NIAeA?AEAIEA
Anooieaiea…………………………..3
Aeaaa 1.
Iniiaiua oiiaeu i?aaei?eyoee
1.1 Iiiyoea, nouiinoue, cia/aiea iniiaiuo
oiiaeia,eo eeanneoeeaoeey……………….4
1.2 Iniiaiua oiiaeu i?aaei?eyoee
a aeaiaaeiii au?aaeaiee…………………9
1.3 Aii?oecaoeey, iaoiaeu aa ia/eneaiey…..11
1.4 Iieacaoaee eniieueciaaiey
iniiaiuo oiiaeia………………………13
Aeaaa 2.
Eaieoaeueiua aeiaeaiey e enoi/ieee
eo oeiaine?iaaiey…………………….15
Aeaaa 3.
Iai?ioiua n?aaenoaa i?aaei?eyoey
3.1 Iiiyoea, cia/aiea e iniiau
i?aaiecaoeee iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa…………..19
3.2 Ii?ie?iaaiea iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa………22
Caeeth/aiea……………………………27
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u……………………..28
Anooieaiea
Aaconeiaii, /oiau i?ienoiaeeea ii?iaeueiia ooieoeeiie?iaaiea
i?aaei?eyoey, iaiaoiaeeii iaee/ea ii?aaeaeaiiuo n?aaenoa e
enoi/ieeia.Iniiaiua i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oiiaeu, ninoiyuea ec caeaiee,
nii?oaeaiee, iaoei, iai?oaeiaaiey e ae?oaeo n?aaenoa o?oaea, eioi?ua
o/anoaotho a i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa, yaeythony naiie aeaaiie iniiaie
aeayoaeueiinoe oe?iu. Aac eo iaee/ey a?yae ee iiaei /oi – eeai
inouanoaeoueny.Anoanoaaiii, aeey ii?iaeueiiai ooieoeeiie?iaaiey
eaaeaeiai i?aaei?eyoey iaiaoiaeeiu ia oieueei iniiaiua n?aaenoaa, ii e
iai?ioiua n?aaenoaa, i?aaenoaaeythuea niaie i?aaeaea anaai aeaiaaeiua
n?aaenoaa, eioi?ua eniieuecothony i?aaei?eyoeai aeey i?eia?aoaiey
iai?ioiuo oiiaeia e oiiaeia ia?auaiey.
?aoeeiiaeueiia e yeiiiiiia eniieueciaaiea eae iniiaiuo, oae e iai?ioiuo
oiiaeia yaeyaony ia?aii/a?aaeiie caaea/ae i?aaei?eyoey.Iiyoiio
iaiaoiaeeii ?anniio?aoue ninoaa, no?oeoo?o e acaeiiioiioaiea iniiaiuo e
iai?ioiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oiiaeia.
AEAAA 1.
INIIAIUA OIIAeU I?AAeI?EssOEE
1.1 Iiiyoea, nouiinoue, cia/aiea
e eo eeanneoeeaoeey.
Eiay yniia i?aaenoaaeaiea i eaaeaeii yeaiaioa iniiaiuo oiiaeia a
i?iecaiaenoaaiiii i?ioeanna, i eo oece/aneii e ii?aeueiii eciina,i
oaeoi?ao, eioi?ua aeeytho ia eniieueciaaiea iniiaiuo oiiaeia, iiaeii
auyaeoue iaoiaeu, i?e iiiiue eioi?uo iiauoaaony yooaeoeaiinoue
eniieueciaaiey iniiaiuo oiiaeia e i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiuiinoae
i?aaei?eyoey, iaania/eaathuay nieaeaiea ecaea?aeae i?iecaiaenoaa e,
eiia/ii, ?ino i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea.
Iniiaiua oiiaeu i?iiuoeaiiiai i?aaei?eyoey iauaaeeiaiey)
i?aaenoaaeytho niaie niaieoiiinoue iaoa?eaeueii-aauanoaaiiuo oeaiiinoae,
nicaeaiiuo iauanoaaiiui o?oaeii, aeeeoaeueii o/anoaothueo a i?ioeanna
i?iecaiaenoaa a iaeciaiiie iaoo?aeueiie oi?ia e ia?aiinyuea naith
noieiinoue ia ecaioiaeaiioth i?iaeoeoeeth ii /anoyi ii ia?a eciina.
Nouanoaoao ianeieueei eeanneoeeaoeee iniiaiuo oiiaeia.
A caaeneiinoe io oa?aeoa?a o/anoea iniiaiuo oiiaeia a noa?a
iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa iie iiae?acaeaeythony ia:
– i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iniiaiua oiiaeu ooieoeeiie?otho a i?ioeanna
i?iecaiaenoaa, iinoiyiii o/anoaotho a iai, eciaoeaathony iinoaiaiii,
ia?aiiny naith noieiinoue ia aioiaue i?iaeoeo,iiiieiythony iie ca n/ao
eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee,
– iai?iecaiaenoaaiiua iniiaiua oiiaeu i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey
ianeoaeeaaiey i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa, e iiyoiio a iai iaiin?aaenoaaiii
ia o/anoaotho, e ia ia?aiinyo naiae noieiinoe ia i?iaeoeo, iioiio /oi ii
ia i?iecaiaeeony; aini?iecaiaeyony iie ca n/ao iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea.
Ianiio?y ia oi, /oi iai?iecaiaenoaaiiua iniiaiua oiiaeu ia ieacuaatho
eaeiai – eeai iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai aeeyiey ia iauai i?iecaiaenoaa, ?ino
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea, iinoiyiiia oaaee/aiea yoeo oiiaeia naycaii
n oeo/oaieai aeaaininoiyiey ?aaioieeia i?aaei?eyoey, iiauoaieai
iaoa?eaeueiiai e eoeueoo?iiai o?iaiy eo aeecie, /oi a eiia/iii n/aoa
neacuaaaony ia ?acoeueoaoa aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey.
Iniiaiua oiiaeu – aaaeiaeoay e i?aiaeaaeathuay /anoue anao
oiiaeia a i?iiuoeaiiinoe (eiathony a aeaeo iniiaiua e iai?ioiua
oiiaeu, a oaeaea oiiaeu ia?auaiey). Iie ii?aaeaeytho
i?iecaiaenoaaiioth iiuue i?aaei?eyoee, oa?aeoa?ecotho eo oaoie/aneoth
iniauaiiinoue, iaiin?aaenoaaiii naycaiu n i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoueth
o?oaea, iaoaiecaoeeae, aaoiiaoecaoeeae i?iecaiaenoaa, naaanoieiinoueth
i?iaeoeoeee, i?eaueueth e o?iaiai ?aioaaaeueiinoe.
Niaeanii nouanoaothuae eeanneoeeaoeee iniiaiua oiiaeu
i?iiuoeaiiinoe ii naiaio ninoaao a caaeneiinoe io oeaeaaiai iacia/aiey
e auiieiyaiuo ooieoeee iiae?acaeaeythony ia neaaeothuea aeaeu:
– caeaiey,
– nii?oaeaiey,
– ia?aaeaoi/iua ono?ienoaa,
– iaoeiu e iai?oaeiaaiea,a oii /enea:
– neeiaua
– ?aai/ea
– ecia?eoaeueiua e ?aaoee ?othuea i?aaeiaou
– au/eneeoaeueiay oaoieea
– i?i/ea
– o?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa,
– eino?oiaiou,
– i?iecaiaenoaaiiue eiaaioa?ue e i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe,
– i?i/ea iniiaiua oiiaeu( ?aai/ee neio, iiiaieaoiea ianaaeaeaiey).
Eaaeaeay a?oiia ninoieo ec iiiaeanoaa ?aciiia?aciuo n?aaenoa o?oaea.A
a?oiia caeaiey auaeaeytho o?e iiaea?oiiu: i?iecaiaenoaaiiua caeaiey,
iai?iecaiaenoaaiiua caeaiey e aeeeuea.Nii?oaeaiey aeaeyony ia
iiaecaiiua, iaooyiua e aaciaua neaaaeeiu, ai?iua au?aaioee.E
ia?aaeaoi/iui ono?ienoaai ioiinyo o?oaii?iaiaeu e aiaeii?iaiaeu. Neeiaua
iaoeiu yoi oo?aeiu, yeaeo?iaeaeaaoaee.?aai/ea iaoeiu e iai?oaeiaaiea
iiae?acaeaeythony a caaeneiinoe io io?aneae eniieueciaaiey.Eino?oiaiou e
eiaaioa?ue o/eouaathony a ninoaaa iniiaiuo oiiaeia oieueei a oii neo/aa,
anee iie neoaeao aieueoa iaeiiai aiaea e noiyo aieueoa 1 iei. ?oa.( anee
iaiueoa – oi yoi oaea iaeioeaiiua e auno?ieciaoeaathueany i?aaeiaou e
aeeth/athony a ninoaa iai?ioiuo oiiaeia).
Caeaiea e nii?oaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iacia/aiey, ia?aaeaoi/iua
ono?ienoaa, iaoeiu e iai?oaeiaaiea, o?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa oi?ie?otho
iniiaiua oiiaeu i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iacia/aiey.
Niioiioaiea ioaeaeueiuo a?oii iniiaiuo oiiaeia a eo iauai iauaia
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aeaeiaoth( i?iecaiaenoaaiioth) no?oeoo?o iniiaiuo
oiiaeia.A caaeneiinoe io iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai o/anoey a
i?iecaiaenoaaiiii i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iniiaiua oiiaeu
iiae?acaeaeythony ia: aeoeaiua(ianeoaeeaatho ?aoathuea o/anoee
i?iecaiaenoaa e oa?aeoa?ecotho i?iecaiaenoaaiiua aiciiaeiinoe
i?aaei?eyoey) e ianneaiua(caeaiey, nii?oaeaiey,
eiaaioa?ue,iaania/eaathuea ii?iaeueiia ooieoeeiie?iaaiea aeoeaiuo
yeaiaioia iniiaiuo oiiaeia).
A iniiaiii, ianna i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iniiaiuo oiiaeia a
i?iiuoeaiiinoe nin?aaeioi/aia a aeoeaiie /anoe.
Aeaeiaay no?oeoo?a iniiaiuo oiiaeia ?acee/ia a io?aneyo i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
Iai?eia?, aeiey caeaiee a iauae noieiinoe iniiaiuo oiiaeia iaeaieaa
aaeeea a ieuaaie i?iiuoeaiiinoe (44%), nii?oaeaiee – a oiieeaiie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe(17%), ia?aaeaoi/iuo ono?ienoa – a yeaeo?iyia?aaoeea
(32%), iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey – ia i?aaei?eyoeyo iaoeiino?ieoaeueiiai
eiiieaena (45% e nauoa ).
Ninoaa e no?oeoo?a iniiaiuo oiiaeia caaenyo io iniaaiiinoae
niaoeeaeecaoeee io?anee, oaoiieiaee e i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa,
oaoie/aneie iniauaiiinoe. No?oeoo?a iniiaiuo oiiaeia iiaeao auoue
?acee/ia ii io?aneyi i?iiuoeaiiinoe e aioo?e ioaeaeueiie io?anee a nayce
n oaie aea i?e/eiaie.
1.2 Iniiaiua oiiaeu i?aaei?eyoee
a aeaiaaeiii au?aaeaiee.
Iniiaiua oiiaeu i?aaei?eyoee, o/eouaaaiua a aeaiaaeiii
au?aaeaiee, i?aaenoaaeytho niaie iniiaiua n?aaenoaa. Aeaiaaeiay ioeaiea
iniiaiuo oiiaeia io?aaeaaony a o/aoa ii ia?aiia/aeueiie,
ainnoaiiaeoaeueiie, iieiie e inoaoi/iie noieiinoe.
1. A iianaaeiaaiie i?aeoeea I.O. o/eouaathony e ieaie?othony ii
ia?aiia/aeueiie noieiinoe. Iia i?aaenoaaeyao niaie noieiinoue
i?eia?aoaiey eee nicaeaiey I.O.Iaoeiu e iai?oaeiaaieoa i?eieiathony ia
aaeain i?aaei?eyoey ii oeaia eo i?eia?aoaiey, aeeth/athuoth iioiaoth
oeaio aeaiiiai aeaea o?oaea, ?anoiaeu ia aeinoaaeo e ae?oaea
caaioiaeoaeueiua ?anoiaeu, cao?aou ia iiioaae e onoaiiaeo.
Ia?aiia/aeueiay noieiinoue caeaiee, nii?oaeaiee e ia?aaeaoi/iuo
ono?ienoa i?aaenoaaeyao niaie niaoioth noieiinoue eo nicaeaiey,
aeeth/athuoth noieiinoue no?ieoaeueii – iiioaaeiuo ?aaio e anao ae?oaeo
cao?ao, naycaiiuo n i?iaaaeaieai ?aaio ii aaaaeaieth yoiai iauaeoa a
aeaenoaea. Ana ?anoiaeu, naycaiiua n nicaeaieai I.O. inouanoaeythony a
aeaenoaothueo oeaiao.
N oa/aieai a?aiaie I.O. ia aaeaina i?aaei?eyoey o/eouaathony ii
niaoaiiie ioeaiea, o.a. ii oaeouei oeaiai e oa?eoai aiaea eo nicaeaiey
eee i?eia?aoaiey aeaenoaea I.O.
Ioeaiea iniiaiuo oiiaeia ii ia?aiia/aeueiie noieiinoe ioaeia aeey
ii?aaeaeaiey noiiu iniiaiuo n?aaenoa, cae?aieaiiua ca aeaiiui
i?aaei?eyoeai. Ia iniiaa ia?aiia/aeueiie noieiinoe ?ann/eouaathony
aii?oecaoeey a oaeaea iieacaoaee eniieueciaaiey oiiaeia.
2.Ainnoaiiaeoaeueiay noieiinoue au?aaeaao noieiinoue
aini?iecaiaenoaa I.O. ia iiiaio eo ia?aioeaiee, oi anoue iia io?aaeaao
cao?aou ia i?eia?aoaiea e nicaeaiea n?aaenoa o?oaea a oeaiao, oa?eoao e
ae?., aeaenoaothueo a ia?eiae eo ia?aioeaiee eo aini?iecaaiaenoaa n
o/aoii
Aeey ii?aaeaeaiey ainnoaiiaeoaeueiie noieiinoe ?aaoey?ii
i?iecaiaeyony ia?aioeaiee iniiaiuo oiiaeia n iiiiuueth aeaoo iniiaiuo
iaoiaeia: 1) iooai eiaeaenaoeee eo aaeainiaie noieiinoe, 2) iooai
i?yiiai ia?an/aoa aaeainiaie noieiinoe i?eiaieoaeueii e oeaiai,
neeaaeuaathueiny ia 1 yiaa?y i/a?aaeiiai aiaea. N eo iiiiuueth iiaeii
aeinoeaiooue aaeeiiia?aciie ioeaiee iniiaiuo oiiaeia i?iiuoeaiiinoe a
niioaaonoaee n nia?aiaiiie noieiinoueth eo ainnoaiiaeaiey, /oi
iicaieyao oi/iaa onoaiiaeoue iioiaua oeaiu ia n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa, e
e?aaeeoiaaiey eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee.
3. Iieiay noieiinoue iniiaiuo n?aaenoa (aaeainiaay noieiinoue)
?ann/eouaaaony aac o/aoa oie noieiinoe, eioi?ay ii /anoyi ia?aiineony
ia aioiaoth i?iaeoeoeeth.
4. Inoaoi/iay noieiinoue i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ?acieoeo iaaeaeo
ia?aiia/aeueiie noieiinoueth e ia/eneaiiui eciinii ( noieiinoue I.O. ia
ia?aianaiu ia aioiaue i?iaeoeo). Iia iicaieyao noaeeoue i noaiaie
eciioaiiinoe n?aaenoa o?oaea , ieaie?iaaoue iaiiaeaiea e ?aiiio I.O.
Anoue aeaa aeaea inoaoi/iie noieiinoe: 1) iia ii?aaeaeyaony ii
ia?aiia/aeueiie noieiinoe, ii?aaeaeyaiie ii ia?a ia/eneaiey
aii?oecaoeee, 2) ii ainnoaiiaeoaeueiie noieiinoe, ii?aaeaeyaiie
yenia?oiui iooai a i?ioeanna ia?aioeaiee n?aaenoa o?oaea.
1.3.Aii?oecaoeey, iaoiaeu aa ia/eneaiey.
Iniiaiua i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oiiaeu, o/anoaoy a i?ioeanna
i?iecaiaenoaa, ii /anoyi ia?aiinyo naith noieiinoue ia i?iecaaaeaiioth
AI eee ieacaiiua oneoae. Aeaiaaeiia au?aaeaiea ia?aianaiiie /anoe
noieiinoe iniiaiuo oiiaeia iacuaaaony aii?oecaoeeae (0) . Iia
inouanoaeyaony aeey iaeiieaiey iaiaoiaeeiuo aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa a
oeaeyo iineaaeothuaai ainnoaiiaeaiey e aini?iecaiaenoaa iniiaiuo
oiiaeia. Aii?oecaoeeiiiua io/eneaiey aeeth/atho a naaanoieiinoue
i?iaeoeoeee e ?aaeecothony i?e aa i?iaeaaea. ?acia? aii?oecaoeeiiiuo
io/eneaiee (a i?ioeaioao e aaeainiaie noieiinoe iniiaiuo oiiaeia)
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ii?io aii?oecaoeee (onoaiaaeeaathony ec ?an/aoa
aiciauaiey noieiinoe e iaeiieaiey n?aaenoa aeey iineaaeothuaai iieiiai
e /anoe/iiai eo ainnoaiiaeaiey). Ii?ia aii?oecaoeee i?aaenoaaeyao
ioiioaiea aiaeiaie noiiu aii?oecaoeee e ia?aiia/aeueiie noieiinoe eaeiai
– eeai n?aaenoaa o?oaea, au?aaeaiiia a i?ioeaioao e n/eoaaony ii
oi?ioea:
Oa – Oe
Ia = ————– * 100,
Oa * Oi
aaea Oa – aaeainiaay noieiinoue,
Oe – eeeaeaeaoeeiiiay noieiinoue,
Oi – ii?iaoeaiue n?ie neoaeau n?aaenoa o?oaea.
O?iaaiue aii?oecaoeee caaenoe io eaaeaeie ninoaaeythuae yoie oi?ioeu, ii
aeaaiie aaee/eiie yaeyaony ii?iaoeaiue n?ie neoaeau n?aaenoa o?oaea.
Ieaeiei i?aaeaeii Ia yaeyaony n?ie eciina n?aaenoa o?oaea, i?e eioi?ii
iineaaeothuee eaieoaeueiue ?aiiio noaiiaeony ia ioaeai. Aa?oiee i?aaeae
Ia iaoneiaeai iaeiaiueoei n?ieii neoaeau I.O., i?e eioi?ii yeiiiie/aneee
yooaeo caiaiu aeaenoaothueo oiiaeia iiauie i?aauoaao yooaeoeaiinoue eo
iiaea?iecaoeee e ?aiiioa.
Nouanoaoao eeanneoeeaoeey iaoiaeia ia/eneaiey aii?oecaoeee.Ai – ia?auo,
eo iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia iau/ioth e onei?aiioth aii?oecaoeeth.Iau/iay
aii?oecaoeey, a naith i/a?aaeue aeaeeony ia:
– ?aaiiia?ii – i?yiieeiaeioth ( i?ienoiaeeo ?aaiiia?iia nienaiea
noieiinoe iniiaiuo oiiaeia a oa/aiea onoaiiaeaiiiai n?iea aai neoaeau),
– a caaeneiinoe i n?iea neoaeau
– a caaeneiinoe io i?iecaaaeaiiie ?aaiou.
Onei?aiiay aii?oecaoeey auaaao ?aaiiia?ii – i?yiieeiaeiie, ?aa?anneaiie,
i?ia?anneaiie e i?ia?anneaii – ?aa?anneaiie.?aa?anneaiua iaoiaeu iiaeii
iiae?acaeaeeoue ia iaoiae oiaiueoathuaainy inoaoea e eoioeyoeaiue
iaoiae. Nooue eoioeyoeaiiai iaoiaea a oii, /oi aaeaaiaeiua noiiu
aii?oecaoeeiiiuo io/eneaiee ii?aaeaeythony io iinoiyiii oiaiueoathuaeny
iaaii?oece?iaaiiie noieiinoe, aiaeiaua noiiu aii?oecaoeee oaeaea
oiaiueoathony n oaaee/aieai n?iea neoaeau. Ii eoioeyoeaiiio iaoiaeo ca
ia?aua o?e aiaea nienuaaaony 80% noieiinoe e i?ienoiaeeo iieiia nienaiea
aaeainiaie noieiinoe a oa/aiea ii?iaoeaiiai n?iea neoaeau. A iniiaa
i?ia?anneaiiai iaoiaea eaaeeo iinoiyiiia aic?anoaiea ec aiaea a aiae
n?aaeiaai o?iaiy aii?oecaoeee, en/eneyaiie ii ioiioaieth e
ia?aiia/aeueiie noieiinoe I.O. I?e eniieueciaaiee i?ia?anneaiiai –
?aa?anneaiiai iaoiaea a ia?aua aeaa aiaea inaiaiey iiaie oaoieee
i?aeoeeoaony ieceay ii?ia aii?oecaoeee, ii caoai iia auno?i aic?anoaao e
a iineaaeothuea aiaeu inouanoaeyaony ii ?aa?anneaiie oeaea.
1.4 Iieacaoaee eniieueciaaiey
iniiaiuo oiiaeia
Ana iieacaoaee eniieueciaaiey I.O. iiaoo auoue iauaaeeiaiu a o?e a?oiiu:
– iieacaoaee yenoaineaiiai eniieueciaaiey I.O., io?aaeathuea o?iaaiue
eniieueciaaiey eo ii a?aiaie
– iieacaoaee eioaineaiiai eniieueciaaiey I.O., io?aaeathuea o?iaaiue eo
eniieueciaaiey ii iiuiinoe ( i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe)
– iieacaoaee eioaa?aeueiiai eniieueciaaiey, o/eouaathuea niaieoiiia
aeeyiea anao oaeoi?ia.
E ia?aie a?oiia iieacaoaeae ioiinyony: eiyooeoeeaio yenoaineaiiai
eniieueciaaiey iai?oaeiaaiey, eiyooeoeeaio niaiiinoe iai?oaeiaaiey,
eiyooeoeeaio caa?ocee iai?oaeiaaiey, eiyooeoeeaio niaiiiai ?aaeeia
a?aiaie ?aaiou iai?oaeiaaiey.
Yooaeoeaiinoue iniiaiuo oiiaeia a i?iiuoeaiiinoe ii?aaeaeyaony
iaoo?aeueiuie e noieiinoiuie iieacaoaeyie.Iauea iaoo?aeueiua iieacaoaee:
– eiyooeoeeaio noieiinoe ?aaiou iai?oaeiaaiey;
– iieacaoaee caa?ocee iai?oaeiaaiey;
– eiyooeoeeaiou eniieueciaaiey oiiaea ?aai/aai a?aiaie,
eniieueciaaiea iai?oaeiaaiey ii iaoeiiiio e aniiiiaaoaeueiiio a?aiaie.
*anoiua iaoo?aeueiua iieacaoaee aeatho iaeiinoi?iiithth
oa?aeoa?enoeeo yooaeoeaiinoe iniiaiuo oiiaeia, iiyoiio i?eaaaatho e
noieiinoiui iieacaoaeyi:
– oiiaeiioaea/a;
– oiiaeiaieinoue;
– oiiaeiaii?oaeaiiinoue;
1. oiiaeiioaea/a
a
O = ————–
2N 0ini + 2 N 0ia
a – eiee/anoai i?iaeoeoeee
2N 0ini – n?aaeiyy noieiinoue iniiaiuo n?aaenoa
2N 0ia – n?aaeiyy noieiinoue iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa
2. oiiaeiaieinoue – yoi aaee/eia, ia?aoiay oiiaeiioaea/a.
3. oiiaeiaii?oaeaiiinoue
2Nini – no-oue iniiaiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oiiaeia
O = ——
* – /eneaiiinoue ia?niiaea
Oaeaea aieueooth ?ieue a iiauoaiee yooaeoeaiinoe iniiaiuo oiiaeia
ea?atho oeiainiai-e?aaeeoiua iaoaieciu.
AEAAA 2.
Eaieoaeueiua aeiaeaiey e enoi/ieee
eo oeiaine?iaaiey
Aini?iecaiaenoai iniiaiuo oiiaeia inouanoaeyaony ca n/ao
eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee e eaieoaeueiiai ?aiiioa. Eaieoaeueiua aeiaeaiey
iaania/eaatho eae i?inoia, oae e ?anoe?aiiia aini?iecaiaenoai iniiaiuo
oiiaeia.
Eaieoaeueiue ?aiiio iaania/eaaao oieueei i?inoia aini?iecaiaenoai
iniiaiuo oiiaeia.
Eaieoaeueiua aeiaeaiey i?aaenoaaeytho niaie cao?aou ia:
1. nicaeaiea iiauo iniiaiuo oiiaeia;
2. ?aeiino?oeoeeth aeaenoaothuee iniiaiuo oiiaeia;
3. ?anoe?aiea e oaoie/aneia ia?aaii?oaeaiea aeaenoaothueo
iniiaiuo oiiaeia;
Eaieoaeueiua aeiaeaiey a iniiaiua oiiaeu i?iiuoeaiiinoe iiaeii
iiae?acaeaeyoue ii oa?aeoa?o aini?iecaiaenoaa, eo iacia/aieth,
io?aneaaiio iai?aaeaieth, ninoaao e enoi/ieeai.
1. Ii oa?aeoa?o aini?iecaiaenoaa
– ia iiaia no?ieoaeuenoai:
a) cao?aou ia iino?ieeo i?aaei?eyoee;
a) ia iino?ieeo caeaiee e nii?oaeaiee ia iiauo ieiuaaeeao ii
ia?aiia/aeueiiio i?iaeoo;
– ia oaoie/aneia ia?aaii?oaeaiea aeaenoaothuaai i?aaei?eyoey:
a) cao?aou ia aiaae?aiea iiaie oaoieee e oaoiieiaee;
a) ia iaoaiecaoeeth e aaoiiaoecaoeeth i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
i?ioeannia;
a) ia iiaea?iecaoeeth e caiaio onoa?aaoaai iai?oaeiaaiey
iiaui, aieaa i?iecaiaeeoaeueiui e yeiiiie/iui;
– ia ?anoe?aiea (1) e ?aeiino?oeoeeth (2) aeaenoaothueo
i?aaei?eyoee:
(1) a) cao?aou ia no?ieoaeuenoai ii iiaiio i?iaeoo;
a) no?ieoaeuenoai e ?anoe?aiea nouanoaothueo iniiaiuo
oeaoia, aniiiiaaoaeueiuo oeaoia e ianeoaeeaathueo i?iecaiaenoa;
(2) a) cao?aou ia iieiia eee /anoe/iia ia?aiai?oaeiaaiea e
ia?aono?ienoai aac no?ieoaeuenoaa iiauo e ?anoe?aiey aeaenoaothueo
oeaoia iniiaiiai i?iecaiaenoaa;
a) no?ieoaeuenoai iiauo oeaoia e iauaeoia oie aea
iiuiinoe acaiai eeeaeaee?iaaiiuo oeaoia e iauaeoia aeaiiiai iacia/aiey;
2. Ii iacia/aieth:
– ia no?ieoaeuenoai iauaeoia i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai oa?aeoa?a:
a) cao?aou ia nii?oaeaiea i?iiuoeaiiuo iauaeoia;
a) iauaeoia, eioi?ua aoaeoo ianeoaeeaaoue o?ainii?oiua
nii?oaeaiey, aiaeii?iaiae, eaiaeecaoeeth e o.ae.
– ia no?ieoaeuenoai iauaeoia iai?iecaiaenoaaiiiai oa?aeoa?a:
a) cao?aou ia aeeeeuiia e i?i/aa no?ieoaeuenoai
eoeueoo?ii-auoiaiai ianeoaeeaaiey ?aai/eo e neoaeaueo;
3. Ii io?aneaaiio iai?aaeaieth:
a caaeneiinoe io ?aciauaiey n?aaenoa a ?acee/iua io?anee ii eo
oa??eoi?eaeueiiio ?aniieiaeaieth;
4. Ii ninoaao:
– ia no?ieoaeuenoai:
a) iauano?ieoaeueiua;
a) ioaeaei/iua;
a) naieoa?ii-oaoie/aneea ?aaiou;
a) ?aaiou ii ono?ienoao ooiaeaiaioia, iniiaaiee e iii? iiae
nii?oaeaiey;
– ia iiioaae:
a) nai?ea e onoaiiaea iai?oaeiaaiey;
– ia i?i/ea cao?aou e ioaeaeu:
a) ?anoiaeu ia i?iaeoiua ?aaiou;
a) cao?aou ia niaea?aeaiea aee?aeoeee no?iyuaainy i?aaei?eyoey
e ia oaoie/aneee iaaeci?;
Eaieoaeueiua aeiaeaiey inouanoaeythony ca n/ao ?acee/iuo aeaeia
aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa, eiaioaiuo enoi/ieeaie oeiaine?iaaiee. E iei
neaaeoao ioiineoue nianoaaiiua n?aaenoaa i?aaei?eyoee
(iauaaeeiaiee),e?aaeeo aaiea e athaeaeaoiua anneaiiaaiey. Iaeuecy
neacaoue, /oi iaeei ec enoi/ieeia aaaeiaa ae?oaiai, iie eniieuecothony a
eiiieaena.
1.Nianoaaiiua n?aaenoaa i?aaei?eyoee
aii?oecaoeeiiiua io/eneaiey – oiiae nioeeaeue iiai ?acaeoey (iie?uaaao
1/3 eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee ia iai?oaeiaaiea), n?aaenoaa io ?aaeecaoeee
i?iaeoeoeee, oiiae ?acaeoey i?iecaiaenoaa, iaoee e oaoieee, ?ano?nu
iiaeeeciaaiiua a oiaea no?ieoaeuenoaa, ?anoe?aiea, ?aeiino?oeoeey e
oaoie/aneia ia?aaii?oaeaiea aeaenoaothueo i?aaei?eyoee.
Aaaeiaeoee enoi/iee oeiaine?iaaiey eaiaeiaeaiee – e?aaeeo
aaiea, iniaia cia/aiea ea?aao aeieain?i/iue e?aaeeo aaiea. Aeieain?i/iue
aaieianeee e?aaeeo yaeyaony oai aeaeei e yeanoe/iui eino?oiaioii, n
iiiiuueth eioi?iai nicaeaaony aiciiaeiinoue iaania/eoue inouanoaeaiea
ia?ii?eyoee ii aeaeueiaeoaio ?acaeoeth i?aaei?eyoey.
Iaoaieci aeieain?i/iiai e?aaeeoiaaiey caeac/eeia iaeuecy
nicaeaaaoue ioaeaeueii. Ii ia aeieaeai noiyoue a noi?iia io ae?oaeo
e?aaeeoii-?an/aoiuo ?u/aaia a noa?a eaiaeiaeaiee. Ioaeiu aaeeiay
nenoaia aeieain?i/iiai e e?aoein?i/iiai e?aaeeoa, niaaaeaiiay
?aoeeiiaeueiuie oi?iaie ?an/aoia. Enoi/ieeii iiaaoaiey e?aaeeoa a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue aeieaeia auoue i?eaueue io inouanoaeaiey e?aaeeooaiuo
ia?ii?eyoee, a caoai oaea n?aaenoaa oiiaea ?acaeoey i?iecaiaenoaa e
aii?oecaoeeiiiua io/eneaiey. Yoi cia/eoaeueii i?eaeeceo e?aaeeo e
o?iaith ?aioaaaeueiinoe e?aaeeooaiuo ia?ii?eyoee.
Ia oeiaine?iaaiea eaiaeiaeaiee iai?aaeythony e oeaio?aeeciaaiiua
?ano?nu ainoaea?noaa – athaeaeaoiua anneaiiaaiey. ?acia? athaeaeaoiuo
n?aaenoa, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey oeiaine?iaaiey eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee,
ii?aaeaeyaony eae ?acieoea iaaeaeo aiaeiaui iauaiii cao?ao ia
eaiaeiaeaiey e noiiie nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa i?aaei?eyoey, auaeaeyaiuo
ia yoo oeaeue. Eiie?aoiue ?acia? athaeaeaoiuo n?aaenoa,
onoaiaaeeaaaiuo aeey oeiaine?iaaiey eaiaeiaeaiee, ?ann/eouaaaony ia
iniiaa aaeainiauo aeioiaeia e ?anoiaeia. Aiieia aiciiaeai aa?eaio
i?eiaiaiey noaaaioeee, o.a. i?aaeinoaaeaiey i?aaei?eyoeyi
athaeaeaoiiai e?aaeeoa.
AEAAA 3.
Iai?ioiua n?aaenoaa i?aaei?eyoee.
3.1Iiiyoea, cia/aiea e iniiau
i?aaiecaoeee iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa
Iai?ioiua n?aaenoaa i?aaei?eyoey i?aaenoaaeytho niaie yeiiiie/aneoth
eaoaai?eth, a eioi?ie ia?aieaoaaony iiiaeanoai oai?aoe/aneeo e
i?aeoe/aneeo aniaeoia. N?aaee ieo aanueia aaaeiui yaeyaony aii?in i
nouiinoe,cia/aiee e iniiaao i?aaiecaoeee iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa.
A naiai iai?ioa oiiaeu iineaaeiaaoaeueii i?eieiatho aeaiaaeioth,
i?iecaiaeeoaeueioth e oiaa?ioth oi?iu, /oi aaaeao e eo ?acaeaeaieth ia
i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oiiaeu e oiiaeu ia?auaiey. Aauanoaaiiui iineoaeai
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oiiaeia yaeythony n?aaenoaa
i?iecaiaenoaa, n?aaenoaa o?oaea, i?aaeiaou o?oaea.Aioiaay i?iaeoeoeey
aianoa n aeaiaaeiuie n?aaenoaaie a ?an/aoao ia?acoao oiiaeu ia?auaiey.
E iai?ioiui i?iecaiaenoaaiiui oiiaeai i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee ioiinyo
/anoue n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa, aauanoaaiiua yeaiaiou eioi?uo a i?ioeanna
o?oaea a ioee/ea io iniiaiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oiiaeia ?anoiaeothony a
eaaeaeii i?iecaiaenoaaiiii oeeeea, e eo noieiinoue ia?aiineony ia
i?iaeoeo o?oaea oeaeeeii e n?aco.Aauanoaaiiua yeaiaiou iai?ioiuo oiiaeia
a i?ioeanna o?oaea i?aoa?iaaatho eciaiaiey naiae iaoo?aeueiie oi?iu e
oeceei – oeie/aneeo n?aaenoa. Iie oa?ytho naith iio?aaeoaeueioth
noieiinoue ii ia?a eo i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iio?aaeaiey. Iai?ioiua
i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oiiaeu ninoiyo ec o?ao /anoae: i?iecaiaenoaaiiua
caianu, iacaaa?oaiiia i?iecaiaenoai e iieooaa?eeaou nianoaaiiiai
ecaioiaeaiey, ?anoiaeu aoaeoueo ia?eiaeia.
Oiiaeu ia?auaiey ianeoaeeaatho noa?o i?iecaiaenoaa. Iie aeeth/atho
aioiaoth i?iaeoeoeeth ia neeaaea, oiaa?u a iooe, aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa e
n?aaenoaa a ?an/aoao n iio?aaeoaeyie i?iaeoeoeee, a /anoiinoe,
aeaaeoi?neoth caaeieaeaiiinoue.
E?oaiiai?io oiiaeia i?aaei?eyoee ia/eiaaony n aaaine?iaaiey
noieiinoe a aeaiaaeiie oi?ia ia i?eia?aoaiea n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa.
1. noaaeey: i?aaieciaaiiue i?ioeann iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneiai
niaaaeaiey n?aaenoaaie i?iecaiaenoaa;
2. noaaeey: iio?aaeaiea n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa e nicaeaiea aioiaie
i?iaeoeoeee;
3. noaaeey: ?aaeecaoeey aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee.
E?oaiiai?io oiiaeia i?aaei?eyoee iiaeao niaa?oaoueny oieueei i?e
iaee/ee ii?aaeaeaiiie aaaine?iaaiiie noieiinoe a aeaiaaeiie oi?ia. A
oai?ee e i?aeoeea yoa noieiinoue i?eiyea iacaaiea iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa.
Iai?ioiua n?aaenoaa aunooiatho i?aaeaea anaai eae noieiinoiay
eaoaai?ey: ia i?aeoeea iie ia yaeythony iaoa?eaeueiuie oeaiiinoyie, eai
ec ieo iaeuecy i?iecaiaeeoue aioiaoth i?iaeoeoeeth. ssaeyynue
noieiinoueth a aeaiaaeiie oi?ia, iai?ioiua n?aaenoaa oaea a i?ioeanna
e?oaiiai?ioa i?eieiatho oi?io i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo caiania,iacaaa?oaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa, aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee. Iai?ioiua n?aaenoaa ia
?anoiaeothony, ia cao?a/eaathony, ia iio?aaeythony, a aaaine?othony
(ioee/eoaeueiay /a?oa nia.n?aaenoa) n oai, /oiau aica?aoeoueny iinea
iaeiiai e?oaiiai?ioa e anooieoue a ae?oaie. iai?ioiua oiiaeu
iaiin?aaenoaaiii o/anoaotho a nicaeaiee iiaie noieiinoe, a iai?ioiua
n?aaenoaa – einaaiii, /a?ac iai?ioiua oiiaeu. A i?ioeanna
e?oaiiai?ioa iai?ioiua n?aaenoaa aiieiuatho naith noieiinoue a iai?ioiuo
oiiaeao e iiyoiio iin?aaenoaii iineaaeieo ooieoeeiie?otho a i?ioeanna
i?iecaiaenoaa, o/anoaotho a oi?ie?iaaiee ecaea?aeae i?iecaiaenoaa.
Eoae, iai?ioiua n?aaenoaa – yoi aaaine?oaiay a aeaiaaeiie oi?ia
noieiinoue, i?eieiathuay a i?ioeanna ieaiiia?iiai e?oaiiai?ioa n?aaenoa
oi?io iai?ioiuo oiiaeia e oiiaeia ia?auaiey, iaiaoiaeeiay aeey
iiaeaea?aeaiey iai?a?uaiinoe e?oaiiai?ioa e aica?auathuayny a enoiaeioth
oi?io iinea aai caaa?oaiey.
Iiae ninoaaii iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa iiieiaaony niaieoiiinoue
yeaiaioia, ia?acothueo iai?ioiua i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oiiaeu e oiiaeu
ia?auaiey.
Enoi/ieee Iai?ioiuo N?aaenoa
Nianoaaiiua (a iiiaio aaiaea a yenieoaoaoeeth)iie?uaatho min
iio?aaiinoe a i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo caianao,iacaaa?oaiiii i?iecaiaenoaa,
AI, ?anoiaeia aoaeoueo ia?eiaeia; Caaiiua: e?aoein?i/iua e?aaeeou, n
iiiiuueth eioi?uo oaeiaeaoai?yaony a?aiaiiay aeiiieieoaeueiay
iio?aaiinoue a iai?ioiuo n?aaenoaao.
3.2 Ii?ie?iaaiea iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa
Ii?ie?iaaiea iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa a i?iiuoeaiiinoe inouanoaeyaony ii
neaaeothuei yeaiaioai:
– nu?uea
– iniiaiua iaoa?eaeu
– iieoiiua i/oaa?eeaou
– eiiieaeniua ecaeaeey
– aniiiiaaoaeueiua iaoa?eaeu
– oiieeai
– oa?a
– IAI
– cai/anoe
– IAI e i/oaa?eeaou nianoaaiiiai ecaioiaeaiey
– ?anoiaeu aoaeoueo ia?eiaeia
– aioiaua ecaeaeey ia neeaaea
– iaioi?ieaiiua ioa?ocee
Ii?ie?iaaiea iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa ?ann/eouaaaony a iai?ioiuo n?aaenoaao ia
eiiaoe ieaiiaiai aiaea. Ii?ie?iaaiea iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa – yoi
ieieiaeueiia eiee/anoai eaaeaeiai eo aeaea, iaania/eaathuaa auiieiaiea
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie i?ia?aiiu. A naiii iauai aeaea ii?iaoea ii?aaeaeaiiiai
yeaiaioa iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa anoue i?iecaaaeaiea iaeiiaeiaaiuo cao?ao ia
ii?io caiana aeiy.
Iaoiaeu ii?ie?iaaiey iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa.
Nouanoaoao ianeieueei iaoiaeia ii?ie?iaaiey iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa
i?aaei?eyoey:
a) a i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo caianao
I?iecaiaenoaaiiua caianu (IC)
– nu?uea (1)
– iniiaiua iaoa?eaeu (2)
– iieoiiua i/oaa?eeaou (3)
– aniiiiaaoaeueiua iaoa?eaeu (4)
– oa?a (5)
– caianu aeey ?aiiioa (6)
– IAI (7)
Ii?iaoea iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa ia (1); (2) e (3):
2I 0 = 2N 0 * 2Ae
2N 0 – n?aaeianooi/iue ?anoiae nu?uey (ii?aaeaeyaony aeaeaieai
noiiu cao?ao aeaiiiai aeaea IC ca niioaaonoaothuee eaa?oae a
caaeneiinoe io io?anee ia eiee/anoai aeiae a eaa?oaea (90 aeiae))
2Ae 0 – ii?ia caiana a aeiyo (io?aaeaao eiee/anoai aeiae, a
oa/aiee eioi?uo iai?ioiua n?aaenoaa i?aauaatho a iaoa?eaeueiuo caianao):
-o?ainii?oiue
– iiaeaioiaeoaeueiue
– oaoiieiae/aneee
– neeaaeneie
– no?aoiaie
O?ainii?oiue caian eiaaony ia i?aaei?eyoeyo, oaeaeaiiuo io iinoaaueeia
ia cia/eoaeueiia ?annoiyiea, eiaaea eiaaony ?ac?ua ai a?aiaie iaaeaeo
iieaoie oiaa?ii – aeaiaaeiiai aeieoiaioa e i?eauoeai a?oca ia neeaae
iieo/aoaey. Iiaeaioiaeoaeueiue caian naycai n iaiaoiaeeiinoueth i?eaiee,
?aca?ocee, ni?oe?iaee iaoa?eaeia. Oaoiieiae/aneee caian nicaeaaony a oao
neo/ayo, eiaaea aeaiiue aeae nu?uey ioaeaeaaony a i?aaeaa?eoaeueiie
ia?aaioea aeey i?eaeaiey ii?aaeaeaiiuo naienoa. Oaeouea caianu – yoi
iniiaiie aeae caiania, ii iaiaoiaeei aeey aani?a?uaiie ?aaiou
i?aaei?eyoey. Aai aaee/eia ii?aaeaeyaony iieiaeiie ?acia?a
aeeeoaeueiinoe eioa?aaea iinoaaie. No?aoiaie caian iaania/eaaao ?aaioo
i?aaei?eyoey ia neo/ae iai?aaeaeaeaiiuo ioeeiiaiee a niaaaeaiee, ii
onoaiaaeeaathony a iieiaeio io oaeouaai caiana.
Ii?iaoea iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa ia (4) onoaiaaeeaaaony ii aeaoi
iniiaiui a?oiiai iaoa?eaeia:
1. a?oiia – iaoa?eaeu, ?anoiaeoaiua ?aaoey?ii e a aieueoii
eiee/anoaa neaae. ii?iaoea ?ann/eouaaaony oaeaea, eae e ia (1),(2) e
(3);
2. a?oiia – aniiiiaaoaeueiua iaoa?eaeu, eniieuecoaiua a
i?iecaiaenoaa ?aaeei e a iacia/eoaeueiii iauaia neaae. ii?iaoea
en/eneyaony aiaeeoe/aneei iaoiaeii ia iniiaa oaeoe/aneeo aeaiiuo ca ?yae
eao.
Ii?iaoea iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa ia (5) ii?aaeaeyaony ia oa?o ?aciaoth
e iai?ioioth iieoiioth e nianoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa
?aciaay – i?e?aaieaaiea ei a?aiaie iai?ioa (i?aauaaiey) oa?u,
caiyoie nu?ueai eee iaoa?eaeaie,
Iai?ioiay – enoiaey ec iaeiiaeiaaiiai aa iai?ioa, a oaeaea
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe iaeiiai iai?ioa a aeiyo io onoaiiaeaiiiai n?iea aa
iieaou aei i?aaeinoaaeaiey ieaoaaeiiai o?aaiaaiey a aaie.
Ii?iaoea iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa ia (6) a aieueoeinoaa i?aaei?eyoee
i?iiuoeaiiinoe onoaiaaeeaaaony ia 1000 ?oa. aaeainiaie noieiinoe
iaoei, iai?oaeiaaiey e o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa.
Ii?iaoea ia (7) onoaiaaeeaaaony ioaeaeueii ia yoe i?aaeiaou a
yenieoaoaoeee e ia neeaaea.
a). a iacaaa?oaiiii i?iecaiaenoaa
N oaoie/aneie noi?iiu IAI i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iacaeii/aiioth
i?iaeoeoeeth a nayce n aa iaoiaeaeaieai ia ?acee/iuo noaaeeyo
oaoiieiae/aneie ia?aaioee. A yeiiiie/aneii ioiioaiee noiia aeaiaaeiuo
cao?ao i?aaei?eyoey ia inouanoaeaiea i?ioeanna. A iaa aoiaeyo:
– noieiinoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo cao?ao aiaea/aiiuo a i?iecaiaenoai;
– ca?ieaoa;
– aii?oecaoeey;
– ae?oaea cao?aou.
Ii?iaoea iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa ii IAI ii?aaeaeyaony ii oi?ioea:
2I 0cae = 2 I 0 * 2 E 0ic
2I 0 – i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai oeeeea (a?aiy
i?aauaaiey i?iaeoeoeee a IAI)
2E 0iu – eiyooeoeeaio ia?anoaiey cao?ao
Eiyooeoeeaio ia?anoaiey cao?ao
2C 0a + 2 00,5* 2C 0i
2E 0 = ———– i?e ?aaiii ia?anoaiee cao?ao
2N
2C 0a – aaeeiia?aiaiiua cao?aou a ia/aea i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai
oeeeea (?anoiae nu?uey e iniiaiuo iaoa?eaeia)
2C 0i – ia?anoathuea cao?aou (ca?ieaoa e o.ae.)
2N 0 – naaanoieiinoue ecaeaeey
a). a aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee
Aioiaay i?iaeoeoeey, ecaioiaeaiiay ia i?aaei?eyoee e
iauaaeeiaiee, oa?aeoa?ecoao ia?aoiae iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa ec noa?u
i?iecaiaenoaa a noa?o ia?auaiey. Yoi i?aeoe/anee aaeeinoaaiiue yeaiaio
oiiaeia ia?auaiey, eioi?ue ii?ie?oaony. Iaania/aiea ?aaoey?iie
ioa?ocee AI iio?aaeoaeyi o?aaoao iiaeai?ee ecaeaeee ii ia?oeyi
niioaaonoaothuaai anni?oeiaioa, eo iaeiieaiey, oiaeiaee, iia?ocee e
o?ainii?oe?iaee aei noaioeee ioi?aaeaiey, a oaeaea ioi?ieaiey ?an/aoiuo
aeieoiaioia e naea/e eo a aaie ia eieanni.
Ii?ie?iaaiea iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa ii caianai AI inouanoaeyaony ia
iniiaa oi?ioeu:
Ic * Oi
Iaa = ———
Ae
Iaa -ii?iaoeaiua iai?ioiua n?aaenoaa ii aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee
Ic – ii?ia caiana a aeiyo
Oi -iauai oiaa?iie i?iaeoeoeee
Ae – eiee/anoai aeiae a eaa?oaea
Ic en/eneyaony eae n?aaeiaacaaoaiiay aaee/eia ia iniiaa ii?i
caiania ii aeaeai eee a?oiiai ecaeaeee e eo aeaee a iauai iauaia aioiaie
i?iaeoeoeee.
Niaa?oainoaiaaiea ii?ie?iaaiey caiania AI aeieaeii aace?iaaoueny
ia ?aoeeiiaeueiuo ia?ii?eyoeyo ii aa ieaiiia?iie e ?eoie/iie ioa?ocea,
nio?aiaieth ia neeaaea, oeo/oaieth nauoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe, a oaeaea
i?aaiecaoeee aeaiaaeiuo ?an/aoia.
CAEETH*AIEA
Eiaaea aiai?eoue ia iniiaiuo oiiaeao e iai?ioiuo n?aaenoaao,
iaycaoaeueii anoaao aii?in ia yooaeoeaiinoe eo eniieueciaaiey e
i?eiaiaiey.
Iiauoaiea yooaeoeaiinoe iniiaiuo oiiaeia inouanoaeyaony ca n/ao
aieaa auno?iai inaiaiey iiauo iiuiinoae, iiauoaiey niaiiinoe ?aaiou
iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey, niaa?oainoaiaaiey i?aaiecaoeee
iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneie aacu, ?aiiioiie neoaeau, iiauoaiey
eaaeeoeeaoeee ?aai/eo, oaoie/aneiai ia?aaii?oaeaiey i?aaei?eyoee,
iiaea?iecaoeee e i?iaaaeaiey i?aaiecaoeeiiii-oaoie/aneeo ia?ii?eyoee.
A nenoaia ia?ii?eyoee ii iiauoaieth yooaeoeaiinoe iauanoaaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa aaaeiia ianoi caieiatho aii?inu ?aoeeiiaeueiiai
eniieueciaaiey iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa ai anao noa?ao aeayoaeueiinoe
/aeiaaea, iniaaiii a i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
I?e naiii yeiiiie/iii eniieueciaaiee iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa, i?e
aunaiaiaeaeathueony ?ano?nao iaiaoiaeeii oe?aieoue oeiainiaia ninoiyiea
i?aaei?eyoee e iauaaeeiaiee, iiauneoue iaoa?eaeueioth
caeioa?aniaaiiinoue ?aai/eo e neoaeaueo a iiauoaiey yooaeoeaiinoe
i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa.
NIENIE EEOA?AOO?U
1. “Aooaaeoa?neee o/ao a i?iiuoeaiiinoe” Iiae. ?aae. i?io.,
Iiae/aiei I.I., I, 1990
2. Aeia?ia A.I., E?uoaieiieeia A.E., “Oeiaine?iaaiea e
e?aaeeoiaaiea a i?iiuoeaiiinoe”, I, 1991
3. Caeii NNN? i i?aaei?eyoeyo a NNN? (Ecaanoey, 1990, 13 ethiy)
4. Caeii ?NON? i i?aaei?eyoeyo e i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe (Yeiiiieea e aeeciue, 1991, N 4, n.6,)
5. Eiiaoieeia E.E. Iiioey?iue yeiiiieei-iaoaiaoe/aneee
neiaa?ue,I,1990
6. “Iniiaiua iieiaeaiey ii ninoaao cao?ao, aeeth/aiiuo a
naaanoieiinoue i?iaeoeoeee (?aaio, oneoa) ia i?aaei?eyoeyo” (Yeiiiieea
e aeeciue, 1991, N 2, n.15)
7. “Iniiau i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai aeaea” Iiae. ?oe. Ae.Y.I.
i?ioanni?a Ineiiaa TH.I., I, 1992
8.”Yeiiiieea e noaoenoeea oe?i” Iiae. ?aae.
Eeueaieiaie N.Ae., I., 1996.
9.”Yeiiiieea i?aaei?eyoey” Iiae. ?aae.i?io. A.ss. Ai?oeieaey, I.,1996.
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