TOC \o “1-3” Aaaaeaiea PAGEREF _Toc451255789 \h 3
I?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai e yeiiiie/aneee ?ino (Iae?iyeiiiie/aneee aniaeo).
PAGEREF _Toc451255790 \h 8
Iaeue aecian – eiieo?aioiua i?aeiouanoaa. PAGEREF _Toc451255791 \h 20
I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneee iioaioeeae ?innee. PAGEREF _Toc451255792 \h 24
Caeeth/aiea. PAGEREF _Toc451255793 \h 27
NIENIE ENIIEUeCIAAIIIE EEOA?AOO?U PAGEREF _Toc451255794 \h 29
Aaaaeaiea
Aaeai Nieo a naieo iino?iaieyo aace?iaaeny ia o?ao iniiaiuo iinooeaoao:
o?oaeiaia i?ienoiaeaeaiea aeeciaiiuo aeaa, i?enouay oieueei /aeiaaeo
neeiiiinoue e iaiaio oneoaaie eee ieiaeaie naiaai o?oaea, yai – eioa?an
/aeiaaea – “no?aieaiea oeo/oeoue naia iieiaeaiea”.
Ia?aia iaoneaaeeaaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue ioaeaaaoue i?e?iaea “aea?oao naiaai
aeinoaa, naiaiaeu e niieienoaey”, o.a. i?aoa?iaaaoue oa “oaeaniua e
aeooaaiua oyaiou”, eioi?ua ninoaaeytho aeaenoaeoaeueioth oeaio anyeie
aaue. Aoi?ia, iicaieyao /aeiaaeo eiioeaio?e?iaaoue naith aeayoaeueiinoue
ia eaeie-oi iaeii?iaeiie oi?ia oaeie “aea?oau” (?acaeaeaiea o?oaea).
O?aouea noeioee?oao iiene niiniaia iioeiecaoeee (iaeneioi yooaeoa ia
aaeeieoeo cao?ao, ieieioi cao?ao ia aaeeieoeo yooaeoa).
Anee aiaaonoai /aeiaaea ii?aaeaeyaony eiee/anoaii aeaa, eioi?ui ii
iiaeao ?aniieaaaoue, e anee o eaaeaeiai eiaaony ii?aaeaeaiiue ?ano?n
(aai caian eee aai o?oaeiniiniaiinoue, aeeth/ay nthaea oaeaea
eneoniinoue e i?eeaaeaiea), iiaouee oaeea aeaaa aeinoaaeyoue, oiaaea iu
iaoiaeei naa?aaeaiea eee yeiiiieth aeaiiiai ?ano?na a ea/anoaa
ooiaeaiaioaeueiiai oaeoi?a yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa. Aa?aaeeeainoue
(i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai, /anoiue eioa?an) anoue naienoai i?e?iaeu
/aeiaaea, iaeee anoanoaaiiue ii?yaeie aauae. Anoanoaaiiue ii?yaeie ia
oieueei aeiioneaao, ii e, anee iiaeii oae au?aceony, i?aaeoniao?eaaao
yeiiiie/aneee ?ino, ioe?uaay iinoiyiii ?anoouea aiciiaeiinoe aeey
yeiiiiee o?oaea. Iiyoiio aa?aaeeeainoue aunooiaao eae iaiouaieaiia
ea/anoai anoanoaaiiiai /aeiaaea. E oaea aiineaaenoaee o?oae,
naa?aaeaiiue a i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa, neaaeoao i?aaeio?aiyoue io
?acaaca?eaaiey a i?ioeannao iaiaia, ?ani?aaeaeaiey e iio?aaeaiey.
Iu niiaeai eo/oa iiiyoue nouiinoue nia?aiaiiuo o?aeoiaie
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, anee ?anniio?ei iiaaaeaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaey n
?aciuo noi?ii – n yeiiiie/aneie, oi?aaeai/aneie, e ee/iinoiie.
Enneaaeiaaoaee XX aaea iniaia aieiaiea oaeaeyee ee/iinoiui e
nioeeaeueiui oa?aeoa?enoeeai i?aaei?eieiaoaey, /oi iaoei naia io?aaeaiea
a neaaeothueo noaeaeaieyo: “I?aeoe/anee ai anao ii?aaeaeaieyo
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa e i?aaei?eieiaoaey ?a/ue eaeao i oaeii iiaaaeaiee,
eioi?ia aeeth/aao a naay, ai-ia?auo, yeaiaio eieoeeaoeau, ai-aoi?uo,
i?aaiecaoeeth eee ?ai?aaiecaoeeth nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo iaoaieciia,
n oai, /oiau noiaoue n auaiaeie eniieueciaaoue eiathueany ?ano?nu e
eiie?aoioth neooaoeeth, e a-o?aoueeo, acyoea ia naay ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca
aiciiaeioth iaoaea/o, o.a. aioiaiinoue ?eneiaaoue”. “N oi/ee c?aiey
yeiiiienoa, i?aaei?eieiaoaeue – yoi oio, eoi niaaeeiyao n?aaenoaa,
o?oae, iaoa?eaeu e o.ae. oaeei ia?acii, /oi eo niaieoiiay noieiinoue
aic?anoaao. I?e yoii ii aiineo eciaiaiey, inouanoaeyao eiiiaaoeee e
i?aia?acoao caaaaeaiiue ii?yaeie. N oi/ee c?aiey ineoieiaa,
i?aaei?eieiaoaeue – yoi /aeiaae, eioi?ui aeaeaeoo ii?aaeaeaiiua iioeau –
iai?eia?, aeaeaiea aeiaeoueny /aai-oi a aeecie, iii?iaiaaoue /oi-oi
iiaia, naiiooaa?aeeoueny eee ia?anoe naiinoiyoaeueiinoue… N oi/ee
c?aiey ae?oaeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, ii iiaeao i?aaenoaaeyoue oa?ico, auoue
iianiui niia?ieeii, eee, iaiai?io, ia?oia?ii, iinoaaueeii, iieoiaoaeai
eee i?inoi /aeiaaeii n eioa?aniuie eaeayie, a eioi?iai ia aeaeei
aeiaeeoue aeaiueae… N oi/ee c?aiey iieeoyeiiiia, i?aaei?eieiaoaeue –
yoi /aeiaae, eioi?ue oiiiaeaao ia oieueei naia, ii e iaoeeiiaeueiia
aiaaonoai, eoi iaoiaeeo niiniau eo/oaai eniieueciaaiey ?ano?nia,
nieaeaiey iioa?ue, eoi nicaeaao iiaua ?aai/ea ianoa”.
“I?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai – yoi aeeiaie/aneee i?ioeann ia?aueaaiey
aiaaonoaa. Aiaaonoai nicaeaaony oaie, eoi aieueoa anao ?eneoao naieie
aeaiueaaie, eiouanoaii, ea?uea?ie, eoi ia aeaeaao a?aiaie ia nicaeaiea
nianoaaiiiai aeaea, eoi i?aaeeaaaao iieoiaoaeyi iiaue oiaa? eee oneoao.
Yoio oiaa? eee oneoaa iaiaycaoaeueii aeieaeiu auoue /ai-oi niaa?oaiii
iiaui, aeaaiia – /oiau i?aaei?eieiaoaeue noiae i?eaeaoue ei iiaia
ea/anoai, oaaee/ee eo oeaiiinoue, cao?aoea ia yoi iaiaoiaeeiua neeu e
n?aaenoaa”.
Eaaeaeia ec yoeo ii?aaeaeaiee ?anniao?eaaao i?aaei?eieiaoaey iiae ?aciui
oaeii c?aiey, iaeiaei, ana iie aeeth/atho oaeea iiiyoey, eae iiaecia,
i?aaiecaoi?neee oaeaio, oai?/aneia ia/aei, oiiiaeaiea aiaaonoaa e
aioiaiinoue ?eneiaaoue. Caiaoei, /oi i?aaei?eieiaoaeue – yoi, i?aaeaea
anaai, niaieoiiinoue iiiyoee. Oii-iaiaaeaea? e?oiiie ei?ii?aoeee,
aaconeiaii, aeanoyuee i?aaiecaoi?; ea?ie ia ae?aea iinoiyiii ?eneoao
nianoaaiiui eaieoaeii; e?oiiue o/aiue, nicaeaoaeue iiauo oaoiieiaee –
oai?/aneee /aeiaae, ii ie iaeei ec auoaia?a/eneaiiuo ia iiiaaeaao iiae
ii?aaeaeaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaey.
?ACAEOEA OA?IEIA “AIO?AI?AIA?”
N?aaeiea aaea: i?aaiecaoi? ia?aaeia e iocueaeueiuo i?aaenoaaeaiee;
eeoei, ioaa/athuaa ca auiieiaiea e?oiiiianooaaiuo no?ieoaeueiuo eee
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo i?iaeoia.
XVII a.: eeoei, caeeth/eaoaa n ainoaea?noaii eiio?aeo, noieiinoue
eioi?iai iaiai?aia ca?aiaa. Oaeie /aeiaae aa?ao ia naay anth iieiioo
oeiainiaie ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca auiieiaiea oneiaee eiio?aeoa, ii anee aio
oaeaaony oeiaeeoueny a iaiueooth noiio, oi ?acieoeo ii i?enaaeaaao naaa.
1725 a. ?e/a?ae Eaioeeueii: i?aaei?eieiaoaeue – yoi /aeiaae,
aeaenoaothuee a oneiaeyo ?enea; ooieoeey i?aaeinoaaeaiey eaieoaea
ioee/aaony io i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie ooieoeee.
1797a. Aiaei: eeoei, ianouaa ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca i?aaei?eieiaaiia aeaei;
oio, eoi ieaie?oao, eiio?iee?oao, i?aaiecoao e aeaaeaao i?aaei?eyoeai.
1803 a. AEai Aaoeno Nye: aeioiae ia eaieoae ioee/aaony io
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai aeioiaea.
1876 a. O?yinen Oiea?: neaaeoao ?acee/aoue oao, eoi i?aaeinoaaeyao
eaieoae e iieo/aao ca yoi i?ioeaiou, e oao, eoi iieo/aao i?eaueue
aeaaiaea?y naiei i?aaiecaoi?neei niiniaiinoyi.
1934 a. Aeaeicao Ooiia?o: i?aaei?eieiaoaeue – yoi iiaaoi?, eioi?ue
?ac?aaaouaaao iiaua oaoiieiaee.
1961 a. Aeyaeae Iaeeeaeeaiae: i?aaei?eieiaoaeue – yoi yia?ae/iue
/aeiaae, aeaenoaothuee a oneiaeyo oia?aiiiai ?enea.
1964 a. Ieoa? Ae?oea?: i?aaei?eieiaoaeue – yoi /aeiaae, eniieuecothuee
ethaoth aiciiaeiinoue n iaeneiaeueiie auaiaeie.
1975 a. Aeueaa?o Oaie?i: i?aaei?eieiaoaeue – yoi /aeiaae, i?iyaeythuee
eieoeeaoeao, i?aaiecothuee nioeeaeueii – yeiiiie/aneea iaoaieciu.
Aeaenoaoy a oneiaeyo ?enea, ii ianao iieioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca
aiciiaeioth iaoaea/o.
1980 a. Ea?e Aania?: i?aaei?eieiaoaeue ii ?aciiio auaeyaeeo a aeacao
yeiiiienoa, ineoieiaa, ae?oaeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeae e iieeoeeia.
1983 a. Aeooi?ae Ieioio: eio?ai?aia? e aio?ai?aia?: eio?ai?aia? – yoi
aio?ai?aia?, aeaenoaothuee a oneiaeyo oaea nouanoaothuaai i?aaei?eyoey,
a ioee/ee io nianoaaiii aio?ai?aia?a – i?aaei?eieiaoaey, nicaeathuaai
iiaia i?aaei?eyoea.
1985 a. ?iaa?o Oec?e/: i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai – yoi i?ioeann nicaeaiey
/aai-oi iiaiai, /oi iaeaaeaao noieiinoueth, a i?aaei?eieiaoaeue – yoi
/aeiaae, eioi?ue cao?a/eaaao ia yoi ana iaiaoiaeeiia a?aiy e neeu, aa?ao
ia naay aanue oeiainiaue, ineoieiae/aneee e nioeeaeueiue ?ene, iieo/ay a
iaa?aaeo aeaiueae e oaeiaeaoai?aiea aeinoeaiooui.
Nia?aiaiiua yeiiiienou i?aeoe/anee ioiaeaeanoaeytho iiiyoey:
“i?aaei?eieiaoaeue”, “iaeue aecian”, “iaeia i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai”, a
naith i/a?aaeue, ?anniao?eaay “aieueoie aecian”, eae yaeaiea
yeiiiie/aneie aeecie aace?othuaany ia eiuo i?eioeeiao i?aaiecaoeee
aeaea.
I?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai e yeiiiie/aneee ?ino (Iae?iyeiiiie/aneee aniaeo).
Yeiiiie/aneee ?ino ii?aaeaeyaony e ecia?yaony aeaoiy acaeiinaycaiiuie
niiniaaie: eae oaaee/aiea ?aaeueiiai AII eee *II ca iaeioi?ue ia?eiae
a?aiaie, eee eae oaaee/aiea ca iaeioi?ue ia?eiae a?aiaie ?aaeueiiai AII
eee *II ia aeooo ianaeaiey. ?aaeueiue AII a ethaia a?aiy ii?aaeaeyaony
eae o?oaeicao?aou (a /aeiaaei – /anao), oiiiaeaiiua ia
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue o?oaea (?aaeueiay /aniaay au?aaioea ia iaeiiai
caiyoiai). A naith i/a?aaeue, yoe aeaa iiiaeeoaey ii?aaeaeythony
niaieoiiinoueth ?yaea oaeoi?ia:
O?oaeicao?aou (io?aaioaiiua /anu):
/eneaiiinoue caiyouo;
n?aaeiaa eiee/anoai io?aaioaiiuo /ania.
I?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue o?oaea (n?aaeiyy /aniaay au?aaioea):
oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann (oaoiieiaey);
iauai eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee, iauai iniiaiiai eaieoaea
(oiiaeiaii?oaeaiiinoue);
eiee/anoai e ea/anoai o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia (ia?aciaaiea e
i?ioiiaeaioiaea);
yooaeoeaiinoue ?ani?aaeaeaiey, ni/aoaiey e oi?aaeaiey ?acee/iuie
?ano?naie.
Ana auoaia?a/eneaiiia ioiineony e oaeoi?ai, ii?aaeaeythuei niiniaiinoue
yeiiiieee i?aaeeaaaoue eee, ae?oaeie neiaaie, i?iecaiaeeoue niaieoiiue
i?iaeoeo (oaeoi?u i?aaeeiaeaiey).
Oaeoi?u ni?ina ii?aaeaeythony, a eiia/iii eoiaa, oeneaeueiie e e?aaeeoii
– aeaiaaeiie iieeoeeie ainoaea?noaa.
Aii?aee oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiiiio i?aaenoaaeaieth, aoaeoi
iao/ii-oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann – yoi aaeeiue yaiethoeeiiiue i?ia?ann, iai
ii aeaeeony /a?aaeie niaiythueony eiiieaenia nii?yaeaiiuo i?iecaiaenoa –
oaoiieiae/aneeo oeeaaeia. Ae?oa io ae?oaa iie ioee/athony iaai?ii
eeaee?othueo io?aneae, aeaeaie aeiieie?othueo yia?aiiineoaeae, oeiaie
eiino?oeoeaiuo iaoa?eaeia e ia?aaaouaathuaai iai?oaeiaaiey, n?aaenoaaie
o?ainii?oa e nayce.
Ia?aue ec ieo ca?iaeeeny, eiaaea ia/aee ?acaeaaoueny yeaeo?iyia?aaoeea e
yeaeo?ioaoie/aneia iaoeiino?iaiea, /oi nii?iaiaeaeaeinue iaoaiecaoeeae
iniiaiuo oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia, aeey /aai iio?aaiaaeinue iiiai
noaee e ecaioiaeyaiiai ec iaa i?ieaoa. Aaaeiaeoei yia?aiiineoaeai noae
oaieue, a aeaaiui aeaeii o?ainii?oa – aeaeaciua aei?iae.
Aaea-oi a ia?aie /aoaa?oe iuiaoiaai aaea iaeiia?aiaiii n eiioeaio?aoeeae
oicyenoaaiiie aeoeaiinoe iiyaeeenue e ia/aee caaiaauaaoue naia ianoi
iiae nieioeai oeie/aneay i?iiuoeaiiinoue, aaoiiiaeeano?iaiea,
oaeaeiiioieeaoeee. I?ieeaaeuaaeinue an? aieueoa anoaeueoe?iaaiiuo oinna,
?anoe?yeenue oaeaoiiiua naoe, aeeaeeea yia?aiiineoaee ia/aee auoaniyoue
oaa?aeia oiieeai.
Ii iiea ia auei ?ai?aaieciaaii i?iecaiaenoai, nouanoaiaaee noa?ua
noa?aioeiu iio?aaeaiey, iiea aieueoeinoai ?ano?nia eiioeaio?e?iaaeenue a
aini?iecaiaenoaaiiii eiioo?a i?aaeiaai oeeaaea, iiaue ?acaeaaeny
iaaeeaiii. Ii caaiaaae i?i/iua iiceoeee eeoue iinea oiai, eae a
o?eaeoeaoua aiaeu a ?acoeueoaoa ino?iai no?oeoo?iiai e?ecena
iaanoeaieeny eaieoae, caaeaenoaiaaiiue a o?aaeeoeeiiiuo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oeaiyo. E oiaaea aea i?iecioae no?oeoo?iue naeaea a
nu?ueaaie aaca e ea/anoaa iai?oaeiaaiey. ?acei au?inea aeiey iiauo
iaoa?eaeia, ea/anoaaiiie noaee. Iieo/eei oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea
n?aaeiaa ia?aciaaiea, iiauneeny o?iaaiue eaaeeoeeaoeee ?aaioieeia,
iiauneeanue eoeueoo?a i?iecaiaenoaa. Oaeei?ianei-oi?aeianeea iaoiaeu
oi?aaeaiey iiauie oaoiieiaeyie iicaieeee iaeaaeeoue ianniaia
ecaioiaeaiea iio?aaeoaeueneeo oeaiiinoae. Ia ?uiie oeuioe iioie auoiaie
yeaeo?iaiia?aoo?u, aaoiiiaeeae e ae?oaeo neiaeiuo oiaa?ia aeeeoaeueiiai
iieueciaaiey, ia eioi?ua oaea ia?aciaaeny ia?iiiue ni?in.
An? yoi iaoneiaeei a iyoeaeanyouo-oanoeaeanyouo aiaeao auno?ue
yeiiiie/aneee ?ino ?acaeouo eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?ai.
E na?aaeeia naieaeanyouo aiaeia yoio oaoiieiae/aneee oeeaae aeinoea
i?aaeaeia ?anoe?aiey. A ia niaio aio oaea niaoee neaaeothuee yoai
oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey, “caiaoaiiiai” ia oaeeo aeaoeuao
iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna, eae iee?iyeaeo?iieea e iaoaieea, eioi?ua
iicaieeee ?acei ?anoe?eoue eiiieaenioth aaoiiaoecaoeeth o?oaeiauo
aniaeoia aeayoaeueiinoe, a iiyaeaiea iaoa?eaeia n ca?aiaa caaeaiiuie
naienoaaie iiaeaeei ca niaie aeoaieoth niaoeeaeecaoeeth i?iecaiaenoaa.
Au/eneeoaeueiay oaoieea e einie/aneea n?aaenoaa nayce iiiiaee iaiiaeoue
nenoaio eiiioieeaoeee. ?acei iiauneeinue cia/aiea oai?/aneiai ia/aea a
o?oaeiaie aeayoaeueiinoe ia?niiaea. Yoi aeaei aiciiaeiinoue auno?i
?ani?ino?aieoue aeaeea oi?iu i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa
iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneiai niaaaeaiey e oae iacuaaaiua “i?aaie/iua”
no?oeoo?u oi?aaeaiey.
Iaeue aecian, a naiai nia?aiaiiii aeaea, aiciee ia nouea aoi?iai e
o?aoueaai oaoiieiae/aneiai oeeaaea. A ni?ieiaua, iyoeaeanyoua,
oanoeaeanyoua aiaeu oaiiu yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey a eaieoaeenoe/aneeo
no?aiao Caiaaea auee onoie/eai aunieeie. A yoe aiaeu noi?ie?iaaeanue e
ooaa?aeeeanue ii?aaeaeaiiay iiaeaeue yeiiiieee, eioi?oth iiaeii auei au
iacaaoue iiaeaeueth ianniaiai i?iecaiaenoaa e ianniaiai iio?aaeaiey. Aa
no?aoaaey iiiyoia ethaie aeiiioicyeea: cao?aou ia niaea?aeaiea iaeiiai
/aeiaaea iaiueoa a aieueoie naiuea. Ecaanoiue i?eioeei yeiiiiee io
ianooaaa i?iecaiaenoaa. Ia ycuea yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee yoi iacuaaaony
“aic?anoathuae ioaea/ae io ianooaaa”.
Iiaeaeue auea ?ann/eoaia ia ianniaia noaiaea?oece?iaaiiia iio?aaeaiea.
Ia oi, /oi n?aaeiee aia?eeaiaoe eee aa?iiaaoe ioeaaeoony io i?eoycaiee
ia /oi-oi iniaaiiia ?aaee aeaoaaeciu oiaa?ia.
Noaaea ia ianooaa o?aaiaaea aunieii?iecaiaeeoaeueiiai, iiuiiai
iai?oaeiaaiey. E?oiiua na?ee oiaa?a auioneaeenue aac ia?aiaeaaeee e
eciaiaiey iiaeaee.
Neiaeeeanue iniaay eaeaieiaey ianniaiai i?iecaiaenoaa: auoa anaai
oeaieeenue aeenoeeieeia, eniieieoaeueiinoue, aaoi?eoa?iia ?oeiaiaenoai.
Ia ?uiea i?iecaiaeeoaee ai?ieenue ca ianniaiai iieoiaoaey, aeaaiue
niinia ai?ueau – ea?a oeai. Anee oaeaaaeinue iioanieoue iaeieo
eiieo?aioia e naiai?eoueny n ae?oaeie, iiaeii auei oaea eiio?iee?iaaoue
oeaiu. Eiia/iay oeaeue – iaeneiaeueiay i?eaueue; iiiiiieueiia iieiaeaiea
ia ?uiea aa?aioe?iaaei nio?aiaiea o?iaiy i?eauee .
Aeao?aia nu?ue? e aeao?aay yia?aey aeaeaee iiaeaeue ianniaiai
i?iecaiaenoaa eneeth/eoaeueii yooaeoeaiie. I?aaeeiaeaiea oiaa?ia e oneoa
iiaei ia?anoaoue eae au aaneiia/ii. Na?ue?ciua iianaiey iinea Aaeeeie
aeai?annee (no?oeoo?iue e?ecen ia?aiai oaoiieiae/aneiai oeeaaea)
aucuaaea eeoue i?iaeaia ieao?aeaniiniaiiai ni?ina. ?aoay a?, ?aoi?ienou
auaeaeioee eiioeaioeeth ainoaea?noaa anaiauaai aeaaininoiyiey. Ioaeai
aue ieao?aeaniiniaiue ianniaue iio?aaeoaeue, e ii aue nicaeai
oeaeaiai?aaeaiiie nioeeaeueiie iieeoeeie ainoaea?noaa.
Eiaiii iiaeaeue ianniaiai i?iecaiaenoaa iicaieeea aeaenoaeoaeueii
nicaeaoue ainoaea?noai anaiauaai aeaaininoiyiey. Ethaee auee iaei?ieaiu,
iaeaou, iieo/eee e?uoo iaae aieiaie, aaoiiiaeee; a ieo i?inioeanue
no?anoue e iooaoanoaeyi. Aanieaoiia ia?aciaaiea e iaaeeoeeia aeaaii
ia?anoaee auoue eneeth/eoaeueiie i?eaeeaaeae aeeoaeae nioeeaeenoe/aneeo
no?ai.
Enoi?ey iieacaea, /oi yoa nenoaia a ninoiyiee ni?aaeoueny e n oaeie
na?ue?ciie i?iaeaiie, eae iauaa ionoaaaiea ni?ina io i?aaeeiaeaiey,
a?icyuaa oeeeee/aneeie e?ecenaie. Ooo e iiiiaea eaeineaineay iiaeaeue
aioee?eceniiai ?aaoee?iaaiey a ni/aoaiee n eiioeaioeeae ainoaea?noaa
anaiauaai aeaaininoiyiey. Aioee?eceniia ?aaoee?iaaiea i?aaeoniao?eaaei a
caaeneiinoe io oacu oeeeea ?anoe?aiea eee naeaoea e?aaeeoa, oaaee/aiea
eee nie?auaiea ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?anoiaeia, neoieo eee aua?anuaaiea ia
?uiie ainoaea?noaaiiuo oeaiiuo aoiaa.
Iaeiaei anyeay nenoaia aeeyao ia aiaoiaa ie?oaeaiea, eciaiyy aai, a oi,
a naith i/a?aaeue, aeeyao ia nenoaio, eciaiyy a?. ?aii eee iicaeii
noaiaiue iaaaeaeaaoiinoe nenoaiu naiie naaa e ie?oaeathuae n?aaea
aeinoeaaao i?aaeaeueiuo aaee/ei, eieoeee?oy no?oeoo?iue e?ecen nenoaiu.
Yeiiiieea eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?ai Caiaaea, aace?othuayny ia aoi?ii
oaoiieiae/aneii oeeaaea, ia i?eiaaeeaaeaea eeanno: ”perpetuum mobile”,
iineieueeo nouanoaiaaea ca n/?o ?ano?nia ecaia, ath ia aini?iecaiaeeiuo.
A ?ano?nu, oau, ieacaeenue ia?aie/aiiuie.
Iaeaieaa y?ei i?iyaeeinue yia?aaoe/aneia ia?aie/aiea. Anoue ?aciua
eiioeaioeee yia?aaoe/aneiai e?ecena naieaeanyouo aiaeia, ii ianiiiaiii,
/oi ca ieie noiyei i?ioeai?a/ea iaaeaeo no?aieoaeueii aic?anoathuei
iio?aaeaieai iaooe e ia?aie/aiiinoueth caiania. Yoi aue, ii nooe aeaea,
aiacaiiue eiiaoe y?u aeao?aiai oiieeaa. Ca naieaeanyoua aiaeu o?iaaiue
oeai ia oiieeai au?in ii ioiioaieth e oeaiai ia aioiaua ecaeaeey a iyoue
?ac.
Ia iaiaa ?acei neacaeinue e yeieiae/aneia ia?aie/aiea. Aeaenoaiaaaoay
iiaeaeue auea ?anoi/eoaeueiie e iioiio aioeyeieiae/iie. I?e?iaea
?anniao?eaaeanue a iae eae iaia?aie/aiiuo ?acia?ia iiiieea aeey na?ina
iooiaeia. E yoi aue iaeei ec oaeoi?ia aeaoaaeciu ianniaiai
i?iecaiaenoaa. Ii aani?aaeae anaaaea ieioi eii/aaony, a iniaaiiinoe a
ioiioaieyo n i?e?iaeie.
Au? iaeii ia?aie/aiea – o?oaeiaua ?ano?nu. N ieie a oanoeaeanyoua aiaeu
ii/oe ai anao ?acaeouo no?aiao neiaeeeanue iai?yae?iiay neooaoeey. A aei
– e iineaaiaiiua aiaeu nieceeanue ?iaeaeaaiinoue. Iiiaeo oianea aieia.
Aeiey naeueneiai ianaeaiey oiaiueoeeanue ianoieueei, /oi aea?aaiy
ia?anoaea auoue enoi/ieeii ?aai/eo ?oe aeey ai?iaea. A aunieea oaiiu
yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa oaaee/eaaee ni?in ia ?aaioieeia. Yoo i?iaeaio
iuoaeenue ?aoaoue ii ?aciiio: i?eaeaeaee eiino?aiiuo ?aai/eo (Caiaaeiay
Aa?iia), iaeaaaeueiuo eiiea?aioia (NOA), aeaiuei (iianaianoii).
Neooaoeey aeaaii?eyonoaiaaea ai?ueaa ca iiauoaiea ca?aaioiie ieaou, e
iia ?inea. ?inee e ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa. Iiiaea caaiaaaiey
i?ionithcia eeoaee yeiiiieeo aeaeinoe, iaiaa?aiiinoe. Iai?eia?,
i?ionithcu eaoaai?e/anee aic?aaeaee i?ioea /anoe/iie caiyoinoe, /anoi
cai?auaee a?aoue ia ?aaioo ia /eaiia i?ionithca, iaoaee iaieioee?iaaoue
n i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoueth ?aai/aai aeiy. A aaaeue auee a yoeo no?aiao
ethaee, e iaiaei, iniaaiii n?aaee yiea?aioia, niaeaniua e aeaaea
i?aaeii/eoaaoea aeaeee i?iecaiaenoaaiiue a?aoee, ?aciua eiiaeiaoeee
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe ?aai/aai aeiy e /anoi niaeaniua ?aaioaoue aeieueoa,
/oiau aieueoa ca?aaioaoue. Ii eaaaeueii “iauaoaoue” i?ionithcu ii?ie
auei iaaiciiaeii.
I?iecioee na?ue?ciua naeaeae e a ae?oaie aaaeiie noa?a ia iiaeaeathuaeny
n/?oo: ineaaee noa?ua noeioeu e o?oaeo, eciaieeenue oeaiiinoiua
i?eaioaoeee ?aaioieeia, eo iio?aaiinoe oaeiaeaoai?eoue a ?aieao noa?ie
iiaeaee auei oaea iaeuecy. Iiea aeaaiua iio?aaiinoe ?aaioieea ninoiyee a
oii, /oiau iaania/eoue naaa yeaiaioa?iua oneiaey aeey nouanoaiaaiey –
aai eioa?anai aiieia niioaaonoaiaaei ia?aueaaiea oaiiia i?iecaiaenoaa a
?aieao noa?ie iiaeaee. Ii ni a?aiaiai, eiaaea aue aeinoeaioo
ii?aaeae?iiue o?iaaiue anaiauaai aeaaininoiyiey, iio?aaiinoe
?anoe?eeenue e oaea ia en/a?iuaaeenue ioiineoaeueiui iaoa?eaeueiui
aeaaiiieo/eai. Iieiaeua ia?aciaaiiua ethaee no?aieeenue e
naii?aaeecaoeee, a a ?aieao oi?aeenonei-oaeei?neie i?aaiecaoeee o?oaea
ei ia i?aaenoaaeyeinue oaeie aiciiaeiinoe. ?aaioa aeey iiiaeo inoaeanue
oieueei enoi/ieeii n?aaenoa e nouanoaiaaieth, eioa?anu nianoeeenue a
eiua noa?u.
Ia?aie/eoaeai aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey noaea e noa?ay i?aaiecaoeeiiiay
no?oeoo?a yeiiiieee. Iia auea ?ann/eoaia ia ?aiee iaoeeiiaeueiiai
oicyenoaa, ii iianaianoii oea eioaa?aoeey yoeo oicyenoa a aaeeioth,
ie?iaoth yeiiiieeo; nayce eo oneeeaaeenue e oneiaeiyeenue. Iau/iua
n?aaenoaa e?aaeeoiie e oeneaeueiie iieeoeee aae?oa noaee aucuaaoue
iaiaeeaeaiiue iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ?aciiain n iai?aaeneacoaiuie
iineaaenoaeyie. Iiaeu?i i?iecaiaenoaa a iaeiie no?aia iaiaaeeaiii
aucuaae i?eoie eiii?oa ec ae?oaeo e ia?ooae a? oi?aiaue aaeain; niaae
noieue aea iaoeinieoaeueii iaino?ye i?iaeaio aac?aaioeoeu ia noieueei a
yoie no?aia, ii e a ae?oaeo.
A na?aaeeia naieaeanyouo aiaeia a ciia ?acaeoiai eaieoaeecia – aea e ia
oieueei a iae, nei?aa ai an?i ie?a – aiacaiii neiaeeeanue neooaoeey
no?oeoo?iiai nea/ea. Nenoaia i?eaeeceeanue e no?aoaae/aneei ia?aie/aieyi
– iauea oneiaey aini?iecaiaenoaa ?acei oooaeoeeenue.
Iu aiai?ei aeey iaaeyaeiinoe “aiacaiii”, ii ia naiii aeaea yoio i?ioeann
?anoyioo ai a?aiaie. Aei ecaanoiie noaiaie ?ano?nu acaeiicaiaiyaiu,
/anoe/ii aieaa aeaoeoeeoiue ?ano?n iiaeao caiauaoueny iaiaa
aeaoeoeeoiui. Ii ni a?aiaiai oneiaey yoie caiaiu noaiiayony an? ooaea,
aic?anoathuay ioaea/a io ianooaaa niaiyaony oauaathuae. A nenoaia
aicieeatho an? iiaua oceea ianoa. Oaiiu ?inoa caiaaeeythony, ianooiaao
canoie, i?e naiaiaeiii oeaiiia?aciaaiee nii?iaiaeaeaaiue ?inoii oeai.
Yoi oae iacuaaaiay noaaoeyoeey – a ioee/ee io eioeyoeee, ciaiaiothuae
“ia?aa?aa” yeiiiieee a oaca iiaeu?ia.
Iaeiiee ee eaieoaeeci ca i?aaeoanoaothuea aiaeu iioaioeeae, aeinoaoi/iue
aeey no?oeoo?iiai nea/ea?
Aa?i?iny e oai?ee nenoai. Anee aiaoiea ia?aie/aiey ia ?ano?nu – iacia?i
eo no?aoaae/aneeie – ia iicaieytho aieueoa nenoaia ?acaeaaoueny ia
i?aaeiae no?oeoo?iie iniiaa, ianooiaao ia iau/iue, a no?oeoo?iue e?ecen:
noa?ay niaieoiiinoue naycae ia ni?aaeyaony n iiaie neooaoeeae. Yoi
iiaeao ieii/eoueny eaoano?ioie, nenoaia iioa?yao iniiaiua naie naienoaa,
?acaaeeony, a ia a? iaeiieao aicieeiao iiaay. Ii iiaeao e auaeeoue,
nio?aiyy naith nouiinoue, anee o ia? iaeiieai aeinoaoi/iue iioaioeeae,
iicaieythuee no?oeoo?ioth ia?ano?ieeo. Ii iiaeao auoue iaeiieai a oiaea
i?aaeoanoaiaaaoaai ?acaeoey, anee nenoaia ia oieueei ?anoiaeiaaea
?ano?nu, ii e iaeaieeaaea oaeiaua. Eee aai iaaei eneaoue e nicaeaaaoue
ii oiaeo ia?ano?ieee – a?aoue acaeiu, niae?aoue “ii nonaeai””, nieiay
?ano?nu ni anao iaiaa aaaeiuo iai?aaeaiee ?acaeoey. Aio anee iao
aiciiaeiinoe (eee aiee) iiaeeeciaaoue iioaioeeae, iao iniciaiey
iaiaoiaeeiinoe ia?aoiaea ia iiaoth no?oeoo?ioth iniiao, oiaaea
eaoano?ioa iiaeao noaoue ?aaeueiinoueth.
Eiuie neiaaie, neaaeoao ia?aoeoue aieiaiea ia oa oaeoi?u, eioi?ua
neeaaeuaaeenue aioo?e i?aaeiae eaieoaeenoe/aneie nenoaiu, e oaia?ue
ia/aee ii?aaeaeyoue a? noaeueao. E iniciaoue aeaaiia, /oi ?a/ue eae?o i
naiiiano?aeaathuaeny, naii?aaoee?oaiie nenoaia, ii?iaeaeathuae
iiiaiia?acea,- ia a? ia?eoa?ee an? a?aiy nicaeaaaeinue ia/oi “iiai/iia”,
no?aiiia, ia neeoeii ioaeiia a ia?eiae eia?oeeiiiiai ?acaeoey.
Iaeiieaiiui iioaioeeaeii aeey nea/ea iaa?ioeenue iiiaea
ooiaeaiaioaeueiua e i?eeeaaeiua enneaaeiaaiey, ii?iaiaaiiua e ooo aea
nicaeathueany iiaua i?aaiecaoeeiiiua oi?iu, aiiaua aioo?aiiyy
aioiaiinoue e ia?aiaiai. Auee aieueoea ?aca?aiua iiuiinoe, auee
eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiua eaae?u, Niiniaiua auno?i inaieoue oaoie/aneea
iiaiaaaaeaiey.
I?aaeaea anaai, oaeaeinue nicaeaoue iiaua yia?ainaa?aaathuea oaoiieiaee.
ssaeiaeoui ieiaeai oeiece?iaaiiiai naeueneiai oicyenoaa auee
i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiu ieiaeu aeioaoiieiaee. Nicaeaiu caiaieoaee – iaoa?eaeu
n oe?ieei aeeaiaciiii ca?aiaa caaeaiiuo naienoa, n iaiueoei aanii,
iaiueoae cao?aoie aeaoeoeeoiuo ?ano?nia (aieieiiii-iioe/aneee eaaaeue
aianoi iaaeiiai, eiiiiceou e ea?aieea aianoi noaee, aethieiey e
o?aaeeoeeiiiuo ieanoiann e o.i.). Ioe?uoea aunieioaiia?aoo?iie
naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoe aeaei aoaeouaa e?eiaaiiui oaoiieiaeyi, i?aaeaeaeyony
?aaiethoeeiiiua eciaiaiey a yia?aaoeea. A /??iie iaoaeeo?aee ia
iaaieueoeo i?aaei?eyoeyo i?iecaiaeyo iaeuie ia?oeyie niaoeeaeueiua ia?ee
iaoaeea, iaeneiaeueii i?eaeeaeaiiua e o?aaiaaieyi caeac/eea.
Iiaeao auoue, aaaeiaeoaa, /oi auei nicaeaii a iaae?ao noa?ie nenoaiu, –
yeaeo?iiii-au/eneeoaeueiay oaoieea, aeaaoay iioii anieane
iee?iyeaeo?iieee. A yoi auea oaoie/aneay ?aaiethoeey a oi?aaeaiee
i?iecaiaenoaii: noaea aeinooiia eneeth/eoaeueii oiieay iano?ieea
oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia.
E ia/aeo ainueieaeanyouo aiaeia a no?aiao ?acaeoiai eaieoaeecia noaea
noaaeeece?iaaoueny yeieiae/aneay neooaoeey. I?eia?ii n yoiai a?aiaie
aa??o ia/aei iieina iiaiai yeiiiie/aneiai iiaeu?ia, i?e/?i ?ino aaeiaiai
iaoeeiiaeueiiai i?iaeoeoa i?ienoiaeeo i?e ii/oe noaaeeueiii o?iaia
iio?aaeaiey iaooe.
Eaeiaa aea iiaay iiaeaeue ?acaeoey yeiiiieee, aace?othuaeny ia o?aoueai
oaoiieiae/aneii oeeaaea?
A a? iniiaa i?eioeei ioaea/e io ianooaaa caiai?i ia i?eioeei ioaea/e io
?aciiia?acey. No?aoaaey i?iecaiaeeoaey oaia?ue ninoieo a oii, /oiau ia
iaeiii e oii aea eiiieaena iai?oaeiaaiey ecaioaaeeaaoue iiiaeanoai
?aciiia?aciuo iaeeeo na?ee niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo i?iaeoeoia. Iie eiatho
aeiaieueii oi/iue aae?anao n eiie?aoiuie eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuie
iio?aaiinoyie. I?aaeiee ?uiie, caoiieyaiue aaneiia/iuie iioieaie
noaiaea?oiuo oiaa?ia, ?aniaeny ia naaiaiou, a eioi?uo iniaua aeonu e
cai?inu iaoiaeyo ‘naie’ oiaa?.
Iaeaiueeoth na?eth oiaa?a eaa/a i?iaeaoue (oai aieaa, anee iia
ecaioiaeaia ii i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiio caeaco). Auea?uo – ia nie?auaiee
a?aiaie iai?ioa io nu?uey aei i?iaeaaee. Ia ioaeiu neeaaeu aeey ia
?ani?iaeaiiuo inoaoeia, aeey nu?uey, aeey eiiieaeoothueo aeaoaeae.
Iioa?e nie?auathony ii anae oeaii/ea i?iecaiaenoaa.
Eciaieeanue no?oeoo?a yeiiiieee. Au?in oaeaeueiue aan noa?u oneoa, eae
auoiauo, oae e i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo. A no?oeoo?a ecaea?aeae no?aieoaeueii
aic?anoaao oaeaeueiue aan iaaauanoaaiiuo yeaiaioia, nieaeaaony ?ieue
iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. A?aiy, cao?a/eaaaiia ia ?ac?aaioee e
eiino?oe?iaaiea, iiaeaioiaeo e oaoiieiae/aneei iia?aoeeyi (aeeth/ay
i?ia?aiie?iaaiea), ia?eaoeia e iineai?iaeaaeiia ianeoaeeaaiea,
noaiiaeony niiinoaaeiui, a eiiaaea e i?aauoaao a?aiy naiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa. AEeciaiiue oeeee i?iaeoeoa oei?a/eaaaony ii ia?a
?aca??ouaaiey iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna, e yoi nouanoaaiii eciaieei
no?aoaaeth i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa: aueoe ia ?uiie n oaoiieiae/anee iiaui
i?iaeoeoii, eiiia?/anee ?aaeeciaaoue iiaeieo e oeoe n ?uiea, caiaiea a?
i/a?aaeiui iiaoanoaii ?aiueoa eiieo?aioia, noaei ai?acaei aaaeiaa
aeao?aie oeaiu eee eiio?iey iaae ?uieii.
Iaiyaony noaeueaa eiaeono?eaeueiuo aeaaioia. Iaeioi?ua aia?eeaineea
enneaaeiaaoaee n/eoatho, /oi iniiaie yiiineiai oniaoa a eiieo?aioiie
ai?ueaa ia ie?iauo ?uieao noaea iaeeay e n?aaeiyy oe?ia. A NOA a
iineaaeiaa a?aiy oiaea ?ano?o /enei iaeeeo oe?i, a eioi?uo ?aaioaao an?
aieueoa ethaeae.
Iineieueeo ia ?uiea auoa anaai oeaieony iiaia, a iineaaeiea aeanyoue eao
iaiau/aeii ?ani?ino?aieeenue aai/o?iua (“?eneiaua”) iaaieueoea
i?aaei?eyoey, ?eneothuea ii?iaiaaoue e aueeiooue ia ?uiie
i?eioeeieaeueii iiaua oaoie/aneea eaeae.
Iaeiaei iaeiia?aiaiii n oneeaieai ?iee iaeeiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa ai
anae ciia ?acaeoiai eaieoaeecia neeaathony e?oiiua i?aaei?eyoey,
oneeeaathony o?ainiaoeeiiaeueiua ei?ii?aoeee. Iaeeea aai/o?iua oe?iu,
eae i?aaeei, oeiaine?othony e?oiiui eaieoaeii, aeey eioi?iai iie –
aaia?aoi?u eaeae e ?acaaae/eee ?uiea. N eo iiiiuueth aeaaiou nio?aiytho
aeaeinoue.
Iniaay ?ieue iaeeiai aeciana ia ?uiea – “aaia?aoi?a eaeae” e ieiia?a
iiaie oaoieee e oaoiieiaee – iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony aeaiiuie
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo i?aaiia NOA, a /anoiinoe iiaen/?oaie Iaoeeiiaeueiiai
iao/iiai oiiaea e Aaeieieno?aoeee ii aeaeai iaeiai aeciana (ni. oaa.
?1).
Oaaeeoea ?1 *enei ecia?aoaiee ia 10 oun. o/?iuo e eiaeaia?ia, caiyouo a
noa?a IEIE?
Aiaeu ia oe?iao, n /eneii caiyouo iaiaa 1 oun. /aeiaae: ia oe?iao, n
/eneii caiyouo aieaa 1 oun. /aeiaae
a 1953-1959 a. a. 8,2; 2,5;
a 1960-1966 a. a. 12; 1,8;
a 1967-1973 a. a. 13,1; 1,7;
a 1974-1977 a. a. 14,1; 1,7;
a 1978-1988 a. a. 15,2. 1,6.
Eiuie neiaaie, aeeaae a nicaeaiea e inaiaiea iiaie oaoieee e oaoiieiaee
ni noi?iiu n?aaeieo e iaeeeo oe?i ii/oe a iyoue ?ac i?aauoae ii iau?io
inaiaiey ecia?aoaiee niioaaonoaothuoth aeieth e?oiiuo i?iiuoeaiiuo
eiiiaiee.
Aieueoie aecian nio?aiyao ii?aaeae?iiua i?aeiouanoaa, ii oaia?ue iie
eaaeao a ae?oaie iaeanoe. Nia?aiaiiue “noia?aiee” auioaeaeai na?ineoue
aan, auno?aa niia?aaeaoue e auno?aa iiai?a/eaaoueny. Ia niaio noaeueiui
coaai e iiuiiio oaeineiaeaieth a ea/anoaa aeaaiuo a?aoiaioia a ai?ueaa
ca nouanoaiaaiea i?eoiaeyo iaeaaeaiea e?oiiuie enneaaeiaaoaeueneeie
caaeaeaie, ?acaeoie eio?ano?oeoo?ie ia?eaoeiaa,
aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuie e n?aaioaaoeieny eieeaeoeaaie niaoeeaeenoia e
?oeiaiaeeoaeae, eioi?iaoeeiiiuie nenoaiaie.
Ei?ii?aoeee nicaeatho aeaeea aeaoeaio?aeeciaaiiua i?aaiecaoeeiiiua
no?oeoo?u, caiaiytho ea?a?oe/aneea nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey naoaauie,
noa?athony naeaeaoue ?aaioieeia i?e/anoiuie oeaeyi oe?iu. Eicoiaii
eaae?iaie iieeoeee noaiiaeony: “Aunieei oaoiieiaeyi – aunieay oaoieea
eiioaeoia n ethaeueie”.
Oaeei ia?acii, iaeue aecian naaiaeiy yaeyaony aaaeiie eiiiiiaioie
yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa, nicaeaoaeai ?aai/eo iano, oaeoi?ii
iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna.
Iaeue aecian – eiieo?aioiua i?aeiouanoaa.
Iaeeea oe?iu aeaenoaotho ii i?eioeeio “i?eaioaoeee ia ioaeaeu”. Ei
i?inoi iaiaoiaeeii i?aaeeaaaoue ?uieo /oi-oi iiaia, ?aaeueii
aeaenoaaiiia. Iaeeea oe?iu oiatho iuneeoue ia?niaeoeaii. Iineieueeo
?aiiea yoaiu eiiiaaoeee iiaoo ieacaoueny caoyaeiuie /?acau/aeii aaaeii,
/oiau ia ia?auo ii?ao ecaea?aeee auee iaauniee. E iaeeea oe?iu
aeiaeaathony yoiai, o.e. o ieo i?aeoe/anee iao ae?oaiai auoiaea. O
e?oiiuo aea eiiiaiee iiyaeyaony eneooaiea ia/aoue o/?aaeaeaoue ioaeaeu,
?anienuaaoue iaeeaaeiua ?anoiaeu e noaaeoue iiaia ia/eiaiea a oaeia
iieiaeaiea, eiaaea io iaai aeaeoo oao aea naiuo oeiainiauo iieacaoaeae,
/oi e io iuia nouanoaothuaai oiaa?iiai anni?oeiaioa.
E?iia oiai, iaeeei oe?iai i?enoua aeaeinoue. Iie oiatho ‘auno?i
iiai?a/eaaoueny’. A yoi iaaei n/eoaoue aaaeiie iniaaiiinoueth. Anee
eaeay-oi eaeay ia n?aaaouaaao, iie iiaoo ia?aeeth/eoueny ia ae?oaoth.
Aieaa oiai, iaeeea oe?iu ii?iaotho oi, /oi iacuaaaony ‘iiiaeanoaaiiuie
eiieo?aioiuie iiaeoiaeaie’. Ae?oaeie neiaaie, ?aaioatho iaae
ianeieueeeie eaeayie n?aco. Eae ?acei ioee/aaony yoi io o?aaeeoeeiiiiai
i?yiieeiaeiiai iiyoaiiiai iiaeoiaea, n eioi?ui nieioue e ?yaeii
noaeeeaaaoueny. Ei?ii?aoeey “IBM” ainiieueciaaeanue i?eioeeiii iaeeeo
oe?i i?e nicaeaiee naiaai iiaiai ia?niiaeueiiai eiiiuethoa?a. Aeii
Yno?eaeae, aicaeaaeyaoee eieeaeoea ?ac?aaio/eeia, iieo/ee
niioaaonoaothuea eino?oeoeee e naiaiaeo io iiiaeanoaa ia?aie/aiee,
aeaenoaothueo a ?aieao ‘Neiaai aaeeeaia’. Ii neiaai iaeiiai ec aai
eieeaa, Yno?eaeae aa?e a i?aeoeeo ?yae ‘i/aiue cae?aauo eaeae a noa?ao
aeecaeia, ia?eaoeiaa, ?ani?aaeaeaiey e i?iecaiaenoaa, eioi?ua
ei?ii?aoeey iioii niciaoaeueii i?eiaieea o naay’.
Iaeeea oe?iu “oa?ieiu e oaino”, /oi ii/oe eee nianai iaaiciiaeii aeey
o?aaeeoeeiiiie e?oiiie eiiiaiee. Eiathueany aeaiiua e i?aeoe/aneee iiuo
aiai?yo i oii, /oi eiiiaaoeee, ia?aiaiu, nicaeaiea /aai-oi iiaiai –
i?ioeann a iniiaiii iai?aaieciaaiiue, eaeouee nea/eaie, ?uaeaie aaa?o e
a noi?iiu. Niciaaay yoi, iaeioi?ua eiiiaiee-aeaaiou ?ac?aaaouaatho ia?u
ii i?aiaeieaieth oaeiai iieiaeaiey. A aio iaeeea oe?iu i?eieiatho yoio
‘o?enoaee’ niaa?oaiii anoanoaaiii.
I?aoniaaathuea iiaaoi?u ?aaeei eiatho ecia/aeueiua oi?iaeueiua ieaiu.
Yoi oiaea aea?o iaeeie oe?ia i?aeiouanoai. O?acu oeia ’naeaeaeoa e
iiniio?eoa, /oi iieo/eony’ nianai ia iioiaee ia oi, /oi iau/ii aiai?eo
o?acaiiuneyuee aeaaaoo-oeiaineno e?oiiie ei?ii?aoeee.
I?iaeaiu iiiu?aiee, aii?in i eioi?uo aicieeaao iicaeiaa, e oiai, eae
iaeeea oe?iu oiatho ?aaioaoue n aeeaae/eeaie eaieoaea a ?eneiaaiiua
i?aaei?eyoey oae aea ?aoathony iieiaeeoaeueii. Oi?ioee aeeaae/ee ciaao,
/oi iaeei oniao ?acii ieoieo aeaaaeoeaoue iaoaea/.
Niaa?oaiii ia?aoiay ea?oeia neeaaeuaaaony ia i?ioeaiiieiaeiii iiethna
yeiiiieee, aaea iaeoatho e?oiiua eiiiaiee. Ia iooe aieueoeo oe?i anaaaea
i?eianaii iaiaei i?aiyonoaee. Ai-ia?auo, niaaou aee?aeoi?ia e?oiiuo oe?i
aeaeaee io ioaeae ?uiea. Iie ia a ninoiyiee oneaaeeoue ca anaie naieie
oiaa?aie e anaie ?uieaie, a iiyoiio niio?yo ia ethaua ia?aiaiu eae ia
?ene. Ii ?acoiaieth aunoaai ia/aeuenoaa, ai?acaei iaae?aeiaa i?eia?anoe
eiiiaieth, oaea aeaenoaothuoth ia ?uiea eee ?aniieaaathuoth aeaeaaiui
oiaa?iui anni?oeiaioii.
Ai-aoi?uo, e?oiiua oe?iu ia a ninoiyiee eaaeeoue n ethaeueie
iaea?aeeiuie. Aeiionoei, ec-ca eaeie-oi neo/aeiie ioeaee a eiiiaieth
iiiaae?o iaea?aeeiue /aeiaae. Eiioeeeo n nouanoaothuae ia oe?ia nenoaiie
icia/aao, /oi anei?a oaeie /aeiaae eeai oeae?o, eeai iioa?yao naith
iaea?aeeiinoue.
Nouanoaoao e eiioeeeo a?aiaiiuo ianooaaia. Yoi – o?aoee a?aoiaio. Eiaaea
an? aieiaiea oaeaeyaony i/a?aaeiiio aioiayuaiony e ia/aoe io/?oo, oe?ia
i/aiue o?oaeii i?eiyoue ?aoaiea i aeiaeaiee aeaiaa a i?iaeo, eioi?ue,
aiciiaeii, ia/i?o aeaaaoue i?eaueue eao /a?ac naiue-aeanyoue.
A /aoa??ouo, e?oiiua eiiiaiee o?aoyo neeoeii iiiai e neeoeii auno?i.
I?aaeeiaeaiea i ?ac?aaioea oiaa?a, eae e ethaia ae?oaia, aini?eieiaaony
nenoaiie a iauai ii?yaeea. Iii iieo/aao iiia? nianoaaiiiai n/?oa a
oeiainiaii ioaeaea, e n/eoaaony, /oi ia iaai aeieaeia ?ani?ino?aiyoueny
niioaaonoaothuay aeiey ecaea?aeae – e einaaiiuo, e i?yiuo. Ii noieue aea
a?aaeii iieueciaaoueny e i?yii i?ioeaiiieiaeiui, ii oaeaea
?ani?ino?ai?iiui iiaeoiaeii. Ia?aaeei auaeaeyaony neeoeii iaei n?aaenoa.
A yoii neo/aa iao aiciiaeiinoe i?eaea/ue aeinoaoi/ii niiniaiuo ethaeae.
Ei iaaaea ?acaa?iooueny. I?ann iaeeaeaiey nei?ie ioaea/e ia/enoi eeoaao
eo iioaioeee.
Neaaeothuay, oi?ioi ciaeiiay ioeaea caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi oi?aaeythuea
e?oiiuo eiiiaiee iaeia?ytho e ooaa?aeaeatho ieaiu, a ia oiaa?u. A yoeo
oe?iao ia aiciaa?aaeaeatho ca ?ene.
Nenoaiu eiio?iey e?oiiuo oe?i iinyo ii ioiioaieth e iiaiaaaaeaieyi
aeene?eieiaoeeiiiue oa?aeoa?. E?oiiua oe?iu iioiio e e?oiiua, /oi
aeiaeaathony oniaoa aeaaiaea?y oiio, /ai ?aniieaaatho, aeeth/ay e
eiathuothny o ieo oaoieeo. A yoi /anoi noaaeo eo a iieiaeaiea caueoieeia
naieo oaea naeaeaiiuo eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee. E?oiiua oe?iu ia iiieiatho, /oi
oaeia aini?eyoea ?enea, ia iaeaaeatho oai /ooue?i, eioi?ui a ninoiyiee
iacaaanoenue ethaee, noiyuea aeeaea e ?uieo. Iie i?aoaaee/eaatho
noaiaiue ?enea iiauo ia/eiaiee.
Ei?i/a aiai?y, eiiiaaoeee e ia?aiaiu aeathony e?oiiui oe?iai o?oaeiaa.
Ei o?oaeiaa iaiyoue naie eoeueoo?iue oeeaae, oaoiieiaeth iai?oaeiaaiea.
Iie iiaoo noieeiooueny n i?aaieciaaiiui i?ioeaiaeaenoaeai, e i?eia?o, ni
noi?iiu i?ionithcia, iianathueony nie?auaiey ia?niiaea e aeaaea ni
noi?iiu naiiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa. Ia?aiaiu naycaiu aeey e?oiiuo eiiiaiee e
n ineoieiae/aneeie oa?caieyie, neaaeai, ii iiaiaeo oyainoiie
iaiaoiaeeiinoe oaieueiyoue ethaeae, aeaeaoue eae no?aaeatho ie?anoiua
aeeoaee, ?annoaaaoueny n aa?iuie iinoaaueeaie.
N o/?oii anao yoeo ianoiyoaeuenoa iao ieeaeiai nth?i?eca a oii, /oi ana
auniei iiaaoi?neea eiiiaiee i?eaea?aeeaathony i?eioeeiia iiaaaeaiey
iaeeeo oe?i.
I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneee iioaioeeae ?innee.
Yooaeoeaiua ia?u ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee ia oieueei ia
a?aaeaeaaiu eioa?anai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, ii e noeioee?otho aai.
Yenoeannu iaoeeaeeeciaaiiiai, “aeeeiai” ?uiea aucuaatho aiaoeth e
iuouaiea aacunoiaeiinoe o iiiaeo ec oao, eoi caeioa?aniaai a iieneao
iioeiaeueiiai iooe ?acaeoey ioa/anoaaiiiai aeciana. I?ienoiaeeo yoi a
cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie ec-ca oiai, /oi ca i?aaeaeaie aeaenoaey
ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?u/aaia (i?aaeaea anaai yeiiiie/aneeo e
caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo) ieacaeenue:
ia?aaiae eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee e i?eauee ec ?innee a ca?oaaaeiua no?aiu;
ia aeaiaaeiua oi?iu ?an/aoia;
O?aaeeoeeiiiua ia?u ainoaea?noaaiiiai aicaeaenoaey e ?inneeneia
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ieacaeenue a yoii ioiioaiee iayooaeoeaiuie.
Ai-ia?auo, iaeiaiaia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, iai?aaeaiiia ia ai?ueao n
iaieioeyoeeae oeaiaie e n eneaaeaieai iieacaoaeae i?eauee, ia
iaania/eaaao eiio?iey ca aeaeaeaieai ioa/anoaaiiuo eaieoaeia, iineieueeo
iaeiaiaay neoaeaa — a ca/aoi/iii ninoiyiee, a oaeaea ec-ca
ii?iioai?/aneie /aoa?aeu.
Ai-aoi?uo, iuiaoiyy e?aaeeoii-aeaiaaeiay iieeoeea ia a ninoiyiee
i?aaeioa?aoeoue ianniaue iooie eaieoaeia a ae?oaea no?aiu, ia niaea?aeeo
yeaiaioia yooaeoeaiiai noeioee?iaaiey i?iecaiaenoaa. Aeaeaa.
Aioeiiiiiieueiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai i?eieiaaony neaai, ia i?aiyonoaoy
nouanoaiaaieth naa?oiiiiiieee. Io?aneaaua iiiiiieee aaneiio?ieueii
aeeeootho naie oneiaey, aethaey nianoaaiiua eioa?anu, ca/anooth ia
niaiaaeathuea n eioa?anaie nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey no?aiu.
Anoanoaaiii, eiaaea i?ei?eoao ioaeaaony ?uii/iui iaoaieciai, iauai
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey nie?auaaony. Ii i?e anao oneiaeyo
ainoaea?noai ?aca?ae?oao ca niaie neaaeothuea aaaeiua ooieoeee:
eii?aeeiaoeey eioa?ania /anoiiai aeciana e iaoeeiiaeueiie yeiiiieee a
oeaeii (ionoonoaoao, iieo/aiea, oai eee eiui niiniaii, aeinooia e
athaeaeaoiui ?ano?nai inoaaony, a ianoiyuaa a?aiy, naiui i?eaueueiui
aecianii, /oi iai?aaeyao /anoioth eieoeeaoeao a ?ac?ooeoaeueiia aeey
iaoeeiiaeueiuo eioa?ania ?onei);
iaania/aiea nioeeaeueiie caueou iaeieioueo e iao?oaeiniiniaiuo
(i?enoonoaoao ia o?iaia iaania/aiey auaeeaaiey);
aioeiiiiiieueiua ia?u, eiio?ieue ca niioaaonoaeai aeayoaeueiinoe
aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo no?oeoo? ainoaea?noaaiui eioa?anai, yenii?oiue
eiio?ieue (nouanoaoao ia o?iaia iaoi?iaeueiuo aeiaiai?aiiinoae iaaeaeo
iniiaiuie i?iiuoeaiii – oeiainiai – iieeoe/aneeie eiaae);
oaiiaeaiiua oa?eou, iaeiae, e?aaeeoiay iieeoeea (nouanoaoao ia o?iaia
iaoi?iaeueiuo aeiaiai?aiiinoae iaaeaeo iniiaiuie i?iiuoeaiii – oeiainiai
– iieeoe/aneeie eiaae);
noeioee?iaaiea iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna (ionoonoaoao).
Iiiaea yeiiiie/aneea caeiiu ?O i?aaeiieaaaao ?aaoee?iaaiea ?acaeoie
?uii/iie eio?ano?oeoo?u, a ?aaeueii ia eiatho iaoaiecia aai ?aaeecaoeee
ec-ca nio?aieaoeony ainoaea?noaaiiuo iiiiiieee e ionoonoaey
eiieo?aioeee. Aiaeec ninoiyiey ioa/anoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aiai?eo
i oii, /oi iiiaea caeiiu ?aaoee?otho ?uii/iua ioiioaiey, iiea ia
nouanoaothuea a ?inneeneie aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe. Aa?iyoii, eiiaaea yoi
?acoeueoao aacaeoiiiai eiie?iaaiey caiaaeiuo ia?acoeia i?aaiauo aeoia.
Iaiaoiaeeii oaniia acaeiiaeaenoaea ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia n
eiiia?/aneeie no?oeoo?aie a oeaeyo noeioee?iaaiey iiauo oaoiieiaee. Eae
iieacuaaao iiuo i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo no?ai, yenia?eiaioaeueiua e
aiaae?ai/aneea ?ac?aaioee iaaiciiaeiu, anee ainoaea?noai ia nicaeaao
aeey eiiia?/aneeo no?oeoo? aeaaii?eyoiue eeeiao, aeeth/athuee, a
/anoiinoe, iaeiaiaua eueaiou. Oi?iaeueii ?inneeneia ainoaea?noai
iaeiaiaia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai i?aaeoniao?eaaao oaeea eueaiou, ii, noaey
ii anaio, iie ia aeinoaoi/iu. O?aaoaony noeioee?iaaiea ia?niaeoeaiie
eiaanoeoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe n iiiiuueth i?iaeoiaiiie oeneaeueiie e
e?aaeeoii – aeaiaaeiie iieeoeeie ainoaea?noaa.
Caeeth/aiea.
Yeiiiienou “aano?eeneie oeieu” ?anniao?eaatho ?uiie, eae ianoi, aaea
iiaeaea?aeeaaaony noeoeeiue ii?yaeie, aeaaea a oneiaeyo ia?aaiiaaney
?uiea. I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneay aeayoaeueiinoue a ?uii/iii i?ioeanna
yaeyaony iniiaie, iiaeaea?aeeaathuae yoio ii?yaeie. Oniao
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe o?aaoao iinoiyiiie aioiaiinoe
?eneiaaoue, /ooei ?aaae?iaaoue ia ioe?uaathueany ia?niaeoeau
a?aeo?aaee?iaaiey, iai?a?uaii eniieueciaaoue e nicaeaaaoue iiaua
aiciiaeiinoe iooai ?acaeoey eiiiaaoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia. I?ioeann ioai?a,
ii?aaeaeyaiue, aaeainii oauoeia e i?eaueae, oaaee/eaaao aa?iyoiinoue
aeaaiiieo/iiai nouanoaiaaiey oaea/eeauo i?aaei?eieiaoaeae.
A ianoiyuae ?aaioa aaoi? nin?aaeioi/ee naia aieiaiea ia nia?aiaiiuo
oa/aieyo yeiiiie/aneie iunee, ?anniao?eaathueo i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai eae
ioaeaeueiue yeaiaio yeiiiie/aneie no?oeoo?u, eae iaeia yaeaiea, a ia
i?ioeann.
Nia?aiaiiua yeiiiienou /aoei ?aca?aie/eaatho iiiyoey “iaeue aecian” e
“aieueoie aecian”. “Aieueoie aecian “ – i?aaieciaai ia i?eioeeiao
eio?ai?aia?noaa, ii aunooiaao aeey iauanoaa nenoaiiia?acothuei oaeoi?ii.
I?aaiecaoeey e?oiiiai aeciana – yoi, i?aaeaea anaai, yooaeoeaiia
oi?aaeaiea, yie?e/aneea iiaeoiaeu, iaaaoaiaeaioeee. E?oiiue aeoeeiia?iue
eaieoae eeoai ee/iinoiiai ia/aea, ia no?aaea aai eioa?ania noiyo iaaiiua
oi?aaeaioeu – i?ioanneiiaeu, aeaaiay caaea/a eioi?uo – nio?aieoue
noaaeeueiinoue e yooaeoeaiinoue i?aaiecaoeee.
I?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai – oaeoi? aeeiaiecia yeiiiieee. Ii anee ?aiueoa
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai auei aeooii yeiiiieee, aa aa/iui enoi/ieeii
iaiiaeaiey, oi nae/an, a yiioo o?ainiaoeeiiaeueiuo ei?ii?aoeee, a yiioo
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee, a yiioo iiauo oaoiieiaee e
?ano?oeoo?ecaoeee yeiiiie/aneeo i?ioeannia, i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai –
no?oeoo?iue yeaiaio ?aaoee?oaiie yeiiiieee, iieeaii aeey iiauo eaeae e
oa/aiee.
NIENIE ENIIEUeCIAAIIIE EEOA?AOO?U
Aaeai N.
Aeacueaa N. *oi iai iaoaao eo/oa aeeoue. – “Ciaiea – neea”, ?1 1993 a.
Ieeaee/ Aeae. Iooue e iieoiaoaeth. – I.:I?ia?ann, 1991a.
Ie?iaia A. I?uaeie /a?ac i?iianoue. – “Ciaiea – neea”, ?1 1991 a.
NOA: ainoaea?noai e ?uiie. – I.: Iaoea, 1991a.
Oec?e/ ?., Ieoa?n I. I?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai. – I.:I?ia?ann-Oieaa?n, 1991
a.
Aeayoaeueiinoue, iai?aaeaiiay ia iieo/aiea i?eauee e inouanoaeyaiay
iooai caeoiie /aai-eeai ii ieceie oeaia ia iaeiii ?uiea e ia?ai?iaeaaea
yoiai oiaa?a ii aieaa aunieie oeaia ia ae?oaii.
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