I?IECAIAeNOAI E OA?AEOA?ENOEEA ECAeA?AEAE
Niaea?aeaiea
1. Nouiinoue i?iecaiaenoaa.
2. Iiiyoea e eeanneoeeaoeey ecaea?aeae.
3. Ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa a e?aoein?i/iii ia?eiaea.
4. Ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa a aeieain?i/iii ia?eiaea.
5. Nienie eeoa?aoo?u.
1. Nouiinoue i?iecaiaenoaa
I?iecaiaenoai – yoi aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea, iin?aaenoaii eioi?ie ii
oaeiaeaoai?yao naie iio?aaiinoe. Aaaeue i?e?iaea ia i?aaeinoaaeyao
/aeiaaeo iaiaoiaeeiua aio aeaaa. Eo iaaei i?iecaiaeeoue. Aio ii/aio
i?iecaiaenoai anoue iauaeoeaiay iaiaoiaeeiinoue.
Iio?aaiinoe /aeiaaea i?eiyoi aeaeeoue ia “iaoa?eaeue-iua” e “aeooiaiua”.
?acoiaaony, yoi i/aiue i?eaeeceoaeueiia aeaeaiea, iaeiaei iii aa?ii
io?aaeaao “anoanoaaiiua” e “nioeeaeueiua” ia/aea aeecie /aeiaaea. Ia
iaaei oieueei aeoiaoue, /oi oaeiaeaoai?aiea aeooiaiuo iio?aaiinoae iaiaa
oeiiioii, /ai iaoa?eaeueiuo, – iie oaeaea iaania/eaathony anae
eiaeono?eaeueiie iiuueth nia?aiaiiiai iauanoaa.
Iio?aaiinoe /aeiaaea aaca?aie/iu e iinoiyiii ?anooo. A yeiiiie/aneie
oai?ee yoo oaiaeaioeeth i?aaenoaaeyao “caeii aicauoaiey iio?aaiinoae”.
?ino iio?aaiinoae iinoiyiii iiaeno?aeaaao i?iecaiaenoai.
Eoae, iacia/aiea i?iecaiaenoaa – oaeiaeaoai?aiea iio?aaiinoae /aeiaaea e
iauanoaa. Aeinoeaaaony yoi a oiaea acaeiiaeaenoaey /aeiaaea e i?e?iaeu.
A iineieueeo aeoeaiie noi?iiie (“noauaeoii”) a oaeii aicaeaenoaee
aunooiaao /aeiaae, oi iu iiaeai naeaeaoue au? iaeii aaaeiia ooi/iaiea:
i?iecaiaenoai – yoi i?ioeann i?aia?aciaaiey i?e?iaeu /aeiaaeii, –
aeeaioiua i?eniinaaeeaathony e i?e?iaea, /aeiaae aea iiae/eiyao a? naaa.
2. Iiiyoea e eeanneoeeaoeey ecaea?aeae
Eaaeaeay oe?ia a ii?aaeaeaiee naiae no?aoaaee i?eaioe?oaony ia iieo/aiea
iaeneiaeueiie i?eauee. A oi aea a?aiy ethaia i?iecaiaenoai oiaa?ia eee
oneoa iaiuneeii aac cao?ao. Ia i?eia?aoaiea oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa oe?ia
inouanoaeyao eiie?aoiua cao?aou. I?e yoii iia aoaeao no?aieoueny
eniieueciaaoue oaeie i?iecaiaenoaaiiue i?ioeann, i?e eioi?ii caaeaiiue
iau?i i?iecaiaenoaa aoaeao iaania/eaaoueny n iaeiaiueoeie cao?aoaie ia
i?eiaiyaiua oaeoi?u i?iecaiaenoaa.
Cao?aou ia i?eia?aoaiea i?eiaiyaiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia
iacuaathony ecaea?aeeaie i?iecaiaenoaa. Cao?aou – yoi ?anoiaeiaaiea
?ano?nia a eo oece/aneii, iaoo?aeueiii aeaea, a ecaea?aeee – noieiinoiay
ioeaiea i?iecaaaeaiiuo cao?ao.
N oi/ee c?aiey ioaeaeueiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaey (oe?iu) auaeaeytho
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa, i?aaenoaaeythuea niaie
cao?aou eiie?aoiiai oicyenoaothuaai noauaeoa. Iiianaiiua cao?aou ia
i?iecaiaenoai ii?aaeae?iiiai iau?ia eaeie-oi i?iaeoeoeee n oi/ee c?aiey
anae iaoeeiiaeueiie yeiiiieee anoue iauanoaaiiua ecaea?aeee. E?iia
iaiin?aaenoaaiiuo cao?ao ia i?iecaiaenoai eaeiai-eeai anni?oeiaioa
i?iaeoeoeee, iie aeeth/atho a naay cao?aou ia io?aio ie?oaeathuae
n?aaeu, iiaeaioiaeo eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiie ?aai/ae neeu, i?iaaaeaiea
ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo IEIE? e eiua cao?aou.
?acee/atho ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa e ecaea?aeee ia?auaiey.
I?iecaiaenoaaiiua ecaea?aeee – yoi ecaea?aeee, iaiin?aaenoaaiii
naycaiiua n i?iecaiaenoaii oiaa?ia eee oneoa. Ecaea?aeee ia?auaiey – yoi
ecaea?aeee, naycaiiua n ?aaeecaoeeae i?iecaaaeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee. Iie
iiae?acaeaeythony ia aeiiieieoaeueiua e /enoua ecaea?aeee ia?auaiey.
Ia?aua aeeth/atho a naay ?anoiaeu ia aeiaaaeaiea i?iecaaaeaiiie
i?iaeoeoeee aei iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai iio?aaeoaey (o?aiaiea, ?anoaniaea,
oiaeiaea, o?ainii?oe?iaea i?iaeoeoeee), oaaee/eaathuea eiia/ioth
noieiinoue oiaa?a; aoi?ua – ?anoiaeu, naycaiiua ni niaiie oi?iu
noieiinoe a i?ioeanna eoiee-i?iaeaaee, i?aa?auaieai a? ec oiaa?iie a
aeaiaaeioth (iieaoa o?oaea oi?aiauo ?aaioieeia, ?anoiaeu ia ?aeeaio e
o.i.), ia ia?acothuea iiaie noieiinoe e au/eoaaiua ec noieiinoe oiaa?a.
Yeiiiie/aneia iiieiaiea ecaea?aeae aace?oaony ia i?iaeaia ia?aie/aiiinoe
?ano?nia e aiciiaeiinoe eo aeueoa?iaoeaiiai eniieueciaaiey. I?eiaiaiea
?ano?nia a aeaiiii i?iecaiaenoaaiiii i?ioeanna eneeth/aao aiciiaeiinoue
eo eniieueciaaiey ii ae?oaiio iacia/aieth. Iai?eia?, ae?aaaneia,
eniieuecoaiay a no?ieoaeueiii aeaea, ia iiaeao auoue i?eiaiaia, neaaeai,
a i?iecaiaenoaa iaaaee, nie/ae e eiuo oiaa?ia. Auai? ii?aaeae?iiuo
?ano?nia aeey i?iecaiaenoaa eaeiai-eeai oiaa?a icia/aao iaaiciiaeiinoue
i?iecaiaenoaa eaeiai-oi aeueoa?iaoeaiiai oiaa?a. Yeiiiie/aneea, eee
aiai?iiua, ecaea?aeee ethaiai ?ano?na, aua?aiiiai aeey i?eiaiaiey a
i?iecaiaenoaaiiii i?ioeanna, ?aaiu aai oeaiiinoe i?e iaeeo/oai ec anao
aiciiaeiuo aa?eaioia eniieueciaaiey.
N iiceoeee ioaeaeueiie oe?iu yeiiiie/aneea ecaea?aeee – yoi oa cao?aou,
eioi?ua aeieaeia ianoe oe?ia a iieueco iinoaaueea ?ano?nia n oai, /oiau
ioaea/ue yoe ?ano?nu io eo i?eiaiaiey a aeueoa?iaoeaiuo i?iecaiaenoaao.
Oaeea cao?aou iiaoo auoue eae aiaoieie, oae e aioo?aiieie. Cao?aou a
aeaiaaeiie oi?ia, eioi?ua oe?ia inouanoaeyao a iieueco iinoaaueeia
o?oaeiauo oneoa, oiieeaa, nu?uey, aniiiiaaoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia,
o?ainii?oiuo e eiuo oneoa, iacuaathony aiaoieie eee yaiuie ecaea?aeeaie.
A yoii neo/aa iinoaaueee ?ano?nia ia yaeythony aeaaeaeueoeaie aeaiiie
oe?iu.
A oi aea a?aiy oe?ia iiaeao eniieueciaaoue e naie nianoaaiiua ?ano?nu. A
yoii neo/aa oiaea iaecaaaeiu ecaea?aeee. Ecaea?aeee ia nianoaaiiue e
naiinoiyoaeueii eniieuecoaiue ?ano?n anoue iaiiea/eaaaiua, eee
aioo?aiiea (iayaiua), ecaea?aeee. Oe?ia ?anniao?eaaao eo eae yeaeaaeaio
oao aeaiaaeiuo auieao, eioi?ua au auee iieo/aiu ca naiinoiyoaeueii
eniieuecoaiue ?ano?n i?e naiii iioeiaeueiii aai i?eiaiaiee.
Ieieiaeueiay ieaoa, iaiaoiaeeiay aeey oiai, /oiau iiaeaea?aeeaaoue
/ueth-oi aeayoaeueiinoue a aeaiiie noa?a aeciana, iacuaaaony ii?iaeueiie
i?eaueueth.
N iiceoeee aooaaeoa?neiai iiaeoiaea e i?iecaiaenoaaiiui ecaea?aeeai
neaaeoao ioiineoue ana ?aaeueiua, oaeoe/aneea ?anoiaeu, inouanoaeyaiua a
aeaiaaeiie oi?ia. Oaeiauie iiaoo auoue ca?aaioiay ieaoa ?aai/eo; ieaoa
ca a?aiaeo caeaiee, nii?oaeaiee, noaieia, iai?oaeiaaiey; iieaoa
o?ainii?oiuo ?anoiaeia; iieaoa oneoa aaieia, no?aoiauo eiiiaiee e o.ae.
N iiceoeee yeiiiie/aneiai iiaeoiaea e ecaea?aeeai i?iecaiaenoaa neaaeoao
ioiineoue ia oieueei oaeoe/aneea cao?aou, inouanoaeyaiua a aeaiaaeiie
oi?ia, ii e ia iiea/eaaaiua oe?iie ecaea?aeee, ecaea?aeee, naycaiiua n
oiouaiiie aiciiaeiinoueth naiiai iioeiaeueiiai i?eiaiaiey naieo
?ano?nia. Niaeanii aeaiiiio iiaeoiaeo a ecaea?aeeao i?iecaiaenoaa
neaaeoao o/eouaaoue ana cao?aou – e aiaoiea, e aioo?aiiea, aeeth/ay a
iineaaeiea e ii?iaeueioth i?eaueue.
Iayaiua (eiieeoeeoiua) ecaea?aeee iaeuecy ioiaeaeanoaeyoue n oae
iacuaaaiuie aacaica?aoiuie ecaea?aeeaie. Aacaica?aoiua ecaea?aeee – yoi
ecaea?aeee, eioi?ua inouanoaeythony oe?iie iaeei ?ac e ia iiaoo aueue
aica?auaiu ie i?e eaeeo ianoiyoaeuenoaao. Anee, iai?eia?, aeaaeaeueoeai
i?aaei?eyoey iiianaiu ii?aaeae?iiua aeaiaaeiua ?anoiaeu ia oi, /oiau ia
noaia yoiai i?aaei?eyoey auea naeaeaia iaaeienue n aai iacaaieai e
?iaeii aeayoaeueiinoe, oi i?iaeaaay oaeia i?aaei?eyoea, aai aeaaeaeaoe
ca?aiaa aioia iiianoe ii?aaeae?iiua iioa?e, naycaiiua ni noieiinoueth
i?iecaaae?iiie iaaeiene. Aacaica?aoiua ecaea?aeee ia ioiinyony e
?ac?yaeo aeueoa?iaoeaiuo, iie ia o/eouaathony a oaeoueo ecaea?aeeao
oe?iu, naycaiiuo n a? i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth.
Auaeaeytho e oaeie e?eoa?ee eeanneoeeaoeee ecaea?aeae, eae a?aiaiiua
eioa?aaeu, ia i?ioyaeaiee eioi?uo i?eieiathony oa eee eiua oicyenoaaiiua
?aoaiey.
Cao?aou, eioi?ua ian?o oe?ia, i?iecaaaey caaeaiiue iau?i i?iaeoeoeee,
caaenyo ia oieueei io oeai ia i?eiaiyaiua oaeoi?u i?iecaiaenoaa, ii e io
oiai, eaeea eiaiii oaeoi?u (?ano?nu) i?eiaiythony e a eaeii eiee/anoaa.
Eiee/anoai iaeieo ?ano?nia (aeeaie o?oae, oiieeai, nu?ue?,
aniiiiaaoaeueiua iaoa?eaeu e ae?.) e eo eiiaeiaoeeth iiaeii eciaieoue
n?aaieoaeueii auno?i; eiee/anoai ae?oaeo (iai?eia?, i?iecaiaenoaaiiua
iiuiinoe iaoeiino?ieoaeueiiai caaiaea) iiaeao auoue eciaiaii a oa/aiea
aeiaieueii i?iaeieaeeoaeueiiai a?aiaie.
A caaeneiinoe io a?aiaie, cao?a/eaaaiiai ia eciaiaiea eiee/anoaa
i?eiaiyaiuo a i?iecaiaenoaa ?ano?nia, ?acee/atho e?aoei- e aeieain?i/iua
ia?eiaeu a aeayoaeueiinoe oe?iu.
E?aoein?i/iui ia?eiaeii iacuaatho oaeie a?aiaiiie io?acie, a oa/aiee
eioi?iai oe?ia ia a ninoiyiee eciaieoue naie i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iiuiinoe.
Aeeyoue ia oiae e ?acoeueoaoeaiinoue i?iecaiaenoaa iia iiaeao eeoue
ioo?i eciaiaiey eioaineaiinoe eniieueciaaiey naieo iiuiinoae. A yoio
ia?eiae oe?ia iiaeao iia?aoeaii eciaiyoue naie ia?aiaiiua oaeoi?u –
eiee/anoai o?oaea, nu?uey, aniiiiaaoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia, oiieeaa.
Aeieain?i/iue ia?eiae – oaeie a?aiaiiie io?acie, a oa/aiea eioi?iai
oe?ia a ninoiyiee eciaieoue eiee/anoai anao eniieuecoaiuo ?ano?nia,
aeeth/ay e i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iiuiinoe. A oi aea a?aiy yoio ia?eiae ii
naiae i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe aeieaeai auoue aeinoaoi/ai aeey oiai, /oiau
iaeie oe?iu niiaee iieeiooue aeaiioth io?aneue, a ae?oaea, iaiai?io,
aieoe a ia?.
3. Ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa a e?aoein?i/iii ia?eiaea
A e?aoein?i/iii ia?eiaea eiee/anoai iaeioi?uo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia
inoa?ony iaeciaiiui, eiee/anoai ae?oaeo eciaiyaony. Niioaaonoaaiii e
ecaea?aeee a yoii ia?eiaea iiae?acaeaeythony ia iinoiyiiua e ia?aiaiiua.
Iinoiyiiua ecaea?aeee TFC – yoi oaeea ecaea?aeee, aaee/eia eioi?uo ia
eciaiyaony a caaeneiinoe io eciaiaiey iau?ia i?iecaiaenoaa. Iaee/ea
oaeeo ecaea?aeae iauyniyaony naiei nouanoaiaaieai iaeioi?uo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia, iiyoiio iie eiatho ianoi aeaaea oiaaea,
eiaaea oe?ia ie/aai ia i?iecaiaeeo. Ia a?aoeea iinoiyiiua ecaea?aeee
ecia?aaeathony ai?eciioaeueiie eeieae, ?aniieiaeaiiie ia?aeeaeueii ine
aanoeenn (?en. 1). E iinoiyiiui ecaea?aeeai ioiinyo cao?aou ia iieaoo
o?oaea oi?aaeai/aneiai ia?niiaea, ?aioiua ieaoaaee, no?aoiaua aciinu,
io/eneaiey ia aii?oecaoeeth caeaiee e iai?oaeiaaiey.
Ia?aiaiiua ecaea?aeee TVC – yoi ecaea?aeee, aaee/eia eioi?uo eciaiyaony
a caaeneiinoe io eciaiaiey iau?ia i?iecaiaenoaa. E iei ioiinyo cao?aou
ia iieaoo o?oaea, i?eia?aoaiea nu?uey, oiieeaa, aniiiiaaoaeueiuo
iaoa?eaeia, iieaoa o?ainii?oiuo oneoa, niioaaonoaothuea nioeeaeueiua
io/eneaiey e o.i. Ec ?en. 1 aeaeii, /oi ia?aiaiiua ecaea?aeee
oaaee/eaathony ii ia?a ?inoa auionea i?iaeoeoeee. Iaeiaei caeanue
i?ineaaeeaaaony iaeia caeiiiia?iinoue: aia/aea ?ino ia?aiaiiuo
ecaea?aeae a ?an/?oa ia aaeeieoeo i?e?inoa i?iaeoeoeee eae?o
caiaaeeaiiuie oaiiaie ( aei /aoa??oie aaeeieoeu i?iaeoeoeee ii a?aoeeo
?en. 1), caoai iie ?anooo an? aic?anoathueie oaiiaie. Caeanue ia/eiaao
neacuaaoueny caeii oauaathuae ioaea/e.
Noiia iinoiyiiuo e ia?aiaiiuo ecaea?aeae i?e eaaeaeii aeaiiii iau?ia
i?iecaiaenoaa ia?acoao iauea ecaea?aeee TC. Ec a?aoeea aeaeii, /oi aeey
iieo/aiey e?eaie iaueo ecaea?aeae noiio iinoiyiiuo ecaea?aeae TFC
iaiaoiaeeii i?eaaaeoue e noiia ia?aiaiiuo ecaea?aeae TVC (?en. 1).
Aeey i?aaei?eieiaoaey i?aaenoaaeyao eioa?an ia oieueei iauay noiia
ecaea?aeae i?iecaiaeeiuo ei oiaa?ia eee oneoa, ii e n?aaeiea ecaea?aeee,
o.a. ecaea?aeee oe?iu ia aaeeieoeo i?iecaiaeeiie i?iaeoeoeee. I?e
ii?aaeaeaiee i?eaueueiinoe eee oauoi/iinoe i?iecaiaenoaa n?aaeiea
ecaea?aeee n?aaieaathony n oeaiie.
N?aaeiea ecaea?aeee iiae?acaeaeythony ia n?aaeiea iinoiyiiua, n?aaeiea
ia?aiaiiua e n?aaeiea iauea.
Oaae. 1. Aeeiaieea ecaea?aeae oe?iu a e?aoein?i/iii ia?eiaea
Eiee/anoai Ecaea?aeee
i?iecaaaeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee Q TFC TVC TC AFC AVC ATC MC
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 10 — 10 — — — —
1 10 9 19 10,00 9,00 19,00 9
2 10 17 27 5,00 8,50 13,50 8
3 10 24 34 3,33 8,00 11,33 7
4 10 30 40 2,50 7,50 10,00 6
5 10 37 47 2,00 7,40 9,40 7
6 10 45 55 1,67 7,50 9,17 8
7 10 54 64 1,43 7,71 9,14 9
8 10 65 75 1,25 8,12 9,37 11
9 10 78 88 1,11 8,67 9,78 13
10 10 93 103 1,00 9,30 10,30 15
?en. 1. Iinoiyiiua, ia?aiaiiua e iauea ecaea?aeee
?en. 2. E?eaua n?aaeieo ecaea?aeae oe?iu a e?aoein?i/iii ia?eiaea
N?aaeiea iinoiyiiua ecaea?aeee AFC – ?ann/eouaathony ioo?i aeaeaiey
iaueo iinoiyiiuo ecaea?aeae ia eiee/anoai i?iecaaaeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee,
o.a. AFC = TFC/Q. Oae eae aaee/eia iinoiyiiuo ecaea?aeae ia caaeneo io
iau?ia i?iecaiaenoaa, oi eiioeao?aoeey e?eaie AFC eiaao ieaaiue
ienoiaeyuee oa?aeoa? e naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi n ?inoii iau?ia
i?iecaiaenoaa noiia iinoiyiiuo ecaea?aeae i?eoiaeeony ia an?
aic?anoathuaa eiee/anoai aaeeieoe i?iecaiaeeiie i?iaeoeoeee.
?en. 3. Acaeiinaycue iaaeaeo i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoueth e ecaea?aeeaie
N?aaeiea ia?aiaiiua ecaea?aeee AVC – ?ann/eouaathony ioo?i aeaeaiey
noiia?iuo ia?aiaiiuo ecaea?aeae ia niioaaonoaothuaa eiee/anoai
i?iecaaaeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee, o.a. AVC = TVC/Q. Ec oaae. 1 e ?en. 2
aeaeii, /oi n?aaeiea ia?aiaiiua ecaea?aeee nia/aea nieaeathony, a caoai
?anooo. Caeanue oaeaea neacuaaaony aeaenoaea caeiia oauaathuae ioaea/e.
N?aaeiea iauea ecaea?aeee ATC – ?ann/eouaathony ii oi?ioea ATC = TC/Q.
Ia ?en. 2 e?eaay n?aaeieo iaueo ecaea?aeae iieo/aia ioo?i neiaeaiey ii
aa?oeeaee aaee/ei n?aaeieo iinoiyiiuo AFC e n?aaeieo ia?aiaiiuo
ecaea?aeae AVC. E?eaua ATC e AVC eiatho U-ia?acioth eiioeao?aoeeth. Iaa
e?eaua a neeo caeiia oauaathuae ioaea/e caaeaathony aaa?o i?e
aeinoaoi/ii aunieeo iau?iao i?iecaiaenoaa. I?e oaaee/aiee /enea caiyouo
?aaioieeia, eiaaea iinoiyiiua oaeoi?u iaeciaiiu, i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue
o?oaea ia/eiaao iaaeaoue, aucuaay niioaaonoaaiii ?ino n?aaeieo
ecaea?aeae.
?en. 4. Acaeiinaycue iaueo, n?aaeieo e i?aaeaeueiuo ecaea?aeae
i?iecaiaenoaa
Aeey iiieiaiey iiaaaeaiey oe?iu i/aiue aaaeia eaoaai?ey ia?aiaiiuo
ecaea?aeae. I?aaeaeueiua ecaea?aeee MC – yoi aeiiieieoaeueiua
ecaea?aeee, naycaiiua n i?iecaiaenoaii eaaeaeie iineaaeothuae aaeeieoeu
i?iaeoeoeee. Iiyoiio MC iiaeii iaeoe ioo?i au/eoaiey aeaoo ?yaeii
noiyueo aaee/ei aaeiauo ecaea?aeae. Eo oaeaea iiaeii ?ann/eoaoue ii
oi?ioea MC = (TC/(Q, aaea (Q = 1. Anee iinoiyiiua ecaea?aeee ia
iaiythony, oi i?aaeaeueiua – yoi anaaaea i?aaeaeueiua ia?aiaiiua
ecaea?aeee. Cia/eo eo iiaeii ?ann/eoaoue oaeaea ioo?i au/eoaiey aeaoo
?yaeii noiyueo aaee/ei noiia?iuo ia?aiaiiuo ecaea?aeae (a?. 3 oaae. 1).
I?aaeaeueiua ecaea?aeee iieacuaatho eciaiaiey a ecaea?aeeao, naycaiiua n
oiaiueoaieai eee oaaee/aieai iau?ia i?iecaiaenoaa Q. Iiyoiio n?aaiaiea
MC n i?aaeaeueiie au?o/eie (au?o/eie io ?aaeecaoeee aeiiieieoaeueii
i?iecaaae?iiie aaeeieoeu i?iaeoeoeee) eiaao aanueia aaaeiia cia/aiea
aeey ii?aaeaeaiey iiaaaeaiey oe?iu a ?uii/iuo oneiaeyo.
Ec ?en. 3 aeaeii, /oi iaaeaeo aeeiaieeie eciaiaiey i?aaeaeueiiai
i?iaeoeoa (i?aaeaeueiie i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe) e i?aaeaeueiuo ecaea?aeae
(?aaii eae e n?aaeiaai i?iaeoeoa e n?aaeieo ia?aiaiiuo ecaea?aeae)
nouanoaoao ia?aoiay naycue. Aei oao ii? iiea i?aaeaeueiue (n?aaeiee)
i?iaeoeo aoaeao ?anoe, i?aaeaeueiua (n?aaeiea ia?aiaiiua) ecaea?aeee
aoaeoo nieaeaoueny e iaiai?io. A oi/eao iaeneiaeueiiai cia/aiey
i?aaeaeueiiai e n?aaeiaai i?iaeoeoia aaee/eia i?aaeaeueiuo MC e n?aaeieo
ia?aiaiiuo AVC ecaea?aeae aoaeao ieieiaeueiie.
?anniio?ei acaeiinaycue iaueo TC, n?aaeieo AVC e i?aaeaeueiuo MC
ecaea?aeae. Aeey yoiai aeiiieiei ?en. 2 e?eaie i?aaeaeueiuo ecaea?aeae e
niaianoei aai n ?en. 1 a iaeiie ieineinoe (?en. 4). Aiaeec eiioeao?aoeee
e?eauo iicaieyao naeaeaoue neaaeothuea auaiaeu i oii, /oi:
1) a oi/ea a, aaea e?eaay i?aaeaeueiuo ecaea?aeae aeinoeaaao naiaai
ieieioia, e?eaay iaueo ecaea?aeae TC ec ninoiyiey auioeeinoe ia?aoiaeeo
a ninoiyiea aiaiooinoe. Yoi icia/aao, /oi iinea oi/ee a i?e iaeieo e oao
aea i?e?auaieyo iauaai i?iaeoeoa aaee/eia eciaiaiee iaueo ecaea?aeae
aoaeao aic?anoaoue;
2) e?eaay i?aaeaeueiuo ecaea?aeae ia?anaeaao e?eaua n?aaeieo iaueo e
n?aaeieo ia?aiaiiuo ecaea?aeae a oi/eao eo ieieiaeueiuo cia/aiee. *ai
yoi iauynieoue? Anee i?aaeaeueiua ecaea?aeee iaiueoa, /ai n?aaeiea iauea
ecaea?aeee, iineaaeiea oiaiueoathony (a ?an/?oa ia aaeeieoeo
i?iaeoeoeee) (a?. 7 e 8 oaae. 1). Cia/eo ia ?en. 4a n?aaeiea iauea
ecaea?aeee aoaeoo iaaeaoue aei oao ii?, iiea e?eaay i?aaeaeueiuo
ecaea?aeae i?ioiaeeo ieaea e?eaie n?aaeieo iaueo ecaea?aeae. N?aaeiea
iauea ecaea?aeee aoaeoo ?anoe oai, aaea e?eaay i?aaeaeueiuo ecaea?aeae
i?ioiaeeo auoa e?eaie n?aaeieo iaueo ecaea?aeae. Oi aea iiaeii neacaoue
e ii ioiioaieth e e?eaui i?aaeaeueiuo e n?aaeieo ia?aiaiiuo ecaea?aeae
MC e AVC. *oi aea eanaaony e?eaie n?aaeieo iinoiyiiuo ecaea?aeae AFC, oi
caeanue oaeie caaeneiinoe iao, eai e?eaua i?aaeaeueiuo e n?aaeieo
iinoiyiiuo ecaea?aeae ia naycaiu ae?oa n ae?oaii;
3) ia?aiia/aeueii i?aaeaeueiua ecaea?aeee ieaea eae n?aaeieo iaueo, oae
e n?aaeieo ecaea?aeae. Iaeiaei aneaaenoaea aeaenoaey caeiia oauaathuae
ioaea/e iie i?aauoatho eae oa, oae e ae?oaea ii ia?a oaaee/aiey auionea
i?iaeoeoeee. Noaiiaeony i/aaeaeiui, /oi aeaeueoa ?anoe?youe
i?iecaiaenoai, oaaee/eaay oieueei cao?aou o?oaea, yeiiiie/anee
iaauaiaeii.
Eciaiaiea oeai ia ?ano?nu e i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaoiieiaee i?eaiaeeo e
niauaieth e?eauo ecaea?aeae. Oae, ?ino iinoiyiiuo ecaea?aeae i?eaaae?o e
niauaieth e?eaie FC aaa?o, a oae eae iinoiyiiua ecaea?aeee AFC yaeythony
ninoaaiie /anoueth iaueo, oi e e?eaay iineaaeieo oaeaea nianoeony aaa?o.
*oi aea eanaaony e?eauo ia?aiaiiuo e i?aaeaeueiuo ecaea?aeae, oi ia ieo
?ino iinoiyiiuo ecaea?aeae ieeae ia io?aceony. Aic?anoaiea ia?aiaiiuo
ecaea?aeae (iai?eia?, oaei?iaeaiea o?oaea) auciaao niauaiea aaa?o e?eauo
n?aaeieo ia?aiaiiuo, iaueo e i?aaeaeueiuo ecaea?aeae, ii ieeae ia
io?aceony ia iieiaeaiee e?eaie iinoiyiiuo ecaea?aeae.
Aiaeiae/iui ia?acii iiaeii ?annoaeaeaoue e i iineaaenoaeyo
oaoiieiae/aneeo eciaiaiee. Anee oaeiaua auciaoo oaeaoaaeaiea
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia eee iiauoaiea eo i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe, oi
niioaaonoaaiii e?eaua ecaea?aeae nianoyony aiec.
4. Ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa a aeieain?i/iii ia?eiaea
Yooaeou ianooaaa. Aeieain?i/iue ia?eiae a aeayoaeueiinoe oe?iu
oa?aeoa?ecoaony oai, /oi iia a ninoiyiee eciaieoue eiee/anoai anao
eniieuecoaiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia. A yoio ia?eiae iaeie oe?iu
iiaoo iieeiooue aeaiioth io?aneue, ae?oaea – aieoe a ia?.
?en. 5. Ecieaaioa auionea X aaeeieoe i?iaeoeoeee
Anee nouanoaoao iiiaeanoai eiiaeiaoeee i?eiaiaiey iacaaiiuo oaeoi?ia
aeey aeinoeaeaiey ii?aaeae?iiiai iau?ia i?iecaiaenoaa, oi iaecaaaeii
aicieeaao aii?in: eaeay eiiaeiaoeey ec eo iiiaeanoaa aoaeao naiie
iioeiaeueiie, o.a. iicaieythuae aeinoe/ue caaeaiiiai iauaia auionea n
ieieiaeueiuie ecaea?aeeaie? Oae eae eniieuecoaiua oaeoi?u
i?aaei?eieiaoaeue iieoiaao ia ?uiea, oi i?e auai?a aa?eaioa eo ni/aoaiey
ii aeieaeai o/eouaaoue eo ?uii/iua oeaiu.
I?aaeiieiaeei, /oi oe?ia eniieuecoao aeaa ia?aiaiiuo oaeoi?a – o?oae e
eaieoae. Oeaia aaeeieoeu o?oaea PL ninoaaeyao 2 aeaiaaeiua aaeeieoeu,
oeaia aaeeieoeu eaieoaea PK – 3 aeaiaaeiua aaeeieoeu. Caaeaiiue iau?i
auionea aeinoeaaaony ioo?i i?eiaiaiey oaeeo eiiaeiaoeee
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia, eae 7L e 1K, 3L e 2K, 2L e 3K, 1L e 7K. Ia
iniiaaiee i?eaaaeaiiuo aeaiiuo iino?iei ecieaaioo auionea X aaeeieoe
i?iaeoeoeee (?en. 5).
Aeaeaa aoaeai ?annoaeaeaoue oae: anee i?aaei?eieiaoaeue eiaao oieueei 3
aeaiaaeiua aaeeieoeu, oi ii iiaeao i?eia?anoe oieueei 1 aaeeieoeo
eaieoaea. Iaicia/ei niioaaonoaothuea oi/ee ia inyo aanoeenn e i?aeeiao e
niaaeeiei eo i?yiie. Iieo/eony ecieinoa (ecieinoa cia/eo “?aaiua
ecaea?aeee”) 3 aeaiaaeiuo aaeeieoe. Ecieinoa – yoi i?yiay, eaaeaeay
oi/ea eioi?ie iieacuaaao ?acee/iua eiiaeiaoeee aiaeaeaaiuo a
i?iecaiaenoai aeaoo ia?aiaiiuo oaeoi?ia i?e iaeeiaeiauo ecaea?aeeao ia
eo i?eia?aoaiea. Aiaeiae/iui ia?acii iino?iei ecieinou 6, 9, 12 e 18
aeaiaaeiuo aaeeieoe. Iieo/eony ea?oa ecieino (?en. 6).
?en. 6. Ea?oa ecieino
?en. 7. Iioeiaeueiia ni/aoaiea eniieuecoaiuo oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa
?en. 8. Iaeneiecaoeey auionea i?e aeaiiie aaee/eia ecaea?aeae
A oaia?ue niaianoei ecieaaioo auionea X aaeeieoe i?iaeoeoeee n ea?oie
ecieino. Ia ?en. 7 aeaeii, /oi ecieaaioa a oi/ea A eanaaony ecieinou 12
aeaiaaeiuo aaeeieoe. Yoi cia/eo, /oi cao?aou i?aaei?eieiaoaey ia
i?eia?aoaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia aoaeoo ieieiaeueiuie i?e
oneiaee, /oi ii i?eia?aoaao 3 aaeeieoeu o?oaea e 2 aaeeieoeu eaieoaea:
(2 aeai. aae.(3)+(3 aeai. aae.(2)=12 aeai. aaeeieoe. Yoi naiia
iioeiaeueiia ni/aoaiea i?eiaiyaiuo oaeoi?ia i?iecaiaenoaa aeey
ieieiecaoeee ecaea?aeae ia eo i?eia?aoaiea. Anyeay eiay eo eiiaeiaoeey
(7L e 1K, 2L e 3K, 1L e 7K) iaieae?ony i?aaei?eieiaoaeth aei?iaea.
Anee aeaiiay eiiaeiaoeey i?eiaiyaiuo oaeoi?ia (3L e 2K) ieieiece?oao
ecaea?aeee i?e caaeaiiii iau?ia i?iecaiaenoaa i?e aeaiiie noiia
ecaea?aeae. Ec ?en. 8 aeaeii, /oi aeey iaeneiecaoeee iau?ia auionea
oe?ia i?eiaiyao eiiaeiaoeeth oaeoi?ia, niioaaonoaothuoth oi/ea A. Oe?ia
ia a ninoiyiee inouanoaeyoue iau?i auionea, niioaaonoaothuee ecieaaioa
P2, a oai aieaa P3, eai iineaaeiea ie a iaeiie oi/ea ia nii?eeanathony n
ecieinoie. Aeey ia?aoiaea ia aieaa aunieea ecieaaiou oe?ia iaiaoiaeeiu
aeiiieieoaeueiua i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oaeoi?u (o?oae e eaieoae).
Eciaiaiea oeai ia i?eia?aoaaiua oaeoi?u i?iecaiaenoaa aucuaaao eciaiaiea
oaea iaeeiia ecieinou. Eae iieacaii ia ?en. 9, i?e ia?aiia/aeueiie
ecieinoa E1 oe?ia ieieiece?oao naie ecaea?aeee a oi/ea A1, i?eiaiyy K1
aaeeieoe eaieoaea e L1 aaeeieoe o?oaea. Anee, iai?eia?, oaaee/eony oeaia
eaieoaea, oi aai i?eiaiyaiay aaee/eia oiaiueoeony.
?en. 9. Caiaia i?eiaiyaiiai oaeoi?a i?e eciaiaiee aai oeaiu
*oiau nio?aieoue i?aaeiee iau?i auionea (inoaoueny ia i?aaeiae ecieaaioa
Q), oe?ia iaiaoiaeeii inouanoaeoue oaoiieiae/aneoth caiaio eaieoaea
o?oaeii. Oaie iaeeiia ecieinou oaaee/eony, e iia i?eiao iieiaeaiea E2.
Oaia?ue oe?ia aoaeao ieieiece?iaaoue naie ecaea?aeee a oi/ea A2,
i?eiaiyy K2 aaeeieoe eaieoaea e L2 aaeeieoe o?oaea.
Oaie iaeeiia eeiee ecieinou ?aaai ioiioaieth oeaiu aaeeieoeu eaieoaea e
oeaia aaeeieoeu o?oaea. Oaie iaeeiia ecieaaiou ii?aaeaeyaony ioiioaieai
i?aaeaeueiiai i?iaeoeoa eaieoaea e i?aaeaeueiiio i?iaeoeoo o?oaea. A oae
eae oi/ea A (ni. ?en. 7) iaa yoe i?yiua eiatho iaeeiaeiaoth e?ooecio, oi
iiaeii ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi a aeaiiie oi/ea niioiioaiea i?aaeaeueiuo
i?iaeoeoia eaieoaea e o?oaea ?aaii niioiioaieth oeai aaeeieoe
niioaaonoaaiii eaieoaea e o?oaea:
MPK/MPL=PK/PL. (1.1)
Ecaanoii, /oi i?aaeaeueiay ii?ia oaoiieiae/aneiai caiauaiey eaieoaea
o?oaeii ?aaia niioiioaieth i?aaeaeueiuo i?iaeoeoia eaieoaea e o?oaea:
MRTS=MPK/MPL. (1.2)
I?aia?aciaaa oi?ioeo (1.1) n o/?oii oi?ioeu (1.2), iieo/ei
MPK/PK=MPL/PL. (1.3)
Ionthaea neaaeoao, /oi aeey ieieiecaoeee naieo ecaea?aeae (i?e caaeaiiii
iau?ia i?iecaiaenoaa) oe?ia oeaeaniia?acii caiauaoue iaeei oaeoi?
ae?oaei aei oao ii?, iiea ioiioaiea i?aaeaeueiiai i?iaeoeoa eaaeaeiai ec
oaeoi?ia e oeaia aaeeieoe aeaiiuo oaeoi?ia ia ninoaaeo ?aaioth aeey anao
aiaeaeaaiuo oaeoi?ia aaee/eio. Eiuie neiaaie, o?aaiaiea (1.3)
iieacuaaao, /oi i?e ieieiaeueiuo noiia?iuo ecaea?aeeao eaaeaeay
aeiiieieoaeueiay aeaiaaeiay aaeeieoea cao?ao ia i?iecaiaenoaaiiua
oaeoi?u aeiaaaeyao iaeeiaeiaia eiee/anoai auioneaaiie i?iaeoeoeee. Oe?ia
ieieiece?oao naie ecaea?aeee oiaaea, eiaaea cao?aou ia i?iecaiaenoai
aeiiieieoaeueiie i?iaeoeoeee iaeie e oa aea iacaaeneii io oiai, eaeie
aeiiieieoaeueiue i?iecaiaenoaaiiue oaeoi? i?eiaiyaony.
Oae eae a aeieain?i/iii ia?eiaea ia?aiaiiue oa?aeoa? anao i?eiaiyaiuo
oaeoi?ia iicaieyao oe?ia eniieueciaaoue naiua iioeiaeueiua aa?eaiou eo
ni/aoaiey, oi yoi iai?aiaiii io?aceony ia aaee/eia e aeeiaieea eciaiaiey
a? n?aaeieo ecaea?aeae.
Eoae, oe?ia ?aoeea oaaee/eoue iau?i i?iecaiaenoaa, ?anoe?eoue naie
iiuiinoe. *oi aoaeao i?ienoiaeeoue n a? n?aaeieie iaueie ATC
ecaea?aeeaie? Nei?aa anaai, ia ia/aeueiii yoaia ?anoe?aiey i?iecaiaenoaa
iie aoaeoo nieaeaoueny, a caoai, eiaaea a i?iecaiaenoai aoaeoo
aiaeaeaoueny an? iiaua e iiaua iiuiinoe, noaioo aic?anoaoue.
Aeey iauyniaiey oaeie caeiiiia?iinoe ?anniio?ei iniaaiiinoe iino?iaiey
e?eaie aeieain?i/iuo n?aaeieo iaueo cao?ao ATC, eee oae iacuaaaiie
ieaiiaie e?eaie.
Ia ?en. 10 i?aaenoaaeaiu iyoue ?acee/iuo aa?eaioia (I-V) ?acia?ia
i?aaei?eyoey, ?ann/eoaiiuo ia i?iecaiaenoai ?acee/iuo iau?iia
i?iaeoeoeee i?e iaeiaiueoeo n?aaeieo ecaea?aeeao ATC. Yoe aa?eaiou oe?ia
iiaeao ?anniao?eaaoue eae nooiaie naiaai ?inoa. Ia eaeeo-oi i?iiaaeooeao
(nooiaiyo) naiae aeayoaeueiinoe iia ia iaiyao naieo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
iiuiinoae, a eniieuecoao oi, /oi eiaaony, o.a. iiaeii iieaaaoue, /oi ia
eaaeaeie nooiaie oe?ia ooieoeeiie?oao a e?aoein?i/iii ia?eiaea. Iiyoiio
e?eaay, iienuaathuay a? ecaea?aeee ia aeaiiii yoaia, aoaeao e?eaie
e?aoein?i/iuo n?aaeieo iaueo ecaea?aeae.
?en. 10. E?eaay aeieain?i/iuo n?aaeieo ecaea?aeae oe?iu
E?eaay n?aaeieo iaueo ecaea?aeae ATC1 iienuaaao e?aoein?i/iua n?aaeiea
ecaea?aeee i?eiaieoaeueii aeey naiiai iaeiai ec ?anniao?eaaaiuo
i?aaei?eyoee. Yoi cia/eo, /oi anee i?aaei?eieiaoaeue noaaeo oeaeue
iieo/eoue iau?i i?iaeoeoeee, ia i?aauoathuee 20 aaeeieoe, oi ii auaa?ao
eiaiii yoio aa?eaio. Eiia/ii, aeaiiue iau?i i?iaeoeoeee iia au auoue
i?iecaaae?i e ia i?aaei?eyoee aieueoeo ?acia?ia, ii a oaeii neo/aa iauea
n?aaeiea ecaea?aeee oaaee/eeenue au, eai au?inoea i?iecaiaenoaaiiua
iiuiinoe ieacaeenue au iaaeieniieueciaaiiuie. Cia/eo, auai? aoi?iai
aa?eaioa ?acia?a i?aaei?eyoey i?aaeiieaaaao ?anoe?aiea iau?ia auionea a
ia?aiao?ao iaaeaeo 20 e 30 aaeeieoeaie i?iaeoeoeee.
Iiaeiaiua ?annoaeaeaiey iiaeii i?iaeieaeeoue e aeaeaa. Ia ?en. 10 e?eaay
ATC5 iienuaaao ecaea?aeee i?eiaieoaeueii e naiiio aieueoiio ec
?anniao?eaaaiuo aa?eaioia ?acia?a i?aaei?eyoey n iau?iii auionea aieaa
60 aaeeieoe.
?en. 11. Aeeiaieea aeieain?i/iuo n?aaeieo ecaea?aeae:
I – yeiiiiey io ?inoa ianooaaa i?iecaiaenoaa; II – iinoiyiiay ioaea/a io
?inoa ianooaaa i?iecaiaenoaa; III – ?ino ecaea?aeae a caaeneiinoe io
?inoa ianooaaa i?iecaiaenoaa
Ia i?aeoeea nouanoaoao aaneiia/iia iiiaeanoai aa?eaioia ?acia?ia
i?aaei?eyoey. ?anniio?aa niaieoiiinoue e?aoein?i/iuo e?eauo aeey
eaaeaeiai ec aa?eaioia, iiaeii iiiyoue, eae no?ieony e?eaay
aeieain?i/iuo n?aaeieo ecaea?aeae. Iia yaeyaony iaeaathuae aeey anao
aiciiaeiuo e?eauo e?aoein?i/iuo n?aaeieo iaueo ecaea?aeae ATC. E?eaay
aeieain?i/iuo ATC iieacuaaao iaeiaiueoea ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa
ethaiai caaeaiiiai iau?ia auionea i?e oneiaee, /oi oe?ia ?aniieaaaea
iaiaoiaeeiui a?aiaiai aeey eciaiaiey anao naieo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
oaeoi?ia.
Ec ?en. 10 aeaeii, /oi ia?aueaaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiuiinoae
i?aaei?eyoey aoaeao nii?iaiaeaeaoueny nieaeaieai n?aaeieo iaueo
ecaea?aeae ia i?iecaiaenoai aaeeieoeu i?iaeoeoeee aieioue aei
aeinoeaeaiey ?acia?ia i?aaei?eyoey (o?aoee aa?eaio). Aeaeueiaeoaa
ia?aueaaiea iau?iia i?iecaiaenoaa aoaeao nii?iaiaeaeaoueny iiauoaieai
aeieain?i/iuo n?aaeieo iaueo ecaea?aeae.
Ii/aio oae i?ienoiaeeo? Ii/aio e?eaay aeieain?i/iuo ATC eiaao
aeoaiia?acioth oi?io? Caeiiii oauaathuae ioaea/e yoi yaeaiea iauynieoue
iaeuecy, eai oneiaeai aai aeaenoaey yaeyaony iinoiyinoai oioy au iaeiiai
ec i?eiaiyaiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia. Iai aea ecaanoii, /oi a
aeieain?i/iii ia?eiaea eciaiyoueny iiaoo ana oaeoi?u. Aeeiaieeo e?eaie
aeieain?i/iuo n?aaeieo iaueo ecaea?aeae iiaeii iauynieoue i?e iiiiue oae
iacuaaaiiai yooaeoa ianooaaa.
Eciaiaiea oe?iie ia?aiao?ia naiae aeayoaeueiinoe, ia?aoiae io iaeiiai
aa?eaioa ?acia?ia i?aaei?eyoey e ae?oaiio iieo/ee a oai?ee iacaaiea
eciaiaiey a ianooaaa i?iecaiaenoaa. ?aaeoeey aeieain?i/iuo n?aaeieo
ecaea?aeae ia eciaiaiea ianooaaa i?iecaiaenoaa iiaeao auoue ?acee/iie.
1. Anee ia eieii-oi a?aiaiiii eioa?aaea aeieain?i/iua n?aaeiea
ecaea?aeee nieaeathony n oaaee/aieai iau?ia auionea i?iaeoeoeee, oi
eiaao ianoi yeiiiiey, iaoneiaeaiiay ?inoii ianooaaa i?iecaiaenoaa (eee
iieiaeeoaeueiui yooaeoii ianooaaa). Iai?eia?, oaaee/aiea eiee/anoaa
i?eiaiyaiuo ?ano?nia ia 10 % aucaaei ?ino iau?ia auionea ia 12 %.
Aeaiiue ia?eiae a?aiaie n iau?iii auionea OQ1 niioaaonoaoao aa?eaioo I
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ?anoe?ythuaeny oe?iu (?en. 11). Nouanoaoao ?yae
oaeoi?ia, iaoneiaeeaathueo yooaeo yeiiiiee:
a) oaeoaeaiea niaoeeaeecaoeee o?oaea. Nin?aaeioi/aiea oneeee ?aaioieea
ia an? noaeathuainy iiea aeayoaeueiinoe iaecaaaeii iiauoaao
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue aai o?oaea. Neacaiiia ioiineony ia oieueei e
i?iecaiaenoaaiiui ?aai/ei, ii e e oi?aaeai/aneiio ia?niiaeo;
a) iaaeaeeiinoue i?iecaiaenoaa. Anyeay oe?ia aeey inouanoaeaiey naiae
aeayoaeueiinoe aeieaeia eiaoue iaeee ieieiaeueiue iau?i iaeioi?uo
?ano?nia. Iiiyoea iaaeaeeiinoe caeanue oiio?aaeaii a oii niunea; /oi
iaeuecy eniieueciaaoue, neaaeai, iieiaeio yoiai iau?ia ?ano?nia i?e
eciaiaiee iau?ia auionea, a eeoue oeaeeeii. Ii ia?a ?inoa oe?iu cao?aou
ia oaeea ?ano?nu ia oaaee/eaathony (eee oaaee/eaathony iacia/eoaeueii),
iiyoiio aaee/eia eo ecaea?aeae ia aaeeieoeo i?iaeoeoeee iaaeaao.
Iai?eia?, eiathueeny o oe?iu ioen ni naiae “ia/eieie” iiaeao
oaeiaeaoai?youe iio?aaiinoe oe?iu ia ii?aaeae?iiii yoaia a? ?inoa aac
eaeeo-eeai eiee/anoaaiiuo eciaiaiee;
a) i?eiaiaiea iiauo oaoiieiaee. I?eiaiaiea a i?iecaiaenoaa ?acee/iuo
oaoie/aneeo iiaiaaaaeaiee o?aaoao cia/eoaeueiuo oeiainiauo e eiuo
cao?ao. Eae i?aaeei, iaeua oe?iu /anoi i?inoi ia a ninoiyiee iiianoe
oaeea cao?aou. E oiio aea yooaeoeaiinoue i?eiaiaiey iiaie oaoieee
iaeaieaa iieii i?iyaeyao naay a oneiaeyo aieueoiai iau?ia i?iecaiaenoaa;
a) i?iecaiaenoai iiai/iie i?iaeoeoeee. E?oiiay oe?ia ia a ninoiyiee
yooaeoeaii eniieueciaaoue iaecaaaeiua a i?iecaiaenoaa iooiaeu. Eo
ia?a?aaioeo inouanoaeytho aniiiiaaoaeueiua i?iecaiaenoaa, /oi a eiia/iii
n/?oa oiaea aaae?o e nieaeaieth aeieain?i/iuo n?aaeieo iaueo ecaea?aeae.
2. Anee ia ii?aaeae?iiii a?aiaiiii eioa?aaea i?iecaiaenoaa aeieain?i/iua
n?aaeiea iauea ecaea?aeee i?e oaaee/aiee iau?ia auionea ?anooo, oi eiaao
ianoi oua?a io ianooaaa ?inoa i?iecaiaenoaa (eee io?eoeaoaeueiue yooaeo
ianooaaa). Iai?eia?, oaaee/aiea eiee/anoaa i?eiaiyaiuo ?ano?nia ia 10 %
aucaaei ?ino iau?ia auionea ia 7 %. Yoio eioa?aae n iau?iii auionea
nauoa ) OQ2 niioaaonoaoao aa?eaioo III ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ?anoe?ythuaeny
oe?iu (?en. 11). I?e/eiie io?eoeaoaeueiiai yooaeoa ianooaaa iiaoo auoue,
ai-ia?auo, oaoie/aneea oaeoi?u. Oae, e?oiiiianooaaiia i?iecaiaenoai
o?aaoao niioaaonoaothuae nu?ueaaie aacu, e aiciiaeiua n?uau iinoaaie
nu?uey, yia?aee, aniiiiaaoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia i/aiue /oanoaeoaeueii
oaea?yo ii i?iecaiaenoaaiiui ecaea?aeeai. I?eia? ec iaoaai iaaeaaiaai
i?ioeiai – aeaaioneea aeeaioiiaiae/aneea eiiieaenu, iio?aaiaaaoea ni
a?aiaiai aeinoaaee ei?iia ia oaeea ?annoiyiey, /oi ecaea?aeee ia auoiae
aaeeieoeu i?iaeoeoeee no?aieoaeueii iiiiecee aaa?o. Ai-aoi?uo, oua?a io
?inoa ianooaaa i?iecaiaenoaa iiaeao auoue aucaai i?aaiecaoeeiiiuie
i?e/eiaie. ?ino aaeieieno?aoeaii-oi?aaeai/aneiai aiia?aoa, ?anoouay
ioi?aaiiinoue “aa?oieo yoaaeae” oi?aaeaiey io iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa, iioa?y aeaeinoe e iia?aoeaiinoe a i?eiyoee oi?aaeai/aneeo
?aoaiee – yoe e ae?oaea oaeoi?u ia iiaoo ia aucaaoue ?inoa aeieain?i/iuo
n?aaeieo iaueo ecaea?aeae.
?en. 12. Oeiu e?eauo aeieain?i/iuo ATC
3. Anee aea a oa/aiee ii?aaeae?iiiai a?aiaie i?iecaiaenoaa aeieain?i/iua
n?aaeiea iauea ecaea?aeee ieeae ia ?aaae?otho ia eciaiaiea iau?ia
auionea, o.a. inoathony iaeciaiiuie, oi oe?ia aoaeao eiaoue iinoiyiiue
yooaeo io eciaiaiey ianooaaa i?iecaiaenoaa. Iai?eia?, ?ino eiee/anoaa
i?eiaiyaiuo ?ano?nia ia 10 % aucaae ?ino iau?iia i?iecaiaenoaa oaeaea ia
10 %. Aeaiiue a?aiaiiie eioa?aae ioaa/aao aa?eaioo II ooieoeeiie?iaaiey
?anoe?ythuaeny oe?iu (?en. 11).
Eoae, nooue yooaeoa ianooaaa naiaeeony e oiio, /oi a iaeieo neo/ayo
?anoe?aiea iau?ia auionea aoaeao nii?iaiaeaeaoueny nieaeaieai
aeieaia?aiaiiuo n?aaeieo iaueo ecaea?aeae, a ae?oaeo – eo oaaee/aieai.
Yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai ieacuaaao nouanoaaiiia aeeyiea ia no?oeoo?o oie eee
eiie io?anee. *oiau iiiyoue yoi aicaeaenoaea, aaiaeeony iiiyoea
ieieiaeueiiai yooaeoeaiiai ianooaaa (MES), o.a. iaeiaiueoaai iau?ia
i?iecaiaenoaa, i?e eioi?ii oe?ia iiaeao ieieiece?iaaoue naie
aeieain?i/iua n?aaeiea iauea ecaea?aeee. Ia ?en. 11 aeaeii, /oi yoi
aiciiaeii i?e iau?ia auionea, ?aaiii OQ1.
Auai? iioeiaeueiiai ?acia?a i?aaei?eyoey aoaeao caaenaoue io oiai, eaeay
neooaoeey neeaaeuaaaony n aeieain?i/iuie n?aaeieie iaueie ecaea?aeeaie.
Anee iaaethaeaaony oaiaeaioeey nieaeaiey iineaaeieo n oaaee/aieai iau?ia
auionea e anee yoio a?aiaiiie eioa?aae aeinoaoi/ii i?iaeieaeeoaeai (?en.
12, a), oi iaeaieueooth yooaeoeaiinoue i?iaeaiiino?e?otho e?oiiua oe?iu,
eai iie iaeaaeatho aiciiaeiinoueth iaeaieaa iieii eniieueciaaoue
iineaaenoaey iieiaeeoaeueiiai yooaeoa ianooaaa.
Anee aea iieiaeeoaeueiue yooaeo ianooaaa ii a?aiaiiie
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe yaeyaony ioiineoaeueii iaaieueoei (?en. 12, a) e
auno?i niaiyaony io?eoeaoaeueiui yooaeoii, oi yooaeoeaiaa ae?oaeo aoaeoo
auaeyaeaoue iaaieueoea oe?iu, eai iie a ninoiyiee iia?aoeaii aiineoue
iaiaoiaeeiua ei??aeoeau a naith oicyenoaaiioth iieeoeeo. Cia/eoaeai
oaeaeueiue aan i?iecaiaenoaa iaeuo oe?i a naeueneioicyenoaaiiie io?anee,
noa?a oneoa e iaeioi?uo io?aneyo e?aeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
A neo/aa aeinoaoi/iie i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe a?aiaiiiai eioa?aaea n
iinoiyiiie ioaea/ae io i?eiaiyaiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oaeoi?ia, eiaaea
iieiaeeoaeueiue yooaeo ianooaaa oaea naay en/a?iae, a io?eoeaoaeueiue ia
anooiaao a aeaenoaea aei oao ii?, iiea ia aeinoeaioou cia/eoaeueiua
iau?iu i?iecaiaenoaa, iaeeiaeiai yooaeoeaiuie ieaaeoony e e?oiiua e
iaaieueoea oe?iu. Ia ?en. 11 iieacaia yoa neooaoeey ia oii io?acea
e?eaie aeieain?i/iuo n?aaeieo ecaea?aeae, eioi?ue iienuaaao iau?i
i?iecaiaenoaa, ?aaiue Q1Q2.
Iaeuecy iieaaaoue, /oi ai anao neo/ayo ?anoe?aiea iau?iia auionea aoaeao
nii?iaiaeaeaoueny /?oei i?ineaaeeaaaiie niaiie iacaaiiuo a?aiaiiuo
eioa?aaeia. Oicyenoaaiiue iiuo iieacuaaao, /oi aeey iaeioi?uo io?aneae
(iai?eia?, aeey ia?aaaouaathuae) oeie/ia ioiineoaeueiay
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue iieiaeeoaeueiiai yooaeoa ianooaaa i?e oneiaee
aieueoeo iau?iia auionea (?en. 12, a).
Ec ?en. 12, a aeaeii, /oi e?eaay aeieain?i/iuo ATC nia/aea no?aieoaeueii
iaaeaao, caoai oaii iaaeaiey caiaaeeyaony e iia ieaaii nieaeaaony n
oaaee/aieai iau?ia auionea. N?aaeiea ecaea?aeee i?eaeeaeathony e
iinoiyiiui. Oaeea e?eaua iacuaathony au? L-ia?aciuie e?eauie.
A oeaeii aea neaaeoao caeeth/eoue, /oi no?oeoo?a io?anee caaeneo ia
oieueei io oneiaee oi?ie?iaaiey aeieain?i/iuo n?aaeieo ecaea?aeae,
oa?aeoa?iuo eiaiii aeey aeaiiie io?anee, ii e io ?iee ainoaea?noaaiiie
yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee, ianoa iaoeeiiaeueiie yeiiiieee a nenoaia
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea e ?yaea ae?oaeo oaeoi?ia.
5. Nienie eeoa?aoo?u
1. Nia?aiaiiay yeiiiieea. Iiae ?aae. Iaiaaeiaa I.TH. ?inoia-ia-Aeiio,
1996.
2. Iaeeiiaee E.?., A?th N.E. Yeiiiieen. I?eioeeiu, i?iaeaiu e iieeoeea.
Oii 2. Iiae ?aae. Ii?ioianeiai A.A. Iineaa, 1996.
3. Yeiiiie/aneay oai?ey. Iiae. ?aae. Aacueaaa I.E., Ao?ei N.I. Ieine,
AAYO, 1996.
07.05.98 a.
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