AINOAeA?NOAAIIAss AEAAeAIEss OI?AAEAIEss eiaie NA?AI I?AeAEIIEEEAeCA
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EAOAAe?A OI?AAEAIEss AIAOIAYEIIIIE*ANEIE AeAssOAEUeIINOUeTH
EO?NIAAss ?AAIOA
ia oaio
“?ACAEOEA IOOOI?IIAI AECIANA A ?INNEE”
Auiieiee: nooaeaio IYI III-2
?oaeaeia A.A
I?iaa?ee:
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IINEAA 1996
Ieai
1. Aaaaeaiea
2. Naiaiaeiua yeiiiie/aneea ciiu e ciiu naiaiaeiiai
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa
3. Eoiae e i?iaeaiu ia?auo eao nouanoaiaaiey naiaiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo
cii
4. Nicaeaiea naiaiaeiuo oaiiaeaiiuo cii a ?O
5. Ia?aue iiuo nicaeaiey ioooi?iuo cii a ?O
6. Ia?niaeoeau ioooi?iuo cii a ?O
7. Caeeth/aiea
Aaaaeaiea
Iaoa no?aia aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy auea ioaeaeaia io aiaoiaai ie?a, /oi
neacaeinue ia aa yeiiiie/anii ?acaeoee. Iiiaea yeiiiie/aneea iiiyoey
auee iai iaciaeiiu. Iinea oiai, eae a?aieoeu auee ioe?uou e cai?ao n
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa niyo, iiiaea ethaee caiyeenue aecianii, a oii
/enea e iaaeaeoia?iaeiui. Ainoaea?noai, aua ai a?aiaia nouanoaiaaiey
NNN? ia/aei i?aaei?eieiaoue iiiuoee ii aiaae?aieth ia?aaeiaiai iiuoa
ca?oaaaeiuo no?ai ai anao io?aneyo iauanoaaiiie aeecie.
Eae eiiaaea auaaao, iiaiaaaaeaiey, ia eiathuea iiae niaie aeinoaoi/iiai
iainiiaaiey e ia i?ioaaeoea aaeaioaoeee, i?eiyee a NNN?, a caoai e a
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee aeia?o?ioe?iaaiiua e eneaaeaiiua oi?iu. Ai
iiiaii, ii-iiaio, yoi auei oaeaea iaoneiaeaii ia oieueei yeiiiie/aneeie,
ii e iieeoe/aneeie i?e/eiaie, oaeeie eae ai?ueaa ca aeanoue, no?aieaiea
iaa?aoue aieina ia?aae auai?aie e o.i.
Nicaeaiea naiaiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo cii ai anao aiciiaeiuo oi?iao eiaao
iauea aeey anao ieo e?eoa?ee:
eieaeueiinoue oa??eoi?ee e ia?aie/aiea aeinooia ia iaa iinoi?iiieo eeoe
e ianoiiai ianaeaiey;
aeaenoaea ia oaeie oa??eoi?ee aieaa eueaioiiai th?eaee/aneiai e
oeiainiai-yeiiiie/aneiai ?aaeeia;
iaee/ea niaoeeaeecaoeee yeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe (iai?eia?
aaieianeea ioooi?u, no?aoiaua ioooi?u eo.i.);
Oeaee, i?aneaaeoeaiua no?aiaie, ia oa??eoi?ee eioi?uo nicaeaaony ciia,
iiaoo auoue ?acee/iu a caaeneiinoe io o?iaiy yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey
no?aiu, nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie ianoaiiaee, e ae?oaeo iniaaiiinoae
no?ai: iai?eia? aeey ?acaeouo eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?ai i?e nicaeaiee
naiaiaeiie yeiiiie/aneie ciiu aeooaeueia i?iaeaia nicaeaiey iiauo
?aai/eo iano aeey naiaai ianaeaiey, oiaaea eae aeey ?acaeaathueony no?ai
(e aeey ?innee a oii /enea) i?ei?eoao aeaeaaony ia i?eaea/aiee aunieeo
oaoiieiaee, ?acaeoea i?iecaiaenoaaiiie eio?ano?oeoo?u, yenii?oiiai
iioaioeeaea no?aiu, iiauoaiea o?iaiy eaaeeoeeaoeee ?aai/ae neeu.
Eiino?aiiui i?aaei?eyoeyi, aeaenoaothuei ia oa??eoi?ee NYC
i?aaeinoaaeythony yenii?oii-eiii?oiua, oaiiaeaiiua, iaeiaiaua e ae?oaea
eueaiou, /oi iicaieyao iiauneoue ii?io i?eauee oaeeo i?aaei?eyoee aei
40%. Eiaiii yoi yaeyaony i?eaeaeaoaeueiui aeey eiino?aiiuo eiiiaiee.
ss iinoa?athnue e?aoei iienaoue enoi?eth ?acaeoey ioooi?iiai aeciana a
iaoae no?aia, ii?aaeaeeoue iaeioi?ua ?acoeueoaou e oiouaiey.
Naiaiaeiua yeiiiie/aneea ciiu e ciiu naiaiaeiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa
Ec anao aiciiaeiuo aa?eaioia oi?i nicaeaiey naiaiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo
cii aeey ?innee, a neeo aa iniaaiiinoae iaeaieueooth ipaeoe/aneoth
oeaiiinoue i?aaenoaaeytho oa, eioipua iiaoo aeoeaece?iaaoue niaianoioth
eiaanoeoeeiiioth aeayoaeueiinoue n eiino?aiiui eaieoaeii, i?eaea/ue
iapaaeiaoth eiino?aiioth oaoiieiaeth e oi?aaeai/aneee iiuo a yeiiiieeo
iin?aaenoaii nicaeaiey ia ii?aaeaeaiiie ia?aie/aiiie oap?eoi?ee n
auaiaeiui aaia?aoe/aneei iieiaeaieai aieaa eueaioiuo, ii n?aaiaieth n
ae?oaeie ?aaeiiaie oneiaee aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe.
3iiu naiaiaeiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, eee CNI, ii caiuneo eo
noi?iiieeia, aeieaeiu auee ?aoeoue a ?innee oeaeue eiiieaen aeooaeueiuo
caaea/, a oii /enea:
niaa?oainoaiaaiea io?aneaaie no?oeoo?u eo i?iecaiaenoaa, n iineaaeothuei
“onei?aiea nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey ioaeaeueiuo ?aaeiiia e
a?anoaieai” yeiiiieee CNI eee aa io aeaeueiuo i?iecaiaenoa a
oicyenoaaiioth no?oeoo?o ie?oaeathuaai ?aaeiia;
iia?aoeaiia aiaae?aiea a i?iecaiaenoai ioa/anoaaiiuo e ca?oaaaeiuo
iao/ii-oaoie/aneeo ?ac?aaioie e ecia?aoaiee n iineaaeothuae ia?aaea/ae
?acoeueoaoia aeey oe?ieiai eniieueciaaiey a yeiiiieea no?aiu e ia
aiaoieo ?uieao;
ianuuaiea aioo?aiiaai ?uiea eiieo?aioiniiniaiuie oiaa?aie e oneoaaie
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai e iio?aaeoaeueneiai iacia/aiey;
?acaeoea yenii?oiie aacu e oaaee/aiea aaethoiuo iinooieaiee ca n/ao
aieaa eioaineaiiai aeeth/aiey niioaaonoaothueo oa??eoi?ee a nenoaio
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo naycae (a oii /enea aaethoii-e?aaeeoiuo,
no?aoiauo, eioi?iaoeeiiiuo, o?ainii?oiuo e i?i/eo) ia iniiaa
eniieueciaaiey i?aeiouanoa ciiaeueiiai “oethca” iaaeaeo aioo?aiiae
yeiiiieeie e ie?iaui ?uieii;
ai?iaaoeey ia eieaeueiii o?iaia ?acee/iuo aa?eaioia aiaae?aiey iiauo
oi?i oicyenoaiaaiey, i?eniiniaeaiiuo e oneiaeyi ie?iaiai ?uiea
i?aeoe/aneia iao/aiea ioa/anoaaiiuo niaoeeaeenoia i?eaiai e iaoiaeai
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aeciana n iineaaeothuei eniieueciaaieai iieo/aiiuo
iaaueia ?aaiou ca i?aaeaeaie ciiu.
Aeey aeinoeaeaiey iinoaaeaiiuo oeaeae o?aaiaaeinue: 1)
neiioeaiope?iaaoue a ciiao ?acee/iua aeaeu ?ano?nia, 2) nicaeaoue a
naeaoua n?iee iaiaoiaeeioth i?iecaiaenoaaiioth e nioeeaeueioth
eio?ano?oeoo?o, 3) i?eaea/ue a ciiu eaaeeoeoee?iaaiioth paai/oth neeo.
I?aeoe/aneay ?aaioa ii nicaeaieth cii ia/aeanue n ia/aea 1989 aiaea n
i?eiaiaieai ?ac?aaioaiiuo iaueo iiaeoiaeia e nicaeaieth NYC.
Auaeaeaaeenue ?aciua i?aaeeiaeaiey, iaeioipua ec eioi?uo enoiaeeee ec-ca
?oaaaea. E eiioeo 1989 aiaea iaeaieaa iainiiaaiiuie e i?i?aaioaiiuie
aa?eaioaie nicaeaiey cii niaianoiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa auee ai?iaea
Iaoiaeea I?eii?neiai e?ay e Auai?a Eaieiapaaeneie iaeanoe. ?a/ue oea i
n?aaieoaeueii iaaieueoeo oa??eoi?eyo, aanueia oaeiaii ?aniieiaeaiiuo ia
aaaeiuo opainii?oiuo iooyo, aaeece io e?oiiuo aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo
ia?oia?ia. Yoe ai?iaea eiaee aeinoaoi/ii oepieea iaaeaeoia?iaeiua nayce,
a eo aeeoaee iiaeaea?aeeaaee eaeath nicaeaiey cii. Ianeieueei iicaea
ioi?ieeeeenue eiioo?u iiaeaee aua iaeiie naiaiaeiie ciiu – ia oa??eoi?ee
Eaeeieia?aaeneie iaeanoe.
Ii e niaeaeaieth, i?eioeeieaeueiia ?aoaiea i nicaeaiee ia?auo cii ia
o?iaia i?aaeoaeuenoaa NNN? caoyioeinue. Aii?in ianeieueei ?ac
ianoaeaeaeny ia canaaeaiee Ainoaea?noaaiiie aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie eiiennee
Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN?, a eaeay nicaeaiey ciiu a Auai?aa aeaaea
auiineeanue ia canaaeaiea I?aceaeeoia Niaaoa Ieienopia, ii ?aoaiey oae e
ia auee i?eiyou.
Auei i/aaeaeii, /oi nicaeaiea aieaa aeaaii?eyoiuo oneiaee aeey
i?eaea/aiey eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea ipaaeiieaaaei ia oieueei
i?aaeinoaaeaiea aio aieaa eueaioiiai ?aaeeia ia oa??eoi?ee cii, ii e
nicaeaiea oai iaiaoiaeeiie i?iecaiaenoaaiiie e nioeeaeueiie
eiopano?oeoo?u. E oioy ai?iaea Iaoiaeea e Auai?a iaoiaeeeenue a yoii
ioiioaiee a aieaa aeaaii?eyoiii iieiaeaiee, e a ieo oeo/oaiea
eio?ano?oeoo?u aeey i?eaea/aiey eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia o?aaiaaei
ii?aaeaeaiiuo oeiainiauo eiuaeoeee. Eo iiaeii auei iieo/eoue aeaoiy
iooyie:
1) ca n/ao oeaio?aeeciaaiiuo eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee;
2) iooai i?aaeinoaaeaiey aeaiiui oa??eoipeyi i?aaa eniieueciaaoue
iaeiaiaua iinooieaiey io ipaaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee, ?aniieiaeaiiuo ia
eo oa?peoipee.
I?e/ai a i?aaeeaaaaoeony eiioeaioeeyo aeoeaio aeaeaeny ia aoipii
aa?eaioa oeiaine?iaaiey.
Iaeiaei nithciia i?aaeoaeuenoai ieacaeinue ia aioiaui i?eiyoue
eiie?aoiua ?aoaiey. A oneiaeyo i?ioeainoiyiey nithciuo e ?anioaeeeaineeo
no?oeoo? aii?in i nicaeaiee cii i?eiye iieeoe/aneee oa?aeoa?. Ia ia?aie
nannee Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?NON?, eca?aiiiai a 1990 aiaeo, i?icao/aee
ieaiaiiua ?a/e i iaiaoiaeeiinoe nicaeaiey cii e aue i?eiyo caeii i
nicaeaiee cii naiaiaeiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. I?e ?aoaiee noieue
neiaeiiai aii?ina ia “ieoeiaiaii” o?iaia ia auei /aoeiai i?aaenoaaeaiey,
i /ai eaeao ?a/ue, e a ?aia cii naiaiaeiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa auee
aicaaaeaiu oeaeua epay e iaeanoe, a /anoiinoe, Eaieia?aae, I?eii?neee
epae, Eaeeieia?aaeneay, Naoaeeineay e *eoeineay iaeanoe.A iinoaiiaeaiee
Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?NON? io 14 ethey 1990 aiaea oiiieiaeenue e Auai?a e
Iaoiaeea – aaeeinoaaiiua ai?iaea, aaea aii?in i nicaeaiee cii
aueaeaenoaeoaeueii i?i?aaioai. A iinoaiiaeaiee Aa?oiaiiai niaaoa io 13
naioya?y 1990 aiaea e ia?aui ciiai auee aeiaaaeaiu ciiu naiaiaeiiai
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa ia oa??eoi?eyo Aeoaeneiai e?ay, Eaiapianeie e
Iiaai?iaeneie iaeanoe, 3aeaiia?aaea e Aa?aeneie aaoiiiiiie iaeanoe.
Eniieueciaaiea iiaiai oa?ieia – “ciiu naiaiaeiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa”
– aianoi i?eiyoiai a ie?iaie i?aeoeea iiiyoey “naiaiaeiay yeiiiie/aneay
ciia” eee oiio?aaeyaoaainy ?aiaa a NNN? iiiyoey “ciia niaianoiiai
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa”, i?aaeiieaaathueo nicaeaiea oa??eoi?ee n iniaui
?aaeeiii aeey i?eaea/aiey eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea, icia/aei caiaio
eiie?aoiie yeiiiie/aneie ?aaeueiinoe ia ?anieua/aoue e ia?aaeecoaiue
eo?n.
A i?ioeanna aeaeueiaeoae ?ac?aaioee ii?iaoeaiuo aeieoiaioia i
aeayoaeueiinoe oaea iauyaeaiiuo cii aeoeaio iinoaiaiii ia?aiineeny ia
?aoaiea aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo caaea/, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, i?eaea/aiea
eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea. A iinoaiiaeaiee Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?NON? io 24
ieoya?y 1990 aiaea, aaea ii?aaeaeyaony noaoon ciiu a Iaoiaeea, oaea
aiai?eeinue i i?aaenoaaeaiee yoiio ai?iaeo e i?eiueathuaio e iaio
Ia?oecaineiio ?aeiio noaoona naiaiaeiie yeiiiie/aneie ciiu n eueaioiui
iaeiaiaui e oaiiaeaiiui ?aaeeiii e oi?iuaiiui ii?yaeeii inouanoaeaiey
yenii?oii-eiii?oiuo iia?aoeee. *apac ianyoe auei ipeiyoi iinoaiiaeaiea
Niaaoa ieienopia ?NON? “I iapaii/apaaeiuo iapao ii pacaeoey naiaiaeiie
yeiiiie/aneie ciiu a.Iaoiaeee (NYC “Iaoiaeea”) Ipeiipneiai epay”,
eioipia ooaapaeeei Iieiaeaiea i ciia.
A Iieiaeaiee i NYC “Iaoiaeea” auee i?aaeinoaaeaiu aa?aioee eiino?aiiui
eiaanoi?ai io iaoeeiiaeecaoeee e ae?oaeo oi?i i?eioaeeoaeueiuo ecuyoee
(iiiaea ec yoeo aa?aioee a aeaeueiaeoai auee cae?aieaiu a Caeiia ia
eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo a ?NON?, i?eiyoii 4 ethey 1991 aiaea),
ii?aaeaeaiu aiciiaeiua oi?iu eo aeiaeaiee, caoeene?iaaiu i?aaa
eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia a iaeanoe yeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, a oii
/enea ia aeieain?ii/ioth a?aiaeo caiee n?ieii ia 70 eao. Aeey
i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie, aeiey eioi?uo a onoaaiii
oiiaea ninoaaeyao aieaa 30%, onoaiaaeeaaeny eueaioiue iaeiaiaue ?aaeei,
a /anoiinoe 10-ipioeaioiue iaeia ia i?eaueue, ia?a/eneyaiue a athaeaeao,
e 10-i?ioeaioiue iaeia i?eaueue, auaiceioth ca ?oaaae. A oa/aiea 5 eao
iinea iauyaeaiey i?eauee yoe ipaaei?eyoey iieiinoueth inaiaiaeaeaeenue
io oieaou iaeiaa ia i?eaueue, a oii /enea e ia oo aa /anoue, eioi?ay
auaiceeanue ca ?oaaae. Inaiaiaeaeaeanue io iaeiaia oaeaea oa /anoue
i?eauee, eioi?ay ?aeiaanoe?iaaeanue ia oa?peoipee NYC “Iaoiaeea” a
?acaeoea nioeeaeueiie noa?u e oipie?iaaiea eio?ano?oeoo?iuo iauaeoia.
Ii?aaeaeaiiua eueaiou iieo/aee e ?inneeneea ipaaei?eyoey, iaoiaeyueany a
Ciia. A /anoiinoe, eiinopaiiay aaethoa, ca?aaioaiiay yoeie
i?aaei?eyoeyie, inoaaaeanue a eo ?anii?yaeaiee, ca eneeth/aieai 20%
io/eneaiee io aaethoiie au?o/ee, ia?a/eneyaiuo a iapaua 5 eao
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey NYC “Iaoiaeea” Iaoiaeeeineiio ai?niaaoo e
Ia?oecaineiio ?aeniaaoo.
A niioaaonoaee n i?eioeeiii naiioeiaine?iaaiey pacaeoey ciiu, ana iaeiae
e ieaoaaee a athaeaeao, aceiaaiua a ciia, aeieaeiu auee inoaaaoueny a
?anii?yaeaiee Iaoiaeeeineiai ai?niaaoa e Ia?oecaineiai ?aeniaaoa. 10%
iaeiaia, eioi?ua aeieaeiu auee auiea/eaaoue i?aaei?eyoey n eiino?aiiuie
eiaanoeoeeyie, aeaeeeenue a oaeie i?iii?oeee: 7% a auoanoiyuea
athaeaeaou, 3% a athaeaeaou Iaoiaeee e Ia?oecaineiai ?aeiia. Oaeaea a
athaeaeao ciiu iai?aaeyeny iaeia n iai?ioa. A panii?yaeaiea ianoiuo
niaaoia oaeaea aeieaeiu auee iinooiaoue 50% n?aaenoa, iieo/aiiuo ca n/ao
?aaeecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiouanoaa. Ia iaeaaaeanue iaeiaii /anoue
i?eauee ?inneeneeo i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuue
eiaanoeoeeyie, aaea aeiey eiino?aiiiai o/anoieea ninoaaeyea iaiaa 30%,
?aeiaanoe?oaiay a pacaeoea nioeeaeueiie eio?ano?oeoo?u NYC.
Noaia oeiaine?iaaiey ?acaeoey NYC Iaoiaeea iiaea au auoue aeinoaoi/ii
yooaeoeaiie aeey oi?ie?iaaiey nia?aiaiiie eio?ano?oeoo?u, /oi iineoaeeei
au aeiiieieoaeueiui oaeoi?ii i?eaea/aiey eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea.
Iniaue oaiiaeaiiue ?aaeei NYC “Iaoiaeea” ipaaeoniao?eaae inaiaiaeaeaiea
io iieaou oaiiaeaiiie iioeeiu oiaa?ia, eiii?oe?oaiuo ia oa??eoi?eth ciiu
e yenii?oe?oaiuo n yoie oa??eoi?ee. A neo/aa auaica n oa??eoi?ee ciiu
oiaa?ia a ae?oaea ?aeiiu ?innee, oaiiaeaiiay iioeeia aeieaeia auea
aceiaoueny oieueei n oie /anoe oiaa?ia, eioi?ay eiaao eiino?aiiia
ipienoiaeaeaiea. Auaic i?iecaaaeaiiuo ia oa??eoi?ee NYC “Iaoiaeea”
oiaa?ia inaiaiaeaeaeny io eaio e eeoeaicee. I?aaei?eyoey ?uaiie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe iieo/aee ipaai naiinoiyoaeueii ?aaeeciaaoue ia aiaoieo
?uieao aei 30% naiae i?iaeoeoeee.
E niaeaeaieth, aeaeueiaeoea niauoey ia niinianoaiaaee ?aaeueiiio
i?aoai?aieth a aeeciue iiiaeo yeaiaioia oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia ciiu,
i?aaeoniiopaiiiai iieiaeaieai i NYC “Iaoiaeea”. A Iinoaiiaeaiee
Ipaaeoaeuenoaa ?NON? auee aeaiu ii?o/aiey ?inneeneei ieienoa?noaai e
aaaeiinoaai ?aoeoue iiiaea aii?inu, iai?aaeaiiua ia ?aaeecaoeeth yoiai
iaoaiecia. Aieueoeinoai aii?inia ia auee ?aoaiu. E oiio aea iaeioipua ec
ieo, iniaaiii aaethoiua e oaiiaeaiii-oa?eoiua aii?inu, ioiineeenue
oiaaea e eiiiaoaioeee nithciuo, a ia ?inneeneeo, i?aaiia.
Oieueei a eiioea iay-ia/aea ethiy 1991 aiaea, oi anoue ia?aae
i?aceaeaioneeie auai?aie a ?innee, auee i?eiyou ?aoaiey e ooaa?aeaeaiu
iieiaeaiey i NYC ia ae?oaeo oa??eoi?eyo, ai iiiaii noiaeiua n
aeieoiaioaie ii Iaoiaeea. ?anii?yaeaieyie I?aaenaaeaoaey Aapoiaiiai
Niaaoa ?NON? aue ooaa?aeaeai oicyenoaaiii-ipaaiaie noaoon cii
naiaiaeiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa a Eaieia?aaea, Auai?aa (12 iay 1991
aiaea), naiaiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo cii a Caeaiia?aaea – “Oaoiiiieen
Caeaiia?aae” (25 iay 1991 aiaea), Eaeeieia?aaeneie iaeanoe – “ssioa?ue”,
Aa?aeneie aaoiiiiiie iaeanoe – “Aaa” (3 ethiy 1991 aiaea), Eaia?ianeie
iaeanoe – “Eocaann”, Iiaai?iaeneie iaeanoe – “Naaeei” (6 ethiy 1991
aiaea) e iinoaiiaeaieai I?aceaeeoia AN ?NON? io 27 iay 1991 aiaea a
Naoaeeineie iaeanoe – “Naoaeei”. Ii eaaeaeie eo yoeo cii /a?ac iaeioi?ia
a?aiy auee ecaeaiu iinoaiiaeaiey i?aaeoaeuenoaa ?NON?, ooaa?aeeaoea
Iieiaeaiey i ciiao. Iicaeiaa auee i?eiyou iinoaiiaeaiey i nicaeaiee
naiaiaeiie yeiiiie/aneie ciiu a Ai?ii-Aeoaeneie ?anioaeeea – “Ai?iue
Aeoae”.
Ii anee eueaiou aeey iaaieueoie oa??eoi?ee Iaoiaeee auee ii?aaaeaiu
aiciiaeiinoueth i?eaea/aiey eiinopaiiiai eaieoaea e ?inoa i?iecaiaenoaa,
e eeoue a iacia/eoaeueiie noaiaie nie?auaee iinooieaiey a oeaiopaeueiua
athaeaeaou e aaethoiua oiiaeu, oi eiaaea aiaeiae/iua eueaiou
i?aaeinoaaeyeenue oaeei ?aaeiiai, eae Eaieia?aae, Aeoaeneee e?ae, ?yaeo
iaeanoae, oi yoi iaecaaaeii aeieaeii auei nie?aoeoue aeioiaeu nithciiai
e panioaeeeaineiai athaeaeaoia e aaethoiuo oiiaeia. Ia iiaei auoue e
?a/e i ?aaeueiii ?ani?ino?aiaiee iniaiai aiaoiayeiiiie/aneiai e
oaiiaeaiiiai ?aaeeiia ia oeaeua e?ay e iaeanoe. N naiiai ia/aea auei
ynii, /oi pa/ue eaeao i i?aaeauai?iuo iaauaieyo e /oi a oaeii aeaea ciiu
ooieoeeiie?iaaoue ia aoaeoo. A i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo iinoaiiaeaieyo ii anai
ciiai, eae e a iinoaiiaeaiee ii Iaoiaeea, auee aeaiu eiie?aoiua
ii?o/aiey pinneeneei ieienoa?noaai e aaaeiinoaai, eioi?ua ia auee
auiieiaiu. Ae?oaeie neiaaie, i?aaeoniio?aiiua iaoaieciu
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey naiaiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo cii caiouaiu ia auee.
Iieiaeaiea aeey cii aua aieaa oooaeoeeinue, eiaaea a eiioea 1991-ia/aea
1992 aiaea, iinea ?aniaaea NNN?, auei i?eiyoi iiaia ?inneeneia
?aaoee?iaaiea iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey e aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, a
eioipuo ieeaeeo eneeth/aiee e eueaio aeey naiaiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo cii
i?aaeoniio?aii ia auei. I?aeoe/anee ana ipeiyoua ?aiaa aeieoiaiou ii
ciiai auee ioiaiaiu.
Anoanoaaiii, ana yoi aucaaei na?ueaciua i?ioanou ia oa??eoi?eyo,
iauyaeaiiuo ciiaie, iniaaiii a Iaoiaeea e Eaeeieia?aaeneie iaeanoe. A
?acoeueoaoa aeeeoaeueiuo niaeaniaaiee 4 ethiy 1992 aiaea aue ecaeai oeac
Ipaceaeaioa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee “I iaeioi?uo iapao ii ?acaeoeth
naiaiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo cii (NYC) ia oap?eoi?ee ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee”. Oeac, ai-ia?auo, ainnoaiiaee i?aaiaie ?aaeei e oneiaey
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie
ia oa??eoi?ee cii. Ai-aoi?uo, ii ii?aaeaeee iaoaieci aeiiieieoaeueiiai
oeiaine?iaaiey cii ca n/ao athaeaeaoiuo e?aaeeoia e ia?a/eneaiee a oiiae
?acaeoey, caeiaiaua e no?aoiaua oiiaeu NYC /anoe n?aaenoa io
i?eaaoecaoeee ia oa??eoi?ee cii. A-o?aoueeo, oeac ainnoaiiaee iaeioi?ua
eueaiou a iaeanoe oaiiaeaiiiai iaeiaeaiey aeey ioaeaeueiuo oa??eoi?ee, a
yenii?oiua iioeeiu ia nu?ueaaua oiaa?u, aeiauaaaiua a NYC,
onoaiaaeeaaeenue a ?acia?a 50% io iauaai oaiiaeaiiiai oa?eoa.
Eiia/ii, i?eiyoea oeaca ?anoe?eei aiciiaeiinoe aeey oao cii, aaea oaea
oea ii?aaeaeaiiay ?aaioa, ii a oeaeii yoi aue iaeeeaoea, ia ?aoeaoee
i?iaeaio aei eiioea. Aianoa n oai, neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi
caeiiiaeaoaeueiue i?ioeann a ioiioaiee aeaenoaothueo e iiauo cii ia
inoaiaaeeaaaony. A ea/anoaa i?eia?a iiaeii i?eaanoe i?eiyoia a iaa 1995
aiaea i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiia ?aoaiea i nicaeaiee oaoiiia?ea a Iiaineae?neie
iaeanoe (n i?aaeinoaaeaieai aio iaeioi?uo i?aa oaiiaeaiiie ciiu). A
eaeie-oi ia?a yoi yaeyaony i?iaeieaeaieai aieaa ?aiiaai ?aoaiey ia
ia?aciaaiee oaoiiiieena “Caeaiia?aae”.
Eoiae e i?iaeaiu ia?auo eao nouanoaiaaiey naiaiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo cii
Ca aiaeu nouanoaiaaiey NYC “Iaoiaeea” iipaaeaeeeny aa
oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneee iioaioeeae e ipeipeoaoiua noa?u aeey i?eaea/aiey
eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee. E na?aaeeia 1994 aiaea a Aaeieieno?aoeaiii
eiieoaoa NYC auei ca?aaeno?e?iaaii 252 i?aaei?eyoey n eiino?aiiui
eaieoaeii. Iauay noiia eiinopaiiuo aeeaaeia a onoaaiua oiiaeu i?aauneea
129 ieeeeiiia aeieea?ia NOA. Ec iauaai /enea i?aaei?eyoee 100 yaeyeinue
niaianoiuie, 51 – i?aaei?eyoeyie ni 100% eiino?aiiui eaieoaeii, 75 –
aei/a?ieie eiiiaieyie ni 100% eiino?aiiui eaieoaeii, 7 – oeeeaeaie e 19
– i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaaie eiioe?i. Aieueoa anaai ipaaei?eyoee auei
nicaeaii n o/anoeai eaieoaea ec Eeoay (107), aeaeaa neaaeoao ssiiiey
(39), NOA e Aiieiia (ii 24), ?anioaeeea Ei?ay (11). Ii aaee/eia
aeiaeaiee aaethoiuo n?aaenoa a onoaaiue eaieoae ia ia?aii ianoa a
ianoiyuaa a?aiy aunooiaao ssiiiey (nauoa 66 iei. aeiee. NOA), ia aoi?ii
– NOA (ieiei 29 iei. aeiee.), ca ieie neaaeotho Eeoae (nauoa 15 iei.
aeiee.) e THaeiay Eipay (nauoa 5 iei. aeiee.).
Ec iaeaieaa e?oiiuo i?iaeoia iiaeii iacaaoue nicaeaiea niaianoii n
aiaeeeneie eiiiaieae “Eaeae yiae Oae?eann” iaaeaeoia?iaeiie nenoaiu
niooieeiaie nayce n eniieueciaaieai iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ocea a Aiieiiaa a
ea/anoaa o?aiceoiiai eiiiooaoeeiiiiai oeaio?a; nopieoaeuenoai eiiiaieyie
ni 100% eaieoaeii ec Aiieiiaa e Oaeaaiy aeaoo ainoeie/iuo eiiieaenia, e
iaeioipua ae?oaea.
Iaaeaeo Ieienoa?noaii Oeiainia ?inneeneie Oaaeapaoeee e
Aaeieieno?aoeaiui eiieoaoii ciiu caeeth/aii niaeaoaiea i i?aaeinoaaeaiee
NYC “Iaoiaeea” iaeiaiaiai e?aaeeoa a noiia 2200 ieeeeiiia ?oaeae a 1992
aiaeo e 20125 ieeeeiiia ?oaeae a 1993 aiaeo.
Ca a?aiy aa nouanoaiaaiey a NYC “Iaoiaeea” nicaeaiu iniiaiua iauaeou
oeiainiaie eio?ano?oeoopu. A ciia ooieoeeiie?otho 14 oeeeaeia ?acee/iuo
aaieia e nianoaaiiue aaie “Iaoiaeea”. Oi?ie?oaony ?uiie oeaiiuo aoiaa. N
aaaonoa 1992 aiaea ?aaioaao Oeiainiaia aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai,
eiaanoeoeeiiiay eiiiaiey n oiiaeiaui iaaaceiii.
Ia oa??eoi?ee NYC aeaenoaotho oanoue no?aoiauo eiiiaiee, a a aeaeaa?a
1992 aiaea auea nicaeaia e?oiiaeoay ia Aeaeueiai Ainoiea
ia?ano?aoiai/iay eiiiaiey. Iiaeaioiaeai i?iaeo nicaeaiey Oiiaea
?acaeoey NYC e niaoeeaeece?iaaiiiai eiioa/iiai aaiea.
A 1992 aiaeo i?aaei?eyoey n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie ec NYC “Iaoiaeea”
?aaeeciaaee ia aioo?aiiai puiea ?innee oiaa?ia ia noiio aieaa 160 iei.
aeiee. e iinoaaeee ia yenii?o i?iaeoeoeeth noieiinoueth ieiei 7,5 iei.
aeiee. Aeey n?aaiaiey: ca 1991-1992 aiaeu ipaaei?eyoeyie ciiu ii
eueaioiui eeoeaiceyi yeniipoepiaaii i?iaeoeoeee ia noiio ieiei 5 iei.
aeiee. NOA eiii?oe?iaaii ia noiio 2 iei. aeiee. A niioaaonoaee n
Iinoaiiaeaieai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia ?NON? ? 540 io 24 ieoya?y 1990 aiaea,
noiia, iieo/aiiay io nieaeaiey oaiiaeaiiie iioeeiu, ?ani?aaeaeyaony
neaaeothuei Ia?acii: 80% iai?aaeyaony a eiaanoeoeeiiioth aeayoaeueiinoue
i?aaei?eyoee NYC, a 20% – a ?acaeoea oaiiaeaiiie eio?ano?oeoo?u ciiu.
Ia?niaeoeau ?acaeoey NYC “Iaoiaeea” a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a aoaeoo naycaiu
n inouanoaeaieai oeaeiai ?yaea e?oiiuo eiaanoeoeeiiiuo i?iaeoia, eioi?ua
iaoiaeyony ia noaaeee ?anniio?aiey e niaeaniaaiey. Iaeiei ec ieo
yaeyaony nicaeaiea ?inneenei-eipaeneiai i?iiuoeaiiiai eiiieaena aaeece
ii?oa Ainoi/iue. Iiae eiiieaen auaeaeaii 330 aaeoa?ia caiee. Ia aai
oa??eoi?eth ei?aeneea eiiiaiee ieaie?otho iapaianoe aei 100 naieo
i?iecaiaenoa. Iie iaia?aaathony i?iecaiaeeoue eiieo?aioiniiniaioth ia
ie?iaii puiea i?iaeoeoeeth aaeaaiaeiui iauaiii 1 ieeeea?ae aeieeapia,
aeeth/ay iio?aaeoaeueneea oiaa?u, i?iecaiaenoai e nai?eo iinoaaeyaiiai
ec Ei?ae iai?oaeiaaiey aeey oapia?neeo oicyenoa, auoiaie oaoieee.
Ia/aoa ?aaioa iaae i?iaeoii nicaeaiey ?inneenei-aia?eeaineiai
oaoiiia?ea, oaeaea ?aniieiaeaiiiai iiaeecinoe io ii?oa Ainoi/iue ia
oa??eoi?ee 175 aaeoa?ia. I?aaeeaaaaiue iauai eiaanoeoeee ninoaaeyao 286
iei. aeiee. NOA.
E ianoiyuaio a?aiaie i?iaaaeaii oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneia iainiiaaiea
?aeiino?oeoeee e i?aa?auaiey a a?ociaie ay?iii?o aiaiiiai ay?iae?iia a
iinaeea Cieioay aeieeia, ?aniieiaeaiiiai a 20 eeeiiao?ao io iipoiauo
nii?oaeaiee.
A /enea ae?oaeo i?iaeoia iiaeii iacaaoue: ?aeiino?oeoeeth i?e/aea a
oi?aiaii ii?oo Iaoiaeee niaianoii n o?aioeocneeie ia?oia?aie;
no?ieoaeuenoai oaieiaie yeaeo?inoaioeee; no?ieoaeuenoai aiaeio?aieeeu ia
?a/eao Aiaeiiaaeiay e Ieueaa, eioi?ua iicaieyo paoeoue i?iaeaio
iaania/aiey aiaeie iiauo oaoiiia?eia ciiu; ?aeiino?oeoeey iaooaie?na ia
iaooaia?aaaei/iie aaca niaianoii n thaeiiei?aeneie eiiiaieae e iaeioipua
ae?oaea.
Eacaeinue au, i?e iaa?aiiuo oaiiao ?inoa Iaoiaeeo iaeeaeaao auno?ia
i?ioeaaoaiea. Ia i?aeoeea, iaeiaei, n naioya?y 1994 aiaea naiaiaeiay
yeiiiie/aneay ciia “Iaoiaeea” oaeoe/anee ia?anoaea nouanoaiaaoue.
Aianoi yoiai ia aa oa??eoi?ee auei nicaeaii 4 naiaiaeiuo oaiiaeaiiuo
ciiu. Iaeiaiaay neoaeaa I?eii?neiai epay a 1994 aiaeo iio?aaiaaea io
niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee, aeaenoaothueo ia oa??eoi?ee NYC, oieaou iaeiaia
ca aeaa i?aaeuaeoueo aiaea ia noiio 2,5 ieeeea?aea ?oaeae.
Eeaea?ii ii eiee/anoao niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee yaeyaony NYC “ssioa?ue”,
aaea auei nicaeaii ieiei 700 NI. Aeiey eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea a eo
noiia?iii onoaaiii eaieoaea ninoaaeea 58%, a iauee iauai eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeee – ieiei 5,5 ieeeea?aea ?oaeae.
Ii anaio ia?eiao?o ciiu aue onoaiiaeai oaiiaeaiiue ?aaeei.
I?aaeoaeuenoai ?innee i?eiyei iinoaiiaeaiea ii ?acaeoeth iia?aie/iuo
ia?aoiaeia ia Iieueoo e Eeoao. Yoi iicaieeei ioe?uoue ?aaoey?iua
aaoiaoniua ia?o?oou a ?yae ai?iaeia Iieueoe, a /anoiinoe, e?oaeinooi/iue
iaaeaeoia?iaeiue aaoiiiaeeueiue iapaoiae a ?aeiia ai?iaea
Aaa?aoeiiianea. I?aaieciaaii aeaciiaei?iaeiia niiauaiea iaaeaeo
Eaeeieia?aaeii e Aapeeiii. Iieo/eee noaoon iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
Eaeeieiapaaeneee ay?iii?o e ii?neie ii?o a ai?iaea Naaoeue. Ana yoi
iicaieeei oaaee/eoue i?eoie oo?enoia e aecianiaiia a NYC e iaania/eoue
iiiieiaiea athaeaeaoa iaeanoe.
Aeey ?acaeoey o?ainii?oii-neeaaeneiai eiiieaena Ieienoa?noai o?ainii?oa
niaianoii n Aaeieieno?aoeeae iaeanoe ?ac?aaaouaatho noaio ?acaeoey
Eaeeieia?aaeneiai o?ainii?oiiai ocea. Aa?iiaeneei niiauanoaii auei
auaeaeaii 300 ouny/ YETH ia ?ac?aaioeo oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneiai
iainiiaaiey ?acaeoey ay?iii?oa. Iapaeeaeueii aaeieieno?aoeey
?ac?aaaouaaao OYI ?acaeoey eopipoii-?ae?aaoeeiiiiai eiiieaena.
A Naiaiaeiie yeiiiie/aneie ciia “Naoaeei” nicaeaii 278 niaianoiuo
i?aaei?eyoee n iauei iauaiii eiinopaiiuo eiaanoeoeee ieiei 5 ieeeea?aeia
?oaeae e 45 ieeeeiiia aeieea?ia. Aeiey eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea a iauai
onoaaiii oiiaea NI ninoaaeyao ieiei 50%. NI aeaenoaotho a noa?a aeiau/e
iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo, aeiau/e e ia?a?aaioee ?uau e ii?ai?iaeoeoia,
ia?a?aaioee e yenii?oa ieeiiaoa?eaeia, i?iecaiaenoaa iio?aaeoaeueneeo
oiaa?ia, no?ieoaeuenoaa, oneoa e o.ae.
A Auai?aa neiaeeeanue /aoeay aaia?aoe/aneay i?eaioaoeey niaianoiiai
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. Ec 160 niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee aieueoeinoai auei
nicaeaii n o/anoeai oeineiai eaieoaea. Iauee iauai eiinopaiiuo
eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee ioiineoaeueii iaaaeee e ninoaaeyao 5-10 ieeeeiiia
oeineeo ia?ie. Noa?a aeayoaeueiinoe NI – iauanoaaiiia ieoaiea e
iaeioi?ua iopanee i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
I?ia?ann a nicaeaiee niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee a ae?oaeo ciiao oae
iaaeeaiiaa, a aai ?acoeueoaou auee nouanoaaiii ne?iiiaa. Iai?eia?, a
Eaia?ianeie iaeanoe (NYC “Eocaann”) auei nicaeaii 133 NI n iaueaiii
eiino?aiiuo aeiaeaiee 1,7 ieeeea?aea ?oaeae, /oi ninoaaeyao 40%
noiia?iiai onoaaiiai eaieoaea; a Iiaai?iaeneie iaeanoe – 109 NI (400
iei. ?oaeae e 45% niioaaonoaaiii); a *eoeineie iaeanoe (NYC “Aeaopey”)86
NI (3 ie?ae. ?oaeae e 46’/i niioaaonoaaiii).Ianooaau i?eaea/aiey
eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea a inoaeueiuo ciiao aua iaiueoa.
I?eoiaeeony i?eciaoue, /oi iaaeaaeaeu, aiceaaaaoeany ia i?eaea/aiea
oe?ieiianooaaiuo eiinopaiiuo eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee a ?inneeneea naiaiaeiua
yeiiiie/aneea ciiu, iiea ia ii?aaaeuaathony. Iaeia ec i?e/ei oaeiai
iieiaeaiey caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi ia ainoaea?noaaiiii o?iaia
ionoonoaotho no?aoaaey e oaeoeea ?aaeecaoeee i?ia?aii ?acaeoey NYC. Aei
ianoiyuaai a?aiaie ia nicaeaia oeiainiai-e?aaeeoiay nenoaia NYC, ia
caiouai iaoaieci aa?aioee aeey eiinopaiiuo eiaanoi?ia. Yoi i?eaiaeeo e
caiaaeeaieth oaiiia inaiaiey cii. Oeaio?aeueiue aaie ?innee auaeae
eeoeaiceth aieiaiiio aaieo NYC “Iaoiaeea” eeoue iinea caoyaeiie
ia?aienee e iiiaeanoaa ion?i/ae.
Iiaeii neacaoue, /oi eiioeaioeey cii eae einopoiaioa onei?aiiiai
ia?aoiaea e ?uieo a ?aieao “ioaeaeueii acyoie oa??eoi?ee”, aaea eiathony
iaeiaiaua e i?i/ea eueaiou, iiaeao auaeyaeaoue i?eaeaeaoaeueiui ioieoii
i?aaeauai?iuo iieeoe/aneeo eiiiaiee, ii apyae ee ipeaieaia aeey ?aoaiey
i?aeoe/aneeo aii?inia ipeaea/aiey eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee. Iniiaiuie
oaeoipaie, naea?aeeaathueie i?aeoe/aneoth ?aaeecaoeeth eiioeaioeee e
iiae?uaathuea aeiaa?ea e iae, yaeythony neaaeothuea:
ionoonoaea ai iiiaeo aua?aiiuo ciiao auaiaeiiai aaia?aoe/aneiai
iieiaeaiey, nioeeaeueiie e o?ainii?oiie eio?ano?oeoo?u;
i?aaeinoaaeaiea noaoona NYC e?oiiui ?aaeiiai, /oi i?eaaei e ?aniueaieth
eiaanoeoeee;
?aceea ?acee/ey a o?iaiyo ?aioaaaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee; ionoonoaea
?aoeeiiaeueiie niaoeeaeecaoeee cii a ?aieao ?acaeoey yeiiiieee ?aaeiia e
no?aiu;
neo/aeiue ioai? eiaanoi?ia;
ionoonoaea i?ioeaaeo?u ?anniio?aiey e i?eiyoey ?aoaiee;
ath?ie?aoeci a ?aoaiee i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo aii?inia;
ionoonoaea iieeoeee NYC ia ainoaea?noaaiiii o?iaia, eioi?ay
nenoaiaoece?iaaea au io?aneaaua e oa??eoi?eaeueiua i?ei?eoaou,
inouanoaeaiea oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai oeiaine?iaaiey no?ieoaeuenoaa
eio?ano?oeoo?iuo iauaeoia e o.i.;
iauay iieeoe/aneay ianoaaeeueiinoue a no?aia e ia?aaeeaaaiua
iauayeiiiie/aneea o?oaeiinoe;
i?ioeai?a/ey iaaeaeo oaaea?aeueiuie e ianoiuie aeanoyie i?e oi?ie?iaaiee
iaeiaiaie nenoaiu a NYC e io/eneaiee a athaeaeao ?acee/iuo o?iaiae,
ia?aoaiiinoue ae?oaeo aii?inia, naycaiiuo n i?aaeinoaaeaieai ciiai
eueaioiiai ?aaeeia.
Nicaeaiea naiaiaeiuo oaiiaeaiiuo cii a ?O
A iaaeaaiaa a?aiy a ?innee iiyaeeny niaa?oaiii iiaue aeey iaa oee cii:
oaiiaeaiiua, eioi?ua oe?iei panipino?aiaiu a ie?iaie i?aeoeea. Ia?aie a
yoii nienea noaea ciia naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee (CNO) “Oa?aiaoueaai”, oeac i
nicaeaiee eioi?ie aue iiaeienai a aeaeaa?a 1992 aiaea. A niioaaonoaee n
Iieiaeaieai ia yoie ciia, oiaa?u, aaacaiiua a CNO eee i?iecaaaeaiiua a
iae, ?anniao?eaathony eae iaoiaeyueany aia oaiiaeaiiie oa??eoi?ee
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, Aeey inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
a ciia auei nicaea ii aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai cae?uoiai oeia, 100% aeoeee
eioi?iai i?eiaaeeaaeao i?aaeoaeuenoaai ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee e Iineau.
Ia oa??eoi?ee ciiu ?inneeneea e ca?oaaaeiua th?eaee/aneea eeoea eiatho
i?aai apaiaeiaaoue caiaeueiua o/anoee, no?ieoue caeaiey e nii?oaeaiey,
inouanoaeyoue iioiaoth oi?aiaeth, yeniaaee?iaaiea, opaiaiea, ni?oe?iaeo,
oiaeiaeo, eiio?ieue ea/anoaa, iapee?iaeo, aeaiiino?aoeeth a aunoaai/iuo
oeaio?ao oiaapia, aaacaiiuo eee i?iecaaaeaiiuo a CNO, inouanoaeyoue
no?aoiaoth e aaieianeoth aeayoaeueiinoue.
A ethia 1993 aiaea auei i?eiyoi ?aoaiea i nicaeaiee naiaiaeiuo
oaiiaeaiiuo cii “Iineianeee opaieiii?o” ia oa??eoi?ee, i?eeaaathuae e
ay?iii?oo “Aioeiai”, e “O?aieiii?o-oa?ieiae” ia oa??eoi?ee Caiaaeiiai
?a/iiai ii?oa. Aoaeoo nicaeaiu naiaiaeiua oaiiaeaiiua ciiu a Oeueyiianea
e Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa (ciia “Aaaaiue”). N eiioea 1994 aiaea aaaeoony ?aaiou
ii nicaeaieth NOC “?inoia”, eioi?ie ?aoaieai iaeanoiie aaeieieno?aoeee
i?enaiai noaoon ioieoeeiaeueiiai ipaaeipeyoey. Ianoiuie i?aaiaie aeanoe
noaaeony aiipin i nicaeaiee naiaiaeiuo oaiiaeaiiuo cii a ae?oaeo thaeiuo
iipoiauo ai?iaeao ?innee: Aciaa e Oaaai?iaa ?inoianeie iaeanoe, Oai?thea
E?aniiaea?neiai e?ay. Iaiaoiaeeiinoue a nicaeaiee naiaiaeiuo oaiiaeaiiuo
cii anoue e a ae?oaeo ?aaeiiao, iai?eia?, a ianoao iia?aie/iuo
ia?aoiaeia n Eeoaai. Oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/eee naiaiaeiua
oaiiaeaiiua neeaaeu. Anee a 1991 aiaeo eo auei anaai 4, oi oaea a
aaaonoa 1993 aiaea – 90, a e eiioeo 1994 aiaea oieueei Iineaa e iaeanoe
eo ian/eouaaeinue ieiei 150.
Iieiaeeoaeueiui oaeoi?ii oi?ie?iaaiey naiaiaeiuo oaiiaeaiiuo cii
yaeyaony iaee/ea niioaaonoaothuae i?aaiaie iniiau – Oaiiaeaiiiai
eiaeaena ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Aianoa n oai, iaaeaeo yoei eiaeae nii e
Eiinoeoooeeae nouanoaoao ii?aaeaeaiiay eieeecey. Oaiiaeaiiue eiaeaen
o?aeooao naiaiaeioth oaiiaeaiioth ciio (e neeaae) eae iaoiaeyueany aia
oaiiaeaiiie oappeoipee ?innee, a a Eiinoeoooeee neacaii, /oi ia
oappeoi?ee ?O ia aeiioneaaony onoaiiaea oaiiaeaiiuo apaieoe. Anee yoa
eieeecey ia aoaeao ono?aiaia, oi oaiiaeaiiua ciiu e neeaaeu iiaoo
ieacaoueny iiae oa?icie eeeaeaeaoeee.
Ia?aue iiuo nicaeaiey ioooi?iuo cii a ?O
Iinoaiiaeaieai I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaeapaoeee io 19 ethiy 1994
aiaea a ?innee auea ia?aciaaia iapaay ioooi?iay ciia, iacaaiiay ciiie
yeiiiie/aneiai aeaaii?eyonoaiaaiey Eiaooaoey. A ioee/ea io ioooi?iuo
cii, nicaeaiiuo a ae?oaeo no?aiao, Eiaooaoey eiaao ?yae niaoeeoe/aneeo,
oieueei ae i?enoueo /apo.
Ecaanoii, /oi ioooi?iua ciiu nicaeathony, eae ipaaeei, ia iaaieueoeo
oa??eoi?eyo, ?aniieiaeaiiuo /anoi ia ino?iaao, o.a. anoanoaaiiui ia?acii
ecieepiaaiiuo. Iau/ii yoe ciiu aaaeiu i?e?iaeiuie eneiiaaiuie e
iaeii?eaiaeiu aeey naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai ipiecaiaenoaa. Ca n/ao
i?eaeaiey yoei oa??eoi?eyi iniaiai noaoona e eueaio i?eaeaeathony
aiaoiea enoi/ieee yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey.
Ianoiay aaeieieno?aoeey ioooi?iuo cii ?aaoeypii iieo/aao aeioiaeu io
?aaeno?aoeeiiiuo nai?ia, aaeaaiaeiuo iioeei e ieaoaaeae, ianoiuo
iaeiaia, ionoue e aceiaaiuo ii eueaioiui noaaeai. I?e/ai aeioiaeu yoe
panooo i?iii?oeeiiaeueii oaaee/aieth /enea nicaeaaaaiuo eaiiaiee.
Ianoiia ianaeaiea iieo/aao aiciiaeiinoue ?aaioaoue a ioenao eiino?aiiuo
oe?i, a neoaeaao nayce, ainoeieoeao, ia o?ainii?oiuo i?aaei?eyoeyo e
o.ae. Aeey aeiiieieoaeueiiai noeioee?iaaiey eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia ia
oa??eoi?eyo ?yaea ioooi?iuo no?ai nicaeaiu aua e naiaiaeiua yenei?oiua
ciiu.
I?eioeeieaeueiui iiiaioii yaeyaony oi, /oi ioooipiue ?aaeei aaiaeeony
eiaiii aeey i?eaea/aiey eiinopaiiuo eiaanoeoeee. Iiyoiio, eae i?aaeei,
iaeiaiaua e ae?oaea eueaiou onoaiaaeeaathony eeoue aeey eiino?aiiuo
eiiiaiee, e ia?aeeaeueii i?eieiathony iapu aeey ecieyoeee ioooi?iiai
aeciana io aioo?aiiaai ?uiea. Ia neo/aeii ioooi?iuie noaiiayony eiaiii
ino?iaiua e aieeaaiua oa??eoi?ee ioaeaeueiuo ainoaea?noa. A
aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa i?aaeoniao?eaaaony, /oi aeaaeaeueoeaie e
aeoeeiia?aie ioooi?iuo eiiiaiee iiaoo auoue oieueei eiino?aiiua
th?eaee/aneea e oece/aneea eeoea. Aanue iaiaoiaeeiue ei eaieoae iie
aeieaeiu aaiceoue ec-ca ?oaaaea. Ia?aie/eaaaony aiciiaeiinoue auoiaea
ioooi?iuo eiiiaiee ia aioo?aiiee ?uiie, /oiau ia aeiionoeoue
eniieueciaaiey eie eueaioiiai noaoona aeey eiieo?aioiie ai?ueau n
iaoeeiiaeueiuie eiiiaieyie e iiae?uaa iaoeeiiaeueiiai aaethoiiai,
oaiiaeaiiiai e iaeiaiaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e eiio?iey.
Yoe iniaaiiinoe aeayoaeueiinoe ioooi?iuo cii ia o/eouaaeenue i?e
nicaeaiee ciiu yeiiiie/aneiai aeaaii?eyonoaiaaiey “Eiaooaioey”. ?aoaiea
i aa nicaeaiee auei i?iaeeeoiaaii, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, nopaieaieai
ieacaoue yeiiiie/aneoth iiaeaea?aeeo aiiaue aicieeoae ?anioaeeea,
i?eaea/ue eaieoaeu aeey iiaeueaia aa yeiiiieee, a oii /enea, aeey
no?ieoaeuenoaa aa noieeoeu. Iaeiaei ia aue nicaeai iaoaieci
ooieoeeiiepiaaiey ciiu, aaeaeaaoiue caaea/ai, eioi?ua i?aneaaeiaaeenue
i?e aa nicaeaiee.
Aaeieieno?aoeey Eiaooaoee ia?aaeaea i?aai paaeno?aoeee eiiiaiee ni
eueaioiui iaeiaiiaeiaeaieai eipii?aoeee “AEI”. E eiioeo iay 1995 aiaea
ec 2067 capaaeno?e?iaaiiuo a ciia i?aaei?eyoee eeoue 19 (0,01%)
oaeoe/anee ooieoeeiie?otho oai. Ana inoaeueiua inouanoaeytho naith
aeayoaeueiinoue ca i?aaeaeaie ciiu e capaaeno?e?iaaeenue oai
eneeth/eoaeueii aeey oiai, /oiau ecaaaeaoue iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey, oae eae ii
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao ?innee iaeiae aceiathony ii ianoo iaoiaeaeaiey
thpeaee/aneiai aae?ana ieaoaeueueea. Ec iauaai /enea oieueei 10%
ninoaaeytho i?aaei?eyoey n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie.
Anoaao aii?in: /oi iieo/eea Eiaooaoey io aeayoaeueiinoe ciiu
yeiiiie/aneiai aeaaii?eyonoaiaaiey? Ai-iapauo, yoi noiiu, ia?a/eneaiiua
eiiiaieae “AEI” a oiiae pacaeoey ?anioaeeee. Ia 1 yiaa?y 1995 aiaea ec
iauae noiiu a 46,2 ieeeea?aea ?oaeae, iieo/aiiie “AEI” ia aa pann/aoiue
n/ao, a oiiae ?acaeoey Eiaooaoee iapa/eneaii anaai 19,5 ieeeea?aea, a oi
a?aiy eae ia ioaeaeu naiie eiiiaiee auei ec?anoiaeiaaii 9,9 ieeeea?aea
poaeae, ec eioi?uo 4,3 ieeeea?aea – ia ?aeeaio.
I/aaeaeii, /oi aeey naiie Eiaooaoee yooaeo io aeayoaeueiinoe ciiu aue
ie/oiaeai. I?aaei?eyoey, ca?aaenopepiaaiiua ia aa oa??eoi?ee,
iaei/eneaiiu, a aeioiae io eo ?aaeno?aoeee iaeuecy ?anniao?eaaoue eae
aaee/eio, eioi?ay ?aaeueii iiaeao aeeyoue ia aa yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea.
Iieo/aiiua n?aaenoaa i?aaeiieaaaaony eniieueciaaoue aeey no?ieoaeuenoaa
a Iac?aie ainoeieoeu, 15 eiooaaeaeae, ianeieueeeo eaoieo eaoa e
iaeioipuo aepoaeo iauaeoia.
Iaaeaeo oai, aeayoaeueiinoue ciiu aucaaea io?eoeaoaeueiua iineaaenoaey
aeey iinooieaiey iaeiaia a athaeaeaou ae?oaeo, iniaaiii i?ea?aie/iuo n
ciiie ?aaeiiia ?innee, a oaeaea a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao. Oae 160
i?aaeipeyoee, inouanoaeythueo naie aecian n oa??eoi?ee Noaapiiieueneiai
e?ay, auee ca?aaeno?e?iaaiu a Eiaooaoee, a eo /enea e oaeea aeaaiou, eae
“Noaa?iiieueiaooai?iaeoeo”. A ?acoeueoaoa a athaeaeao e?ay
iaaeiiinooieei ii/oe 20 ieeeea?aeia ?oaeae. Oa aea neooaoeey aicieeea e
a ?inoianeie iaeanoe, aaea aeaenoaiaaee 42 ipaaeipeyoey,
ca?aaeno?e?iaaiiua a ciia yeiiiie/aneiai aeaaii?eyonoaiaaiey, n?aaee
eioi?uo oaeea e?oiiua i?aaei?eyoey eae “Aeiineie oaaae”, “Yiieen”,
“Yeaeopieino?oiaio”, “A?aieo” e ae?oaea. Athaeaeao iaeanoe iaaeiiieo/ee
ieiei 80 ieeeea?aeia ?oaeae. Aeaaea ioiineoaeueii aeaeaeay Aaoee?ey
iaaein/eoaeanue a naiai athaeaeaoa aieaa 1,5 ieeeea?aeia ?oaeae. Iauea
iioa?e paaeiiia io aeayoaeueiinoe ?inneeneeo i?aaei?eyoee,
capaaenope?iaaiiuo a ciia “Eiaooaoey” iiaee ninoaaeoue oieueei a 1995
aiaeo ieiei 2 o?eeeeiiia ?oaeae.
Aaeieieno?aoeee ?yaea e?aaa e iaeanoae i?eiyee iaeioi?ua ia?u aeey
i?ae?auaiey iooiea npaaenoa ec naieo athaeaeaoia. Iaeaieaa y?eee i?eia?:
aaeieieno?aoeey Noaa?iiieueneiai e?ay aicaoaeeea noaeaaiia aeaei i?ioea
“Noaa?iiieueiaooai?iaeoeoa”, a e?aaaay Aeoia naiei iinoaiiaeaieai
i?einoaiiaeea ana aaieianeea iia?aoeee 60 ianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee,
iiiuoaaoeony oeoe a ioooi?ioth ciio.
Oaeoth oi?io ioooi?iie ciiu, eioi?ay iicaieyao i?aaei?eyoeyi,
aeaenoaothuei a ninaaeieo ?aaeiiao, oeeiiyoueny io iaeiaia, a?yae ee
iiaeii n/eoaoue oaea/iie. Ciia a Eiaooaoee auea nicaeaia a ii?yaeea
yenia?eiaioa, aeaenoaothuaai aei 1 ethey 1995 aiaea.
Iniiaiui iaaeinoaoeii ciiu a Eiaooaoee yaeyaony i?aaeaea anaai oi, /oi
i?aeoe/anee ia i?eaeaeaeenue eiino?aiiua eiaanoeoeee, a oi a?aiy eae ca
?oaaaeii eiaiii a yoii aeaeyo aeaaioth oeaeue nicaeaiey ioooipiuo cii.
Ai-aoi?uo, iinooieaiey a ?anioaeeeo aeioiaeia, naycaiiua n nicaeaieai
ciiu, ieacaeenue e?aeia ieceeie.
Ia?niaeoeau ioooi?iuo cii a ?O
Iaoaea/iue yenia?eiaio ii nicaeaieth ioooi?iie ciiu a Eiaooaoee ia
icia/aao, /oi yoa oi?ia aiiaua ia i?eaiaeia a ?innee. A iaeioi?uo
paaeiiao ?innee i?aaei?eieiathony naie nianoaaiiua iiiuoee nicaeaiey cii
ii oeio ioooi?iuo, oioy ?aoaiee ia oaaea?aeueiii o?iaia ii iei iiea ia
i?eieiaeinue. E iei ioiinyony Eaeiueey, Eaaa?aeeii-Aaeea?ey, Aaeuaay e
iaeioi?ua ae?oaea. Anoue i?aaeeiaeaiey ii nicaeaieth ioooi?iie ciiu ia
Naoaeeia.
Oniao iineaaeothueo yenia?eiaioia iiaeii aoaeao iaania/eoue, anee n
naiiai ia/aea i?eiaiyoue oio iaaip i?aaee, eioi?ue e ianoiyuaio a?aiaie
oaea iopaaioai a ie?iaie i?aeoeea ioooi?iuo cii. Ai-ia?auo, nicaeaiea
cii aeieaeii aeaaiui ia?acii i?aneaaeiaaoue oeaee i?eaea/aiey
eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea. Eueaiou iaeiaiaiai, oaiiaeaiiiai e eiiai
oa?aeoa?a aeieaeiu ipaaeinoaaeyoueny oieueei a neo/aa ?aaeueiuo
aeiaeaiee n?aaenoa ec-ca ?oaaaea. Enoiaey ec ca?oaaaeiiai iiuoa, iiaeii
a ioaeaeueiuo ciiao aeiioneaoue e ?aaeno?aoeee oieueei eiiiaiee,
i?eiaaeeaaeauea eiino?aiiui th?eaee/aneei e oece/aneei eeoeai.
A eaaeaeii eiie?aoiii neo/aa iaiaoiaeeii ii?aaeaeeoue oeaeue nicaeaiey e
niaoeeaeecaoeeth ioooi?iie ciiu. Iai?eia?, iiaeii auei au nicaeaoue
ioooi?ioth aaieianeoth ciio. O/eouaay oi, /oi aeayoaeueiinoue
eiinopaiiuo aaieia a ?innee nae/an ia?aie/eaaaony caeiiii, iiaeii auei
au auaeaeeoue niaoeeaeueiua oa??eoipee, ia eioi?uo yoa aeayoaeueiinoue
i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo iiiu?yeanue au. Yoi, iai?eia?, iiaeao
eanaoueny oao ?aaeiiia, aaea i?aaeiieaaaaony aeoeaiay aeayoaeueiinoue
eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia, oae eae ecaanoii, /oi eiinopaiiua eiiiaiee
i?aaeii/eoatho ?aaioaoue n aaieaie, eioi?ua iie oi?ioi ciatho.
Ianoii nicaeaiey oaeie ioooi?iie aaieianeie ciiu iia au noaoue Naoaeei.
Oiaaea oa eiino?aiiua iaooyiua eiiiaiee, eioi?ua aoaeoo inaaeaaoue
iaooyiua e aaciaua ianoi?iaeaeaiey ia aai oaeueoa, niiaee au i?eaaaiooue
e oneoaai naieo aaieia. Aeayoaeueiinoue eiinopaiiuo aaieia ia Naoaeeia,
aeaaea anee au iie ieaoeee iaeiae ii eueaioiui noaaeai, ia oieueei
i?eianea au inopiao aeiiieieoaeueiua aeioiaeu, ii e niinianoaiaaea au
ipeoieo iiauo eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee.
Aua iaeiei aeaaii?eyoiui ianoii aeey nicaeaiey ioooi?iie aaieianeie ciiu
yaeyaony Eaeeieia?aaeneay iaeanoue.
Eiia/ii, ioooi?iua ciiu aeieaeiu auoue ioiineoaeueii eieaeueiuie. Iie
iiaoo aunooiaoue eae yeaiaiou ooieoeeiie?iaaiey naiaiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo
cii. Iaipeiap, ia oa??eoi?ee aieaa eiiiaeoiie ioooi?iie ciiu iiaeao
auoue nin?aaeioi/aia aeayoaeueiinoue oeiainiauo e no?aoiauo
o/?aaeaeaiee, ianeoaeeaathueo aieaa epoiioth naiaiaeioth yeiiiie/aneoth
ciio. Aiciiaeii eniieueciaaiea ioooi?iuo cii a ni/aoaiee n naiaiaeiuie
ii?oaie, naiaiaeiuie oaiiaeaiiuie ciiaie e o.ae. Aaaeii, /oiau
ooieoeeiie?iaaiea ioooi?iie ciiu ia ooaieyei ?acaeoey ae?oaeo oa??eoi?ee
oiai aea ainoaeapnoaa, a eueaiou aeey iaoeeiiaeueiuo eiiiaiee
i?aaeinoaaeyeenue au eeoue a ioaeaeueiuo, yeiiiie/anee ii?aaaeaiiuo,
neo/ayo.
Oi?ie?iaaiea ioooi?iuo cii, o/eouaay ia oieueei iieiaeeoaeueiua, ii e
io?eoeaoaeueiua iineaaenoaey eo noaoona e aeayoaeueiinoe, aanueia
neiaeiue i?ioeann. Ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee eo a?yae ee iiaeao auoue iiiai.
Aeey eaaeaeie aeieaeai auoue ?ac?aaioai oaeie iaoaieci, eioi?ue aeae au
iioeiaeueiue ?acoeueoao aeey yeiiiieee anae no?aiu.
Caeeth/aiea
Eae
aeaeii, aac ia?aaeaia ia iooe ?acaeoey iaoae no?aiu iaieoenue ia
oaeaaony. Ia auei o/oaii oi, /oi iiaeaee naiaiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo cii,
i?aiaeaaeathuea ia nia?aiaiiii yoaia a ii?iaie i?aeoeea ia anaaaea iiaoo
auoue eniieueciaaiu a oneiaeyo ?inneeneie ?acaeaathuaeny yeiiiieee aac
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiie aaeaioaoeee o/eouaay:
?acia?u oa??eoi?ee no?aiu;
niaoeeoeeo oianeaaeiaaiiuo io i?ioeiai e iiyaeaoeony a oiaea ?aoi?i
i?iaeai
iieeoe/aneea, yeiiiie/aneea e nioeeaeueiua iniaaiiinoe.
Oai ia iaiaa, ?inney oaea oniaea iaeiieoue aeiaieueii cia/eoaeueiue iiuo
a nicaeaiee naiaiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo cii, aeeth/ay oiiieiaaoeany
auoa ciiu naiaiaeiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa e ia?aoth ioooi?ioth ciio
yeiiiie/aneiai aeaaii?eyonoaiaaiey. A nicaeaiee anao yoeo cii niaoeeoeea
?innee i?iyaeeanue aanueia e?anii?a/eai, a oii /enea e a iooiaea iaoaai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e i?aeoeee io ie?iauo noaiaea?oia.
Iia eaaeaony, /oi iiuo, iaeiieaiiue a iaoae no?aia iiaeii n/eoaoue
iieiaeeoaeueiui i?e oneiaee, /oi ii aoaeao o/oai a aeaeueiaeoai. Aoaeao
i/aiue iaoaea/ii, anee i?e niaia iieeoe/aneiai ?aaeeia (anee oaeiaay
i?iecieaeao)yoio iiuo aoaeao oo?a/ai.
Nienie eniieueciaaiie eeoa?aoo?u
1. Iniiau aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo ciaiee: o/aaiee aeey yeiiiie/aneiai
ia?aciaaiey. /Iiae ?aae. E.I.Oaieineiai.- I.:Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ioiioaiey,
1990.
2. Ioooi?iue aecian ca ?oaaaeii e a ?innee
. Iaeiae, oeiainu, eiaanoeoeee. / Ieeiney – Oaeueneiee:
“I?aeoee”-”Oaieeiia”,1995.
3. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua yeiiiie/aneea ioiioaiey. /iiae.?aae.?.E.Oanaoeaoiaa
– I.:Iiainoe, 1991.
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