
?aeeaiiuo aaaionoa iiea i?aiaeaaeaao. Yoi iauyniyaony ineoieiaeae
aieueoeinoaa ?inneeneeo eiiiaiee, eioi?ua aei neo ii? aini?eieiatho
cao?aou ia ?aeeaio eae aeinaaeioth iaiaoiaeeiinoue e ioiinyo e ?ac?yaeo
oaeoueo ?anoiaeia, a oi a?aiy eae caiaaeiua oe?iu – e ?ac?yaeo
aeieain?i/iuo eiaanoeoeee. ?acieoea aeinoaoi/ii nouanoaaiiay:
ioa/anoaaiiua oe?iu no?aiyony eae iiaeii iaiueoa iio?aoeoue ia ?aeeaio e
iaeeaeatho iieo/eoue auno?ue yooaeo. Yoi – ai-ia?auo. Ai-aoi?uo, ?aeeaia
– aei?iaia oaeiaieuenoaea, ia eioi?ia o aieueoeinoaa ?inneeneeo
i?iecaiaeeoaeae i?inoi iao aeaiaa.
Noieiinoue iaeiiai ?ieeea, e i?eia?o, Aeaeai Eioa?iaeoie, iiaeao
ninoaaeyoue io 2 aei 20 ouny/ aeieea?ia, I?aiuea? CB – 20-70 ouny/
aeieea?ia, a ieiooa oaeaaeceiiiiai yoe?a noieo io 3 aei 15 ouny/
aeieea?ia. I?aaei?eyoeth i?eoiaeeony auae?aoue, ia /oi iio?aoeoue
iaaieueoie caian aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa – ia ca?ieaoo ?aai/ei, ia iieoieo
iiaiai iai?oaeiaaiey eee ia ?aeeaio naiae i?iaeoeoeee.
A aeaeueiaeoai ?aeeaiiay aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaei?eyoee an? aieueoa aoaeao
naycaia n eo yeiiiie/aneei ninoiyieai. ?aeeaie?iaaoueny aoaeoo oieueei
oa i?aaei?eyoey, i?iaeoeoeey e oneoae eioi?uo aeaenoaeoaeueii iiaoo ii
naiei oeaiai e ea/anoao eiieo?e?iaaoue ia ?uiea.
A iiaii Oaieiaiii eiaeaena, anooieaoai a aeaenoaea n 1 yiaa?y 1997
aiaea, niaea?aeeony noaouey, i?aaeoniao?eaathuay aeaa aiaea eeoaiey
naiaiaeu a ea/anoaa iaeneiaeueiie ia?u iaeacaiey ca caaaaeiii eiaeioth
?aeeaio. Yoi aiai?eo i oii, /oi a iaoae no?aia au? ia noi?ie?iaaeenue
oeeaeeeciaaiiua ioiioaiey iaaeaeo ?aeeaie?othueie i?iecaiaeeoaeyie e
iio?aaeoaeyie ?aeeaiu.
Nioeeieiae Aioeiiiiiieueiiai eiieoaoa i?iaaee ii?in a 27 ?aaeiiao
?innee, a oiaea eioi?iai iiiuoaeenue ociaoue, /oi aeoiatho iio?aaeoaee i
?aeeaia. Eae ieacaeinue, iaeaieaa iiioey?ia ?aeeaia n?aaee aeeoaeae
e?oiiuo ai?iaeia. Ia naea oieueei 50% ii?ioaiiuo i?eciaee a? iieaciinoue
(aeiie oiio – ioi?aaiiinoue io oeeaeeeciaaiiiai ?uiea e iaoaaoea
aeaiaa), 18,2% naeueneeo aeeoaeae e?aeia iaaaoeaii ioiinyony e ?aeeaia,
a 31,8% aiiaua ia niiaee au?aceoue naiaai ioiioaiey e iae.
?oeiaiaeeoaee, aeaaeaeueoeu e niaoeeaeenou i?aaei?eyoee, i?eieiathuea
ioaaonoaaiiua ?aoaiey (io 64 aei 70%), iaeaieaa auniei ioeaieaatho
iaiaoiaeeiinoue ?aeeaiu. E iei i?eiueaao iaeaieaa i?ia?anneaiay /anoue
iauanoaa – o/auayny iieiae?aeue. Iaiaa anaai caeioa?aniaaiu a ?aeeaiiie
eioi?iaoeee aeiiioicyeee e iaeaaeeoeoee?iaaiiua ?aai/ea, oi anoue, eae
i?aaeei, ethaee n aieaa ieceei o?iaiai ia?aciaaiey, cia/eoaeueiay /anoue
eioi?uo n/eoaao, /oi ?aeeaia ia ioaeia aiiaua (io 15 aei 20%).
?acieoea a ioiioaiee e ?aeeaia o i?aaenoaaeoaeae ?acee/iuo noa?
aeayoaeueiinoe aanueia nouanoaaiia. Aieueoeinoai ?aaioieeia
e?aaeeoii-oeiainiauo i?aaiecaoeee, oi?aiaee e niaaaeaiey, i?aaiia
oi?aaeaiey e iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee au?aceee iiaiea, /oi ?aeeaia
iaiaoiaeeia anai (aei 83%). Aeinoaoi/ii auniei ioeaieaatho a? ioaeiinoue
ethaee iaoee (67,9%) e ia?aciaaiey (84,6%). Naiay ieceay ioeaiea – o
?aaioieeia naeueneiai, eaniiai e aeeeeuii-eiiioiaeueiiai oicyenoaa (33,3
e 37,3%). A iaeaieueoaa /enei iaaaoeaii ioiinyueony e ?aeeaia ethaeae
ieacaeinue n?aaee nii?oniaiia, no?ieoaeae e ?aaioieeia noa?u
ianeoaeeaaiey (?!!!).
Iaeaieaa iiioey?iue ?aeeaiiue eaiae – yoi, anoanoaaiii, oaeaaeaeaiea, ia
aoi?ii ianoa – ia/aoiua NIE, i?e/?i eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiua ?aai/ea, a oaeaea
o/aueany, iaineiia?u, aeiiioicyeee e aac?aaioiua, eiathuea aieueoa
naiaiaeiiai a?aiaie, ioaeatho caiaoiia i?aaeii/oaiea oaeaaeaeaieth, e
oieueei aeey iaeaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo ?aai/eo ia/aoiua NIE noiyo ia ia?aii
ianoa. ?aeeaio ii ?aaeei /aua neooatho iaineiia?u, aeiiioicyeee e
aac?aaioiua.
Eae e neaaeiaaei iaeeaeaoue, aeaaiia, /oi i?eaeaeaao ?aniiiaeaioia a
?aeeaia – yoi iieaciinoue eioi?iaoeee, Iaiau/iinoue ioi?ieaiey noieo ia
aoi?ii ianoa, i?eaeiaeueiinoue oaenoa yaeyaony iaiaa cia/eiui e?eoa?eai.
*oi iio?aaeoaee i?aaei?eieiatho, anee ?aeeaiiay eioi?iaoeey ieacaeanue
eiaeiie. Aieueoeinoai ii?ioaiiuo ie/aai ia aeaeatho, ia aa?y a
aiciiaeiinoue /oi-eeai eciaieoue. Ii iaoiaeeeenue e oaeea, eoi, eniuoaa
ianiioaaonoaea ?aaeueiuo naienoa ?ac?aeeaie?iaaiiiai oiaa?a cayaeaiiui,
iuoaeny ionoiyoue naie iio?aaeoaeueneea i?aaa. Aieueoeinoai ia?auaeinue
n ?aeeaiaoeeyie e oe?ia-i?iecaiaeeoaeth, iaiueoay /anoue – a
oa??eoi?eaeueiua AEAI ?innee, e i/aiue ia iiiaea – a noae. [9 –
n.105-111].
IIIssOEA, NOUIINOUe, NIAeA?AEAIEA ?AEEAIU
Iiiyoea ?aeeaiu.
Oniao aeciana ii?aaeaeyaony ia oieueei e ia noieueei ?acia?ii
ia/aeueiiai eaieoaea, ii, e i?aaeaea anaai, ea/anoaii aeaeiauo
eiiioieeaoeee.
Oi?iu e aeaeu aeaeiauo eiiioieeaoeee aanueia ?acee/iu. Caeanue e
eiioa?aioeee, aunoaaee, naieia?u, i?acaioaoeee, i?ann-eiioa?aioeee,
a?eoeiae e eioa?aueth, e?oaeua noieu, aeaeiaua iaaaeu e ea?u,
ia?aaiai?u, nii?u e o.ae. e o.i. Ii ia ia?aii ianoa, aaconeiaii, noieo
?aeeaia.
Nouanoaotho aeaa aeeaiao?aeueiuo iiaeoiaea e ii?aaeaeaieth ?aeeaiu. A
niioaaonoaee n oceei iiae ?aeeaiie iiieiatho oieueei ieaoiua,
iaeiiiai?aaeaiiua, iaee/iua e iiin?aaeiaaiiua ia?auaiey, aaeoe?othuea a
iieueco eiie?aoiiai oiaa?a. A niioaaonoaee n oe?ieei iiaeoiaeii ?aeeaiie
n/eoaaony ethaia ia?auaiea i?iecaiaeeoaey (i?iaeaaoea) eee eo
i?aaenoaaeoaeae e iioaioeeaeueiiio iio?aaeoaeth (iieoiaoaeth). Iu aoaeai
iiieiaoue iiae ?aeeaiie i?aaeaea anaai, ethaoth iiea/aiioth oi?io
iaee/iuo i?aaenoaaeaiee oiaa?ia e oneoa, a oaeaea i?iaeaeaeaiea eaeae io
eiaie ecaanoiuo niiini?ia.
(? – n.3.).
?aeeaia – oa?iei i?ienoiaeeo io eaoeineiai neiaa “reklamare” – “a?iiei
e?e/aoue eee ecaauaoue”.
Caeii ?O io 18.07.95 a. “I ?aeeaia” aea?o neaaeothuaa ii?aaeaeaiea
?aeeaiu: “?aeeaia – ?ani?ino?aiyaiay a ethaie oi?ia, n iiiiuueth ethauo
n?aaenoa eioi?iaoeey i oece/aneii eee th?eaee/aneii eeoea, oiaa?ao,
eaeayo e ia/eiaieyo (?aeeaiiay eioi?iaoeey), eioi?ay i?aaeiacia/aia aeey
ii?aaeae?iiiai e?oaa eeoe e i?ecaaia oi?ie?iaaoue e iiaeaea?aeeaaoue
eioa?an e yoei oece/aneiio, th?eaee/aneiio eeoeo, oiaa?ai, eaeayi e
ia/eiaieyi e niinianoaiaaoue ?aaeecaoeee oiaa?ia, eaeae e ia/eiaiee”. (2
– n. 7).
Aeey eo/oaai iiieiaiey iicaieth naaa i?eaanoe au? ianeieueei
ii?aaeaeaiee ?aeeaiu:
?aeeaia – yoi:
Ieaoiia, iaeiiiai?aaeaiiia, iaee/iia, iiin?aaeiaaiiia ia?auaiea,
i?iiaaaiaee?othuaa oiaa?, ia?eo, oe?io, aioiayuaa iioaioeeaeueiiai
iio?aaeoaey e iieoiea. [4 – n. 193].
Ia/aoiia, ?oeiieniia, onoiia eee a?aoe/aneia inaaaeiieaiea i eeoea,
oiaa?a, oneoaao eee iauanoaaiiii aeaeaeaiee, ioe?uoi enoiaeyuaa io
?aeeaiiaeaoaey e iiea/aiiia ei n oeaeueth oaaee/aiey nauoa, ?anoe?aiey
eeeaioo?u, iieo/aiey aieinia eee ioaee/iiai iaeia?aiey. [3 – n. 43].
Iaiaoiaeeiue yeaiaio i?iecaiaenoaaiii-nauoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe, niinia
nicaeaiey ?uiea nauoa, aeoeaiia n?aaenoai ai?ueau ca ?uiie. [3 – n. 43].
Aeaeaaoaeue oi?aiaee
Ethaay oi?ia iaee/iiai i?aaenoaaeaiey e i?iaeaeaeaiey eaeae, oiaa?ia eee
oneoa, iiea/eaaaiay oi/ii onoaiiaeaiiui caeac/eeii e neoaeeo aeey
i?eaea/aiey aieiaiey iioaioeeaeueiuo iio?aaeoaeae e iauaeoo
?aeeaie?iaaiey, eniieuecoth i?e yoii iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiua i?e?iu e
iaoiaeu n o/?oii eiie?aoiie neooaoeee. [2 – n. 7].
Iaee/iua oi?iu eiiioieeaoeee, inouanoaeyaiua /a?ac iin?aaenoai ieaoiuo
n?aaenoa ?ani?ino?aiaiey eioi?iaoeee, n /?oei oeacaiiui enoi/ieeii
oeiaine?iaaiey. [7].
Oeaeaiai?aaeaiiay eiiioieeaoeey, ?ani?ino?aiyaiay ecaanoiui, ynii
iacaaiiui enoi/ieeii a iiea/aiiia ei a?aiy eee ia iiea/aiiii ianoa. Iia
eniieuecoaony iiiaeie ?aeeaiiaeaoaeyie aeey aeinoeaeaiey iiiaeanoaa
oeaeae e iau/ii aeaenoaoao a aoiinoa?a ioiineoaeueiie eiia/iie
iaii?aaeae?iiinoe yooaeoa, eioi?ue aoaeao i?iecaaae?i ia eca?aiioth
aoaeeoi?eth. [1 – n. 13].
Iniiaiua /a?ou ?aeeaiu.
Eioi?iaoeey. *oi au e eae au ie aiai?eeinue i ?aeeaia, iia anaaaea
inoa?ony eioi?iaoeeae, o.a. nenoaiie aeaiiuo, ianouae ii?aaeae?iiue
iau?i naaaeaiee i ?aeeaie?oaiii i?aaeiaoa.
I?aaeiao ?aeeaiu – oi, /oi ?aeeaie?oaony, eee oi, eioi?iaoeey i /?i e
ninoaaeyao niaea?aeaiea ?aeeaiu.
Iauaeo ?aeeaiu – ii?aaeae?iiue iioaioeeaeueiue iio?aaeoaeue eeai a?oiia
iio?aaeoaeae, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue caeioa?aniaaiu i?aaeiaoii ?aeeaiu.
Aicaeaenoaea. ?aeeaia oai nouanoaaiii ioee/aaony io iiiaeo ae?oaeo
aeaeia eioi?iaoeee, /oi iia ia?auaia e iunee e /oanoao iio?aaeoaey
iaeiia?aiaiii. Aicaeaenoaea ia oi e yiioeee iio?aaeoaey eae ?ac e
aeieaeii iiaoaeeoue aai e iieoiea, iniaiio aieiaieth e aeaiiie oneoaa,
iieiaeeoaeueiiio aini?eyoeth ia?aca i?iaeooeaioa eeai i?iaeaaoea e o.ae.
Eniieueciaaiea n?aaenoa ianniaie eiiioieeaoeee. A aeaiiii neo/aa
iaaaaeii, /oi eee eoi aunooiaao a ea/anoaa oaeiai n?aaenoaa: aeey
ae?aaieo ai?iaeneie aeaoaoae aue noieue aea oi?io, eae aeey ian naaiaeiy
oaeaaeaeaiea, aacaou eee aeaaea ?aeeaiiay iaaeienue ia ai?oo aaoiaona.
Aeaaiia – /oiau yoi auei oneuoaii eee oaeaeaii iiiaeie, e i?aaeaea anaai
oai, eoi yaeyaony iauaeoii ?aeeaiu.
Eiio?iee?oaiinoue. A ?aeeaia iao ie/aai, /oiau ia ioaa/aei o?aaiaaieyi
caeac/eea ?aeeaiu ii oie i?inoie i?e/eia, /oi any iia niaeaniauaaaony n
iei e oieueei n aai iaeia?aiey iiyaeyaony. A aio, iai?eia?, oi, /oi
aiai?eo eeeaioo i oiaa?a aeeea?, naycaiiue aeaaea naiui eo/oei
“o?yi/aecii”, oaea ia iiaeaea?ony eiio?ieth, oioy ai anao inoaeueiuo
/anoyo yoi aoaeao i/aiue iioiaea ia ?aeeaio.
Eiiia?/anei-?aeeaiiua oaeoi?u. Nthaea neaaeoao ioianoe /?oei
ii?aaeae?iiiai caeac/eea ?aeeaiu, eniieieoaey, aeaaeaeueoea oiai eee
eiiai n?aaenoaa ?aeeaiu, ieaoiinoue ?aeeaiu. [6 – n. 152-153].
Oeaee ?aeeaiu.
Oeaee ?aeeaiu – eo ia neaaeoao iooaoue n oeaeyie ia?eaoeiaa, eioi?ua iie
iiiiaatho aiieioeoue a aeeciue, neaaeothuea:
aeiaanoe aei naaaeaiey iioaioeeaeueiuo iieoiaoaeae, /oi oaeie-oi oiaa?,
oaeay-oi ia?ea nouanoaoao; /oi iie eiatho oaeea-oi oa?aeoa?enoeee, /oi
eo iiaeii iaeoe a oaeii-oi ianoa, ii oaeie-oi oeaia e o.ae.;
canoaaeoue aeoiaoue i i?eia?aoaiee yoiai oiaa?a/oi?aiaie ia?ee, i?eaiaey
aeiaiaeu a iieueco oaeiai i?eia?aoaiey (?aoeeiiaeueiay ?aeeaia);
canoaaeoue aeaeaoue yoio oiaa?/oi?aiaoth ia?eo, iiaoaeea ia/oaoue i i?i,
iuneaiii i?aaenoaaeyy aai (annioeeaoeaiay ?aeeaia).
Eiuie neiaaie, ioaeii caaiaaaoue iioaioeeaeueiiai iieoiaoaey, i?eaeaoue
aai i?eno?anoeyi e onoaiiaeai aeaaii?eyoiia aeey aan iai?aaeaiea, /oi e
i?eaaae?o aai e ioaeiiio aai iiaaaeaieth – e iieoiea.
Oeaee ?aeeaiu aeieaeiu auoue onoaiiaeaiu oi/ii e ii aiciiaeiinoe
au?aaeaiu eiee/anoaaiii, oae, /oiau noaiaiue eo aeinoeaeaiey
iiaeaeaaaeanue au anee ia oi/iiio ecia?aieth, oi oioy au ioeaiea. Aio
ianeieueei i?eia?ia:
nicaeaoue eieaeae iiaiio oiaa?o;
oeo/oeoue eieaeae aeaaii nouanoaothuaai oiaa?a;
iiauneoue n 25 aei 50 % ecaanoiinoue ia?ee o aoaeeoi?ee o iieiaeuo
aeaiuei io 20 aei 25 eao;
canoaaeoue iieueciaaoueny oiaa?ii, iieoiaoue aai a ia?eiaeu iaaeaiey
ni?ina (ii?iaeaiia ceiie);
caeioa?aniaaoue iieoiaoaeae, i?eiaaeeaaeaueo e au? iaioaa/aiiiio
naaiaioo ?uiea;
eneeth/eoue oi, /oi iaoaao oi?aiaea aneaaenoaea i?aaeoaaaeaeaiey e o.ae.
N?ie oaeaea aeieaeai auoue oeacai, aeaaea anee ii e aieueoie – iaeei
aiae eee ianeieueei eao ioaiaeeony ia oeo/oaiea eieaeaea oiaa?a eee
ia?ee e ia oe?aieaiea i?eaa?aeaiiinoe iieoiaoaeae. [5].
Aeaeu ?aeeaiu.
Oe?ieia ii?aaeaeaiea ?aeeaiu, io?aaeay a? nouiinoue eae iiiaiia?aciiai
iauanoaaiiiai yaeaiey nia?aiaiiinoe, ia eneeth/aao a? iiae?acaeaeaiey ia
ioaeaeueiua aeaeu (io?anee), ia?aie/eaathuea ?aeeaiii-eioi?iaoeeiiioth
aeayoaeueiinoue ii?aaeae?iiuie noa?aie iauanoaaiii-yeiiiie/aneie aeecie
ethaeae. A yoii eiioaenoa /?oei i?ineaaeeaathony oaeea a? io?anee, eae
oi?aiaay, iieeoe/aneay, iao/iay, ?aeeaeiciay e ae?oaea aeaeu ?aeeaiu.
Aeaeu ?aeeaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe iiaeii eeanneoeoee?iaaoue neaaeothuei
ia?acii (oaae. 1):
Oaaeeoea 1.
Nioeeaeueiua noa?u ?aeeaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe I?aaeiao ?aeeaiu
Yeiiiieea i?iecaiaenoai, oi?aiaey, oeiainu, i?aaeeiaeaiey ?aai/ae neeu,
iienee ?aaiou
Auoiaua oneoae ii/eiea, iioea, ecaioiaeaiea i?aaeiaoia auoa, ioaeuoa
Eioaeeaeooaeueiua oneoae ia?aciaaiea, iaaeeoeeia, eieae, i?anna,
aaaeaiey, oo?eci
C?aeeua oee?eiaua, oaao?aeueiua, eiioea?oiua
?aeeaey ienneiia?neea aiccaaiey, ?aeeaeiciua ieaeaou, i?eaeaoaiey e
?eooaeueiui aeoeeyi
Iieeoeea aaeoaoeey ca eaiaeeaeaoia ia auai?ao, eicoiae ieoeiaia,
aeaiiino?aoeee, iaieoanoaoeee
TH?eni?oaeaioeey niiauaiey i i?iiaaoeo, iienee i?anooiieeia, i?eaeaoaiey
ia noaeaaiua i?ioeannu
Iaoea e yeieiaey ?aeeaia i?inaaoeoaeueneiai iai?aaeaiey, iao/iay
iiioey?ecaoeey a eenoiaeao, ieaeaoao, i?iniaeoao, aoeeaoao
Naiaeiua e iaaeee/iinoiua ioiioaiey a?a/iua iauyaeaiey, i?eaeaoaiey e
ciaeiinoao, e niaa?oaieth niaianoiuo iooaoanoaee, anooieaieth a aeaei
Aeaaioai?eoaeueiinoue niiauaiey i aeaaioai?eoaeueiuo aeoeeyo, i?ecuau e
iiaea?oaiaaieyi
I?eaaae?iiua a oaaeeoea aeaeu ?aeeaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe eiatho ?acee/iua
i?aaeiaou eee iauaeou ?aeeaiiiai aicaeaenoaey. Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?ai?iiie
noa?ie ?aeeaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe yaeyaony oi?aiaay ?aeeaia, i?aaeiaoii
?aeeaiiiai aicaeaenoaey – oiaa?u, oi?aiaua i?aaei?eyoey, oneoae,
ieacuaaaiua yoeie i?aaei?eyoeyie. Ii naiae nouiinoe oi?aiaay ?aeeaia –
yoi oeaeaiai?aaeaiiia ?ani?ino?aiaiea eioi?iaoeee i iio?aaeoaeueneeo
naienoaao oiaa?ia e ?acee/iuo nii?iaiaeaeathueo i?iaeaaeo oiaa?ia aeaeao
oneoa, i?aaei?eiyoia aeey nicaeaiey ei iiioey?iinoe, i?eaea/aiey e iei
aieiaiey iio?aaeoaeae n oeaeueth nicaeaiey ni?ina ia oiaa?u e oneoae e
oaaee/aiey eo ?aaeecaoeee. [2 – n. 8-9].
?aeeaia eae i?ioeann ec /aou?ao ninoaaeythueo
?aeeaia – i?ioeann eo /aou??o ninoaaeythueo. A? o/anoieeaie yaeythony:
?aeeaiiaeaoaee,
eioi?ua eiiaaea eniieuecotho
?aeeaiiua aaaionoaa,
eioi?ua ?annueatho eo ia?auaiey /a?ac
N?aaenoaa ?aeeaiu (iau/ii n?aaenoaa ianniaie eioi?iaoeee),
/oiau n ieie iciaeiieeenue iioaioeeaeueiua
Iio?aaeoaee
yoeo ia?auaiee – eae ieieioi, a ca/anooth naieo ?aeeaie?oaiuo oiaa?ia
eee oneoa.
?anniio?ei yoe ninoaaeythuea.
?aeeaiiaeaoaee
?aeeaiiaeaoaee – aanueia ?aciieeeay “eiiiaiey”. Yoi i?iecaiaeeoaee,
?icie/iua oi?aiaoeu, iioiaua oi?aiaoeu, oe?iu oneoa, aeeno?eauethoi?u,
i?ionithcu, /anoiua eeoea e iiiaea, iiiaea ae?oaea. ?aeeaiiaeaoaee
iiea/eaatho n/aoa, a naaiaeiy yoeo n/aoia aaeaaiaeii iaae?aaony aieaa
/ai ia 65 ie?ae. aeiee. Niioiioaiea iaaeaeo iniiaiuie oeiaie
?aeeaiiaeaoaeae auaeyaeeo neaaeothuei ia?acii:
Iauaiaoeeiiaeueiua. Iie ninoaaeytho aieueooth /anoue. Eae i?aaeei, yoi
i?iecaiaeeoaee, o.a. oe?iu, auioneathuea oiaa?u, n eioi?uie iu
ano?a/aainy a oieaa?naiao, aeaiiino?aoeeiiiuo caeao, aunoaaeao e o.ae.
N?aaee iaeaieaa eioaineaii ?aeeaie?oaiuo oiaa?ia – i?iaeoeou ieoaiey,
ooaeaoiua i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe, aaoiiiaeee, eaea?noaa e ea/aaiua
n?aaenoaa, oneoae iio?aaeoaeueneiai oa?aeoa?a, ieai, aeii, oaaae e
i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe aeey eo?aiey, eaaeea caeonee e aacaeeiaieueiua iaieoee.
Ia aeieth 10 e?oiiaeoeo iauaiaoeeiiaeueiuo ?aeeaiiaeaoaeae
i?eoiaeeony ii/oe 70% iaueo ?anoiaeia ia ?aeeaio a no?aia.
Ianoiua ?aeeaiiaeaoaee – yoi aeaaiui ia?acii ?icie/iua oi?aiaoeu.
No?aiynue ea?aoue ?ieue aaaioia ii caeoieai naiae ie?oae, ?icie/iua
oi?aiaoeu o?aoyo ia ?aeeaio aieueoea n?aaenoaa, aeaau niiaueoue
ianaeaieth, /oi iie aeey iaai caeoieee, e iainiiaaoue, ii/aio neaaeoao
aeaeaoue iieoiee eiaiii o ieo.
Naaiaeiyoiyy ?icie/iay ?aeeaia, aa?iyoii, ai?acaei aieueoa
iauaiaoeeiiaeueiie iiaeoiaeeo e iiiyoeth “?uii/iay eioi?iaoeey”.
Aeaaiaea?y naiae ?aaoey?iinoe, aeoeaioo ia oeaiao e naaaeaieyo i ianoao
i?iaeaaee oiaa?ia a ie?oaa ?icie/iay ?aeeaia noaea aeey iiiaeo
iooaaiaeeoaeai ii iaaaceiai.
?aeeaiiua aaaionoaa.
Au?aaeaynue ioeoeeaeueiui ycueii, ?aeeaiiua aaaionoaa – yoi
“iacaaeneiua i?aaei?eyoey”, ninoiyuea ec oai?/aneeo ?aaioieeia e
eiiia?naioia, eioi?ua ?ac?aaaouaatho, aioiayo e ?aciauatho ?aeeaio a
n?aaenoaao ?aeeaiu aeey caeac/eeia, no?aiynue iaeoe iieoiaoaeae aeey
naieo oiaa?ia eee oneoa.
Eae i?aaeei, aaaionoaa i?aaeeaaatho iioaioeeaeueiui eeeaioai oneoae
naiuo ?aciuo niaoeeaeenoia, n?aaee eioi?uo oaenoiaeee, ooaeiaeieee,
i?iaethna?u oaeaaeaeaiey e ?aaeei, niaoeeaeenou ii ?aeeaiiui
n?aaenoaai, enneaaeiaaoaee e o.ae.
A ?aiee i?eaaaeaiiiai auoa ii?aaeaeaiey oeeaaeuaathony aieaa 5,5 oun.
aia?eeaineeo aaaionoa, ianeoaeeaathueo eiiiaiee, eioi?ua caieiathony
iauaiaoeeiiaeueiie, iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiie e ianoiie ?aeeaiie.
A iniiaiii e oneoaai ?aeeaiiuo aaaionoa i?eaaaatho iauaiaoeeiiaeueiua
?aeeaiiaeaoaee, iineieueeo iiiaea ?icie/iua oi?aiaoeu eeai aioiayo naith
?aeeaio naie, eeai eniieuecotho aiciiaeiinoe, i?aaeinoaaeyaiua
ianoiuie aacaoaie, ?aaeei eee oaeaaeceiiiuie noaioeeyie.
N?aaenoaa ?aeeaiu.
Iiaeiaii anai ii?iaeueiui ethaeyi, niaoeeaeenou ?aeeaiu niio?yo
oaeaaeci?, neooatho ?aaeei, /eoatho aacaou e aeo?iaeu. Ii eae
i?ioanneiiaeu iie ?anniao?eaatho n?aaenoaa ianniaie eioi?iaoeee a
ea/anoaa iineoaeae, aeinoaaeythueo ?aeeaiiua ia?auaiey aoaeeoi?ee,
nia?aiiie aeaaiaea?y iniiaiiio (ia?aeeaiiiio) iaoa?eaeo, eioi?ue
i?aaeeaaatho ?aaeei – e oaeanoaioeee, aacaou eee aeo?iaeu. Iineieueeo
aeioiaeu aeo?iaeia e aacao ia 60 – 70%, a aeioiaeu oaeaaeaeaiey e
?aaeei ii/oe ia ana 100% ninoiyo ec iinooieaiee ca ?aeeaio,
?aeeaiiaeaoaeae e eo aaaionoaa any/anee oaeaaeatho e
iiaeea?ieeaatho, ia aeaeay ia yoi ia?iiiuo cao?ao a?aiaie e oneeee.
Oaeei ia?acii, aeo?iaeu, aacaou, oaeaaeceiiiua e ?aaeeinoaioeee iau/ii
i?eaeaeatho ioaeioth aoaeeoi?eth naiei ia?aeeaiiui niaea?aeaieai, a
?aeeaiiaeaoaeue iieo/aao aiciiaeiinoue ia?aoeoueny eiaiii e yoie
aoaeeoi?ee. I?i/ei n?aaenoaai ?aeeaiu, /oiau i?eaea/ue aieiaiea
ii?aaeaeaiiie aoaeeoi?ee, i?eoiaeeony iieaaaoueny eneeth/eoaeueii ia
naii ?aeeaiiia ia?auaiea. Aaaeioth ?ieue naycothuaai caaia iaaeaeo
?aeeaiiaeaoaeyie e iioaioeeaeueiuie iieoiaoaeyie ea?atho, a /anoiinoe
i?yiay ii/oiaay ?aeeaia, ieaeaou, ueou, ?aeeaiiua ieaioaou a
iauanoaaiiii o?ainii?oa e ?aeeaiiia ioi?ieaiea oi?aiauo iiiauaiee.
?aeeaia – yoi i?aaeaea anaai oi?ia ianniaiai oaauaaaiey, e anooieoue
a eiioaeo n aoaeeoi?eae ae iiiiaatho n?aaenoaa ianniaie eioi?iaoeee.
Iio?aaeoaee.
Aoaeo/e iio?aaeoaeyie ?aeeaiu, iu, aa?iyoii, niciaai, /oi ii ?yaeo
aaaeiuo i?eciaeia iia ioee/aaony io ae?oaeo ciaeiiuo iai n?aaenoa
eiiioieeaoeee.
Ai-ia?auo, ?aeeaia i?enoua iiaoi?yaiinoue. Iu ia oieueei niiaa e
niiaa aeaeei ?aeeaio iaeiiai e oiai aea ?aeeaiiaeaoaey, ii e
iiiaie?aoii ano?a/aai iaeii e oi aea iauyaeaiea. E yoi, eiia/ii,
niioaaonoaoao caiuneo ?aeeaiiaeaoaey.
Ai-aoi?uo, iu aini?eieiaai ?aeeaio a ino?ieiieo?aioiii ie?oaeaiee.
Iaeie ?aeeaiiaeaoaee i?ecuaatho o?aoeoue, ae?oaea – yeiiiieoue, iaeie –
eo?eoue, ae?oaea – a?ineoue eo?eoue. E eiia/ii aea, aieueoeinoai ec ieo
oi/ao, /oiau iu /oi-oi i?aaei?eiyee a ioiioaiee eiie?aoiie ia?ee oiaa?a
eee eiie?aoiiai iaaaceia.
E iaeiiaoe, ?aeeaia aini?eieiaaony eae /anoue iaoae iianaaeiaaiie
iauaaeinooiiie eoeueoo?u. Iiiaia, i /ai ?anneacuaatho ?aeeaiiua
iauyaeaiey iu aini?eieiaai “eae aeieaeiia”, oioy ai iiiaeo ae?oaeo
aeaeao eiiioieeaoeee yoi iieacaeinue au iai no?aiiui /oaea/anoaii.
[8].
Ooieoeee ?aeeaiu.
?aeeaiiua niiauaiey ioee/athony io iau/iuo eioi?iaoeeiiiuo oai, /oi iie
auiieiytho ooieoeeth oaauaaaoaeueiiai aicaeaenoaey ia /aeiaaea n oai,
/oiau iiaoaeeoue aai i?eia?anoe oa eee eiua oiaa?u (oneoae).
Iiyoiio niiniaiinoue ?aeeaiu ieacuaaoue aicaeaenoaea ia /aeiaaea e
nicaeaaaoue ni?in ia oiaa?u iicaieyao eniieueciaaoue a? aeey ainieoaiey
?acoiiuo iio?aaiinoae, ynoaoe/aneeo aeonia e cai?inia ianaeaiey. ?aeeaia
ninoaaeyao /anoue ?uii/iiai ia?eaoeiaa, caaea/a eioi?iai ninoieo a
iaania/aiee aania?aaieiiai nauoa i?iecaaae?iiie i?iaeoeoeee.
?aeeaia aeieaeia oi/ii e i?aaaeeai eioi?ie?iaaoue iio?aaeoaey i
ea/anoaa, naienoaao, anni?oeiaioa, i?aaeeao iieueciaaiey
(yenieoaoaoeee), iio?aaeaiey e ae?oaeo naaaeaieyo i oiaa?ao e oneoaao.
Yoa ooieoeey nicaea?o i?aaeiinueee aeey aieaa yooaeoeaiiai i?iecaiaenoaa
oiaa?ia e eo/oaai oaeiaeaoai?aiey iio?aaiinoae ianaeaiey. Iaaeiionoeii
eniieueciaaoue a ?aeeaiiuo niiauaieyo i?aoaaee/aiiua aeaiiua i ea/anoaa
oiaa?ia eee, aieaa oiai, auaeaaaoue oaeueneoeoee?iaaiiue oiaa? ca
iieiioeaiiue, aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia ieciaiiua iaeeiiiinoe /aeiaaea e
eniieueciaaoue ae?oaea io?eoeaoaeueiua iioeaaoeee. Ioi?ieaiea ?aeeaiu
aeieaeii ioaa/aoue nia?aiaiiui ynoaoe/aneei o?aaiaaieyi, a ?anoiaeu ia
a? i?aaiecaoeeth ia aeieaeiu i?aauoaoue ?acoiiuo (?aoeeiiaeueiuo)
?acia?ia.
Ec ie?iaiai iiuoa ecaanoia neea e ?ieue ?aeeaiu. I?aaeaea anaai iia
ian?o a naaa eioi?iaoeeth, iau/ii i?aaenoaaeaiioth a naeaoie,
ooaeiaeanoaaiii au?aaeaiiie oi?ia, yiioeeiiaeueii ie?aoaiioth e
aeiaiaeyuoth aei niciaiey e aieiaiey iioaioeeaeueiuo iieoiaoaeae
iaeaieaa aaaeiua oaeou e naaaeaiey i oiaa?ao e oneoaao. I?e yoii
neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi ?aeeaia – anaaaea eioi?iaoeey, a eioi?iaoeey –
ia anaaaea ?aeeaia.
?aeeaia, n iaeiie noi?iiu, aeiaiaeeo aei iio?aaeoaeae naaaeaiey,
iaiaoiaeeiua aeey iieoiee e eniieueciaaiey oiaa?ia. N ae?oaie noi?iiu,
ni/aoay naith eioi?iaoeeiiiinoue n oaaaeeoaeueiinoueth e aiooaieai,
ieacuaaao ia /aeiaaea yiioeeiiaeueii-ineoe/aneia aicaeaenoaea. Ec yoiai
iiaeii caeeth/eoue, /oi naia ii naaa ?aeeaia – iaeiia?aiaiii e ?aaioa, e
eneonnoai.
Oi?aiaay ?aeeaia caieiaao aaaeouaa ianoi n?aaee aeaeia ?aeeaiu. Iaeiaei
e ae?oaea oi?iu eiatho iaiaeiaaaeiia cia/aiea aeey aeecie ethaeae. Ai
an?i ie?a ecaeaaia eniieuecoaony iieeoe/aneay ?aeeaia, i?eiaiythuay
naiaia?aciua n?aaenoaa e iaoiaeu aaeoaoeee ca iieeoe/aneeo aeayoaeae,
iieeoe/aneea i?ia?aiiu, eaeae, acaeyaeu. Aiiaue aic?iaeaeaaony a iaoai
iauanoaa iaeiaaea i?ioeaaoaaoay ?aeeaeiciay ?aeeaia. Ii anoue ia/oi
iauaa, iauaaeeiythuaa a ?acee/iuo aeaeao ?aeeaiu: iacia/aiea ethaiai
?aeeaiiiai i?iecaaaeaiey – iiaoaeeoue ethaeae e eiie?aoiiio aeaenoaeth
(auai?o oiaa?a eee oneoae, aieiniaaieth ca i?aaeeaaaaiiai eaiaeeaeaoa,
o/anoea a eoeueoo?iie aeoeee e o.ae.). Aeaaiui niaea?aeaieai ?aeeaiiiai
iineaiey yaeyaony niaieoiiinoue i?aeoe/anee oeaiiie nioeeaeueiie
eioi?iaoeee, niaiau?iiie n «eieaeaeai» – ?aeeaiiui ia?acii iauaeoa.
Oeaeue aeinoeaaaony oai oniaoiaa, /ai iieiaa o/eouaaao aaoi? ?aeeaiu
ineoieiae/aneea iniaaiiinoe naieo aae?anaoia.
Oi?aiaay ?aeeaia aeieaeia niinianoaiaaoue iiauoaieth ea/anoaa oi?aiaiai
ianeoaeeaaiey iieoiaoaeae. I?e iiiiue ?aeeaiu iieoiaoaee auno?aa
iaoiaeyo iaiaoiaeeiua ei oiaa?u, i?eia?aoatho eo n iaeaieueoeie
oaeianoaaie e iaeiaiueoae cao?aoie a?aiaie. I?e yoii onei?yaony
?aaeecaoeey oiaa?ia, iiauoaaony yooaeoeaiinoue o?oaea oi?aiaiai
ia?niiaea, nieaeathony ?anoiaeu. Ia iaiaa aaaeia eioi?iaoeey aeey
ianaeaiey ia ioaeaeueiuo oi?aiauo i?aaei?eyoeyo, oneoaao, eioi?ua iie
i?aaeeaaatho, a?aiaie ?aaiou, iaoiaeao i?iaeaaee, niaoeeoe/aneeo
iniaaiiinoyo eo aeayoaeueiinoe. [2 – n. 9-10].
Iia eaaeaony, aeey eo/oaai iiieiaiey nouiinoe ?aeeaiu noieo i?eaanoe
noaio eiiia?/aneie ?aeeaiu, a eioi?ie iaeaieaa iieii io?aaeaia nouiinoue
anae ?aeeaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ia i?aaei?eyoee. (Ni. noaio 1). [5].
Noaia 1. Eiiia?/aneay ?aeeaia.
?aeeaiiua i?aaiecaoeee.
Auaeaeytho o?e aeaea ?aeeaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee: ?aeeaiiia aaaionoai,
iauaiaoeeiiaeueiue ?aeeaiiaeaoaeue e ?icie/iue ?aeeaiiaeaoaeue.
?aeeaiiia aaaionoai.
Aeaaiie i?aaeiinueeie ?aoeeiiaeecaoeee ?aeeaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ai an?i
a? ianooaaa yaeyaony iaoiaee/aneay e ieaiiaay iiaeaioiaea ?aeeaiiuo
niiauaiee e i?aaeeueiia eo eniieueciaaiea ia anao yoaiao ?aeeaiiiai
i?ioeanna.
Iiauoaieth yooaeoeaiinoe ?aeeaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe niinianoaoao nicaeaiea
?aeeaiiuo aaaionoa, eioi?ua i?iaiaeyo a? ia aunieii i?ioanneiiaeueiii
o?iaia, aieaa ?aoeeiiaeueii eniieuecotho oeiainiaua n?aaenoaa e
iaania/eaatho aunieia ea/anoai ?aeeaiu. ?aeeaiiua aaaionoaa i?iaiaeyo
eiiieaeniua enneaaeiaaiey ?uiea e ioeaieo eiiuthieoo?u, iie iniauaiu
au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieeie, iicaieythuae auno?i e oi/ii ia?aaaouaaoue
iieo/aaioth eioi?iaoeeth.
Ianoi ?aeeaiiuo aaaionoa a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa e eo iieiaeeoaeueiay
?ieue a yeiiiieea ii?aaeaeythony eo niaoeeaeecaoeeae.
?aeeaiiua aaaionoaa ea?atho iieiaeeoaeueioth ?ieue, aoaeo/e
eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuie eii?aeeiaoi?aie iaaeaeo oi?aiaeae e i?iecaiaenoaii,
a eioa?anao iio?aaeoaeae e anaai iauanoaa niaeaenoaotho ?aoeeiiaeueiiio
i?aaeeiaeaieth e, iaiai?io, ia?aie/eaatho iau?i ia?aoeeiiaeueiuo eee
i?aaeaeaa?aiaiiuo i?aaeeiaeaiee. [2 – n. 169].
Naaiaeiyoiea ?aeeaiiua aaaionoaa ianeoaeeaatho naieo
eeeaioia-?aeeaiiaeaoaeae, eioi?ua ieaoyo ei ca yoo ?aaioo. I?e/eiu, ii
eioi?ui iiiaea ?aeeaiiaeaoaee ia?auathony e aaaionoaai, neaaeothuea.
Iacaaeneiinoue aaaionoaa. Iii ?aaioaao ia ianeieueei eeeaioia e ia?aae
eaaeaeui ian?o ii?aaeae?iioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue. No?aiynue ieacaoue
eaaeaeiio ?aeeaiiaeaoaeth oneoae iaeaunoaai ea/anoaa, aaaionoai ia
iiae/eiyaony ia iaeiiio ec ieo. O iacaaeneiiai aaaionoaa anoue
aiciiaeiinoue acaeyiooue ia i?iaeaiu eeeaioa ni noi?iiu e aeaoue ei
iauaeoeaioth ioeaieo. Aaaionoai nei?aa neaaeoao nianoaaiiui i?eioeeiai
nicaeaiey yooaeoeaiie ?aeeaiu, /ai aioiai iiae/eiyoueny i?eoioyi aunoaai
?oeiaiaenoaa i?aaiecaoeee ?aeeaiiaeaoaey.
Iaoe?iua ciaiey e iiuo, eioi?ua nio?oaeieee aaaionoaa iaeaieeaatho a
i?ioeanna ?aaiou iaae ?acee/iuie caeacaie. Ciaiey, iieo/aiiua a iaeiie
io?anee i?iecaiaenoaa, /anoi ieacuaathony iieaciuie aeey ?aeeaiiaeaoaeae
ec ae?oaeo io?aneae.
A ?aeeaiiuo aaaionoaao nin?aaeioi/aiu eo/oea i?ioanneiiaeu yoiai aeaea.
E aeaaea naiua e?oiiua caeac/eee n/eoatho aieaa auaiaeiui aeey naay
iieueciaaoueny yoei nin?aaeioi/aieai oai?/aneeo ee/iinoae.
Ethaay yeiiiiey, eioi?oth eeeaio iiaeao iieo/eoue, eiay nianoaaiiia (
aioo?eoe?iaiiia) ?aeeaiiia aaaionoai, eae i?aaeei, ieacuaaaony iaiueoa
noiia?iie noieiinoe aunieiea/anoaaiiiai ianeoaeeaaiey, eioi?iai ii
eeoaao naay i?e ioeaca io nio?oaeie/anoaa n iacaaeneiui aaaionoaii. [1 –
n. 71].
Ooieoeee ?aeeaiiiai aaaionoaa.
?aeeaiiia aaaionoai auiieiyao o?e ooieoeee ii ioiioaieth e naiei
eeeaioai-?aeeaiiaeaoaeyi:
nicaeaiea ?aeeaiiiai ia?auaiey, eioi?ia iii oaeaea ecaioiaeyao e
?aciauaao;
eiinoeueoaoeee ii ?aeeaia (iiiiuue a ii?aaeaeaiee no?aoaaee e
eiioeaioeee ?aeeaiiie eaiiaiee);
iin?aaeie/anoai iaaeaeo ?aeeaiiaeaoaeai e n?aaenoaaie eioi?iaoeee
(iieoiea ianoa aeey ?aciauaiey ?aeeaiu); ?aeeaiiaeaoaeai e eiiiaieyie,
niaoeeaeece?othueieny a iaeanoe ia?eaoeiaa (eco/aiea ?uiea, iioeaaoeee);
?aeeaiiaeaoaeai e aeaaeaeueoeaie oeiia?aoee, aaea ioaeeeothony a?ioth?u,
eaoaeiae, eino?oeoeee ii yenieoaoaoeee oiaa?a, aoeoe, ieaeaou e o.ae.
[5].
?aeeaiiua aaaionoaa caiaoii ?aciyony ii aaee/eia: io oe?iu n
aaeeinoaaiiui ?aaioieeii aei e?oiiie i?aaiecaoeee, eioi?ay iiaeao eiaoue
a nai?i ninoaaa aieaa 2 ouny/ /aeiaae. Iaeiaei anni?oeiaio e noaiaiue
iniiaaoaeueiinoe i?aaeinoaaeyaiuo eeeaioai oneoa nouanoaaiii
?acee/athony io aaaionoaa e aaaionoao. Nin?aaeioi/ei aieiaiea ia
aaaionoaa n iieiui oeeeeii ianeoaeeaaiey. Oaeia aaaionoai auiieiyao
aanue niaeo? oneoa aeey eeeaioa. Iai?eia?, anee eeeaio o?aaoao io
aaaionoaa ieai ?aeeaiu e ia?eaoeiaa ii auaaaeaieth ia ?uiie iiaiai
aaeaeaeiiai oiaa?a, aaaionoai aoaeao auiieiyoue neaaeothuea ooieoeee:
I?iaaae?o eco/aiea iio?aaeoaeae, /oiau ii?aaeaeeoue neeueiua e neaaua
noi?iiu oiaa?a a oneiaeyo aeiiaoiaai iieueciaaiey.
I?iaaae?o enneaaeiaaiea ?uiea, /oiau auyaeoue e?oa iioeiaeueiuo
iioaioeeaeueiuo iio?aaeoaeae.
?ac?aaioaao no?aoaaeth ia?eaoeiaa e athaeaeao.
Ieaaeao iiiiuue a iiaeuneaiee oiaa?a e nicaeaiey aai oiaeiaee.
?ac?aaioaao oai?/aneee caiunae e i?iaaae?o aai i?aaeaa?eoaeueiua
eniuoaiey.
?ac?aaioaao ieai eniieueciaaiey iineoaeae ?aeeaiu, iaania/eaathuee
iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiue ioaao oeaeaauo ?uieia.
?ac?aaioaao ieai i?aaenoaaeaiey oiaa?a noa?a oi?aiaee.
?ac?aaioaao oi?iu io?aaeaiey oai?/aneiai caiunea a iaoa?eaeao,
eniieuecoaiuo a noa?a noeioee?iaaiey nauoa e i?e i?aaiecaoeee ?aeeaiu a
ianoao i?iaeaae.
?ac?aaioaao ieai i?iiaaaiaeenoneeo ia?ii?eyoee aeey ecaea/aiey i?eauee
ec iaua?uaaiey iiaeciu oiaa?a.
?ac?aaioaao ieai noeioee?iaaiey caeioa?aniaaiiinoe n?aaee nio?oaeieeia
noa?u nauoa.
Aiaeiae/iua ooieoeee auiieiyao aaaionoai e i?e ?ac?aaioea ieaia oaea
oei?aieaoaeny ia?ee iacaaeneii io oiai, anoue i?e yoii iaiaoiaeeiinoue a
iiaie no?aoaaee eee iao. Oeeee ieaie?iaaiey aeey eaaeaeie ia?ee iau/ii
ninoaaeyao iaeei aiae.
I?aaeeaaay iaeie e oa aea oneoae, iiiaea aaaionoaa cia/eoaeueii
ioee/athony ae?oa io ae?oaa noeeai naiae ?aaiou. [1 – n. 70-71].
I?aaiecaoeeiiiay no?oeoo?a ?aeeaiiiai aaaionoaa.
?aeeaiiua aaaionoaa eiatho ?aciua i?aaiecaoeeiiiua no?oeoo?u. Iaeiaei,
eae i?aaeei, aieueoeinoai ec ieo eiaao /aou?a ooieoeeiiaeueiuo
iiae?acaeaeaiey:
Oai?/aneoth neoaeao, a eioi?ie ?aaioatho oaenoiaeee e aeecaeia?u;
Neoaeao eniieiaiey caeacia – iaiaaeaea?u ii ?aeeaia;
Neoaeao ia?eaoeiaa, a eioi?ie nia?aiu niaoeeaeenou ii n?aaenoaai
?ani?ino?aiaiey ?aeeaiu, i?iaaaeaieth enneaaeiaaiee e ia?ii?eyoee ii
noeioee?iaaieth nauoa e
Aaeieieno?aoeaioth neoaeao – niaoeeaeenou ii ?ac?aaioea e eiio?ieth ca
inouanoaeaieai ia?niaeoeaiuo oeiainiauo ieaiia, eii?aeeie?iaaieth
aeioiaeia e cao?ao, au?aaioea oaeouae iieeoeee e aaeieieno?aoi?u – io
aee?aeoi?a-?anii?yaeeoaey aei ?oeiaiaeeoaeae ?acee/iuo ioaeaeia. (1 – n.
71).
No?oeoo?a aaaionoaa, ethaee e eo ooieoeee. A aieueoii ?aeeaiiii
aaaionoaa n iieiui oeeeeai oneoa nouanoaoao ianeieueei ?aeeaiiuo
“y/aae”-ioaeaeia, eiathueo eaaeaeay oi?aaeythuaai ii ?aeeaia (e aai
iiiiuieeia), ioaaonoaaiiiai ca iaeio e aieaa oeiainiauo niao
?aeeaiiaeaoaey. Oi?aaeythuee yaeyaony naycothuei caaiii iaaeaeo
aaaionoaii e aai eeeaioii; oae, ii eii?aeeie?oao aeaenoaey anao
o/anoieeia ?aeeaiiie eaiiaiee e caaioeony i oii, /oiau iia caeii/eeanue
oniaoii.
Oi?aaeythuea ii ?aeeaia iiae/eiythony ?oeiaiaeeoaeyi a?oiiu, eee
aee?aeoi?ai ii ?aaioa n eeeaioaie, eioi?ua, a naith i/a?aaeue,
iiae/eiaiu eiiia?/aneiio aee?aeoi?o aaaionoaa, e aanue ia?niiae
aaaionoaa yaeyao niaie iaeio ec ninoaaeythueo ia?eaoeiaa.
Ioaeae nicaeaiey ?aeeaiu ai aeaaa n ?oeiaiaeeoaeai oai?/aneie neoaeau
caieiaaony ia?aaiaeii ia ycue ?aeeaiu ?aeiiaiaeaoeee e iiaeaeaiee
?aeeaiiaeaoaeae. Caeanue a oai?/aneii oaiaeaia iauaaeeiytho naie oneeey
eiioeaioi?u-?aaeaeoi?u e eiioeaioi?u-a?aoeee (e oao e ae?oaeo iacuaatho
au? ooaeiaeanoaaiiuie aee?aeoi?aie). Aeiaaaei, /oi a ooaoa aaaionoaa eee
aianoa n iei, ii iacaaeneii io iaai ?aaioatho niaoeeaeenou ?aciuo
i?ioannee: iaeao/eee, oioia?aou, eeii?aaeenn??u, aeaei?aoi?u, aaaiou,
caieiathueany iieneii “ia noi?iia” iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey auiieiaiey ?aaio ii
eiie?aoiie ?aeeaia iaiaeaiueoe, oioia?aoia, eeii?aaeenn??ia e o.ae.
Ioaeae n?aaenoa eioi?iaoeee i?eieiaao o/anoea a auai?a n?aaenoa
eioi?iaoeee e iineoaeae ?aeeaiu (a ieaie?iaaiee e ?aciauaiee ?aeeaiu a
n?aaenoaao eioi?iaoeee), eco/aao n?aaenoaa eioi?iaoeee, caieiaaony
iieoieie ianoa aeey ?aeeaiu, eiio?iee?oao ?ani?ino?aiaiea ?aeeaiiuo
ia?auaiee, ia?aaeaiiuo ?ani?ino?aieoaeyi e ?an/?ou n ieie, iai?aaeyao
?aeeaiiaeaoaeth oaaaeiieaiey i ioaeeeaoeee ?aeeaiiiai iauyaeaiey.
I?iecaiaenoaaiiue ioaeae aioiaeo nai eee i?aaiecoao aia aaaionoaa
ecaioiaeaiea ?aeeaiu, /oi aeeth/aao ecaioiaeaiea ?enoieia, iaeaoia,
oioia?aoee, eeii- e oaeaoeeueiia, iiaeaioiaeo caoeicaienae aeey ?aaeei e
o.i.
Iu ia?a/eneeee ioaeaeu, eioi?ua iaycaoaeueii eiathony a eaaeaeii
?aeeaiiii aaaionoaa, ae?oaea ioaeaeu iiaoo e ionoonoaiaaoue a
caaeneiinoe io ianooaaia e cia/eiinoe aaaionoaa. E iineaaeiei ioiinyony:
Ioaeae ecaeaiey iaoa?eaeia aeey noeioee?iaaiey nauoa, ?aeeaiu ia ianoa
i?iaeaaee, a?ioth?, i?iniaeoia, ?aeeaiiuo eaoaeiaia, eino?oeoeee ii
yenieoaoaoeee oiaa?a.
Ioaeae aeieoiaioaoeee – a neeo aaaeiinoe niaethaeaiey aeiaiai?iuo niao,
an? aieaa oneiaeiythuaeny yeiiiie/aneie aeecie aeiiieieoaeueiua oneoae,
i?aaeinoaaeyaiua eeeaioai, noaiiayony an? aieaa iiiai/eneaiiuie e
?aciiia?aciuie.
Enneaaeiaaoaeueneee ioaeae – /oiau eo/oa iiiyoue iaoaieci ?aeeaiu e aai
aicaeaenoaea (caiieiaiea ?aeeaiiuo ia?auaiee, aini?eei/eainoue e
i?eaiaeeiie a ieo a?aoiaioaoeee e o.ae.), e?oiiua ?aeeaiiua aaaionoaa
i?aaiecotho o naay yoio ioaeae, aeayoaeueiinoue eioi?iai a iaeioi?uo
neo/ayo aeaeaei auoiaeeo ca ?aiee enneaaeiaaiey i?iaeai, naycaiiuo
iaiin?aaenoaaiii n ?aeeaiie.
E iaeiiaoe, iineaaeiyy neoaeaa, eioi?ay noaiiaeony iaiaoiaeeiie a
aaaionoaao n athaeaeaoii, ia?aoaaeoei ii?aaeae?iiue ?oaaae –
“ieaie?iaaiea”, eee “iioiee”. Caeanue aioiayony, ioneathony a iai?io e
eii?aeeie?othony iiiai/eneaiiua caaea/e ?acee/iuo neoaea e ioaeaeia,
caiyouo ?ac?aaioeie e i?iaaaeaieai ?aeeaiiie eaiiaiee. [5].
Iieaoa.
Iieaoa ?aaiou aaaionoaa iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny aeaoiy niiniaaie:
Eiienneiiiay nenoaia;
Aiii?a?iay nenoaia.
Eiienneiiiay nenoaia.
Iniiao aeioiaeia aaaionoaa ninoaaeytho “ eiienneiiiua ”, auiea/eaaaiua
ia ?aeeaiiaeaoaeai, a iineoaeyie ?aeeaiu, eae i?ioeaio ca iieoieo
?aeeaiiiai i?ino?ainoaa. Aeey i?annu, ?aaeei e oaeaaeaeaiey yoi iau/ii
15%, aeey eeii e ia?oaeiie ?aeeaiu – 20%. Ii iiiaeanoai iineoaeae
(iniaaiii i?anna) a eiioea aiaea auiea/eaatho aaaionoaai iau/ii
iaaoeoe?oaiua “ naa?oeiienneiiiua ”, ?ann/eouaaaiua n iau?ia i?iaeaae,
i?iecaaae?iiuo n o/anoeai aaaionoaa, e niaeaniaaiiua n iieoiaoaeai
?aeeaiiiai i?ino?ainoaa. Yoe auieaou iiaoo aaeaia i?aainoiaeeoue noiio
eiienneiiiuo, /oi neoaeeo iiuiui noeioeii aeey aaaionoaa ?aeiiaiaeiaaoue
aeaiiua n?aaenoaa ?aeeaiu naiei eeeaioai-?aeeaiiaeaoaeyi. (5).
Eiienneiiiay nenoaia iniiaaia ia neeaeea ni noieiinoe ?aeeaiu,
?aciauaaiie a oii eee eiii iineoaea. Oaeei ia?acii, eeeaioo aac?acee/ii,
?aciauaao ee ii ?aeeaio a niioaaonoaothuai n?aaenoaa eiiioieeaoeee
naiinoiyoaeueii, eee yoei caieiaaony ?aeeaiiia aaaionoai. Eiienney
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ooieoeeiiaeueioth neeaeeo, i?aaeinoaaeyaioth
aaaionoaai ca auiieiaiea ii?aaeae?iiuo iaycaoaeuenoa a iieueco iineoaeae
?aeeaiu. Aaaionoaa n eiienneiiiie nenoaiie iieaou iieo/atho io naieo
eeeaioia oaeaea e i?yiua auieaou ca eniieuecoaiua a i?ioeanna ?aaiou
iaoa?eaeu e i?eaeaeaaiua ni noi?iiu oneoae. [1 – n. 72].
Aiii?a?iay nenoaia.
Ae?oaay /anoue aeioiaeia neeaaeuaaaony ec aiii?a?ia, iieo/aaiuo ca
enneaaeiaaiey e aeiiieieoaeueiua ?aaiou, auiieiyaiua aaaionoaii e
iiea/eaaaiua ii eo naaanoieiinoe eee aea auiieiyaiua aia aaaionoaa e
iiea/eaaaiua n i?ioeaioiie iaaeaaaeie; yoi oaeea ?aaiou, eae
ecaioiaeaiea aeieoiaioaoeee (ia/aoiui niiniaii) eee ?aeeaiiuo ?ieeeia
(oaeaaeaeaiea), i?aaiecaoeey aeaenoaee ii noeioee?iaaieth nauoa e
ecaioiaeaiea iaoa?eaeia aeey ?aeeaiu a ianoao oi?aiaee, ?aaeecaoeee
oiaeiai/iuo iaoa?eaeia, ?ac?aaioea eiaioeiia (Renault) e o.ae. (5).
I?e ieacaiee oneoa ii auai?o aaaionoai ioeaieaaao iauoth noieiinoue
?aaio a nayce n ?aeeaiie eeeaioa ca aiae e iieo/aao aiii?a? a aeaea
?aaiuo aaeaiany/iuo aciinia. Aeey ii?aaeaeaiey aiii?a?a aaaionoai
iiaen/eouaaao iauaa eiee/anoai /ania, eioi?ia iaiaoiaeeii cao?aoeoue ia
auiieiaiea caeaca ?acee/iuie ioaeaeaie, oiiiaeaao yoi eiee/anoai ia
noaaee ii/aniaie ca?aaioiie ieaou e i?eiethniauaaao neieueei-oi (25)
i?ioeaioia ia iaeeaaeiua ?anoiaeu e i?eaueue. Ae?oaie ?aciiaeaeiinoueth
aiii?a?iie nenoaiu yaeyaony i?aeoeea iiiany/iuo aiii?a?ia. Eaaeaeue
ianyoe ia iniiaa ii/aniauo noaaie e eiee/anoaa a?aiaie, iio?a/aiiiai
anaie o/anoieeaie ?aaio, iiaen/eouaatho iauoth noiio, aeiaaaeytho e iae
25%, au/eoatho ana iieo/aiiua eiienneiiiua neeaeee e eoia aunoaaeytho
eeeaioo. [1 – n. 72].
I?aaiecaoeey ?aeeaiiaeaoaey.
E?oiiua oe?iu, eae i?aaeei, ia?auathony e ?aeeaiiui aaaionoaai aeey
?ac?aaioee naieo ?aeeaiiuo eaiiaiee. I?e yoii iaeii ec naiuo aaaeiuo
?aoaiee, i?eieiaaiuo ?aeeaiiaeaoaeai, ninoieo a auai?a ?aeeaiiiai
aaaionoaa. Oioy eaeie-oi noaiaea?oiie i?ioeaaeo?u ia nouanoaoao, oe?ia
i?eoiaeeony au?aaaouaaoue e?eoa?ee ioeaiee eaiaeeaeaoia. Eie, a
/anoiinoe iiaoo auoue oaeea:
?ino. Noaaeeai ee ?ino aaaionoaa e aai iai?ioa ii n/aoai eee ?acei
eieaaeaony aiae io aiaea? Ii/aio?
Iiuo. A eaeeo io?aneyo i?iecaiaenoaa caiyou eeeaiou aaaionoaa?
Aeaiiino?e?oao ee aaaionoai eneeth/eoaeueioth oieaa?naeueiinoue, ?aaioay
n naiuie ?aciuie oiaa?aie eee iniaaiii neeueii a eaeie-oi ioaeaeueiie
oiaa?iie a?oiia?
Enoi?ey eeeaioo?u. Eaeiaa n?aaeiyy i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue nio?oaeie/anoaa
n eeeaioaie, eaeiaa oaeo/anoue eeeaioia?
Eaae?u. Iaiaoiaeeii ia?auaoue aieiaiea ia iniiaaoaeueiinoue iiuoa e ia
/eneaiiinoue ?aaioieeia ia oieueei aunoaai, ii e aoi?iai, e o?aoueaai
yoaeiiia, o/eouaay e oaeo/anoue eaae?ia.
Eiioeaioeey ia?eaoeiaa. ssaeyaony ee aaaionoai i?ia?anneaiui eee
eiina?aaoeaiui? Iiaeoiaeeo ee e ?ac?aoaieth eaaeaeie i?iaeaiu
eiaeeaeaeoaeueii eee aeiaieueii /?oei i?eaea?aeeaaaony eaeie-oi ae?noeie
oi?ioeu?
Ieaie?iaaiea eaiiaiee. Iaaei ioeaieaaoue niiniaiinoue aaaionoaa
iieo/aoue, eioa?i?aoe?iaaoue e aiaeece?iaaoue aanue oaeoe/aneee
iaoa?eae, ieacuaathuee aeeyiea ia i?iaeaio ia?eaoeiaa, a oaeaea aai
niiniaiinoue oi?ioee?iaaoue oeaee ?aeeaiu e ?ac?aaaouaaoue
eiieo?aioiniiniaioth no?aoaaeth, /oi yaeyaony nooueth ?aeeaiiie
eaiiaiee.
Oai?/aneea aiciiaeiinoe. Yoi ioeaiea niiniaiinoe aaaionoaa au?aaaouaaoue
cae?aaua a naiae iniiaa eaeae, aai oiaiea iiaeieoe e i?iaeaia n aeieae
oai?/aneiai aiia?aaeaiey e noi?ioee?iaaoue neeueiua ?aeeaiiua eaeae n
ia?iiiui ca?yaeii eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe.
N?aaenoaa ?aeeaiu. Ia iniiaa eiathueony aeaiiuo iaiaoiaeeii ioeaieaaoue
ouaoaeueiinoue e ?acoiiinoue i?iaiaeeiuo aaaionoaii enneaaeiaaiee
iineoaeae ?aeeaiu, aai i?aaeaa?eoaeueiuo ?aeiiaiaeaoeee ii eo
eniieueciaaieth e o.i.
Noeioee?iaaiea nauoa. A aeaiiii neo/aa ioeaieaaaony oa /anoue eaiiaiee,
eioi?ay i?ecaaia iiaoaeaeaoue, oaauaaaoue e eioi?ie?iaaoue anao, eoi
caieiaaony nauoii oiaa?ia: oi?aiaue ia?niiae oe?iu, iioiaeeia e eo
oi?aiaue ia?niiae, ?icie/iuo oi?aiaoeaa e eo i?iaeaaoeia.
Enneaaeiaaiey. I?aaeaea anaai ioeaiea iiaeeaaeao aiciiaeiinoe nai?a e
eioa?i?aoaoeee aeaiiuo aeey ?ac?aaioee ieaia eaiiaiee, a eioi?ii aoaeoo
io?aaeaiu oeaee nauoa e ?aeeaiu e eceiaeaiu iooe eo aeinoeaeaiey.
Noeioee?iaaiea noa?u oi?aiaee. Ioeaiea eaeae e iaoa?eaeia, eioi?ua
aaaionoai iiaeao i?aaeinoaaeoue, aeey iaania/aiey ?aioaaaeueiinoe nauoa
ai anao ianoao i?iaeaaee.
I?iiaaaiaea oiaa?a. Yoio aeae oneoa ia iaycaoaeueii aeieaeai
i?aaeinoaaeyoueny ethaui aaaionoaii, iniaaiii anee nouanoaotho ae?oaea
eaiaeu ?ani?ino?aiaiey iiainoae i aeayoaeueiinoe oe?iu.
I?iecaiaenoai. Yoi ioeaiea aiciiaeiinoae aaaionoaa inouanoaeyoue
naiinoiyoaeueii eee eiio?iee?iaaoue i?iecaiaenoai ethauo aeaeia
?aeeaiiuo iaoa?eaeia, iaoa?eaeia noeioee?iaaiey nauoa e noeioee?iaaiey
noa?u oi?aiaee. Nthaea aoiaeyo neaeae-oeeueiu, eeiioeeueiu, ?aaeei- e
oaeaaeceiiiua i?ia?aiiu e ?aeeaiiua ?ieeee, anee iie yaeythony ninoaaiie
/anoueth ?aeeaiiie eaiiaiee.
Auaeaeyaiue ia?niiae. Iaeei ec naiuo aaaeiuo iieacaoaeae oneoa aaaionoaa
– yoi neieueei e eaeea eiaiii ethaee aoaeoo iieiinoueth caiyou ?aaioie
iaae caeacii oe?iu.
Oaoiieiaey. Eoi, /oi, eiaaea e eae aeaeaao, aeieaeii ca?aiaa
ieaie?iaaoueny, eiio?iee?iaaoueny e aeiaiaeeoueny aei naaaeaiey anao,
eiai yoi eanaaony, eae a i?aaiecaoeee eeeaioa, oae e aioo?e aaaionoaa.
Iiaeaea?aeaiea eiioaeoia. ?a/ue eae?o i iaee/ee a aaaionoaa
nio?oaeieeia, eioi?ua iaania/eaaee au aeaeaaioth /anoioo ee/iuo
eiioaeoia, oaeianoai e iia?aoeaiinoue eae ?aaoey?iuo eiioaeoia, oae e
eiioaeoia a yeno?aiiuo neo/ayo. [1 – n. 72-74].
Iniiaiua ooieoeee ?aeeaiiaeaoaey:
ii?aaeaeaiea iauaeoa ?aeeaiu;
ii?aaeaeaiea iniaaiiinoae ?aeeaie?iaaiey aua?aiiiai iauaeoa (aeaeia
?aeeaiu, nicaeaaaaiuo ?aeeaiiuo iaoa?eaeia, iaiaoiaeeiiai o?iaiy
?aeeaiiiai i?aaenoaaeaiey);
ieaie?iaaiea cao?ao ia ?aeeaio;
iiaeaioiaea e ia?aaea/a enoiaeiuo iaoa?eaeia ?aeeaiiiio aaaionoao:
oi?ioee?iaaiea oeaeae e caaea/ ?aeeaiu n o/?oii oeaeaauo a?oii
iio?aaeoaeae, iiaeaioiaea enoiaeiuo oaenoia n aeoeaioe?iaaieai ia
aeaaiuo aeinoieinoaao e iniaaiiinoyo ?aeeaie?oaiiai iauaeoa,
i?aaenoaaeaiea, ii aiciiaeiinoe, ia?acoea oiaa?a;
iiaeaioiaea aeiaiai?a ni aoi?ie noi?iiie – ?aeeaiiui aaaionoaii – i
nicaeaiee ?aeeaiiuo iaoa?eaeia e ?aciauaiee ?aeeaiu a n?aaenoaao
ianniaie eioi?iaoeee, i i?iaaaeaiee ?acee/iuo ?aeeaiiuo ia?ii?eyoee;
iiiiuue eniieieoaeth ?aeeaiu a oiaea nicaeaiey ?aeeaiiuo iaoa?eaeia;
ooaa?aeaeaiea yneecia, oaenoia, noeaia?eaa nicaeaiiuo ?aeeaiiuo n?aaenoa
e i?eaeiaeia ?aeeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee;
iieaoa auiieiaiiuo ?aaio. [2 – n. 170].
Acaeiiioiioaiey iaaeaeo ?aeeaiiaeaoaeai e ?aeeaiiui aaaionoaii
ineiaeiythony ianeieueeeie iiiaioaie. ?acaeaeaiea ooieoeee e
ioaaonoaaiiinoe iaaeaeo noi?iiaie, anee iii aiiaua nouanoaoao, ?aaeei
auaaao /?oei ii?aaeae?iiui. ?aeeaia – oiaa? iainycaaiue. I?aaeneacaiea e
ecia?aiea aai ?acoeueoaoeaiinoe – aeaei noauaeoeaiia. Iaaiciiaeii aac
o?oaea auaeaeeoue aeeaae a eiia/iue i?iaeoeo ?aciuo eeoe e ioaeaeia. O
i?aaenoaaeoaeae, anooieaoeo ai acaeiiioiioaiey noi?ii, ?aciua
ono?aieaiey. ?aeeaia – aeaeaei ia aaeeinoaaiiia, /oi caieiaao niciaiea
eeeaioa, a ?aeeaia ioaeaeueiiai eeeaioa – aeaeaei ia aaeeinoaaiiia, /oi
caieiaao niciaiea nio?oaeieea aaaionoaa. Iaeia?aiea ieaiia ?aeeaiu o
eeeaioia e a aaaionoaa i?ienoiaeeo ia ianeieueeeo o?iaiyo, e anaaaea
iiaenoa?aaaao aiciiaeiinoue ?anoiaeaeaiee ai acaeyaeao iaaeaeo
i?aaenoaaeoaeyie ?aciuo o?iaiae. [1 – n. 74].
?icie/iua ?aeeaiiaeaoaee.
Iaeeea ?icie/iua oi?aiaoeu /aua anaai ia?auathony ca iiiiuueth a
ieaie?iaaiee e iiaeaioiaea naiae ?aeeaiu e ianoiui n?aaenoaai
?ani?ino?aiaiey ?aeeaiu – aacaoai, oaea- e ?aaeeinoaioeeyi. Ia?aaeoae
ooieoeeae ?icie/iie ?aeeaiu yaeyaony iinoiyiiia eioi?ie?iaaiea eeeaioia
iaaaceia i ?acee/iuo oiaa?ao, eiathueony a i?iaeaaea, a oaeaea ?aeeaia
?aaoey?iuo ?ani?iaeaae, naciiiuo oiaa?ia e iiaeiie iiaeu. I?aeoe/anee
any ?aeeaia iaaaceiia ninoieo ec oiaa?iie ?aeeaiu e ?aeeaiu oeai.
Oi, /oi ioaeaeueiue ?icie/iue oi?aiaaoe ia a ninoiyiee naeaeaoue a
iaeeii/eo, iiaeii inouanoaeoue n iiiiuueth ?acee/iuo oi?i niaianoiie
?aeeaiu.
Ai?eciioaeueiay niaianoiay ?aeeaia – yoi iauaaeeiaiea oneeee iacaaeneiuo
?icie/iuo oi?aiaoeaa a ?aieao iaeiie oiaa?iie eaoaai?ee, iai?eia?,
i?iaeaaoeia oaoie/aneeo oiaa?ia eee aaaionoa ii i?iaeaaea
iaaeaeaeeiinoe.
Aa?oeeaeueiay niaianoiay ?aeeaia – yoi iauaaeeiaiea oneeee
i?iecaiaeeoaey e ?icie/iiai oi?aiaoea.
?icie/iua oi?aiaoeu iau/ii ia i?eaaaatho e oneoaai ?aeeaiiuo aaaionoa.
Iau?i eo aeayoaeueiinoe neeoeii iae, e iianaaeiaaiua oi?aiaua iia?aoeee
o?aaotho auno?ie niaiu oaeoe/aneeo i?e?iia, a ia aeieain?i/iiai
no?aoaae/aneiai ieaie?iaaiey.
[1 – n. 74].
Caeeth/aiea.
Eoae, ia iniiaa anaai auoaneacaiiiai, iiaeaaae?i eoiae, a /?i aea
caeeth/aaony nouiinoue ?aeeaiu, /oi iia ec naay i?aaenoaaeyao, a /?i a?
iniaaiiinoe, a, neaaeiaaoaeueii, e iniaaiiinoe oe?i, ?aaioathueo a noa?a
?aeeaiu? ?aeeaia :
ieaoiay, o.a. ?aeeaiiaeaoaeue aeieaeai caieaoeoue ca nai? niiauaiea i
oiaa?a, ia?ea, oe?ia;
iaeiiiai?aaeaiiay, oae eae eiaao oieueei iaeii iai?aaeaiea: io
?aeeaiiaeaoaey e iauaeoo aicaeaenoaey. Ia?aoiie ?aaeoeeae noaiiaeony
iiaaaeaiea iauaeoa aicaeaenoaey, o.a. ii eeai noaiiaeony iieoiaoaeai,
eeai – iao;
iaee/iay, iineieueeo aae?anoaony ia ii?aaeae?iiiio eiie?aoiiio eeoeo, a
oeaeaaie aoaeeoi?ee e ia?aaea?ony aac iiiiue oi?aiauo aaaioia;
iiin?aaeiaaiiay, oae eae aeiaiaeeony aei iauaeoa /a?ac i?anno eee
ae?oaea n?aaenoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiey eioi?iaoeee:
ia?auaaony ni naieie niaoeeoe/aneeie i?ecuaaie a ?aieao iiea/aiiiai
ianoa eee a?aiaie e i?e yoii /?oei oeacuaaao ee/iinoue caeioa?aniaaiiie
noi?iiu;
iiiaiooieoeeiiaeueia. Iiaeao (e ia ia?anoa?o) noeioee?iaaoue o?aoo
aeaiaa eee eo iaeiieaiea, oeaee aunieea eee ieceea e o.ae. o.i. io eiaie
naiuo ?aciuo enoi/ieeia aeey naiuo ?aciuo aoaeeoi?ee e ii naiui ?aciui
i?e/eiai;
yoi oaiiiai, niiniaiue i?eianoe iio?ynathuee oniao eee eaoano?ioe/aneee
i?iaae e /anoi aeaenoaothuee a ianoaiiaea eiia/iie iaii?aaeae?iiinoe. [1
– n. 11], [4 – n. 193].
Nienie eniieueciaaiiuo enoi/ieeia.
Ae?ieia E. I. Oai?aoe/aneea iniiau ?aeeaiiiai aeaea: O/aa. Iiniaea. –
E?eoone: E?eoo. oi-o, 1996. – 92 n.
Iaie?aoia O. A., Na??aeia O. E., Oaoo?ei A. A. ?aeeaiiay
aeayoaeueiinoue: O/aaiee aeey nooaeaioia aunoeo e n?aaeieo niaoeeaeueiuo
o/aaiuo caaaaeaiee. – I.: Eioi?iaoeeiiii-aiaae?ai/aneee oeaio?
«Ia?eaoeia», 1998. – 244 n.
Ioiei A. E. Ia?eaoeia, iaiaaeaeiaio e oeaiiia?aciaaiea ia i?aaei?eyoeyo
(a oneiaeyo ?uii/iie yeiiiieee). – I.: Iaaeaeoia?. ioiioaiey, 1993. –
112 n.
Aiae?aaaa I. Ae. Oaoiieiaey aeciana: ia?eaoeia. O/aaiia iiniaea. – I.:
Ecaeaoaeueneay a?oiia EIO?A-I – II?IA, 1997. – 224 n.
Aeaeyi A. ?aeeaia.
Aa?eai Ae. E. Ia?eaoeia aeey anao: Aanaaeu aeey ia/eiathueo. – E.:
?aaeaeoeeiiii-ecaeaoaeueneee oeaio? «Eoeueo-eioi?i-i?ann» niaianoii n
nioeeaeueii-eiiia?/aneie oe?iie «*aeiaae», 1991. – 256 n.
Eioea? O. Iniiau ia?eaoeiaa. – I.: I?ia?ann, 1990, n. 511.
HTTP: //permcnti.ac.ru/ Ia?iue: Reclama1.arj
Ooeei Y.A. Ei/aoeiaa A.E. ?aeeaiiia aeaei. I.: Annioeeaoeey aaoi?ia e
ecaeaoaeae «Oaiaeai». Ecaeaoaeuenoai YEIIN, 1998. – 272 n.
Eo?n eaeoeee ii Yeiiiieea a noa?a oneoa. Eaeoi? – Ao?iaiei O.Ae. (EAYA,
Eaoaae?a yeiiiieee e iaiaaeaeiaioa a noa?a oneoa.).
Eo?n eaeoeee: «?uiie o?oaea e caiyoinoe a noa?a oneoa» Eaeoi? –
Aeaieeaiei I.I. (EAYA, Eaoaae?a yeiiiieee e iaiaaeaeiaioa a noa?a
oneoa).
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Iniiaiua caaea/e i?aaei?eyoey
Oei?aieoueny a nai?i naeoi?a yeiiiieee
?anoe?eoue ia 20 % naith ?uii/ioth aeieth
Noaoue eeaea?ii naiae io?anee
Nio?aieoue ca niaie iieiaeaiea eeaea?a
Auai? oeaeae ?aeeaiiuo ia?auaiee
Canoaaeoue aeaeaoue iieoiee a ia?eiae iauayeiiiie/aneiai niaaea
Oaaee/eoue naith ecaanoiinoue
Caeioa?aniaaoue oo a?oiio eeeaioia, eioi?ay ia yaeyaony iieeiiieeaie
ae?oaeo oe?i
Nicaeaoue eeai oeo/oeoue naie eieaeae
Ono?aiyoue iiiaoe a niaa?oaiee iieoiee
Iiaeaea?aeaoue aeayoaeueiinoue oi?aiaiai ia?niiaea
Auai? oeaeaaie aoaeeoi?ee
Iio?aaeoaee e iaiio?aaeoaee
Eeoea, aeeythuea ia auai? oiaa?ia e oneoa; ?aeiiaiaeothuea oiaa?u;
eeaea?u iauanoaaiiiai iiaiey
Oi?aiaua iin?aaeieee
Auai? iai?aaeaiey e oai ?aeeaiu
I?aaeaa?eoaeueiue ieai ?aeeaiiie eaiiaiee
Ieii/aoaeueiue auai? n?aaenoa eioi?iaoeee e iineoaeae ?aeeaiu
Ninoaaeaiea athaeaeaoa
?ani?aaeaeaiea n?aaenoa ii oeaeyi
Eiioeaioeey ?aeeaiiuo ia?auaiee
I?aaeaa?eoaeueiia eniuoaiea ?aeeaiiuo ia?auaiee
Ieii/aoaeueiay iiaeaioiaea ?aeeaiiuo ia?auaiee
Ieaie?iaaiea ?aeeaiu n o/anoeai n?aaenoa ianniaie eioi?iaoeee
Inouanoaeaiea (ia/aei e ?aca??ouaaiea ?aeeaiiie eaiiaiee)
Eiio?ieue ca yooaeoeaiinoueth ?aeeaiiie eaiiaiee; a? ioeaiea
Ia?aoiia aicaeaenoaea a neo/aa iieiie eee /anoe/iie iayooaeoeaiinoe
Ia?aoiia aicaeaenoaea a neo/aa iieiie eee /anoe/iie iayooaeoeaiinoe
Ia?aoiay naycue a neo/aa iayooaeoeaiinoe n?aaenoa, aicaeaenoaothueo ia
iaia/aiioth aoaeeoi?eth
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