AAAAeAIEA
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aaethoiua ioiioaiey yaeythony ninoiaiie /anoueth e
iaeiie ec iaeaieaa neiaeiuo noa? ?uii/iiai oicyenoaa. A ieo
nin?aaeioi/aiu i?iaeaiu iaoeeiiaeueiie e ie?iaie yeiiiieee, ?acaeoea
eioi?uo enoi?e/anee eaeao ia?aeeaeueii e oanii ia?aieaoaynue. Ii ia?a
eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeee oicyenoaaiiuo naycae oaaee/eaathony
iaaeaeoia?iaeiua iioiee oiaa?ia, oneoa e iniaaiii eaieoaeia e e?aaeeoia.
Aieueoia aeeyiea ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aaethoiua ioiioaiey ieacuaatho
aaaeouea i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeoua no?aiu ( iniaaiii “naia?ea” ), eioi?ua
aunooiatho eae ia?oia?u niia?ieee. Iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey ioia/aiu
aeoeaecaoeeae ?acaeaathueony no?ai a yoie noa?a.
Iiae aeeyieai iiiaeo oaeoi?ia ooieoeeiie?iaaiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
aaethoiuo ioiioaiee oneiaeieeinue e oa?aeoa?ecoaony /anouie eciaiaieyie.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, eco/aiea ie?iaiai iiuoa i?aaenoaaeyao aieueoie eioa?an
aeey neeaaeuaathuaeny a ?innee e ae?oaeo no?aiao NIA ?uii/iie yeiiiieee.
Iinoaiaiiay eioaa?aoeey ?innee a ie?iaia niiauanoai, anooieaiea a
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue aaethoiue oiiae ( IAO ) e a?oiio Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai
aaiea ?aeiino?oeoeee e ?acaeoey ( IA?? ) o?aaotho ciaiey iauai?eiyoiai
eiaeaena iiaaaeaiey ia ie?iauo ?uieao aaetho, e?aaeeoia, oeaiiuo aoiaa,
cieioa.
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aaethoiua ioiioaiey-niaieoiiinoue iauanoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee, neeaaeuaathueony i?e ooieoeeiie?iaaiee aaethou a ie?iaii
oicyenoaa ianeoaeeaathueo acaeiiue iaiai ?acoeueoaoaie aeayoaeueiinoe
iaoeeiiaeueiuo oicyenoa. Ioaeaeueiua yeaiaiou aaethoiuo ioiioaiee
iiyaeeenue aua a aioe/iii ie?a-Ae?aaiae A?aoeee e Ae?aaiai ?eia-a aeaea
aaenaeueiiai e iaiyeueiiai aeaea. Neaaeothuei yoaiii eo ?acaeoey
yaeeenue n?aaeiaaaeiaua “aaenaeueiua y?ia?ee” a Eeiia, Aioaa?iaia e
ae?oaeo oi?aiauo oeaio?ao Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu, aaea i?iecaiaeeeenue ii
ia?aaiaeiui aaenaeyi ( o?aooai ). A yiioo oaiaeaeecia e noaiiaeaiey
eaieoaeenoe/aneiai niiniaa i?iecaiaenoaa noaea ?acaeaaoueny nenoaia
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?an/aoia /a?ac aaiee.
?acaeoea iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aaethoiuo ioiioaiee iaoneiaeaii ?inoii
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee, nicaeaieai ie?iaiai ?uiea, oaeoaeaieai
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea ( I?O ), oi?ie?iaaieai ie?iaie
nenoaiu oicyenoaa, eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeeae oicyenoaaiiuo naycae.
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aaethoiua ioiioaiey iinoaiaiii i?eia?aee ii?aaeaeaiiua
oi?iu i?aaiecaoeee ia iniiaa eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeee oicyenoaaiiuo naycae.
Aaethoiay nenoaia-oi?ia i?aaiecaoeee e ?aaoee?iaaiey aaethoiuo
ioiioaiee, cae?aieaiiay iaoeeiiaeueiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii eee
iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuie niaeaoaieyie. ?acee/athony iaoeeiiaeueiay,
ie?iaay, iaaeaeoia?iaeiay ( ?aaeiiaeueiay ) aaethoiua nenoaiu.
Enoi?e/anee ia?auie aicieeee iaoeeiiaeueiua aaethoiua nenoaiu,
cae?aieaiiua iaoeeiiaeueiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii n o/aoii ii?i
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa. Iaoeeiiaeueiay aaethoiay nenoaia yaeyaony
ninoaaiie /anoueth aeaiaaeiie nenoaiu no?aiu, oioy iia ioiineoaeueii
naiinoiyoaeueia e auoiaeeo ca iaoeeiiaeueiua a?aieoeu. Aa iniaaiiinoe
ii?aaeaeythony noaiaiueth ?acaeoey e ninoiyieai yeiiiieee e
aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo naycae no?aiu.
Iaoeeiiaeueiay aaethoiay nenoaia ia?ac?uaii naycaia n ie?iaie aaethoiie
nenoaiie, oi anoue oi?iie i?aaiecaoeee ie?iauo aaethoiuo ioiioaiee,
cae?aieaiiie iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuie niaeaoaieyie. Ie?iaay aaethoiay
nenoaia neiaeeeanue e na?aaeeia XIX a. Oa?aeoa? ooieoeeiie?iaaiey e
noaaeeueiinoue ie?iaie aaethoiie nenoaiu caaenyo io noaiaie niioaaonoaey
aa i?eioeeiia no?oeoo?a ie?iaiai oicyenoaa.
1.Aaethoiue eo?n e oaeoi?u, aeeythuea ia aai oi?ie?iaaiea.
Aaaeiui yeaiaioii aaethoiie nenoaiu yaeyaony aaethoiue eo?n. Aaethoiue
eo?n iaiaoiaeei aeey:
acaeiiiai iaiaia aaethoaie i?e oi?aiaea oiaa?aie, oneoaaie, i?e
aeaeaeaiee eaieoaeia e e?aaeeoia. Yenii?oa? iaiaieaaao au?o/aiioth
eiino?aiioth aaethoo ia iaoeeiiaeueioth, oae eae aaethou ae?oaeo no?ai
ia iiaoo ia?auaoueny a ea/anoaa caeiiiiai e ieaoaaeiiai n?aaenoaa ia
oa??eoi?ee aeaiiiai ainoaea?noaa. Eiii?oa? iaiaieaaao iaoeeiiaeueioth
aaethoo ia eiino?aiioth aeey iieaou oiaa?ia, eoieaiiuo ca ?oaaaeii.
Aeieaeiee i?eia?aoaao eiino?aiioth aaethoo ia iaoeeiiaeueioth aeey
iiaaoaiey caaeieaeaiiinoe e auieaou i?ioeaioia ii aiaoiei caeiai;
n?aaiaiey oeai ie?iauo e iaoeeiiaeueiuo ?uieia, a oaeaea noieiinoiuo
iieacaoaeae ?aciuo no?ai, au?aaeaiiuo a iaoeeiiaeueiuo eee eiino?aiiuo
aaethoao;
ia?eiaee/aneie ia?aioeaiee n/aoia a eiino?aiiie aaethoa oe?i e aaieia.
Aaethoiue eo?n-”oeaia” aeaiaaeiie aaeeieoeu iaeiie no?aiu, au?aaeaiiay a
eiino?aiiuo aeaiaaeiuo aaeeieoeao eee iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aaethoiuo
aaeeieoeao ( NAe?, YETH ). Aiaoia aaethoiue eo?n i?aaenoaaeyaony
o/anoieeai iaiaia eae eiyooeoeeaio ia?an/aoa iaeiie aaethou a ae?oaoth,
eioi?ay ii?aaeaeyaony niioiioaieai ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey ia aaethoiii
?uiea. Iaeiaei noieiinoiie iniiaie aaethoiiai eo?na yaeyaony
iieoiaoaeueiay niiniaiinoue aaetho, au?aaeathuay n?aaeiea iaoeeiiaeueiua
o?iaie oeai ia oiaa?u, oneoae, eiaanoeoeee.
I?iecaiaeeoaee e iieoiaoaee oiaa?ia e oneoa n iiiiuueth aaethoiiai eo?na
n?aaieaatho iaoeeiiaeueiua oeaiu n oeaiaie ae?oaeo no?ai. A ?acoeueoaoa
niiinoaaeaiey auyaeyaony noaiaiue auaiaeiinoe ?acaeoey eaeiai-eeai
i?iecaiaenoaa a aeaiiie no?aia eee eiaanoeoeee ca ?oaaaeii.
A nayce n ?aceei oaaee/aieai iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aeaeaeaiey eaieoaeia ia
aaethoiue eo?n aeeyao iieoiaoaeueiay niiniaiinoue aaetho ii ioiioaieth
ia oieueei e oiaa?ai, ii e oeiainiaui aeoeaai.
?anniio?ei oaeoi?u, eioi?ua aeeytho ia aaethoiue eo?n. N?aaee ieo iiaeii
auaeaeeoue neaaeothuea:
1. Oaii eioeyoeee. Niioiioaiea aaetho ii eo iieoiaoaeueiie niiniaiinoe (
ia?eoao iieoiaoaeueiie niiniaiinoe ), io?aaeay aeaenoaea caeiia
noieiinoe, neoaeeo naiaia?aciui o?aaoii aaethoiiai eo?na. Iiyoiio ia
aaethoiue eo?n aeeyao oaii eioeyoeee. *ai auoa oaii eioeyoeee a no?aia,
oai ieaea eo?n aa aaethou, anee ia i?ioeaiaeaenoaotho eiua oaeoi?u.
Eioeyoeeiiiia iaanoeaieaaiea aeaiaa a no?aia aucuaaao nieaeaiea
iieoiaoaeueiie niiniaiinoe e oaiaeaioeeth e iaaeaieth eo eo?na e
aaethoai no?ai, aaea oaii eioeyoeee ieaea. Aeaiiay oaiaeaioeey iau/ii
i?ineaaeeaaaony a n?aaeia- e aeieain?i/iii ieaia. Au?aaieaaiea
aaethoiiai eo?na, i?eaaaeaiea aai a niioaaonoaea n ia?eoaoii
iieoiaoaeueiie niiniaiinoe i?ienoiaeyo a n?aaeiai a oa/aiea aeaoo eao.
Caaeneiinoue aaethoiiai eo?na io oaiia eioeyoeee iniaaiii aaeeea o no?ai
n aieueoei iauaiii iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai iaiaia oiaa?aie, oneoaaie e
eaieoaeaie. Yoi iauyniyaony oai, /oi iaeaieaa oaniay naycue iaaeaeo
aeeiaieeie aaethoiiai eo?na e ioiineoaeueiui oaiiii eioeyoeee
i?iyaeyaony i?e ?an/aoa eo?na ia aaca yenii?oiuo oeai.
2. Ninoiyiea ieaoaaeiiai aaeaina. Aeoeaiue ieaoaaeiue aaeain
niinianoaoao iiauoaieth eo?na iaoeeiiaeueiie aaethou, oae eae
oaaee/eaaaony ni?in ia iaa ni noi?iiu eiino?aiiuo aeieaeieeia. Ianneaiue
ieaoaaeiue aaeain ii?iaeaeaao oaiaeaioeeth e nieaeaieth eo?na
iaoeeiiaeueiie aaethou, oae eae aeieaeieee i?iaeatho aa ia eiino?aiioth
aaethoo aeey iiaaoaiey naieo aiaoieo iaycaoaeuenoa.
3. ?acieoea i?ioeaioiuo noaaie a ?aciuo no?aiao. Eciaiaiea i?ioeaioiuo
noaaie a no?aia aicaeaenoaoao i?e i?i/eo ?aaiuo oneiaeyo ia
iaaeaeoia?iaeiia aeaeaeaiea eaieoaeia, i?aaeaea anaai e?aoein?i/iuo.
Iiauoaiea i?ioeaioiie noaaee noeioee?oao i?eoie eiino?aiiuo eaieoaeia, a
aa nieaeaiea iiiu?yao ioeea eaieoaeia, a oii /enea iaoeeiiaeueiuo, ca
a?aieoeo.
4. Aeayoaeueiinoue aaethoiuo ?uieia e niaeoeyoeaiua aaethoiua iia?aoeee.
Anee eo?n eaeie-eeai aaethou eiaao oaiaeaioeeth e iiieaeaieth, oi oe?iu
e aaiee caaeaaia?aiaiii i?iaeatho aa ia aieaa onoie/eaua aaethou, /oi
oooaeoaao iiceoeee ineaaeaiiie aaethou. Aaethoiua ?uiee auno?i
?aaae?otho ia eciaiaiey a yeiiiieea e iieeoeea, ia eieaaaiey eo?niauo
niioiioaiee. Oai naiui iie ?anoe?ytho aiciiaeiinoe aaethoiie niaeoeyoeee
e noeoeeiiai aeaeaeaiey “ai?y/eo” aeaiaa.
5. Noaiaiue eniieueciaaiey ii?aaeaeaiiie aaethou ia aa?i?uiea e a
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?an/aoao.
6. Ia eo?niaia niioiioaiea aaetho aicaeaenoaoao oaeaea onei?aiea eee
caaea?aeea iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ieaoaaeae. A iaeeaeaiee nieaeaiey eo?na
iaoeeiiaeueiie aaethou eiii?oa?u noa?athony onei?eoue ieaoaaee a
eiino?aiiie aaethoa, /oiau ia ianoe iioa?ue i?e iiauoaiee aa eo?na. I?e
oe?aieaiee iaoeeiiaeueiie aaethou, iai?ioea, i?aiaeaaeaao aa no?aieaiea
e caaea?aeea ieaoaaeae a eiino?aiiie aaethoa.
7. Noaiaiue aeiaa?ey e aaethoa ia iaoeeiiaeueiii e ie?iauo ?uieao. Iia
ii?aaeaeyaony ninoiyieai yeiiiieee e iieeoe/aneie ianoaiiaeie a no?aia,
a oaeaea ?anniio?aiiuie auoa oaeoi?aie, ieacuaathueie aicaeaenoaea ia
aaethoiue eo?n. I?e/ai aeeea?u o/eouaatho ia oieueei aeaiiua oaiiu
yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa, eioeyoeee, o?iaaiue iieoiaoaeueiie niiniaiinoe
aaethou, niioiioaiea ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey aaethou, ii e ia?niaeoeau eo
aeeiaieee.
2.Iieiaeaiea ?inneeneiai ?oaey ia ie?iaii aaethoiii ?uiea.
Yeiiiie/aneia e iieeoe/aneia cia/aiea aaethoiiai eo?na ?oaey ?acei
aic?inei a iineaaeiea aiaeu.
Aei 1989-1990aa. aaethoiue ?aaeei e eo?n cao?aaeaae iaiin?aaenoaaiii
eeoue oceee e?oa eeoe e i?aaiecaoeee, a iniiaiii niaaoneeo a?aaeaeai
auacaeaaoeo ca ?oaaae, e i?eacaeathueo a NNN? eiino?aioeaa. Ai aiaoiae
oi?aiaea a oneiaeyo aa ainoaea?noaaiiie iiiiiieee ana ?acieoeu,
aicieeaaoea ca n/ao ?acee/iiai o?iaiy aioo?aiieo e aiaoiaoi?aiauo oeai
iiaeiuaeenue ainoaea?noaaiiui athaeaeaoii. I?iecaiaeeoaee yenii?oiuo
oiaa?ia iiaee niaa?oaiii ia eioa?aniaaoueny eo?nii ?oaey. Oaia?ue yoa
nenoaia ooea a i?ioeia aianoa n Ainieaiii, aiaoiaoi?aiaie e aaethoiie
iiiiiieeae ainoaea?noaa.
Cia/eoaeueiay naiaiaea oeai, eeaa?aeecaoeey aiaoiae oi?aiaee aeey
i?aaei?eyoee, oaaee/aiea aeaeaeaiey oece/aneeo eeoe /a?ac a?aieoeu e
ae?oaea oaeoi?u a ?aieao i?ienoiaeyueo eciaiaiee nenoaiu aeaeatho eo?n
?oaey iaeiei ec aaaeiaeoeo yeiiiie/aneeo ia?aiao?ia.
A oneiaeyo ia?aoiaeiie yeiiiieee e aeoaieiai e?ecena n aeinoaoi/iui
iniiaaieai iiaeao noaaeoueny aii?in i ?acoiiii ia?aie/aiee yoie
eiiaa?oe?oaiinoe, eiuie neiaaie- ia oaeanoi/aiee aaethoiiai eiio?iey.
A iaoae no?aia e ai iiiaeo ae?oaeo no?aiao n oeaio?aeueii-ieaiiaie
yeiiiieeie /anoi i?aeoeeiaaeinue caauoaiea eo?na iaoeeiiaeueiie aaethou.
Yoi auei aiciiaeii oieueei iioiio, /oi oa?aeoa? yeiiiieee oieueei oaeeo
ainoaea?noa aue ia?uii/iue.
Iuia eo?n ?oaey a na?ueaciie ia?a cao?aaeaaao iaoa?eaeueiua eioa?anu
?acee/iuo a?oii ianaeaiey, ?acee/iuo i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo no?oeoo? e
o.i. e iioiio caeiiiia?ii iaoiaeeo ii?aaeaeaiiia io?aaeaiea a
iieeoe/aneie aeecie e ai?ueaa. Iaeaieaa y?ei yoi i?iyaeeinue a oiaea
“aaethoiiai e?ecena” a ieoya?a 1994 e iineaaeothueo ?acai?ie a aunoeo
yoaeiiao aeanoe. A i?eioeeia ?uii/iay yeiiiieea ia iiaeao auoue
cano?aoiaaia io oaeeo iio?ynaiee, ii eo ianooaau e iineaaenoaey iiaoo
auoue oiaiueoaiu ?acoiiie ainoaea?noaaiiie iieeoeeie. A oneiaeyo
eioeyoeee e yeiiiie/aneiai e?ecena iaaeaiea eo?na ?oaey a iineaaeiea
aiaeu auei iaecaaaeii.
“Iauai?eciaiii, /oi anoanoaaiiie iniiaie oi?ie?iaaiey eo?na aaethou
yaeyaony niioiioaiea ( ia?eoao ) aa iieoiaoaeueiie niiniaiinoe aioo?e
no?aiu n iieoiaoaeueiie niiniaiinoueth aaetho, n eioi?uie iia
n?aaieaaaony.”
A caaeneiinoe io n?aaieaaaiuo iaai?ia oiaa?ia e oneoa e io i?iaeaaaaiuo
eie aania i?e en/eneaiee n?aaeieo aaee/ei ?aca?in ?acoeueoaoia iiaeao
auoue aaeee. A oaaeeoea ? 1 i?aaeinoaaeaiu 3 aa?eaioa ?an/aoa IIN ?oaey
e aeieea?a a n?aaiaiee n ?uii/iui eo?nii.
Ia?eoaou iieoiaoaeueiie niiniaiinoe e eo?na ?oaey e aeieea?o ( aeaeaa?ue
1994 )
IIN EO?N Ioiioaiea
IIN e eo?no
$ / ?oa. ?oa. / $ $ / ?oa. ?oa. / $
Oeaiu AAI
1150
0,00087
3400
0,0003
2,9
Oeaiu ?uii/i.
oia.,one.
1300
0,00077
3400
0,0003
2,6
Oeaiu
iio?aa.
oia.,one.
1475
0,00068
3400
0,0003
2,3
Yoa neooaoeey ia aeieaeia ie oaeeaeyoue, ie ioaaoue ian iineieueeo
iiaeeaaeeo ?aoeeiiaeueiiio iauyniaieth e iaia?oaeeaaao iaeioi?oth
oaiaeaioeeth e aui?aaeaieth. Caieaeaiiinoue eo?na oa?aeoa?ia aeey
aieueoiai /enea e?oiiuo no?ai, ii ?yaeo e?eoa?eaa n?aaieaaaiuo n ?O.
Aoaeao iieacii auaeaeeoue ?yae aeueoa?iaoeaiuo ?aaeeiia, aiciiaeiuo eae
i?e nio?aiaiee iuiaoiae iauae eeiee, oae e a neo/aa aa eciaiaiey.
“1). Nio?aiaiea iuiaoiaai ii?yaeea a oniaa?oainoaiaaiiii aeaea.
2). Aaaaeaiea aaeeiiai oaa?aeiai ioeoeeaeueiiai eo?na.
3). Iiiaeanoaaiiinoue eo?nia.
4). Nicaeaiea ia?aeeaeueiie onoie/eaie aaethou.”
3.?uii/iia e ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea aaethoiuo ioiioaiee.
Eae naeaeaoaeuenoaoao ie?iaie iiuo, a oneiaeyo ?uii/iie yeiiiieee
inouanoaeyaony ?uii/iia e ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aaethoiuo ioiioaiee.
Ainoaea?noai ecaeaaia aiaoeaaeinue a aaethoiua ioiaoaiey-aia/aea
einaaiii, a caoai iaiin?aaenoaaiii, o/eouaay eo aaaeioth ?ieue a
ie?ioicyenoaaiiuo naycyo. N ioiaiie cieioiai noaiaea?oia 30-o aiaeao
OOa. ia?anoae aeaenoaiaaoue iaoaieci cieiouo oi/ae eae noeoeeiue
?aaoeyoi? aaethoiiai eo?na.
?uii/iia e ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea aeiiieiytho ae?oa ae?oaa.
Ia?aia, iniiaaiiia ia eiieo?aioeee, ii?iaeaeaao noeioeu ?acaeoey, a
aoi?ia iai?aaeaii ia i?aiaeieaiea iaaaoeaiuo iineaaenoaee ?uii/iiai
?aaoee?iaaiey aaethoiuo ioiioaiee.
A nenoaia ?aaoee?iaaiey ?uii/iie yeiiiieee aaaeiia ianoi caieiaao
aaethoiay iieeoeea- niaieoiiinoue ia?ii?eyoee, inouanoaeyaiuo a noa?a
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aaethoiuo e ae?oaeo yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee a
niioaaonoaee n oaeoueie e no?aoaae/aneeie oeaeyie.
Iai?aaeaiea e oi?iu aaethoiie iieeoeee ii?aaeaeythony
aaethoii-yeiiiie/aneei iieiaeaieai no?ai, yaiethoeeae ie?iaiai
oicyenoaa, ?annoaiiaeie nee ia ie?iaie a?aia.
Iainiiaaieai aaethoiie iieeoeee neoaeeo ii?aaeaeaiiay oai?ey,
aicaaaeaiiay a ?aia ioeoeeaeueiie aeiaiu. TH?eaee/anee aaethoiay
iieeoeea ioi?ieyaony aaethoiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii- niaieoiiinoueth
i?aaiauo ii?i, ?aaoee?othueo ii?yaeie niaa?oaiey iia?aoeee n aaethoiuie
oeaiiinoyie a no?aia e ca aa i?aaeaeaie, a oaeaea aaethoiuie
niaeaoaieyie- aeaoonoi?iiieie e iiiainoi?iiieie- iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaaie
ii aaethoiui i?iaeaiai.
Iaeiei ec n?aaenoa ?aaeecaoeee aaethoiie iieeoeee yaeyaony aaethoiia
?aaoee?iaaiea- ?aaeaiaioaoeey ainoaea?noaii iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?an/aoia e
ii?yaeea i?iaaaeaiey aaethoiuo iia?aoeee. I?yiia aaethoiia ?aaoee?iaaiea
?aaeecoaony iooai caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia e aeaenoaee eniieieoaeueiie
aeanoe, einaaiiia- n eniieueciaaieai yeiiiie/aneeo, a /anoiinoe
aaethoii-e?aaeeoiuo, iaoiaeia aicaeaenoaey ia iiaaaeaiea yeiiiie/aneeo
aaaioia ?uiea. ?aaeiiaeueiia aaethoiia ?aaoee?iaaiea inouanoaeyaony a
?aieao yeiiiie/aneeo eioaa?aoeeiiiuo iauaaeeiaiee, iai?eia? a AN, a
?aaeiiaeueiuo a?oiie?iaeao ?acaeaathueony no?ai.
Aaethoiay iieeoeea ii?aaeaeyao iiaeaioiaeo, i?eiyoea e ?aaeecaoeeth
?aoaiee ii aaethoiui i?iaeaiai. ?aaoee?iaaiea aaethoiuo ioiioaiee
aeeth/aao ianeieueei o?iaiae:
/anoiua i?aaei?eyoey, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue iaoeeiiaeueiua e
iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aaiee e ei?ii?aoeee, eioi?ua ?aniieaaatho ia?iiiuie
aaethoiuie ?ano?naie e aeoeaii o/anoaotho a aaethoiuo iia?aoeeyo;
iaoeeiiaeueiia ainoaea?noai ( ieienoa?noai oeiainia, oeaio?aeueiue aaie,
i?aaiu aaethoiiai eiio?iey);
ia iaaeainoaea?noaaiiii o?iaia.
I?aaiii iaaeainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey yaeyaony IAO, a n na?aaeeiu
70-o aiaeia noaee oaeaea ?aaoey?iua niaauaiey ia aunoai o?iaia n
ia?aie/aiiui /eneii o/anoieeia. N1993 aiaea ?inney oaeaea o/anoaoao a
yoeo niaauaieyo.
Iniiaiua i?e/eiu ?aaoey?iuo ano?a/ ia aunoai o?iaia e?iaony a
eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeee oicyenoaaiiuo naycae, ianoaaeeueiinoe e
ia?aaiiia?iinoe yeiiiie/aneiai e iieeoe/aneiai ?acaeoey no?ai,
ia?oia?noaa, i?ioeai?a/eyo. Iinoiyiiua eiinoeueoaoeee aeaa ainoaea?noa
i?aneaaeotho oeaeue au?aaioaoue aaeeioth yeiiiie/aneoth e iieeoe/aneoth
no?aoaaeth.
I?eaaaeai iaaieueoie i?eia? ec enoi?ee:
Eaieoaeenoe/aneea no?aiu anooieee ai aoi?oth Ie?iaoth Aieio oaea n
?anno?iaiiuie iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie aaethoii-oeiainiauie naycyie. Iiiaea ec
ieo aaaee i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiue aaethoiue eiio?ieue aua a ia?eiae ie?iaiai
yeiiiie/aneiai e?ecena 1929-1933aa.
Iauaeoii i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiiai aaethoiiai eiio?iey yaeyeenue ana iia?aoeee
n eiino?aiiie aaethoie. A no?aiao, aaea auee aaaaeaiu aaethoiua
ia?aie/aiey, cai?auaeinue iieoiaoue e i?iaeaaaoue aac ?ac?aoaiey
niioaaonoaothueo i?aaiia aaethoiiai eiio?iey eiino?aiioth aaethoo,
auaiceoue eee ia?aaiceoue ca a?aieoeo iaoeeiiaeueiua aeaiaaeiua ciaee e
eiino?aiioth aaethoo, cieioi, oeaiiua aoiaae. Eiino?aiiay aaethoa,
iieo/aiiay ?aceaeaioaie aeaiiie no?aiu ca yenii?oe?iaaiiue eie oiaa? eee
ieacaiiua eiino?aioeai oneoae, eee a iiaaoaiea ae?oaeo eaeeo-eeai
iaycaoaeuenoa, iiaeeaaeaea iaycaoaeueiie naea/a a iaiai ia
iaoeeiiaeueioth aaethoo eacia/aenoao, iaoeeiiaeueiiio aaieo eee ae?oaiio
oiieiiii/aiiiio ia yoi i?aaio. Eiii?oa? iia iieo/eoue eiino?aiioth
aaethoo aeey iieaou eoieaiiiai ei oiaa?a ca a?aieoeae oieueei n
?ac?aoaiey niioaaonoaothuaai i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiiai i?aaia aaethoiiai
eiio?iey a iaoeeiiaeueiii aaiea.
Iaeiie ec oi?i aaethoiuo ia?aie/aiee, oe?iei i?eiaiyaiuo
eaieoaeenoe/aneeie no?aiaie, yaeythony eiee/anoaaiiua ia?aie/aiey
eiii?oa e yenii?oa.
Aaethoiua ia?aie/aiey a yeiiiieea eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ainoaea?noa e a
ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo yoeie ainoaea?noaaie auiieiytho aeaienoaaiioth,
i?ioeai?a/eaoth ?ieue.
N iaeiie noi?iiu, iie neoaeao aeaienoaaiiui n?aaenoaii au?aaieaaiey
ieaoaaeiuo aaeainia, iiaeaea?aeaiey eo?nia iaoeeiiaeueiuo aaetho e
eiioeaio?aoeee a ?oeao ainoaea?noaa cieiouo e aaethoiuo ?ano?nia. Oae
eae aaethoiue eiio?ieue ia?aie/eaaao aeinooi eiino?aiiuo oiaa?ia e
eaieoaeia ia ?uiie aeaiiie no?aiu, ii caueuaao iaoeeiiaeueiue ?uiie io
yeiiiie/aneie yeniainee ae?oaeo ainoaea?noa, niinianoaoao ?inoo
iaoeeiiaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa.
N ae?oaie noi?iiu, aaethoiua ia?aie/aiey niinianoaotho ?acaeoeth
i?aaei?eyoee, ia caaeneiuo io eiii?oiiai nu?uey e ?aaioathueo ia
aioo?aiiee ?uiie. Iaeiaei aneaaenoaea oiai, /oi ae?oaea no?aiu oaeaea eo
i?eiaiytho, aaethoiua ia?aie/aiey neoaeao nouanoaaiiui i?aiyonoaeai aeey
i?iieeiiaaiey iiiiiieee ia ?uiee ae?oaeo no?ai.
Iiiiiieee NOA e ae?oaeo no?ai caeioa?aniaaiu a oii, /oiau iie iiaee aac
eaeeo-eeai ia?aie/aiee auaiceoue naie oiaa?u e eaieoaeu a ae?oaea no?aiu
e naiaiaeii ia?aaiceoue ca a?aieoeo au?o/eo io i?iaeaaee yoeo oiaa?ia e
i?eauee ia aeiaeaiiue eaieoae.
Ionoonoaea i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo aaethoiuo ia?aie/aiee yaeyaony iaeiei ec
oneiaee, aeathueo aiciiaeiinoue ae?oaei ainoaea?noaai inouanoaeyoue
iayeaeaaeaioiue oiaa?iiaiai e nenoaiaoe/anee naiaeeoue ieaoaaeiue aaeain
a ?an/aoao n ?acaeaathueieny no?aiaie n aeoeaiui naeueaei, a
neaaeiaaoaeueii, iiaeaea?aeeaaoue iinoiyiioth oeiainiaoth caaeneiinoue
yoeo no?ai io iiiiiieee ae?oaeo ainoaea?noa. Iiyoiio i?aayuea e?oae
i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo ainoaea?noa, eniuouaathuea iio?aaiinoue a
?anoe?aiee aiaoieo ?uieia nauoa, a aieueoae ia?a caeioa?aniaaiu a ioiaia
eee a ineaaeaiee aaethoiuo ia?aie/aiee, /ai a eo i?eiaiaiee. Aaiaey
aaethoiua ia?aie/aiey, iie anaaaea ?anniao?eaatho eo eae auioaeaeaiioth
ia?o e no?aiyony i?e ia?aie aiciiaeiinoe eeeaeaee?iaaoue eo, i?e/ai ia
oieueei o naay, ii ea ae?oaeo no?aiao.
Oeaeaniia?aciinoue onoaiiaeaiey naiaiaeiie ia?aoeiinoe aaetho eee
i?eiaiaiey aaethoiuo ia?aie/aiee ii?aaeaeyaony aeey eaaeaeiai
ainoaea?noaa a oio eee eiie iiiaio ninoiyieai aai yeiiiieee e aiaoieo
?an/aoia. Aeey i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo no?ai a caaeneiinoe io ninoiyiey
yeiiiieee e iiceoeee ia ie?iaii ?uiea a iaeei ia?eiae naiaiaeiay
ia?aoeiinoue eo aaetho iiaeao auoue yeiiiie/anee oeaeaniia?aciie, a
ae?oaie- iaiai?io, iia ia aeano aeey yeiiiieee ie/aai, e?iia a?aaea.
4.Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue aaethoiue oiiae ( IAO )
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue aaethoiue oiiae aue nicaeai a 1947 aiaeo. A niaeaoaiee
i iai aiai?eony, /oi iaeiie ec aai oeaeae yaeyaony “niaeaenoaiaaoue”
nicaeaieth iiiainoi?iiiae nenoaia ?an/aoia ii oaeouei iia?aoeeyi iaaeaeo
no?aiaie-/eaiaie e ono?aiaieth aaethoiuo ia?aie/aiee, eioi?ua
i?aiyonoaotho ?inoo ie?iaie oi?aiaee. Nouanoaiaaiea IAO iieacaei, /oi
aai aeayoaeueiinoue auea iiae/eiaia ono?aiaieth aaethoiuo ia?aie/aiee,
yaeythueony na?ueac?ui i?aiyonoaeai ia iooe yeiiiie/aneie yeniainee
iiiiiieee NOA e ae?oaeo ?acaeouo no?ai. A ninoaaa Oiiaea aue o/?aaeaeai
niaoeeaeueiue ioaeae aaethoiuo ia?aie/aiee, ia eioi?ue auee aiceiaeaiu
neaaeothuea ooieoeee:
– niae?aoue e nenoaiaoace?iaaoue aaethoiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai
no?ai-o/anoieoe.
– iinoiyiii iaaethaeaoue ca anaie eciaiaieyie a iaeanoe aaethoiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.
– eco/aoue oi?iu e iaoiaeu aaethoiuo ia?aie/aiee, i?eiaiyaiuo
ioaeaeueiuie ainoaea?noaaie.
– ?ac?aaaouaaoue i?aaeeiaeaiey Aee?aeoi?aoo Oiiaea e ?aeiiaiaeaoeee
i?aaeoaeuenoaai ioaeaeueiuo no?ai i iooyo e n?aaenoaao eeeaeaeaoeee
aaethoiuo ia?aie/aiee.
– aanoe ia?aaiai?u ni no?aiaie-/eaiaie ia ioiaia eee ineaaeaiee oao eee
eiuo oi?i aaethoiuo ia?aie/aiee.
A ia?aua aea aiaeu nouanoaiaaiey Oiiaea, i?aayuea e?oae NOA oaaaeeeenue,
/oi ia iiaoo aeiaeoueny eeeaeaeaoeee aaethoiuo ia?aie/aiee, iie?aynue
oieueei ia ?ano?nu Oiiaea. Oiaaea, o/eouaay ia?iiioth iio?aaiinoue anao
no?ai, iniaaiii no?ai Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu a aeieea?ao, iie i?ae?aoeee
e?aaeeoiaaiea eo /a?ac IAO e iauyaeee oae iacuaaaiue “ieai Ia?oaea”.
E?aaeeou ii “ieaio Ia?oaea” i?aaeinoaaeyeenue no?aiai Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu a
ii?yaeea aeaoonoi?iiieo niaeaoaiee iaaeaeo i?aaeoaeuenoaii NOA e
i?aaeoaeuenoaii niioaaonoaothuae no?aiu-caaiueea. Yoe niaeaoaiey
niaea?aeaee iaycaoaeuenoaa no?ai, iieo/athueo e?aaeeo ii “ieaio
Ia?oaea”, ioiineoaeueii ioiaiu eee ineaaeaiey i?eiaiyaiuo eie aaethoiuo
ia?aie/aiee.
Aeey oiai, /oiau ono?aieoue aaethoiua ia?aie/aiey a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
?an/aoao ii oaeouei iia?aoeeyi, IAO niinianoaiaae nicaeaieth
aa?iiaeneiai ieaoaaeiiai nithca ( AIN ) e aaaaeaieth, oioy e a
ianeieueei o?acaiiie oi?ia, iiiainoi?iiieo ?an/aoia iaaeaeo no?aiaie
Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu.
IAO ca a?aiy naiaai nouanoaiaaiey, ianiio?y ia aeaaeaiea, eioi?ia ii
ieacuaae ia i?aaeoaeuenoaa, ninoiyueo a iai ainoaea?noa, ia auiieiee
iinoaaeaiiie ia?aae iei caaea/e a ioiioaiee iieiie eeeaeaeaoeee
aaethoiuo ia?aie/aiee e ainnoaiiaeaiey iaia?aie/aiiie ia?aoeiinoe
eaieoaeenoe/aneeo aaetho.
5.IAO e ieaoaaeiua aaeainu o/anoaothueo a iai no?ai.
IAO nicaeai aeey oiai, /oiau iin?aaenoaii /anoe/iie
eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeee cieiouo e aaethoiuo ?aca?aia o/anoaothueo a iai
no?ai nicaeaoue ioe iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo eeeaeaeiuo ?ano?nia, eioi?ue
aeieaeai neoaeeoue enoi/ieeii a?aiaiiiai iie?uoey ianneaiiai naeueaei
ieaoaaeiuo aaeainia no?ai, ia ?aniieaaathueo iaiaoiaeeiuie aeey yoiai
nianoaaiiuie eeeaeaeiuie ?ano?naie e ia eiathueo aiciiaeiinoe iieo/eoue
iau/iue aaieianeee e?aaeeo ca a?aieoeae.
Oiiae i?aaeinoaaeyao naie ?ano?nu o/anoaothuei a iai no?aiai a oi?ia
i?iaeaaee iaiaoiaeeiie ei eiino?aiiie aaethou ia iaoeeiiaeueioth
aaethoo.
Aiaeu nouanoaiaaiey IAO iieacaee, /oi iooai /anoe/iie
eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeee cieiouo e aaethoiuo ?aca?aia iaeuecy ?ac?aoeoue
i?iaeaio iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eeeaeaeiinoe. ?ano?nu oiiaea ieacaeenue yaii
ia aeinoaoi/iuie aeey oiai, /oiau o?aaoee?iaaoue ianneaiia naeueaei
ieaoaaeiuo aaeainia ninoiyueo a iai ainoaea?noa. Iaeiaei ?ano?nu oiiaea
oe?iei eniieueciaaeenue NOA e ae?oaeie no?aiaie a ea/anoaa iaeiiai ec
n?aaenoa aeaaeaiey ia iaiaa iiaouanoaaiiuo e ?acaeaathueony no?ai. Ieaea
i?eaaaeaia oeaea i?ioeaioiuo noaaie, ia/eneyaiuo IAO n iay 1963 aiaea.
A?aiy
iiueciaaiey
e?a?aaeeoii
Noiia e?aaeeoia a i?ioeaioao e eaioa
io 0% aei 50% io 51% aei 100% io 100% e aieaa
aei 3 ianyoeaa i?ioeaiou ia aceiathony
io 3 aei 6 ian. 2,0 2,0 2,0
io 6 ian. aei 1a. 2,0 2,0 2,5
io 1 aei 1,5 eao 2,0 2,5 3,0
io 1,5 aei 2 eao 2,5 3,0 3,5
io 2 aei 2,5 eao 3,0 3,5 4,0
io 2,5 aei 3 eao 3,5 4,0 4,5
io 3 aei 3,5 eao 4,0 4,5 5,0
io 3,5 aei 4 eao 4,5 5,0 —
io 4 aei 4,5 eao 5,0 — —
E?aaeeoiua iia?aoeee IAO iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia aeaa ia?eiaea: ia?aue
ia?eiae- n 1947 ii 1956 e aoi?ie- n 1957 ii 1966 aiae.
A 1947 aiaeo IAO i?aaeinoaaee e?aaeeou 8 no?aiai ia iauoth noiio 467,7
iei. aeieea?ia, a oii /enea Aiaeee- 240 iei. aeieea?ia, O?aioeee- 125,
Aieeaiaeee- 52 iei.
Iaeiaei oaea a 1948 aiaeo e?aaeeoiue iaoaieci oiiaea, ia eioi?ue
aiceaaaeenue aieueoea iaaeaaeaeu, ia/ae ?aaioaoue n ia?aaiyie.
Ieaoaaeiua aaeainu Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu ieacaeenue ianneaiuie. Iiyoiio iie
ia oieueei ia iiaee iiaaneoue caaeieaeaiiinoue, ii e ioaeaeaeenue a
iiauo e?aaeeoao.
?oeiaiaeeoaee IAO oaea a 1948 aiaeo auee auioaeaeaiu i?eciaoue, /oi
oiiae ia iiaeao ni?aaeoueny n iinoaaeaiiuie caaea/aie, oae eae e?ecen
aaethoii-oeiainiauo ioiioaiee ieacaeny cia/eoaeueii aeoaaea, /ai yoi
iaeeaeaeinue i?e nicaeaiee oiiaea.
Oi?aaeai/aneay no?oeoo?a IAO- Niaao oi?aaeythueo, a eioi?ii eaaeaeay
no?aia-/eai i?aaenoaaeaia oi?aaeythuei e aai caianoeoaeai, iacia/aaiuie
ia iyoue eao. Iau/ii yoi ieieno?u oeiainia eee ?oeiaiaeeoaee
oeaio?aeueiuo aaieia.
IAO ono?iai ii ia?acoeo aeoeeiia?iiai i?aaei?eyoey. Iiyoiio
aiciiaeiinoue eaaeaeiai o/anoieea ieacuaaoue aicaeaenoaea ia aai
aeayoaeueiinoue n iiiiuueth aieiniaaiey ii?aaeaeyaony aeieae a eaieoaea.
Iaeaieueoei eiee/anoaii aieinia a IAO iaeaaeatho:
“NOA- 17,7%
Aa?iaiey- 5,5%
ssiiiey- 5,5%
Aaeeeia?eoaiey- 4,9%
Naoaeianeay A?aaey- 3,4%
Eoaeey- 3,1%
?inney- 2,9%
Aeiey no?ai AN- 26,2%
24 i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo ainoaea?noa eiatho 59,6% aieinia a IAO. Ia
aeieth inoaeueiuo no?ai, ninoaaeythueo ii/oe 86% eiee/anoaa /eaiia
Oiiaea, i?eoiaeeony eeoue 40,4 aieinia.”
Aee?aeoi?-?anii?yaeeoaeue ( n 1987 a. )- Ieoaeue Eaiaeannth ( O?aioeey
), aai caianoeoaee ( n 1994 a. )- Noyiee Oeoa? e ae?oaea ( NOA ).
Ia ia?auo ii?ao IAO eae e?aaeeoi? ea?ae ne?iiioth ?ieue. Iaeiaei a 70-o
e iniaaiii a 80-o aiaeao i?iecioei cia/eoaeueiia ?anoe?aiea aai
e?aaeeoiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Iaeiaiaa ?acaeoui no?aiai i?aaeinoaaeyeenue eueaioiua e?aaeeou ca n/ao
niaoeeaeueiuo oiiaeia.
IAO ia oieueei iaiin?aaenoaaiii e?aaeeooao no?aiu-/eaiu, ii e iiiiaaao
ei iieo/eoue e?aaeeou o i?aaeoaeuenoaa i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo no?ai,
oeaio?aeueiuo aaieia, a?oiiu IA??, Aaiea Iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?an/aoia, a
oaeaea o /anoiuo eiiia?/aneeo aaieia. Aeaaea iaaieueoie e?aaeeo IAO
iaeaa/aao aeinooi no?aia ia /anoiue ie?iaie ?uiie nnoaeiuo eaieoaeia.
I?aaeinoaaeyy e?aaeeo, IAO eae au oaeinoiaa?yao ieaoaaeaniiniaiinoue
aeaiiie no?aiu, aunooiaao a ea/anoaa aa aa?aioa. ?anoe?aiea a 70-80-a
aiaeu e?aaeeoiaaiey Oiiaeii ?acaeaathueony no?ai auei naycaii n
nouanoaaiiui oooaeoaieai eo aaethoiiai iieiaeaiey a ?acoeueoaoa aeaoo
?aoiaeia iiauoaiey ie?iauo oeai ia aeeaeeia oiieeai. A 1977-1991 aa.
?acaeaathueany no?aiu-eiii?oa?u iaooe iieo/eee 85,7% e?aaeeoia IAO.
Aia?aua iinea 1985 aiaea noiia e?aaeeoia i?aauneea iiaaoaiea
caaeieaeaiiinoe.
?anoe?aiea e?aaeeoiie aeayoaeueiinoe Oiiaea iaoneiaeaii o?aiy iniiaiuie
oaeoi?aie.
1. Niauoey ia Aeeaeiai Ainoiea, aieia a Ia?neaeneii caeeaa i?eaaee e
nie?auaieth iinoaaie iaooe ia ie?iaie ?uiie e ?inoo oeai ia iaa, /oi
oooaeoeei ieaoaaeiua aaeainu ?yaea no?ai.
2. IAO aeoeaece?iaae oeiainiaoth iiaeaea?aeeo ?acaeaathueiny no?aiai,
i?enooieaoei e iae?iyeiiiie/aneei e no?oeoo?iui ?aoi?iai, a oaeaea
aeeth/eeny a o?aaoee?iaaiea aiaoiaai aeieaa yoeo no?ai.
3. N 90-o aic?inee e?aaeeou IAO no?aiai Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu e auaoaai NNN?
a nayce n aeoaieeie nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeie i?aia?aciaaieyie e
ia?aoiaeii e ?uii/iie yeiiiieea.
Anai ynii, /oi noaaeeueiinoue iaoeeiiaeueiie aaethou iaania/eaaao e
noaaeeueiinoue ia ie?iaii ?uiea. Aeieea? yaeyaony oaeie aaethoie a
oa/aiea iiiaeo eao.
6. Aeieea?- i?oaeea aia?eeaineie yeniainee.
A neeo neiaeeaoeony ianoiyoaeuenoa aia?eeaineee aeieea? noae aeaaiie
aeaiaaeiie aaeeieoeae, caiauathuae cieioi a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ia?auaiee.
Eniieuecoy yoi, iiiiiieenoe/aneea e?oae NOA /a?ac aia?eeaineia
i?aaeoaeuenoai noaee i?iaiaeeoue yia?ae/ioth oeiainiai-yeiiiie/aneoth e
aiaiiiiieeoe/aneoth yeniaineth. Eaey iaano?a/o iiaiia ca aeieea?aie a
no?aiao eaieoaea, iie ni naiae noi?iiu yia?ae/ii aiaae?yee aeieea?u a
ie?iaia ia?auaiea.
Aiaae?aiea aeieea?a a iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ?an/aou, ia/aaoaany ?aiueoa,
/a?ac iaaeaeoia?iaeiua i?aaiecaoeee aua aieueoa oneeeeinue. Aic?inee
oaeaea aeieea?iaua e?aaeeou e i?yiua eiaanoeoeee /anoiiai aia?eeaineiai
eaieoaea /a?ac yoe i?aaiecaoeee. Iiiu?aiea /anoiuo eiaanoeoeee- iaeia ec
aeaaiuo ooieoeee iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo oeiainiauo i?aaiecaoeee.
N ia?auo aea oaaia aeayoaeueiinoe IA?? e IAO aeieea? iieo/ee oe?ieea
aiciiaeiinoe aunooiea a ea/anoaa caiaieoaey cieioa a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii
oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiii ia?auaiee e aeaeaeaiee eaieoaea. Iiceoeee aeieea?a
noaiiaeeenue oai i?i/iaa, /ai aieueoa ?inee ii aaniethoiiio iauaio
aiaoiyy oi?aiaey NOA e aeoeaiue aaeain. *oiau nicaeaoue aua aieaa
aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey aeey aia?eeaineeo oiaa?ia ia aiaoieo ?uieao, NOA
acyee ia naay eieoeeaoeao niaeaniaaiey oa?eoii-oi?aiaie iieeoeee
eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?ai iooai caeeth/aiey AAOO e nicaeaiey aai
iinoiyiiuo i?aaiia.
I?e/eia aiaae?aiey aia?eeaineeo aeieea?ia a ie?iaia ia?auaiea a iniiaiii
aeaea e?aaeeoia e i?yiuo eiaanoeoeee a yeiiiieeo ae?oaeo no?ai
naiaeeeanue e auaiaea, auoaeathuae ec aieaa aunieie ii?iu i?eauee a oao
no?aiao e io?aneyo, eoaea aiaae?yeenue aeieea?u. A ?acoeueoaoa yoiai
iiyaeeanue iniaay eaoaai?ey aeieea?ia, iieo/eaoeo iacaaiea
“aa?iaeieea?ia” ( o.a. aeieea?ia ei/othueo aia i?aaeaeia NOA ), noiia
eioi?uo eieaaeaony, ii ninoaaeyao ianeieueei ie?ae. aeieea?ia. Aeaaiay
i?e/eia iiyaeaiey “aa?iaeieea?ia”- a ?acieoea nnoaeiiai i?ioeaioa. Ca
a?aieoeae aia?eeaineee nnoaeiue eaieoae i?eiinee aieaa aunieee i?ioeaio,
/ai a NOA.
Ia?aiia/aeueii i?ioiaeeaoay n?aaieoaeueii aeaaeei iieeoeea
oeiainiai-yeiiiie/aneie yeniainee NOA i?e iiiiue aiaae?aiey aeieea?ia a
iaaeaeoia?iaeiia aeaiaaeiia e a noa?o e?aaeeoa a 50-a aiaeu noaea
ineiaeiyoueny. Ainnoaiiaeeenue aaaeouea aaethou, e oaea ia?anoae
iuouaoueny i?aaeiee iaaeinoaoie a aeieea?ao. Iaaeaeo oai ec-ca
iinoiyiiiai aeaoeoeeoa ieaoaaeiiai aaeaina NOA, a n?aaeiai ninoaaeyaoaai
a aiae ieiei 1,5 ie?ae. aeieea?ia e iie?uaaaoaainy aia?eeaineie
aaethoie, noiia aeieea?ia ca a?aieoeae a eiino?aiiuo ?oeao aic?inea.
Eiaiii /anoue yoie noiiu aeieea?ia a eiino?aiiuo ?oeao, a iniaaiiinoe
aeieea?ia, neiieaoeony a aeaea ainoaea?noaaiiuo aaethoiuo ?aca?aia,
iiaea i?aaeuyaeyoueny e iaiaio ia aia?eeaineia cieioi.
Oieueei oaeei ia?acii ia?yaeo n ae?oaeie i?e/eiaie iiaeii iauynieoue oi,
/oi e eiioeo 50-o aiaeia auei aeiiouaii ?aceia oaaee/aiea aeaoeoeeoa
ieaoaaeiiai aaeaina NOA.
A oa/aiea 3 eao- 1958- 1960 aiaeu- aeaoeoeeo ieaoaaeiiai aaeaina NOA
ninoaaee a n?aaeiai 4 ie?ae. aeieea?ia a aiae, eee aic?in a 3,3 ?aca a
n?aaiaiee ni n?aaeiei ieaoaaeiui aeaoeoeeoii ca i?aaeuaeouea 7 eao. Yoi,
ianiiiaiii, e yaeeinue aeaaiie i?e/eiie, aucaaaoae iianioth aeey NOA
oaiaeaioeeth ia?aoiiai i?eoiea aeieea?ia ec-ca a?aieoeu n o?aaiaaieai
iaiaia eo ia cieioi.
7. Eaiiaaee eee iienee iooae nianaiey.
N ia?auo aea oaaia naiae aeayoaeueiinoe a 1961 aiaeo i?aaeoaeuenoai
Eaiiaaee naeaeaei iieeoeeo caueou aeieea?a noa?aeiai anae naiae aiaoiae
iieeoeee. Nai Eaiiaaee aue eieoeeaoi?ii ?yaea oeiainiai-yeiiiie/aneeo
ia?ii?eyoee, eioi?ua nouanoaaiii iaiyee ?aiaa i?iaiaeeaoeeny eo?n
aaethoii-oeiainiaie iieeoeee, n oai /oiau ionoiyoue e oe?aieoue
i?aaeithth ?ieue aeieea?a a iaaeaeoia?iaeii-aaethoiie nenoaia e aai
ioiioaiea e cieioo.
I?iaiaeeiay iieeoeea oea a iauai ii aeaoi aeaaiui eeieyi: n iaeiie
noi?iiu, noaee inouanoaeyoueny na?ueaciua ia?u, iai?aaeaiiua ia
eeeaeaeaoeeth aeaoeoeeoa ieaoaaeiiai aaeaina, a n ae?oaie noi?iiu-
i?eieiathony ia?u e i?eaea/aieth ae?oaeo no?ai e iiaeaea?aeea aeieea?a.
Iniaaiii aieueoia cia/aiea i?eaeaaaeinue ia/aaoaiony a 1961 aiaeo
“cieioiio ioeo”, Oeaio?aeueiua aaiee 8 no?ai ie?a ( NOA, Aiaeee, O?A,
O?aioeee, Eoaeee, Aaeueaee, Ieaea?eaiaeia e Oaaeoea?ee ), a caaea/o
eioi?iai aoiaeeei iiaeaea?aeaiea oeaiu cieioa ia iaeciaiiii o?iaia= 35$
ca oioeeth. Aeaaioth ?ieue a “cieioii ioea” acye ia naay Oaaea?aeueiue
?aca?aiue aaie NOA. Aia?eeaineia i?aaeoaeuenoai acyei ia naay
iaycaiiinoue a ?anii?yaeaiea ioea 50% cieioa, iaiaoiaeeiiai aeey
?aaoee?iaaiey aai oeaiu, oi anoue iiaeaea?aeaiey oeaiu ia oeacaiiii auoa
o?iaia.
Eaiiaaee i?ecaae eiino?aiiuo oeiainenoia iiaeaea?aeaoue aeieea?, o.e.
“yoi ia oieueei iaoa iaoeeiiaeueiay aaethoa, yoi iaaeaeoia?iaeiay
aaethoa.”
A ea/anoaa aaaeiuo oaaia, eioi?ua ?aoeoaeueii noaei i?iaiaeeoue
i?aaeoaeuenoai Eaiiaaee aeey o?aaoee?iaaiey ieaoaaeiiai aaeaina e
oi?i/iaiey aeieea?a, auee ia?ii?eyoey ii ?anoe?aieth yenii?oa e
oaaee/aieth aeoeaiiai aaeaina aiaoiae oi?aiaee. I?e Eaiiaaee aia?aua aue
iinoaaeai aii?in ia ia?aie/aiee ooa/ee aia?eeaineiai eaieoaea ca
a?aieoeo, eioi?ay auea i?eciaia iaeiie ec aeaaiuo i?e/ei iinoiyiiie
ianneaiinoe ieaoaaeiiai aaeaina.
Oi?aiaue e ieaoaaeiue aaeain NOA a eiioea 50-o e ia/aea 60-o ( a oun.
aeieea?ao )
AIAeU
OI?AIAUE
AAEAIN
( aeoeaiue ) IEAOAAEIUE
AAEAIN
( ianneaiue )
1958 3312 3529
1959 972 3743
1960 4735 3881
1961 5416 2370
1962 4334 2186
1963 4940 1958
Eaiiaaee n/eoae aiciiaeiui caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie ia?aie iinoaaeoue
i?aa?aaeu ia iooe auaica eaieoaea. I?aeoe/anee yoi icia/aei: ?aaee iaueo
oeaeae oeiainiaiai eaieoaea NOA, caeioa?aniaaiiiai a nio?aiaiee iniia
iineaaiaiiie eaieoaeenoe/aneie aaethoii-oeiainiaie nenoaiu e ?iee a iae
aeieea?a, ouaieoue eioa?anu oao iiiiiieenoe/aneeo a?oii, eioi?ua auee
iniaaiii caeioa?aniaaiu a auaica eaieoaea. Ii eae yoi naeaeaoue, anee
ii?ia i?eauee a ae?oaeo no?aiao auoa, /ai a NOA? I/aaeaeii, iaaei auei
naeaeaoue oae, /oiau ?acieoea a ii?ia i?eauee ia?anoaea neoaeeoue
i?eiaieie aeey eiaanoi?ia eaieoaea e aeey oao, eoi ei iieuecoaony ca
a?aieoeae.
7. Aaie Iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?an/aoia ( AI? ).
AI? yaeyaony noa?aeoei ec nouanoaothueo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
aaethoii-oeiainiauo i?aaiecaoeee eaieoaeenoe/aneiai ie?a. Ii aue nicaeai
a 1930 aiaeo.
Eaeay i nicaeaiee aaiea aicieeea a nayce n ?aoaieai, a oi/iaa n
i?iaeaiie ?aoaiey aii?ina i ?aia?aoeeiiiuo ieaoaaeao Aa?iaiee
no?aiai-iiaaaeeoaeueieoeai a ia?aie ie?iaie aieia e i ?an/aoao ii
caeiai.
Aia?eeaineee ieai aceiaiey aa?iaineeo ?aia?aoeee e ?an/aoia aa?iiaeneeo
no?ai-aeieaeieeia eiiia?/aneeo aaieia NOA ii aiaiiui aeieaai
i?aaeoniao?eaae oae iacuaaaioth eiiia?oeeaeecaoeeth aiaiiuo aeieaia.
Niaeanii yoiio ieaio, iieo/eaoaai iacaaiea “ieaia THiaa” ( ii eiaie aai
aaoi?a ), Aa?iaiey aeieaeia auea auionoeoue aiaoiee caai ia ?uieao
/anoiuo eaieoaeia NOA e ?yaea no?ai Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu. Aeioiaeu Aa?iaiee
io yoiai caeia iai?aaeyeenue ia oieaoo ?aia?aoeee no?aiai-
iiaaaeeoaeueieoeai, eioi?ua aeieaeiu auee ec yoeo noii iiaaneoue naie
aeiea ii aiaiiui caeiai, iieo/aiiui a NOA.
AI? i?aaeiacia/aeanue ?ieue iaoaiecia, niinianoaothuaai auioneo e
?ani?ino?aiaieth iaeeaaoeee aa?iaineiai caeia ia ?uieao /anoiuo
eaieoaeia. Ii aeieaeai inouanoaeyoue ?an/aou ii yoiio caeio e eiiaa?neth
aeioiaeia io caeia a ?aia?aoeeiiiua ieaoaaee.
Iniiaiie eaieoae aaiea onoaiiaeai a 500 iei. cieiouo oaaeoea?neeo
o?aieia, yeaeaaeaioiuo 145161290,32 a. /enoiai cieioa. Eaieoae ?acaeaeai
ia 200 oun. aeoeee ii 2500 o?aieia eaaeaeay. Iiea/aiiue eaieoae
ninoaaeyao 125 iei. o?aieia, eee 25% iauae noiiu iniiaiiai eaieoaea.
Aunoei i?aaiii oi?aaeaiey Aaiea yaeyaony iauaa nia?aiea ?oeiaiaeeoaeae
Oeaio?aeueiuo Aaieia no?ai, eiathueo aeoeee aaiea. Oece/aneea e /anoiua
th?eaee/aneea eeoea, ?aniieaaathueie aeoeeyie aaiea, a nia?aiee ia
o/anoaotho. Iauaa nia?aiea nicuaaaony, eae i?aaeei, iaeei ?ac a aiae
aeey oiai, /oiau ooaa?aeeoue aeieeaae i aeayoaeueiinoe aaiea, aai
aaeain, n/ao i?eaueae e oauoeia.
Aaeain Aaiea Iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?an/aoia. ( ni. neaae. no?. )
ia 31 ia?oa `57 ia 31 ia?oa
`67
Iannea iei. % iei.
%
cieiouo ceiouo
o?aieia o?aieia
Eaieoae
(iiea/aiiue) 125,0 5,7 125,0
1,5
?aca?au 21,2 1,0 25,8
0,3
Aeaiiceou a ci-
eioa 626,7 28,8 3561,2
43,4
Aeaiiceou a aa-
ethoa 1249,4 57,8 3909,6
47,5
293,4 3,5
I?i/ea ianneau 158,5 6,8 316,9
3,8
Anaai 2181,0 100,0 8231,9
100,0
Aeoea
Cieioi a neeo-
eao 513,0 23,5 3095,9
37,6
Aaethoa a eanna
e ia oaeoueo n/a-
oao a aaiea 56,9 2,6 155,5
1,9
Aaenaey e ae?. oeaiiua
aoiaae, iiea/eaaaiua
ii ia?aiio o?aaiaai. 710,7 33,0 144,7
1,8
N?i/iua aeeaaeu e
nnoaeu 146,5 6,7 3551,0
43,1
I?i/ea aaenaey e
oeaiiua aoiaae 673,8 31,0 1283,8
15,6
I?i/ea aeoeau 71,1 3,2 1,0
Anaai 2181,0 100,0 8231,9
100,0
Aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea aaiea auei i?a?aaii aaethoiui e?ecenii, ioaaoeaoei
iiiaea eaieoaeenoe/aneea no?aiu, e aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiie. Ii aaie ia aue
eeeaeaee?iaai, a aue nio?aiai a ea/anoaa iiaeniaiiai oiiaea IAO.
Onoaa AI? cai?auaao auioneaoue aaieiiou, i?aaenoaaeyoue nnoaeu
i?aaeoaeuenoaai, ioe?uaaoue ia eiy i?aaeoaeuenoa oaeouea n/aoa,
aea?aeaoue a naiai ?anii?yaeaiee aeoeee e aeaaeaoue iaaeaeaeeiui
eiouanoaii eee onoaiaaeeaaoue eiio?ieue iaae eaeei-eeai i?aaei?eyoeai.
Iia?aoeee n eiiia?/aneeie aaieaie ii i?iecaiaeeo oieueei n niaeaney OeA
no?aiu, ia oa??eoi?ee eioi?ie yoe aaiee ooieoeeiie?otho.
N 1982 aiaea AI? i?aaeinoaaeyao i?iiaaeooi/iue e?aaeeo iiae aa?aioeth
OeA no?aiai, iaeeaeathuei e?aaeeo IAO, /oiau ecaaaeaoue e?ecena eo
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie aaethoiie eeeaeaeiinoe. Oaeea e?aaeeou iieo/eee
Aaia?ey, Iaeneea, A?aaioeia, THaineaaey. Aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey iieeoeee
?anoe?aiiiai aeinooia no?ai n aeaoeoeeoiui ieaoaaeiui aaeainii e
e?aaeeoai oiiaea AI? niaianoii n 17 oeaio?aeueiuie aaieaie i?aaeinoaaeee
Oiiaeo e?aaeeo a 2,5 ie?ae. aeieea?ia a 1982 aiaeo.
Niaoeeoeea AI? caeeth/aaony a no?iai eiioeaeaioeeaeueiii oa?aeoa?a aai
aeayoaeueiinoe. Yoi ii?aaeaeyao ianoi AI? eae aniiiiaaoaeueiiai i?aaia
IAO e a?oiiu IA??, n eioi?uie ii eiaao oaniua nayce. AI? eiaao
aaeieieno?aoeaiue iino ai A?aiaiiii eiieoaoa IAO e a “a?oiia aeanyoe”,
iaania/eaaao ?aaioo nae?aoa?eaoa Eiieoaoa oi?aaeythueo AYN, nicaeaiiiai
a 1964 aiaeo, Aaeieieno?aoeaiiai niaaoa AOAN ( 1979 ), inouanoaeyao
eee?eiaiaua ?an/aou a YETH ( n na?aaeeiu 80-o ).
AI?- aaaeouee eioi?iaoeeiiii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneee oeaio?. Aiaeiaua io/aou
Aaiea- iaeii ec aaoi?eoaoiuo yeiiiie/aneeo ecaeaiee a ie?a. Ia aaca
naieo enneaaeiaaiee AI? a 1975 aiaeo iioaeeeiaae oa?oeth iaaethaeaiey ca
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie iia?aoeeyie aaieia. Eiiaaea ?aeiiaiaeaoeee,
iiaeaioiaeaiiua AI? ia aaca eiinainona, eiatho aieueoaa cia/aiea, /ai
iaaeainoaea?noaaiiua ?aoaiey.
AI? i?aa?aoeeny a iaaeaeoia?iaeioth aaethoii-e?aaeeoioth i?aaiecaoeeth
ii ninoaao o/anoieeia e oa?aeoa?o aeayoaeueiinoe. Yoi iaoneiaeaii oai,
/oi AI? yaeyaony iaaeaeoia?iaeiui aaieii oeaio?aeueiuo aaieia, aaaioii e
?anii?yaeeoaeai a ?acee/iuo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aaethoii-?an/aoiuo e
oeiainiauo iia?aoeeyo, oeaio?ii yeiiiie/aneeo enneaaeiaaiee e oi?oiii
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aaethoii-e?aaeeoiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa.
8. ?inney a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aaethoiuo ioiioaieyo.
Ia ?oaaaea 80-90-o aiaeia ?inney anooieea ia iooue nicaeaiey ?uii/iie
yeiiiieee. aaaeiie noa?ie yoeo i?aia?aciaaiee yaeythony iaaeaeoia?iaeiua
aaethoiua ioiioaiey no?aiu, iineieueeo acyo eo?n ia eioaa?aoeeth a
ie?iaia oicyenoai. Anooieaiea ?innee a IAO, a?oiio IA??, AA??
niinianoaoao i?ioeanno oi?ie?iaaiey ?uii/iie iiaeaee iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
aaethoiuo ioiioaiee a niioaaonoaee n ie?iaui noaiaea?oii, neiaeeaoeiny a
no?aiao n yooaeoeaiie nenoaiie ?uii/iiai oicyenoaa, e n o/aoii
iniaaiiinoae o?oaeiiai ia?aoiaeiiai ia?eiaea io ieaaiie yeiiiieee,
iniiaaiiie ia ainoaea?noaaiiie nianoaaiiinoe, e ?uii/iie yeiiiieea,
aace?othuaeny ia ?aciuo oi?iao nianoaaiiinoe. I?e yoii eniieuecoaony
iaeiieaiiue aaeaie ca?oaaaeiue e ioa/anoaaiiue iiuo.
Aaethoiay nenoaia.
Iaoeeiiaeueiay aaethoiay nenoaia iaoiaeeony a i?ioeanna noaiiaeaiey e
ieii/aoaeueii aua ia noi?ie?iaaeanue. Iaeiaei aa eiioo?u e iniiaiua
oaiaeaioeee auyaeeenue aeinoaoi/ii ii?aaeaeaiii. Iaoeeiiaeueiay
aaethoiay nenoaia ?innee oi?ie?oaony n o/aoii no?oeoo?iuo i?eioeeiia
ie?iaie aaethoiie nenoaiu , iineieueeo no?aia acyea eo?n ia eioaa?aoeeth
a ie?iaia oicyenoai e anooieea a ethia 1992 aiaea a IAO. Aio iaeioi?ua
yeaiaiou nia?aiaiiie aaethoiie nenoaiu ?innee:
Iniiaie aaethoiie nenoaiu ?innee yaeyaony ?inneeneee ?oaeue, aaaaeaiiue
a ia?auaiea a 1993 aiaeo e caiaieaoee ?oaeue auaoaai NNN?. Oai naiui
auei caaa?oaii iainiaeaiea iaoeeiiaeueiie aeaiaaeiie e aaethoiie nenoaiu
?innee io aeaiaaeiie e aaethoiie nenoaiu ?anioaeee auaoaai NNN?, a
ia?auaiee eioi?uo inoaaaeenue niaaoneea ?oaee aei aaaaeaiey
iaoeeiiaeueiuo aeaiaaeiuo aaeeieoe.
Oaeoe/anee ?oaeue yaeyaony /anoe/ii eiiaa?oe?oaiie aaethoie ii oaeouei
iia?aoeeyi ieaoaaeiiai aaeaina i?e nio?aiaiee aaethoiuo ia?aie/aiee ii
?yaeo iia?aoeee. ?inney, yaeyynue /eaiii IAO, noaaeo oeaeueth i?eiyoea
iaycaoaeuenoa ii Noaouea VIII Onoaaa IAO ia ioiaia aaethoiuo ia?aie/aiee
ii oaeouei iia?aoeeyi ieaoaaeiiai aaeaina.
Eo?n ?oaey ioeoeeaeueii ia i?eaycai e eaeie-eeai caiaaeiie aaethoa eee
aaethoiie ei?ceia. A ?innee aaaaeai ?aaeei ieaaathuaai aaethoiiai eo?na,
eioi?ue caaeneo io niioiioaiey ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey aaethoiuo ae?aeao
no?aiu, i?aaeaea anaai ia Iineianeie iaaeaaieianeie aaethoiie ae?aea (
IIAA ). Ioeoeeaeueiue eo?n aeieea?a NOA e ?oaeth onoaiaaeeaaaony
Oeaio?aeueiui Aaieii ?innee ii ?acoeueoaoai oi?aia ia IIAA. Eo?n ae?oaeo
aaetho ii?aaeaeyaony ia iniiaa e?inn-eo?na. I?e yoii a ea/anoaa
i?iiaaeooi/iie ( o?aoueae ) aaethou eniieuecoaony eo?n yoeo aaetho e
aeieea?o.
Yeaiaioii aaethoiie nenoaiu ?innee yaeyaony ?aaoee?iaaiea
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie aaethoiie eeeaeaeiinoe, eioi?ay ii?aaeaeyao
iaania/aiiinoue iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?an/aoia iaiaoiaeeiuie ieaoaaeiuie
n?aaenoaaie. Iaeiei ec eiiiiiaioia iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo eeeaeaeiuo n?aaenoa
?innee yaeyaony ?aca?aiay iiceoeey a IAO a ?acia?a aieaa 1 ie?ae. aeiee.
( 25% eaiou ) e n/ao NAe?.
Neaaeothuee yeaiaio aaethoiie nenoaiu- ?aaeei aaethoiiai ?uiea.
Aaethoiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ?innee onoaiiaeei, /oi iia?aoeee ia
aaethoiii ?uiea iiaoo inouanoaeyoueny oieueei /a?ac oiieiiii/aiiua
eiiia?/aneea aaiee, eiathuea eeoeaiceth OeA ?innee. Eo ?ieue ia
aaethoiii ?uiea ?innee aic?anoaao. Ii aaaeouaa ianoi caieiatho IIAA e
iyoue ae?oaeo aaethoiuo ae?ae, eioi?ua iauaaeeiaiu a Annioeeaoeeth
aaethoiuo ae?ae ?innee.
?uiea cieioa a ?innee i?aeoe/anee iao. Neoiea cieiouo ecaeaeee e
cieioiai eiia o ianaeaiey i?iecaiaeeony /a?ac naoue niaoeeaeueiuo
neoii/iuo ioieoia ii ainoaea?noaaiiie oeaia. I?eciaieai ca cieioii ?iee
aaethoiiai iaoaea yaeeny auione IEIOEIa a 1993 a. cieiouo na?oeoeeaoia,
eaaeaeue ec eioi?uo iaania/ai 10 ea. cieioa 0,99999 i?iau. Oeaia oaeeo
na?oeoeeaoia ei??aeoe?oaony n o/aoii eciaiaiey oeaiu cieioa ia
Eiiaeiineii ?uiea e eo?na ?oaey e aeieea?o.
Iaaei neacaoue, /oi a ?innee ?aaoee?othony aaethoiua ioiioaiey n
ae?oaeie no?aiaie. ?oeiaiaenoai aaethoiie iieeoeeie inouanoaeyao
i?aceaeaio, i?aaeoaeuenoai, ainoaea?noaaiiay aeoia. Iie i?eieiatho
caeiiiaeaoaeueiua aeou a iaeanoe aaethoiie iieeoeee, iaania/eaatho eo
niaethaeaiea, ?ani?aaeaeytho iieiiii/ey e ooieoeee ii oi?aaeaieth e
?aaoee?iaaieth. Aaie ?innee inouanoaeyao aaethoiia ?aaoee?iaaiea iooai
aaethoiuo eioa?aaioeee ia aeaaiuo aaethoiuo ae?aeao ( Iineaa e
Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a ) e n iiiiuueth ?acee/iuo ii?iaoeaiuo aeieoiaioia.
Aaethoiia ?aaoee?iaaiea inouanoaeytho oaeaea IEIOEI, IAYN, Oaaea?aeueiay
neoaeaa ii aaethoiiio e yenii?oiiio eiio?ieth e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea
o/?aaeaeaiey. Aaethoiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ?innee ?aaoee?oao iia?aoeee a
eiino?aiiie e iaoeeiiaeueiie aaethoa. Aaethoiia ?aaoee?iaaiea a ?innee
aeeth/aao ii?yaeie i?iaaaeaiey aaethoiuo iia?aoeee, oi?ie?iaaiea
aaethoiuo oiiaeia, aaethoiue eiio?ieue. 2.Iieiaeaiea ?inneeneiai ?oaey
ia ie?iaii aaethoiii ?uiea.
Yeiiiie/aneia e iieeoe/aneia cia/aiea aaethoiiai eo?na ?oaey ?acei
aic?inei a iineaaeiea aiaeu.
Aei 1989-1990aa. aaethoiue ?aaeei e eo?n cao?aaeaae iaiin?aaenoaaiii
eeoue oceee e?oa eeoe e i?aaiecaoeee, a iniiaiii niaaoneeo a?aaeaeai
auacaeaaoeo ca ?oaaae, e i?eacaeathueo a NNN? eiino?aioeaa. Ai aiaoiae
oi?aiaea a oneiaeyo aa ainoaea?noaaiiie iiiiiieee ana ?acieoeu,
aicieeaaoea ca n/ao ?acee/iiai o?iaiy aioo?aiieo e aiaoiaoi?aiauo oeai
iiaeiuaeenue ainoaea?noaaiiui athaeaeaoii. I?iecaiaeeoaee yenii?oiuo
oiaa?ia iiaee niaa?oaiii ia eioa?aniaaoueny eo?nii ?oaey. Oaia?ue yoa
nenoaia ooea a i?ioeia aianoa n Ainieaiii, aiaoiaoi?aiaie e aaethoiie
iiiiiieeae ainoaea?noaa.
Cia/eoaeueiay naiaiaea oeai, eeaa?aeecaoeey aiaoiae oi?aiaee aeey
i?aaei?eyoee, oaaee/aiea aeaeaeaiey oece/aneeo eeoe /a?ac a?aieoeu e
ae?oaea oaeoi?u a ?aieao i?ienoiaeyueo eciaiaiee nenoaiu aeaeatho eo?n
?oaey iaeiei ec aaaeiaeoeo yeiiiie/aneeo ia?aiao?ia.
A oneiaeyo ia?aoiaeiie yeiiiieee e aeoaieiai e?ecena n aeinoaoi/iui
iniiaaieai iiaeao noaaeoueny aii?in i ?acoiiii ia?aie/aiee yoie
eiiaa?oe?oaiinoe, eiuie neiaaie- ia oaeanoi/aiee aaethoiiai eiio?iey.
A iaoae no?aia e ai iiiaeo ae?oaeo no?aiao n oeaio?aeueii-ieaiiaie
yeiiiieeie /anoi i?aeoeeiaaeinue caauoaiea eo?na iaoeeiiaeueiie aaethou.
Yoi auei aiciiaeii oieueei iioiio, /oi oa?aeoa? yeiiiieee oieueei oaeeo
ainoaea?noa aue ia?uii/iue.
Iuia eo?n ?oaey a na?ueaciie ia?a cao?aaeaaao iaoa?eaeueiua eioa?anu
?acee/iuo a?oii ianaeaiey, ?acee/iuo i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo no?oeoo? e
o.i. e iioiio caeiiiia?ii iaoiaeeo ii?aaeaeaiiia io?aaeaiea a
iieeoe/aneie aeecie e ai?ueaa. Iaeaieaa y?ei yoi i?iyaeeinue a oiaea
“aaethoiiai e?ecena” a ieoya?a 1994 e iineaaeothueo ?acai?ie a aunoeo
yoaeiiao aeanoe. A i?eioeeia ?uii/iay yeiiiieea ia iiaeao auoue
cano?aoiaaia io oaeeo iio?ynaiee, ii eo ianooaau e iineaaenoaey iiaoo
auoue oiaiueoaiu ?acoiiie ainoaea?noaaiiie iieeoeeie. A oneiaeyo
eioeyoeee e yeiiiie/aneiai e?ecena iaaeaiea eo?na ?oaey a iineaaeiea
aiaeu auei iaecaaaeii.
“Iauai?eciaiii, /oi anoanoaaiiie iniiaie oi?ie?iaaiey eo?na aaethou
yaeyaony niioiioaiea ( ia?eoao ) aa iieoiaoaeueiie niiniaiinoe aioo?e
no?aiu n iieoiaoaeueiie niiniaiinoueth aaetho, n eioi?uie iia
n?aaieaaaony.”
A caaeneiinoe io n?aaieaaaiuo iaai?ia oiaa?ia e oneoa e io i?iaeaaaaiuo
eie aania i?e en/eneaiee n?aaeieo aaee/ei ?aca?in ?acoeueoaoia iiaeao
auoue aaeee. A oaaeeoea ? 1 i?aaeinoaaeaiu 3 aa?eaioa ?an/aoa IIN ?oaey
e aeieea?a a n?aaiaiee n ?uii/iui eo?nii.
Ia?eoaou iieoiaoaeueiie niiniaiinoe e eo?na ?oaey e aeieea?o ( aeaeaa?ue
1994 )
IIN EO?N Ioiioaiea
IIN e eo?no
$ / ?oa. ?oa. / $ $ / ?oa. ?oa. / $
Oeaiu AAI
1150
0,00087
3400
0,0003
2,9
Oeaiu ?uii/i.
oia.,one.
1300
0,00077
3400
0,0003
2,6
Oeaiu
iio?aa.
oia.,one.
1475
0,00068
3400
0,0003
2,3
Yoa neooaoeey ia aeieaeia ie oaeeaeyoue, ie ioaaoue ian iineieueeo
iiaeeaaeeo ?aoeeiiaeueiiio iauyniaieth e iaia?oaeeaaao iaeioi?oth
oaiaeaioeeth e aui?aaeaieth. Caieaeaiiinoue eo?na oa?aeoa?ia aeey
aieueoiai /enea e?oiiuo no?ai, ii ?yaeo e?eoa?eaa n?aaieaaaiuo n ?O.
Aoaeao iieacii auaeaeeoue ?yae aeueoa?iaoeaiuo ?aaeeiia, aiciiaeiuo eae
i?e nio?aiaiee iuiaoiae iauae eeiee, oae e a neo/aa aa eciaiaiey.
“1). Nio?aiaiea iuiaoiaai ii?yaeea a oniaa?oainoaiaaiiii aeaea.
2). Aaaaeaiea aaeeiiai oaa?aeiai ioeoeeaeueiiai eo?na.
3). Iiiaeanoaaiiinoue eo?nia.
4). Nicaeaiea ia?aeeaeueiie onoie/eaie aaethou.”
9. Ieaoaaeiue aaeain ?innee.
A oneiaeyo ieaiiaie yeiiiieee e aaethoiie iiiiiieee ieaoaaeiue aaeain
NNN? yaeyeny nae?aoiui aeieoiaioii e ia ioaeeeiaaeny. Aeaeaeenue eeoue
ia ioeoeeaeueiua ioeaiee. Aia?aua ii aue ninoaaeai a 1992 aiaeo ii
iaoiaeieiaee IAO e iioaeeeiaai. Iniiaiie enoi/iee aaethoiuo iinooieaiee-
yenii?o oiaa?ia.
OI?AIAUE AAEAIN ?INNEE ( AAC NO?AI NIA )
( IE?Ae. AeIEEA?IA )
1990 1991 1992 1993
Yenii?o 80,9 53,8 41,1 43,0
Eiii?o 82,9 45,3 36,9 29,2
Naeueaei -2,0 +8,5 +4,2 +13,8
Eae aeaeii ec oaaeeoeu ca 1990- 1992 aa. iauai yenii?oa ?innee
nie?aoeeny i?eia?ii a 2 ?aca. A 1993 aiaeo yenii?o iaiiiai oaaee/eeny,
ii aai no?oeoo?a i?iaeieaeaea oooaeoaoueny. Eiii?o nie?aoeeny aua a
aieueoae noaiaie, /ai yenii?o. No?oeoo?a eiii?oa iaiyaony. A
cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie yoi naycaii n eeeaeaeaoeeae ainoaea?noaaiiie
iiiiiieee aiaoiae oi?aiaee.
A nayce n oiaiueoaieai eae yenii?oiuo, oae e eiii?oiuo iia?aoeee aeiey
?innee a ie?iaie oi?aiaea oiaea n 3% ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 80-o aiaeia aei
1% a 1992 aiaeo.
Iaeia ec na?ueaciaeoeo i?iaeai oi?aiaiai aaeaina caeeth/aaony a ooa/ea
eaieoaea a ?acee/iuo oi?iao. Yoi iiaeii iauynieoue oai, /oi ?inneeneei
i?aaei?eyoeyi-yenii?oa?ai ?ac?aoaii inoaaeyoue aei 50% aaethoiie
au?o/ee. Iioii yoe i?aaei?eyoey ?aciauatho yoe aeaiueae a ?inneeneeo
aaieao, eioi?ua, a naith i/a?aaeue, ioe?uaatho n/aoa a ca?oaaaeiuo
aaieao.
Anee acyoue e noiie?iaaoue ?acee/iua oi?iu ooa/ee eaieoaeia,
cia/eoaeueiay /anoue eioi?iai iiaeaeaaony oieueei yenia?oiie ioeaiea, oi
ninoaaeoaee ieaoaaeiiai aaeaina iacuaatho oeeo?o a 15-17 ie?ae.
aeieea?ia ca 1992 aiae. Iaaei caiaoeoue, /oi oaeea oeeo?u oa?aeoa?iu
aeey no?ai, eioi?ua ia?aaeeaatho nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneea e
iieeoe/aneea o?oaeiinoe. Eae iieacuaaao ie?iaie iiuo, eaieoae /anoe/ii
aica?auaaony a no?aio i?ienoiaeaeaiey, iinea i?aiaeieaiey no?aiie
e?eceniie neooaoeee. Ii a ?innee iiea yoie oaiaeaioeee ia iaaethaeaaony.
Auoiae ec yoiai iieiaeaiey caeeth/aaony a oaaee/aiee yooaeoeaiinoe
aaethoiiai e yenii?oiiai eiio?iey, eioi?ua iiaoo ia?aie/eoue ooa/eo
eaieoaea.
Aaethoii-?aaeeoiua ioiioaiey ?innee ni no?aiaie NIA eiatho
niaoeeoe/aneee oa?aeoa?, ii iinoaiaiii ia/eiatho i?eia?aoaoue oi?io,
oa?aeoa?iie aeey ie?iaie i?aeoeee:
oe?aieythony oaiiaeaiiua ?aaeeiu;
a ?an/aoao eniieuecoaony eiiaa?oe?oaiay aaethoa;
Ieaea i?eaaaeaia oaaeeoea, iieacuaathuay AEOEAIIA NAEUeAeI OAEOUEO
IIA?AOeEE IEAOAAEIIAI AAEAINA ?INNEE NI NO?AIAIE NIA.
Oe?aeia- 295 Oaaeaeeeenoai- 24
Eacaonoai- 242 A?iaiey- 22
Ocaaeenoai- 163 Ee?aecey- 17
Aaei?onney- 64 Iieaeaaey- 12
Oo?eiaiey- 62
“Iooie ?ano?nia ii ?acee/iui eaiaeai a no?aiu NIA ninoaaee a 1992 aiaeo
1,8% AII ?innee, iineieueeo iia e?aaeeooao yoe no?aiu n oeaeueth
nio?aiaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee.”
Aaethoiay iieeoeea ?innee.
Iaaei neacaoue, /oi iaeiei ec aeaaiuo n?aaenoa ?aaeecaoeee aaethoiie
iieeoeee- aaethoiia ?aaoee?iaaiea, oi anoue ainoaea?noaaiiay
?aaeaiaioaoeey aaethoiuo ioiioaiee, ecaeaiea ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia,
iia?aoeaiia ?oeiaiaenoai e aaethoiue eiio?ieue ni noi?iiu
niioaaonoaothueo ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia, caeeth/aiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
aaethoiuo niaeaoaiee. Ec o?aaeeoeeiiiuo oi?i aaethoiie iieeoeee,
ecaanoiuo ie?iaie i?aeoeea, a iaoae no?aia i?eiaiythony neaaeothuea:
“aaethoiua ia?aie/aiey;
?aaoee?iaaiea ?aaeeia aaethoiiai eo?na;
aeaaeciay iieeoeea a oi?ia aaethoiuo eioa?aaioeee;
oi?aaeaiea cieioi-aaethoiuie ?aca?aaie;
?aaoee?iaaiea noaiaie eiiaa?oe?oaiinoe ?oaey.
Aeeneiioiay iieeoeea, iai?aaeaiiay ia noaaeeecaoeeth eo?na ?oaey a
?innee, ia i?eiaiyaony, iineieueeo aaethoiua ia?aie/aiey e oyaeaeia
yeiiiie/aneia iieiaeaiea i?aiyonoaotho naiaiaeiiio aeaeaeaieth
eiino?aiiiai e?aoein?i/iiai eaieoaea.”
Caeeth/aiea.
Eoae iiaeaaaeai eoiae. Ec anaai auoa neacaiiiai iiaeii ociaoue, /oi
aaethoa eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?ai, a oii /enea e ?innee, aeaeeony ia
ia?aoeiua, /anoe/ii ia?aoeiua e iaia?aoeiua.
Ia?aoeiuie iacuaathony aaethou no?ai, iieiinoueth ioiaieaoeo aaethoiua
ia?aie/aiey eae aeey ia?aceaeaioia, oae e aeey ?aceaeaioia. Yoe aaethou
iaiaieaathony ia ethaoth eiino?aiioth aaethoo.
*anoe/ii ia?aoeiua- yoi aaethou no?ai, ioiaieaoeo aaethoiua ia?aie/aiey
ia ii anai aaethoiui iia?aoeeyi. E /anoe/ii ia?aoeiui aaethoai ioiinyony
aaethou aieueoeinoaa caiaaeii-aa?iiaeneeo no?ai, eioi?ua a aeaeaa?a 1958
aiaea ioiaieee aaethoiua ia?aie/aiey aeey ia?aceaeaioia ( eiino?aiiua
oece/aneea e th?eaee/aneea eeoea ).
E iaia?aoeiui aaethoai ioiinyony aaethou no?ai, iieiinoueth
nio?aiythueo aaethoiua ia?aie/aiey ii anai aaethoiui iia?aoeeyi.
?inneeneee ?oaeue nei?aa anaai iiaeii ioianoe e /anoe/ii ia?aoeiie
aaethoa, oae eae aaethoiua ia?aie/aiey a iaoae no?aia aua nouanoaotho, a
niyoue aaethoiua ia?aie/aiey aoaeao icia/aoue aeaaeue ?oaey ec-ca
i?eoiea eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea. Aaethoiua ia?aie/aiey neaaeoao ia
nieiaoue aei oao ii?, iiea yeiiiie/aneay e iieeoe/aneay ianoaiiaea a
iaoae no?aia ia noaaeeece?oaony e o?iaaiue eioeyoeee, eae oaeoi?
aeaenoaothuee ia eo?n aaethou, ia aoaeao ieieiaeueiui. Yoa caaea/a ia
oae oae e neiaeia, eae n/eoatho niaoeeaeenou, anee i?aaeoaeuenoai e
ae?oaea i?aaiu i?aaeeueii i?aaiecotho aaethoioth iieeoeeo a ?innee.
AEo?iae “IYEII” iiia? 5 , 1995 aiae, no?. 47
AEo?iae “IYEII” iiia? 5 , 1995a. no?. 49 ( + oaaeeoea )
*eaeia E. ss. “Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aaethoii-oeiainiaua i?aaiecaoeee
eaieoaeecia” Iineaa, 1968 ( niinea e oaaeeoea )
E.ss. Iineiaa “Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua yeiiiie/aneea ioiioaiey”no?. 127
Noaaeie/aiei A.E. “Aaethoiua iio?ynaiey ia Caiaaea”, Iineaa, 1968
aiae, no?. 47
*eaeia E. ss. “Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aaethoii-oeiainiaua i?aaiecaoeee
eaieoaeecia”, Iineaa, 1968, no? 128, (niinea e oaaeeoea ia no?. 18)
AEo?iae “IYEII” iiia? 5 , 1995 aiae, no?. 47
AEo?iae “IYEII” iiia? 5 , 1995a. no?. 49 ( + oaaeeoea )
Iineiaa E.ss., Iaeneiiaa E.I. “Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua yeiiiie/aneea
ioiioaiey”, Iineaa, 1995, no?. 35 ( niinea oaeaea ioiineony e e oaaeeoea
)
Oai aea, no?. 37.
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