Лизинг

I E A I

Aaaaeaiea …………………………………………………………………………………..3

Aeaaa 1. Enoi?ey aicieeiiaaiey eeceiaa ……………………………………………….5

Aeaaa 2. Eeceiaiaua i?aaiioiioaiey………………………………………………….14

I?aaiaua iniiau eeceiaiauo ioiioaiee………………………………..14

Aeiaiai? oeiainiaie a?aiaeu (eeceia) ……………………………………18

TH?eaee/aneay i?e?iaea aeiaiai?a oeiainiaie a?aiaeu…………….18

Ii?aaeaeaiea aeiaiai?a oeiainiaie
a?aiaeu…………………………..21

Noi?iiu aeiaiai?a oeiainiaie a?aiaeu
………………………………..23

I?aaa e iaycaiiinoe noi?ii ii

aeiaiai?o oeiainiaie
a?aiaeu……………………………………………… 25

2.3. Aeaeu eeceiaa
………………………………………………………………
…………………….28

2.4. Ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea eeceiaiauo
ioiioaiee…………………….35

2.4.1.Eeoeaice?iaaiea eeceiaiaie aeayoaeueiinoe
……………………………35

2.4.2.No?aoiaaiea eeceiaiaie
aeayoaeueiinoe………………………………….37

2.4.3. Eueaiou e i?aoa?aioeee ii
eeceiao……………………………………….40

Aeaaa 3. Eniieueciaaiea eeceiaa ia
o?ainii?oa………………………….………………….50

3.1. Iia?aoi?u eeceiaiaiai aeciana a iaeanoe o?ainii?oa ………………….50

3.2. Eeceia aaeaoaoieee …………………………………………………………….53

3.3. Eeceia aaoio?ainii?oiuo
n?aaenoa……………………………………………………..
58

3.4. ?acaeoea eeceiaiauo ioiioaiee ia ii?neii
o?ainii?oa……………………63

Caeeth/aiea ……………………………………………………………………………….65

Nienie eeoa?aoo?u e ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia………………………………………………67

AAAAeAIEA

I?aia?aciaaiea iiae aicaeaenoaeai iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna noa?u
i?iecaiaenoaa e ia?auaiey, aeoaieea eciaiaiey yeiiiie/aneeo oneiaee
oicyenoaiaaiey aucuaatho iaiaoiaeeiinoue iienea e aiaae?aiey
iao?aaeeoeeiiiuo aeey oicyenoaa iaoae no?aiu iaoiaeia iaiiaeaiey
iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneie aacu e iiaeeoeeaoeee iniiaiuo oiiaeia noauaeoia
?acee/iuo oi?i nianoaaiiinoe. Iaeiei ec oaeeo iaoiaeia yaeyaony eeceia.

Aei ia/aea 60-o aiaeia eeceia a ca?oaaaeiuo no?aiao a iniiaiii
cao?aaeaae ?icie/iua eiiiaiee, eioi?ua /anoi a?aiaeiaaee naie iiiauaiey.
A oa/aiea iineaaeieo o?ao aeanyoeeaoee iiioey?iinoue eeceiaa ?acei
aic?inea; aianoi oiai, /oiau caieiaoue aeaiueae aeey iieoiee
eiiiuethoa?a, aaoiiiaeey, noaeia eee niooieea, eiiiaiey iiaeao acyoue
aai a eeceia.

Aeooaeueiinoue ?acaeoey eeceiaa a ?innee, aeeth/ay oi?ie?iaaiea
eeceiaiaiai ?uiea, iaoneiaeaia i?aaeaea anaai iaaeaaii?eyoiui ninoiyieai
ia?ea iai?oaeiaaiey: cia/eoaeai oaeaeueiue aan ii?aeueii onoa?aaoaai
iai?oaeiaaiey, iecea yooaeoeaiinoue aai eniieueciaaiey, iao
iaania/aiiinoe caianiuie /anoyie e o. ae. Iaeiei ec aa?eaioia ?aoaiey
yoeo i?iaeai iiaeao auoue eeceia, eioi?ue iauaaeeiyao ana yeaiaiou
aiaoiaoi?aiauo, e?aaeeoiuo e eiaanoeoeeiiiuo iia?aoeee.

Ia?aoiae e ?uii/iie yeiiiieea iinoaaee ia?aae i?iiuoeaiiuie
i?aaei?eyoeyie ?yae i?iaeai, aeaaiie ec eioi?uo yaeyaony neaaeothuay:
eae ooaa?aeeoueny a oneiaeyo aic?anoathuae eiieo?aioeee, nie?auaiey
?uiea nauoa ec-ca iaaunieeo oeai i?iaeoeoeee e iaieaoaaeaniiniaiinoe,
neiaeiinoae iienea iinoaaueeia nu?uey, iaoa?eaeia e ia?aie/aiiinoe
oeiainiauo ?ano?nia.

A ianoiyuaa a?aiy aieueoeinoai ?inneeneeo i?aaei?eyoee eniuouaaao
iaaeinoaoie iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa. Iie ia iiaoo iaiiaeyoue naie iniiaiua
oiiaeu, aiaae?youe aeinoeaeaiey iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna e
auioaeaeaiu a?aoue e?aaeeou. Nouanoaotho ?acee/iua aeaeu e?aaeeoiaaiey:
eiioa/iia, iiae caeia oeaiiuo aoiaa (iia?aoeey ?AII), iiae caeia ia?oee
oiaa?a, iaaeaeaeeiinoe. Iaeiaei i?aaei?eyoeth i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe
iaiiaeaiey naieo iniiaiuo n?aaenoa auaiaeiaa a?aoue iai?oaeiaaiea a
eeceia. I?e yoii yeiiiiey n?aaenoa i?aaei?eyoey ii n?aaiaieth n iau/iui
e?aaeeoii ia i?eia?aoaiea iniiaiuo n?aaenoa aeioiaeeo aei 10% io
noieiinoe iai?oaeiaaiey ca aanue n?ie eeceiaa, eioi?ue ninoaaeyao, eae
i?aaeei, io iaeiiai aiaea aei iyoe eao.1 Iuiaoiyy yeiiiie/aneay
neooaoeey a ?inne, ii iiaieth yenia?oia, aeaaii?eyonoaoao eeceiao. Oi?ia
eeceiaa i?eie?yao i?ioeai?a/ey iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeai, o eioi?iai iao
n?aaenoa ia iiaea?iecaoeeth, e aaieii, eioi?ue iaioioii i?aaeinoaaeo
yoiio i?aaei?eyoeth e?aaeeo, oae eae ia eiaao aeinoaoi/iuo aa?aioee
aica?aoa eiaanoe?iaaiiuo n?aaenoa. Eeceiaiaay iia?aoeey auaiaeia anai
o/anoaothuei: iaeia noi?iia iieo/aao e?aaeeo, eioi?ue auiea/eaaao
iiyoaiii, e ioaeiia iai?oaeiaaiea; ae?oaay noi?iia – aa?aioeth aica?aoa
e?aaeeoa, oae eae iauaeo eeceiaa yaeyaony nianoaaiiinoueth
eeceiaiaeaoaey eee aaiea, oeiaine?othuaai eeceiaiaoth iia?aoeeth, aei
iinooieaiey iineaaeiaai ieaoaaea.

AEAAA 1. ENOI?Ess AICIEEIIAAIEss EECEIAA

I?eiyoi n/eoaoue, /oi ana yeiiiieei – i?aaiaua ioiioaiey, naycaiiua n
eeceiaii, ioiinyony e iiaiio eee iiaaeoaio ia?eiaeo enoi?ee
oicyenoaaiiuo acaeiinaycae. Iaeiaei yoi ia oae. Aeieoiaiou
naeaeaoaeuenoaotho, /oi a?aiaea (eeceia) ecaanoia /aeiaaeo n
iacaiaiyoiuo a?aiai.

Aeaenoaeoaeueii, eaeay eeceiaa aeaeaei ia iiaa, oioy oa?ieia “eeceia”
(lease) eae oaeiaiai aua ia auei. ?ane?uoea nouiinoe eeceiaiaie naeaeee
ainoiaeeo e aeaeaeei a?aiaiai A?enoioaey (384 / 383 – 322 a. a. aei i.
y.). Eiaiii aio i?eiaaeeaaeeo iacaaiea iaeiiai ec o?aeoaoia a
“?eoi?eea”: “Aiaaonoai ninoieo a iieueciaaiee, a ia a i?aaa
nianoaaiiinoe”. Eiuie neiaaie, ia iaycaoaeueii aeey iieo/aiey aeioiaea
eiaoue a nianoaaiiinoe eaeia – eeai eiouanoai, aeinoaoi/ii eeoue eiaoue
i?aai iieueciaaoueny ei e a ?acoeueoaoa yoiai iieo/aoue aeioiae.

A?aiaeiua (eeceiaiaua) naeaeee auee ecaanoiu e ai a?aiaia, iiiai
i?aaeoanoaiaaaoea IV aaeo aei i. y., oi anoue aiaeai, eiaaea aeee
A?enoioaeue. Iie caeeth/aeenue, eae ioia/atho I. Aaeoon e A. Iaeaeaea? a
eieaa “Oeiea aa?iiaeneiai eeceiaa”, aua a ae?aaiai ainoaea?noaa Ooia? e
aeaoe?othony i?eia?ii 2000 aiaeii aei i. y. Oae, aeeiyiua oaaee/ee,
iaia?oaeaiiua a ooia?neii ai?iaea O?, niaea?aeao naaaeaiey ia a?aiaea
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo i?oaeee, caiee, aiaeiuo enoi/ieeia, aieia e
ae?oaeo aeeaioiuo. Yoe aeeiyiua oaaee/ee, iaeaeaiiua a 1984 aiaeo,
?anneacuaatho i o?aiiauo nayuaiieeao – a?aiaeiaeaoaeyo, caeeth/aaoeo
aeiaiai?u n ianoiuie oa?ia?aie. Iaeiaei ae?aaiea aeieoiaiou ia
ia?aie/eaatho noa?o a?aiaeiie i?aeoeee ainoaea?noaii Ooia?, e ia
eneeth/aii, /oi a?aiaea nouanoaiaaea e a aieaa ae?aaiea a?aiaia, oioy
iiea aei ian ia aeioei ieeaeeo naaaeaiee ia yoii.

Aiaeeeneee enoi?ee O. Eea?e iaia?oaeee ianeieueei iieiaeaiee i eeceiaa
a Caeiiao Oaiio?aie, i?eiyouo iaaeaeo 1775 – 1750 aiaeaie aei i. y.
A?oiia noaoae, eanathueony nianoaaiiinoe, – naiay aieueoay a noaeaaieea
Oaiio?aie. Noaouee ianoiyoaeueii e neo?ioeacii ?anniao?eaaee ana neo/ae
a?aiaeu e ii?iu a?aiaeiie ieaou, oneiaey caeiaa eiouanoaa.

Ae?oaea ae?aaiea oeeaeeecaoeee, aeeth/ay a?aeia, ?eieyi, aaeioyi,
n/eoaee a?aiaeo i?eaeaeaoaeueiui, aeinooiiui e ii?ie aaeeinoaaiii
aiciiaeiui niiniaii i?eia?aoaiey iai?oaeiaaiey, caiee e aeiiaoiaai
neioa.

Ae?aaiea oeieeeeoeu, i?ineuaoea ioee/iuie ii?yeaie e oi?aiaoeaie,
i?aeoeeiaaee a?aiaeo noaeia, eioi?ay ii naiae yeiiiieei – i?aaiaie nooe
i/aiue noiaea n eeanne/aneie oi?iie nia?aiaiiiai eeceiaa iai?oaeiaaiey.
Iiiaeanoai e?aoein?i/iuo aeiaiai?ia a?aiaeu iaania/eaaee iieo/aiea
noaeia e yeeiaaea. A nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo yoe naeaeee niioaaonoaotho
iia?aoeeyi oae iacuaaaiiai “iie?iai” eeceiaa. Aeieaia?aiaiiua /a?oa?iua
niaeaoaiey iiaeienuaaeenue ia n?ie, iie?uaaaoee aanue ?an/aoiue ia?eiae
yeiiiie/aneie aeecie noaeia, e o?aaiaaee io a?aiaeaoi?a i?eiyoey ia naay
aieueoae /anoe iaycaoaeuenoa, auoaeathueo ec iiiiiieueiiai
eniieueciaaiey a?aiaeoaiuo n?aaenoa.

?eineiio i?aao oaeaea aue ecaanoai eiiieaen eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee,
naycaiiuo n aeaaeaieai aauueth aac i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe. Yoe ioiioaiey
io?aaeaeenue eae a aeiaiai?iii, oae e a aauiii i?aaa. Eiia?aoi?
THnoeieai I (483 – 565 a. a.), inouanoaeaoee eiaeeoeeaoeeth ?eineiai
i?aaa, io?acee eeceiaiaua ioiioaiey a ecaanoiuo Einoeoooeeyo.

Eeceia a ae?aaiinoe ia aue ia?aie/ai a?aiaeie eaeeo-eeai eiie?aoiuo
oeiia nianoaaiiinoe. Oaeoe/anee ec enoi?ee ecaanoii, /oi a?aiaeiaaeenue
ia oieueei ?acee/iua oeiu naeueneioicyenoaaiiie oaoieee e ?aianeaiiiai
iai?oaeiaaiey, ii aeaaea aiaiiay oaoieea.

Ia?aia aeieoiaioaeueiia oiiieiaiea i i?aeoe/anee i?iaaaeaiiie
eeceiaiaie naeaeea ioiineony e 1066 aiaeo, eiaaea Aeeueaaeuei
Caaiaaaoaeue a?aiaeiaae o ii?iaiaeneeo noaeiaeaaeaeueoeaa ei?aaee aeey
aoi?aeaiey ia A?eoaineea ino?iaa.

A Aaiaoeee oaeaea a XI aaea nouanoaiaaee naeaeee, noiaeea n eeceiaiauie
iia?aoeeyie: aaiaoeeaioeu naeaaaee a a?aiaeo oi?aiaoeai e aeaaeaeueoeai
oi?aiauo noaeia i/aiue aei?iaea ii oai a?aiaiai yei?y. Ii ieii/aiee
ieaaaiey iie aica?auaeenue aeaaeaeueoeai, eioi?ua aiiaue naeaaaee eo a
a?aiaeo.

A n?aaeiaaaeiauea a?aiaeiay aeayoaeueiinoue auea ianeieueei ia?aie/aia.
A a?aiaeo naeaaaeenue a iniiaiii naeueneioicyenoaaiiua i?oaeey e
eioaaee. Iaeiaei a?aiy io a?aiaie i?ienoiaeeee niauoey, ii?iaeaeaaoea
oieeaeueiua oi?iu e i?aaeiaou a?aiaeu. Oae, a 1248 aiaeo auea
ca?aaeno?e?iaaia eeceiaiaay naeaeea, a niioaaonoaee n eioi?ie ?uoea?ue
Aiioen Iaiaaiaeea Aayoa a?aiaeiaae aeiniaoe aeey o/anoey a Naaeueiii
E?anoiaii iioiaea. Caoai ii auiea/eaae ca ieo a?aiaeioth ieaoo, eioi?ay
a eiia/iii eoiaa cia/eoaeueii i?aauneea ia?aiia/aeueioth noieiinoue
aioieoeee.

A oa aea a?aiaia iia?aoeee, aiaeiae/iua nia?aiaiiiio eeceiao,
i?eiaiyeenue a Aiaeee. Iaiaoiaeeii eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi ia i?ioyaeaiee
noieaoee a?aiaea aeaeaeeiiai eiouanoaa niaeanii Aiaeeeneiio
iicaiaeueiiio caeiio i?eciaaaeanue iai?aaiii/iie. Iaeiaei aeieain?i/iay
a?aiaea ?aaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe aeiioneaeanue e ai iiiaeo neo/ayo auea
aaeeinoaaiiui aeinooiiui, ec-ca aeanoeie nenoaiu caiaeueiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, n?aaenoaii i?eia?aoaiey i?aa ia eniieueciaaiea
caiee. Iiyoiio i?aaeiaoii a?aiaeu /aua anaai noaiiaeeenue oa?ia?neia
iai?oaeiaaiea e eioaaee. A Aaeeeia?eoaiee iaeiei ec ia?auo ii?iaoeaiuo
aeoia, ?aaoee?othueo ioiioaiey, noiaeea n eeceiaiauie, aue Caeii (Onoaa)
Oyeuena 1284 aiaea (Statute of Wales).

A 1572 aiaeo a Aaeeeia?eoaiee aue i?eiyo caeiiiaeaoaeueiue aeo,
?ac?aoathuee eniieueciaaoue oieueei aeaenoaeoaeueiue, a ia iieiue
eeceia, oi anoue caeiiiuie i?eciaaaeenue a?aiaeiua aeiaiai?u,
iiaeienuaaaiua ia ?acoiiuo iniiaaieyo, oae eae e oiio a?aiaie
o/anoeeenue naeaeee, eiathuea oeaeueth nie?uoea enoeiiiai iieiaeaiey
aauae – eoi nianoaaiiee, eoi aeaaeaeaoe. Eniieueciaaeinue yoi eae
n?aaenoai ne?uoie ia?aaea/e nianoaaiiinoe, oi anoue aeey aaaaeaiey a
caaeoaeaeaiea e?aaeeoi?ia.

Oaeei ia?acii, i?eaeiaeueiay eaeay ?acaeaeaiey aeaaeaiey e
nianoaaiiinoe e aiciiaeiinoe ecaeaeaoue auaiaeo ec aeaaeaiey ecaanoia
i?aao n ae?aaiaeoeo a?aiai.

A ia/aea XX aaea a Aaeeeia?eoaiee a nayce n ?acaeoeai i?iiuoeaiiinoe,
oaaee/aieai i?iecaiaenoaa ?acee/iuo aeaeia iai?oaeiaaiey aic?inei
eiee/anoai oiaa?ia, naeaaaaiuo a eeceia. Iniaoth ?ieue a yoii nua?aei
?acaeoea aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai o?ainii?oa e eaiaiiioaieueiie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe.

Nianoaaiieee eaiaiiioaieueiuo eiiae aia/aea iieoiaee aaaiiu aeey
ia?aaicee oaey, iaeiaei anei?a noaea i/aaeaeiie iaauaiaeiinoue e
iaaiciiaeiinoue oaeiai oeiaine?iaaiey. Au?aaioea oaey oaaee/eaaeanue,
ioe?uaaeenue iiaua oaoou, o?aaiaaeinue ana aieueoa aaaiiia. Aiieia
?aciiii, /oi iaaieueoea i?aaei?eyoey ?aoeee ainiieueciaaoueny yoie
neooaoeeae aeey auaiaeiiai aeiaeaiey eaieoaea. Iie iieoiaee aaaiiu aeey
oaey e naeaaaee eo a a?aiaeo (eeceia) aeaeaciiaei?iaeiui eiiiaieyi.
Iiyaeeenue eiiiaiee, aaeeinoaaiiie oeaeueth eioi?uo aue eeceia
eieiiioeaia e aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo aaaiiia. I?e ninoaaeaiee aeiaiai?ia iie
noaee aeeth/aoue a iaai i?aai ia iieoieo (iioeeii), i?aaeinoaaeyaoaany
iieueciaaoaeth ii ieii/aiee n?iea eeceiaa. Iaeiie ec i?e/ei iiyaeaiey
oaeiai oneiaey auei oi, /oi iieueciaaoaee ai?acaei aeeo?aoiaa e
aa?aaeiaa ia?auaeenue n aaaiiaie, anee nouanoaiaaea ia?niaeoeaa eo
iineaaeothuaai i?eia?aoaiey a nianoaaiiinoue. Oaeea naeaeee iieo/eee
iacaaiea aeiaiai?ia a?aiaeu – i?iaeaaee. Aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea eeceiaa e
a?aiaeu – i?iaeaaee i?eaaei e iaiaoiaeeiinoe ?aca?aie/aiey aeiaiai?ia
eeceiaa e a?aiaeu – i?iaeaaee.

A NOA oaeaea iaicia/eeny ni?in ia oeiaine?iaaiea a?aiaeu ?acee/iuo
aeaeia oaoieee e iai?oaeiaaiey. Ia?aue ca?aaeno?e?iaaiiue a?aiaeiue
aeiaiai? ia?niiaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe iiyaeeny a NOA a ia/aea XIII aaea,
eiaaea /eaiu aeeueaeee iieo/eee ii iaio a a?aiaeo eioaaeae, oo?aiiu e
eieynee. A aeaeueiaeoai ?ino eeceiaiaie aeoeaiinoe ii?aaeaeyeny, eae e a
Aaeeeia?eoaiee, ?acaeoeai aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai o?ainii?oa. I?e yoii
i?iaeaiu ?inoa auee i/aiue noiaee n aiaeeeneeie. AEaeaciiaei?iaeiua
eiiiaiee ia/aee eneaoue aiciiaeiinoe aeey iieo/aiey aaaiiia a
iieueciaaiea, a ia a nianoaaiiinoue, eeai aunoaaeyee /anoiui
a?ociioi?aaeoaeyi oneiaea i naiinoiyoaeueiii i?aaeinoaaeaiee aaaiiia. A
?acoeueoaoa eiaanoi?u noaee iaania/eaaoue iaiaoiaeeioth ?aioaaaeueiinoue
aeiaeaiee, oeiaine?oy i?eia?aoaiea eieiiioeaia e aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo
aaaiiia. Oi?aaeaiea iai?oaeiaaieai inouanoaeyeinue /a?ac o?anou, ca
eioi?uie noiyee aaiee eee o?anou, eo nicaeaaoea. I?e yoii na?oeoeeaou
o?anoia i?iaeaaaeenue eiaanoi?ai e i?aaeinoaaeyee ei i?aai ia iieo/aiea
aeioiaeia a ?acia?a ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?ioeaioia ia ?acia? eiaanoeoeee. Eae
e i?e nia?aiaiiuo eeceiaiauo ioiioaieyo, oi?aaeythuee o?anoii (ii, ii
nooe, yaeyeny aeaaie eeceiaiaie eiiiaiee) ieaoee ecaioiaeoaeth ca
iieo/aiiia io iaai iai?oaeiaaiea, a caoai niae?ae a?aiaeioth ieaoo n
iieueciaaoaey yoiai iai?oaeiaaiey ia i?ioyaeaiee anaai n?iea aeaenoaey
aeiaiai?a. A?aiaeiay ieaoa ii naiaio ?acia?o aeieaeia auea iie?uaaoue
iaycaoaeuenoaa, auoaeathuea ec na?oeoeeaoia, auiouaiiuo aeey i?iaeaaee
eiaanoi?ai.

Eae ioia/atho I. Aaeoon e A. Iaeaeaea? a eieaa «Oeiea aa?iiaeneiai
eeceiaa», nouanoaiaaei iiiai ?aciiaeaeiinoae o?anoiaiai eniieueciaaiey
iai?oaeiaaiey. Iaeaieaa oe?iei i?eciaiiui oeiii oeiaine?iaaiey aeaeaciuo
aei?ia aue i?eciai ieai “Oeeaaeaeueoey”, eioi?ue aeiioneae ia?aaea/o
i?aa iiiiiieueiiai eniieueciaaiey iai?oaeiaaiey eiia/iiio iieueciaaoaeth
ii caaa?oaiee ecia/aeueii ii?aaeaeaiiiai n?iea a?aiaeiiai aeiaiai?a.
Ieai “Oeeaaeaeueoey” noae i?aaeoanoaaiieeii naaiaeiyoieo oneiaiuo
eiiia?/aneeo eiio?aeoia eeceiaa ii iiaeaee “aeaiueae – ia aeaiueae”.

A ia/aea XX aaea iiiaea aeaeaciiaei?iaeiua eeceiaiaua eiiiaiee
iniciaee, /oi aic?anoathuaa /enei a?ociioi?aaeoaeae ia aeaeaao
inouanoaeyoue aeieain?i/iia oi?aaeaiea eee iiiiiieueiia eniieueciaaiea
aaaiiia, /oi i?aaeoniao?eaaei i?aaeinoaaeaiea iai?oaeiaaiey a o?anoiaia
(aeiaa?eoaeueiia) iieueciaaiea. Aianoi yoiai iie o?aaiaaee eeoue
e?aoein?i/iiai aai eniieueciaaiey. O?anou noaee i?aaeeaaaoue eiio?aeou n
aieaa ei?ioeei n?ieii aeaenoaey. Ii ieii/aiee eiio?aeoa aaaiiu aeieaeiu
auee aica?auaoueny a?aiaeiaeaoaeth, eioi?ue nio?aiye ca niaie i?aai
nianoaaiiinoe. Oaeea a?aiaeiua aeiaiai?u caeiaeeee ia/aei iia?aoeeiiiiai
eeceiaa.

?acaeoea yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee i?aaeii?aaeaeeei caeioa?aniaaiiinoue
i?iecaiaeeoaeae oaoieee e iai?oaeiaaiey a iieo/aiee iaiaoiaeeiiai
oeiaine?iaaiey ecaioiaeaiey naiae i?iaeoeoeee. Yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai, a
naith i/a?aaeue, aucaaei a NOA a ia/aea XX aaea aieio iiaiai aeaea
e?aaeeoiaaiey – e?aaeeoa, auiea/eaaaiiai ii /anoyi. Ecaioiaeoaee e
i?iaeaaoeu n/eoaee, /oi iie niiaoo i?iaeaoue aieueoa, anee ia?yaeo n
iaiaoiaeeiui iai?oaeiaaieai i?aaeeiaeao aieaa i?eaeaeaoaeueiue aeey
eeeaioa ieai – a?aoee auieao. Ionthaea aa?ao ia/aei i?aeoeea eeceiaiaiai
oeiaine?iaaiey, iaania/eaaaiiai i?iaeaaoeaie – aeaiiue aeae eeceiaiauo
ioiioaiee inoaaony aei ianoiyuaai a?aiaie aaaeiaeoei eino?oiaioii
iinoaaie ii eeceiao.

Ia?aia ecaanoiia oiio?aaeaiea oa?ieia “eeceia” (ia yoii ieoao
aano?eeneee enneaaeiaaoaeue A. Oiea? a naiae eieaa “Eae aeaeaoue aecian
a Aa?iia”) ioiineony e 1877 aiaeo, eiaaea oaeaoiiiay eiiiaiey “Aaee”
i?eiyea ?aoaiea ia i?iaeaaaoue naie oaeaoiiiua aiia?aou, a naeaaaoue eo
a a?aiaeo, oi anoue onoaiaaeeaaoue iai?oaeiaaiea a aeiia eee ioena
eeeaioa oieueei ia iniiaa a?aiaeiie ieaou. Yoa iia?aoeey ieacaea
neeueiia aicaeaenoaea ia oieueei ia ?acaeoea nayce. Eioa?anoynue
i?eaueueth io i?aaeinoaaeaiey niaoeeoe/aneeo ii oiio a?aiaie oeiainiauo
oneoa, i?iecaiaeeoaee iiaie oaoieee auee oaeaea caeioa?aniaaiu a caueoa
oaoiieiaee, ninoaaeythuae i?aaeiao eo nianoaaiiinoe, aiieiuaiiie a iiauo
iaoeiao. Iiyoiio iiiaea auniei ioeaieee a?aiaeo iai?oaeiaaiey,
iicaieythuoth ei a ioee/ea io i?inoie i?iaeaaee caueoeoue naia
iiiiiieueiia i?aai ia eniieueciaaiea “iio-oao”. Aiaeiae/ii “Aaee”
eiiiaiey Hughes, ecaioiaeythuay eino?oiaiou, nio?aiyea eiio?ieue iaae
oeaiaie, i?aaeinoaaeyy naie niaoeeaeece?iaaiiue 11-oe a?aiiue ao?
oieueei ia oneiaeyo a?aiaeu. Eiiiaiey “U. S. Shoe Machenery”,
i?iecaiaeeaoay iai?oaeiaaiea aeey ecaioiaeaiey iaoae, eniieueciaaea
niaeaoaiey, naycuaaaoea eeeaioia eneeth/eoaeueii n aa nianoaaiiie
i?iaeoeoeeae. Oieueei i?eiyoea oaaea?aeueiiai aioeiiiiiieueiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa NOA iieiaeeei eiiaoe yoie i?aeoeea e iio?aaiaaei io
ecaioiaeoaeae aunoaaeoue iai?oaeiaaiea ia naiaiaeioth i?iaeaaeo.

Ai a?aiy aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu i?aaeoaeuenoai NOA aeoeaii eniieueciaaei
oae iacuaaaiua eiio?aeou n oeene?iaaiiie ?aioaaaeueiinoueth (cost – plus
contracts). Yoi iaania/eaaei aua iaeei aaaeiue noeioe aeey ?acaeoey
a?aiaeiiai aeciana, oae eae a aieueoeinoaa eiio?aeoia i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiui
iiae?yae/eeai iicaieyeinue onoaiaaeeaaoue ii?aaeaeaiiue o?iaaiue
aeioiaeiinoe ii ioiioaieth e ecaea?aeeai. Yoe iiae?yae/eee iiieiaee, /oi
aieueoay /anoue eo oiaa?ia eee oneoa iaiaoiaeeia i?aaeoaeuenoao, eeoue
iiea eaeao aieia, e /oi, ii anae aa?iyoiinoe, eiio?aeou ia aoaeoo
aiciaiiaeaiu iinea aa ieii/aiey.

Oaeei ia?acii, i?iiuoeaiieee noaeeeaaeenue n ?eneii ia oniaoue
ainnoaiiaeoue naie ecaea?aeee ia iai?oaeiaaiea, i?eia?aoaiiia aeey
auiieiaiey eiie?aoiiai i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiiai i?iaeoa. E?iia oiai,
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua noaiee e iaoeiu aiiaua iiaee eiaoue i/aiue
ia?aie/aiioth ?uii/ioth noieiinoue a ie?iia a?aiy. I?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua
iiae?yae/eee iniciaee, /oi a?aiaea i?iiuoeaiiiai iai?oaeiaaiey ia n?ie,
ia?aie/aiiue aeiaiai?ii iiae?yaea (a i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue iieoiea),
ieieiece?oao ?ene. A oao neo/ayo, eiaaea o?aaiaaeenue aieueoea
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua iaoeiu e eino?oiaiou, naii i?aaeoaeuenoai aeieaeii
aunooiaoue ia?aae iiae?yae/eeaie a ?iee a?aiaeiaeaoaey.

A yoi aea a?aiy noae auno?i ia?aueaaoue ianooaau eeceiaiaue aecian,
naycaiiue n o?ainii?oiuie n?aaenoaaie. A 30-a aiaeu Aai?e Oi?ae
yooaeoeaii eniieueciaae a?aiaeo aeey ?anoe?aiey nauoa naieo
aaoiiiaeeae. Iaeiaei «caeiiiui iooeii» aaoiiiaeeueiiai eeceiaiaiai
aeciana n/eoaaony Cieee O?yie – oi?aiaue aaaio ec *eeaai, eioi?ue a
ia/aea 40-o aiaeia ia?aui i?aaeeiaeee aeieain?i/ioth a?aiaeo
aaoiiiaeeae.

A ?innee n iiiyoeai “eeceia” iiciaeiieeenue ai a?aiy aoi?ie ie?iaie
aieiu, eiaaea a 1941 – 1945 aiaeao ii leand – lease inouanoaeyeenue
iinoaaee aia?eeaineie oaoieee.

Iaeiaei ianoiyuay ?aaiethoeey a a?aiaeiuo ioiioaieyo i?iecioea a
Aia?eea a ia/aea 50-o aiaeia iaoaai noieaoey. A a?aiaeo noaee ianniai
naeaaaoueny n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa: oaoiieiae/aneia iai?oaeiaaiea,
iaoeiu e iaoaieciu, noaea, naiieaou e o.ae. I?aaeoaeuenoai NOA, ioeaiea
yoi yaeaiea, iia?aoeaii ?ac?aaioaei e ?aaeeciaaei ainoaea?noaaiioth
i?ia?aiio aai noeioee?iaaiey.

Ia?aui aeoeeiia?iui iauanoaii, aeey eioi?iai eeceiaiaua iia?aoeee noaee
iniiaiui aeaeii aeayoaeueiinoe, yaeyaony nicaeaiiay a 1952 aiaeo a
Nai-O?aioeenei ecaanoiay aia?eeaineay eiiiaiey “United States Leasing
Corporation”.1 Iniiaae eiiiaieth Aai?e Oiioaeueae. Ia?aiia/aeueii ii
nicaeae eiiiaieth aeey iaeiie eiie?aoiie eeceiaiaie naeaeee, ii caoai
iiiye, /oi eeceiaiaie aecian iiaeao noaoue i/aiue ia?niaeoeaiui, e a
?acoeueoaoa ia naao iiyaeeanue “United States Leasing Corporation”.
Eeceiaiaua iia?aoeee aeiaieueii auno?i ia?anaeee a?aieoeu NOA e,
neaaeiaaoaeueii, iiyaeeinue oaeia aaaeiia aeey ?acaeoey eeceiaiaiai
aeciana iiiyoea, eae “iaaeaeoia?iaeiue eeceia”. *a?ac ianeieueei eao
eiiiaiey ia/aea ioe?uaaoue naie oeeeaeu a ae?oaeo no?aiao (i?aaeaea
anaai a Eaiaaea a 1959 aiaeo). A aeaeueiaeoai iia noaea eiaiiaaoueny
“United States Leasing International”.

Eiiia?/aneea aaiee NOA ia/aee i?eieiaoue o/anoea a eeceiaiauo
iia?aoeeyo a ia/aea 60-o aiaeia. ?anoe?aieth eeceiaiaiai aeciana
niinianoaiaaei i?eiyoia a 1971 aiaeo ?aoaiea Niaaoa oi?aaeythueo
Oaaea?aeueiie ?aca?aiie nenoaiu, iicaieeaoaa aaieai o/?aaeaeaoue
aei/a?iea oe?iu aeey naea/e a a?aiaeo iai?oaeiaaiey, a caoai e
iaaeaeaeeiinoe.

1982 aiae noae ciaiaiaoaeueiui aeey eeceiaa aaeaoeeiiiie oaoieee. A
yoio aiae ei?ii?aoeey Iae-Aeiiiaea Aeoaeana noiaea ca n/ao iiaie
oeiainiaie iieeoeee n iiiiuueth eeceiaa caaiaaaoue ?uiie aeey naiieaoa
AeN-9-80 a eiieo?aioeee n Aieiaii-727. I?aaeeiaeaiiay Aeoaeanii
eiioeaioeey auea iacaaia “fly before buy” (“eaoaoue, i?aaeaea /ai
iieoiaoue»).2

Ii iiaieth oaeeo niaoeeaeenoia, eae A.I. *aeia?aaa, E.A. Nonaiyi, A.A.
Ia?ia, a ?innee eeceia i?eiaiyeny aei ia/aea 90-o aiaeia a n?aaieoaeueii
iaaieueoeo ianooaaao e eeoue a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaea. Iaeiaei e
?aiueoa iai?ieao naeaaaeenue eaaeiaua iaoeiu, a i?ieao ii naiae
nouiinoe aeecie e iia?aoeaiiio eeceiao.

Iicaea, a 70 – 80-a aiaeu eeceia ?anniao?eaaeny niaaoneeie
aiaoiaoi?aiauie i?aaiecaoeeyie i?aaeaea anaai eae iaeia ec oi?i
i?eia?aoaiey e ?aaeecaoeee oaeiai iai?oaeiaaiey, eae e?oiiiaaaa?eoiua
oieaa?naeueiua e ae?oaea aei?iainoiyuea noaiee, iioi/iua eeiee,
aei?iaeii-no?ieoaeueiia, eocia/ii-i?anniaia, yia?aaoe/aneia
iai?oaeiaaiea, a oaeaea ?aiiioiua ianoa?neea, naiieaou, ii?neea noaea,
aaoiiaoeiu, au/eneeoaeueiay oaoieea ia aaca YAI e o.ae., n
eniieueciaaieai niaoeeaeueiie oi?iu e?aaeeoa. Eeceia iau/ii oeene?iaaeny
a niaeaoaieyo, caeeth/aiiuo iaaeaeo niaaoneeie e eiino?aiiuie
ia?oia?aie, ia ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie.

?aciiaeaeiinoueth eeceiaiaie iia?aoeee, aeoeaii i?eiaiyaoaeny
Ieiii?oeioii NNN?, yaeyeny “aa?aioo – /a?oa?” – iaai ii?neiai noaeia aac
yeeiaaea. Nooue yoie iia?aoeee ninoiyea a neaaeothuai. A niioaaonoaee n
oneiaeyie eiio?aeoa, caeeth/aaiiai A/I “Niao?aoo” Ieiii?oeioa NNN? n
iin?aaeie/aneie oe?iie, i?aaeinoaaeythuae eioa?anothuaa Ieiii?oeio
noaeii a a?aiaeo, ia yoi noaeii, i?eauaoaa a eaeie-eeai ec ii?oia
Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu eee ssiiiee iiae oeaaii o?aoueae no?aiu, iai?aaeyeny
niaaoneee yeeiaae, iiaeieiaeny oeaa Niaaoneiai Nithca e noaeii iinooiaei
a ?anii?yaeaiea niaaoneie noi?iiu aeey yenieoaoaoeee. Ii ieii/aiee eee
aei enoa/aiey n?iea a?aiaeu ii acaeiii caeeth/aiiiio niaeaoaieth a
ea/anoaa iaycaoaeueiiai oneiaey i?aaeoniao?eaaeinue i?eia?aoaiea ei?aaey
a?aiaeaoi?ii.

Ia oneiaeyo “aa?aioo – /a?oa?” Ieioeio NNN? i?eia?ae cia/eoaeueiue
oiiiaae – nooia?ocu, iannaaee?neea noaea, oaiea?u, iaoiaeeaoeany a
yenieoaoaoeee a oa/aiea 6 – 12 eao.1

Aeinoaoi/ii aeoeaii i?eiaiyeny eeceia iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aaoiiiaeeueiuo
ia?aaicie aiaoiaoi?aiaui iauaaeeiaieai “Niao?ainaaoi”, eioi?ia
i?eia?aoaei ca ?oaaaeii ia oneiaeyo a?aiaeu n iineaaeothuae iieoieie
?acee/iua aeaeu a?ociaiai aaoiiiaeeueiiai o?ainii?oa: oyaa/e,
?ao?eaea?aoi?iua e oaioiaua iieoi?eoeaiu, eociaa, eiioaeia?iua oanne. Ia
oneiaeyo a?aiaeu a NNN? eniieueciaaeenue eiino?aiiua eiioaeia?u.

A ethia 1991 aiaea auea nicaeaia, a n aeaeaa?y oiai aea aiaea i?enooieea
e aeayoaeueiinoe iaaeaeoia?iaeiay niaaonei-iaiaoeeay eeceiaiaay eiiiaiey
“Aa?ieeceia”. Aa o/?aaeeoaeyie n niaaoneie noi?iiu noaee Aiaoyeiiiiaaie
NNN?, Niaii?oeio e Ainniaa NNN?, n o?aioeocneie – iaeei ec e?oiiaeoeo
aaieia Aa?iiu “Aaie Ianeiiaeue aea Ia?e” (Bank National de Paris), a n
iaiaoeeie – iaeia ec e?oiiaeoeo eeceiaiauo eiiiaiee Caiaaeiie Aa?iaiee –
“Ieooeiaioe AiaO”.

Aianoa n oai a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo iia?aoeeyo eeceia i?eiaiyeny e?aeia
iacia/eoaeueii. Aei eiioea 80-o aiaeia ?acaeoea iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai
eeceiaa naea?aeeaaeinue aeaaiui ia?acii ec-ca oiai, /oi o niaaoneeo
i?aaei?eyoee ia auei eiino?aiiie aaethou aeey iieaou eiino?aiiiai
iai?oaeiaaiey. Iinea oiai eae, ia/eiay n ai?aey 1989 aiaea, i?aaei?eyoey
iieo/eee i?aai naiinoiyoaeueiiai auoiaea ia aiaoiee ?uiie, o iiiaeo ec
ieo iiyaeeny nianoaaiiue enoi/iee aaethoiuo iinooieaiee. E?iia oiai, a
ioaeaeueiuo neo/ayo aeiioneaeinue eniieueciaaiea eiino?aiiuo noaieia e
ae?oaie oaoieee i?aaei?eyoeyie, ia eiathueie aaethoiuo ?ano?nia. Oaeea
naeaeee i?aaeoniao?eaaee iieaoo iaycaoaeuenoa iinoaaeie i?iaeoeoeee,
i?iecaaaeaiiie ia yoii iai?oaeiaaiee (eiiiainaoeeiiiue eeceia – buy –
back).

Ia/aei ?acaeoey eeceiaiauo iia?aoeee ia ioa/anoaaiiii aioo?aiiai ?uiea
iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue na?aaeeiie 1989 aiaea a nayce n ia?aaiaeii
i?aaei?eyoee ia a?aiaeiua oi?iu oicyenoaiaaiey. Caiaoiui yaeaieai a
noaiiaeaiee ia/aeueiuo i?aaee i?eiaiaiey eeceiaa noaee Iniiau
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa Nithca NN? e nithciuo ?anioaeee ia a?aiaea io 23
iiya?y 1989 aiaea ? 810-1 e ienueii Ainaaiea NNN? io 16 oaa?aey 1990
aiaea ? 270 “I ieaia n/aoia aooaaeoa?neiai o/aoa”, a eioi?ii aue
i?aaenoaaeai ii?yaeie io?aaeaiey eeceiaa a aooaaeoa?neii o/aoa. ?acaeoea
naoe eiiia?/aneeo aaieia niinianoaiaaei aiaae?aieth eeceiaiauo iia?aoeee
a aaieianeoth i?aeoeeo.

?inneeneea eeceiaiaua eiiiaiee ia/aee ia?aciauaaoueny n na?aaeeiu 1990
aiaea. A ieoya?a 1994 aiaea auea nicaeaia ?inneeneay annioeeaoeey
eeceiaiauo eiiiaiee “?ineeceia”. A 1994 aiaeo “?ineeceia” noae
ei??aniiiaeaioneei /eaiii Aa?iiaeneie oaaea?aoeee annioeeaoeee
eeceiaiauo eiiiaiee “LEASEUROPE”.

AEAAA 2. EECEIAIAUA I?AAIIOIIOAIEss

I?aaiaua iniiau eeceiaiauo ioiioaiee

Aei 1996 aiaea a niioaaonoaee n ?inneeneei a?aaeaeaineei i?aaii
eeceiaiaua iia?aoeee iiaee i?iaiaeeoueny a ea/anoaa naeaeie «oioy e ia
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii, ii e ia i?ioeai?a/aueo aio» (no. 4
A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?NON? 1964 aiaea, no. 8 A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena
?NON? 1994 aiaea). Iaee/ea a oeiainiaie a?aiaea yeaiaioia aeiaiai?a
eoiee-i?iaeaaee e eiouanoaaiiiai iaeia aeaeaei aiciiaeiui i?eiaiaiea ii
aiaeiaee (no. 10 A?aaeaeainei-i?ioeannoaeueiiai eiaeaena ?NON?, no. 6
A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?O) ii?i, ?aaoee?othueo oiiiyiooua aeaeu
aeiaiai?ia.

Oi?ie?iaaiea a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaiai einoeoooa eeceiaa a ?innee
i?iaeieaeaaony e ii nae aeaiue. Ia?aui aeoii i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey
eeceiaiauo ioiioaiee noae Oeac I?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee io 17
naioya?y 1994 aiaea “I ?acaeoee oeiainiaiai eeceiaa a eiaanoeoeeiiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe”, iineaoee ai iiiaii ii?o/ai/aneee oa?aeoa?. Oeac
niaea?aeae iaeioi?ua nii?iua iieiaeaiey, eioi?ua ia auee aini?eiyou
iineaaeothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii. Iai?eia?, aeiioneaeinue, /oi
i?aaeiaoii aeiaiai?a i eeceiaa iiaoo auoue eiouanoaaiiua i?aaa. A Oeaca
I?aceaeaio i?aaeienuaae I?aaeoaeuenoao, ieienoa?noaai e aaaeiinoaai
i?iaanoe ii?aaeaeaiiua ia?ii?eyoey, ?ac?aaioaoue aeieoiaiou e aianoe
i?aaeeiaeaiey ii iiaeaioiaea aacu aeey ?acaeoey eeceiaiauo ioiioaiee a
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee.

29 ethiy 1995 aiaea I?aaeoaeuenoai i?eiyei iinoaiiaeaiea ? 633 “I
?acaeoee eeceiaa a eiaanoeoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe”, ooaa?aeeaoaa
“A?aiaiiia iieiaeaiea i eeceiaa” (aeaeaa «A?aiaiiia iieiaeaiea i
eeceiaa»). Yoio ii?iaoeaiue aeo iieiaeee ia/aei eiie?aoiiio
?aaoee?iaaieth eeceiaiauo ioiioaiee, iineieueeo ?aiaa o/anoieee
eeceiaiauo naeaeie iiaee ?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny oieueei iaueie ii?iaie,
?aaoee?othueie ioiioaiey a?aiaeu.

Neaaeothuei aeoii, ?aaeaiaioe?othuei eeceiaiaua ioiioaiey, noaea aoi?ay
/anoue A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?O, anooieaoay a aeaenoaea 1 ia?oa 1996
aiaea.

Eeceiaiaua naeaeee iienaiu a ia?aa?aoa 6 aeaau 34 («A?aiaea»)
A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?O. Yoio ia?aa?ao iineo iacaaiea «Oeiainiaay
a?aiaea (eeceia)». Ii ninoieo ec oanoe noaoae, a eioi?uo aeaiu
ii?aaeaeaiea aeiaiai?a oeiainiaie a?aiaeu, i?aaeiaoa aeiaiai?a, ii?yaeie
ia?aaea/e i?aaeiaoa aeiaiai?a, ia?aoiaea e a?aiaeaoi?o ?enea neo/aeiie
aeaaee, ioaaonoaaiiinoe i?iaeaaoea. Aeaiiue ia?aa?ao yaeyaony iiaaeeie
a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.

A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen aia?aua i?eiaiee oa?iei “oeiainiaay a?aiaea”, aei
yoiai a ii?iaoeaiuo aeoao e ia i?aeoeea ano?a/aeinue oieueei iiiyoea
“eeceia”. A caeiia yoe oa?ieiu eniieuecothony eae neiiieiu.

8 oaa?aey 1998 aiaea I?aceaeaioii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee aue iiaeienai
Oaaea?aeueiue caeii ? 16-OC “I i?eniaaeeiaiee ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee e
eiiaaioeee OIEAe?OA “I iaaeaeoia?iaeiii oeiainiaii eeceiaa” (aeaeaa
Eiiaaioeey). Aeaiiay eiiaaioeey ?ac?aaaouaaeanue n 1974 aiaea
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiui einoeoooii ii oieoeeaoeee /anoiiai i?aaa (UNIDROIT –
OIEAe?OA). Ieii/aoaeueii aa niaeaniaaee a 1988 aiaeo ia eiioa?aioeee a
Iooaaa i?aaenoaaeoaee 55 ainoaea?noa.

Iniiaiay oeaeue Eiiaaioeee – oieoeeaoeey i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey
ioiioaiee, aicieeathueo a nayce n inouanoaeaieai naeaeie oeiainiaiai
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai eeceiaa. I?aaeiaoii ?aaoee?iaaiey Eiiaaioeee
yaeythony oa eeceiaiaua naeaeee, i?e eioi?uo eeceiaiaeaoaeue e
iieueciaaoaeue iaoiaeyony a ?aciuo no?aiao e n?ie eeceiaa iai?oaeiaaiey
i?eaeeaeaaony e n?ieo aai aii?oecaoeee. Eiiaaioeey o?aeooao eeanne/aneee
eeceia, eioi?ue iineo o?aonoi?iiiee oa?aeoa?: i?iaeaaaoe iai?oaeiaaiey,
eeceiaiaeaoaeue e iieueciaaoaeue.

A Eiiaaioeee, a /anoiinoe, caoeene?iaaiu oaeea aaaeiua iieiaeaiey, eae
naiinoiyoaeueiue oa?aeoa? oeiainiaiai eeceiaa ii ioiioaieth e
o?aaeeoeeiiiiio aeiaiai?o a?aiaeu. A iae i?aaeoniio?aii inaiaiaeaeaiea
eeceiaiaeaoaey – nianoaaiieea iai?oaeiaaiey io ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca oua?a
eee oauoee, i?e/eiaiiua yoei iai?oaeiaaieai eeceiaiiieo/aoaeth eee
o?aoueei eeoeai. Cae?aieaii i?aai iieueciaaoaey iaiin?aaenoaaiii
ia?auaoueny n i?aoaiceyie ii iai?oaeiaaieth e iinoaaueeo (i?eoii, /oi
iinoaauee ia ianao ioaaonoaaiiinoe iaeiia?aiaiii ia?aae eeceiaiaeaoaeai
e iieueciaaoaeai ca iaeei e oio aea oua?a).

A ia?niaeoeaa o/anoea ?innee a Iooaaneie Eiiaaioeee niiniaii iaeaa/eoue
auoiae ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiue ?uiie ioa/anoaaiiuo eeceiaiauo eiiiaiee e
i?aaei?eyoee – iinoaaueeia iai?oaeiaaiey ii noaia eeceiaa.

Eiiaaioeey nicaeaao oieueei iauea eiioo?u ?aaoee?iaaiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
eeceiaiauo naeaeie, eioi?ua iiaoo aeiiieiyoueny o/anoieeaie a
caaeneiinoe io eiie?aoiuo oneiaee. O/anoieee ai?aaa aiiaua ia i?eiaiyoue
Eiiaaioeeth a oeaeii, a oaeaea ionooiaoue io oao eee eiuo aa iieiaeaiee,
e?iia niaoeeaeueii iaiai?aiiuo.

?inney i?eniaaeeieeanue e Eiiaaioeee n cayaeaieai i oii, /oi “aianoi
iieiaeaiee i. 3 no. 8 Eiiaaioeee iia aoaeao i?eiaiyoue ii?iu naiaai
a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa”. I?aai ia oaeiai ?iaea cayaeaiea
i?aaeoniio?aii no. 20 Eiiaaioeee, a aai iaiaoiaeeiinoue aucaaia oai, /oi
o ?innee ianeieueei ii-eiiio e a oeaeii no?iaea, /ai yoi i?aaeoniio?aii
i. 3 no. 8 Eiiaaioeee, ?aaoee?oaony ioaaonoaaiiinoue eeceiaiaeaoaey a
ioiioaiee nio?aiiinoe iai?oaeiaaiey, a ioiioaiee ioaaonoaaiiinoe ia?aae
o?aoueeie noi?iiaie ca nia?oue, i?e/eiaiea oaeaniuo iia?aaeaeaiee eee
oua?aa nianoaaiiinoe, i?e/eiaiiuo iai?oaeiaaieai, i?e iaee/ee oiunea eee
iainoi?iaeiinoe eeceiaiaeaoaey. Eiaaony a aeaeo i?aaeaea anaai no. 401
A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, eioi?ay onoaiaaeeaaao
iniiaaiey ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ia?ooaiea iaycaoaeuenoa. Naeaeaiiui
cayaeaieai, ii nooe, aeiiieieoaeueii ia?aaeaeathony eioa?anu
ioa/anoaaiiuo eeceiaiiieo/aoaeae.

Eioa?anu ?innee a i?eniaaeeiaiee e yoie Eiiaaioeee ninoiyo a oii, /oi
oaeie aeieoiaio yaeyaony i?eaioe?ii aeey ?ac?aaio/eeia aioo?aiiaai
eeceiaiaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, oae eae i?eniaaeeiaiea e
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiio aeiaiai?o i?aaeiieaaaao i?eaaaeaiea iaoeeiiaeueiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa a niioaaonoaea n iieiaeaieyie yoiai aeiaiai?a.

Iaeiaei oniaoiiio ?acaeoeth eeceiaa a ?innee i?aiyonoaoao ?yae
ianoiyoaeuenoa, iniiaiui ec eioi?uo yaeyaony ianiaa?oainoai i?aaiaie
aacu. A /anoiinoe, i?iaeaia eanaaony aeaieiiai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey
eeceiaiauo naeaeie.

A /anoiinoe, aiaeec aeaenoaothuaai A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?O a /anoe,
eanathuaeny eeceiaiauo ioiioaiee, auyaeyao ?yae iaaeinoaoeia. Iai?eia?,
A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen ieeae ia ia?aie/eaaao n?ie naea/e eiouanoaa a
a?aiaeo. I?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue aeaenoaey aeiaiai?a iieiinoueth ioaeaaony
ia oniio?aiea noi?ii. Aicieeaao i?iaeaia iaiaoiaeeiinoe ioa?aie/aiey
aeiaiai?a eeceiaa io ianee?oaiuo iiae iaai, n oeaeueth iieo/eoue
iaeiaiaua eueaiou, naeaeie eoiee-i?iaeaaee.

A niioaaonoaee ni no. 666 A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?O “i?aaeiaoii
aeiaiai?a oeiainiaie a?aiaeu iiaoo auoue ethaua iaiio?aaeyaiua aaue,
eniieuecoaiua aeey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe …”. Yoi
ioa?aie/aiea iiaeao i?eianoe a?aae, iineieueeo ec /enea a?aiaeaoi?ia oai
naiui eneeth/athony iaeiiia?/aneea i?aaiecaoeee, eniieuecothuea
a?aiaeoaiia eiouanoai aeey auiieiaiey naieo onoaaiuo oeaeae.

Ec ii?aaeaeaiey aeiaiai?a eeceiaa i/aaeaeii, /oi A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen
i?eciaao oieueei oeiainiaue eeceia, oae eae i?aaeoniao?eaaao iaee/ea a
naeaeea o?ao o/anoieeia – a?aiaeiaeaoaey, a?aiaeaoi?a e i?iaeaaoea.
E?iia oiai, no. 665 A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?O cae?aieyao ?aciaue
oa?aeoa? naeaeee, auoaeathuee ec oiai, /oi aeey eaaeaeie naeaeee
a?aiaeiaeaoaeue aeieaeai iieoiaoue eiouanoai aiiaue. Yoi eneeth/aao ec
noa?u ?aaoee?iaaiey ia?aa?aoa 6 aeaau 34 A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?O
oaeea aaaeiua, au?aaioaiiua iiiaieaoiae i?aeoeeie, aeaeu eeceiaa, eae
iia?aoeaiue, ?aaieueaa?iue, aica?aoiue e ae?. Ana ioiioaiey, ia
iiaeiaaeathuea iiae noa?o aeaenoaey ia?aa?aoa 6 aeaau 34, ioeoeeaeueii
eeceiaii i?eciaaaoueny ia aoaeoo. Eiia/ii, yoe e ae?oaea aeaeu
eeceiaiauo ioiioaiee noi?iiu iiaoo o?aaoee?iaaoue a eiie?aoiuo
aeiaiai?ao, i?eiaiyy iauea ii?iu aeaau 34 A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?O ia
a?aiaea. Iaeiaei oaeea aeiaiai?u eeoaony anao i?aaeoniio?aiiuo aeey
eeceiaa iaeiaiauo eueaio.

A nayce n yoei oniao?eaaaony iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?eiyoey aeiiieieoaeueiuo
caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia a iaeanoe ?aaoee?iaaiey eeceiaiauo ioiioaiee.
Niaoeeaeueiue caeii i eeceiaa i?ecaai ono?aieoue naaiaeiyoiea i?iaaeu a
i?aaiaii ?aaoee?iaaiee oeiainiaie a?aiaeu. I?iaeo Oaaea?aeueiiai caeiia
“I eeceiaa” i?eiyo Ainoaea?noaaiiie Aeoiie ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee 24
ieoya?y 1996 aiaea a ia?aii /oaiee. Aeaiiue i?iaeo ?ane?uaaao iniiaiua
iiiyoey e ii?aaeaeaiey, i?enouea eeceiaiaui iia?aoeeyi, a oaeaea
ii?aaeaeyao o/anoieeia eeceiaiauo ioiioaiee; i?eaiaeyony ii?aaeaeaiey
iniiaiuo aeaeia eeceiaa; noi?ioee?iaaiu i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe noi?ii;
aeathony iniiaiua oneiaey eeceiaiaiai aeiaiai?a; ii?yaeie no?aoiaaiey
eeceiaiaiai eiouanoaa; ii?yaeie ?ac?aoaiey nii?ia iaaeaeo noi?iiaie, a
oii /enea e i?e iaaeaeoia?iaeiii eeceiaa; onoaiaaeeaaaony no?oeoo?a e
ninoaa eeceiaiauo ieaoaaeae; o?aaiaaiey eeoeaice?iaaiey eeceiaiaie
aeayoaeueiinoe. Aeaiiue i?iaeo caeiia i?aaeoniao?eaaao ainoaea?noaaiiua
aa?aioee aeey ?aaeecaoeee eeceiaiauo i?iaeoia, i?aaeinoaaeaiea
o/anoieeai eeceiaiauo iia?aoeee i?aaa naiinoiyoaeueii ii?aaeaeyoue n?iee
aii?oecaoeee iai?oaeiaaiey, inaiaiaeaeaiea io iaeiaiauo ieaoaaeae a
oa/aiea 1 aiaea iinea nicaeaiey eiiiaiee, ?yae iaeiaiauo eueaio aeey
eeceiaiauo eiiiaiee, ?aaioathueo a ii?aaeaeaiiuo io?aneyo (iai?eia?, a
aa?a?iii naeoi?a e aaeaoeee).

E niaeaeaieth, a i?iaeoa Iaeiaiaiai eiaeaena ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee,
aianaiiii I?aaeoaeuenoaii ?O 31.01.98 ia ?anniio?aiea a
Ainoaea?noaaiioth Aeoio ?O, oa?iei “eeceia” ionoonoaoao. A oaenoa
i?eiaiyaony aeeceia ii niuneo, ii ia eaeaioe/iia iiiyoea “a?aiaea”.
I?iaeo Iaeiaiaiai eiaeaena ia ono?aiyao ioeai/ioth i?aeoeeo ia/eneaiey
iaeiaa ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue eeceiaiaui eiiiaieyi: niaeanii
nouanoaothuaai ii?yaeea iaeia ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue aceiaaony ca
i?eia?aoaaiia eeceiaiaeaoaeai iai?oaeiaaiea. Aai aaee/eia, ?aaii eae e
auieaoa i?ioeaioia ca acyoue eeceiaiaeaoaeai aeey iieoiee iai?oaeiaaiey
e?aaeeo, ia?aiineony ia eeceiaiaua ieaoaaee. A niioaaonoaee n
i?eiaiyaiie i?aeoeeie iaeia ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue aeiiieieoaeueii
ia/eneyaony ia eeceiaiaua ieaoaaee. Yoi icia/aao, /oi iaeia ia
aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue ia iaeei e oio aea i?iaeoeo ia/eneyaony
aeaaaeaeu.

A i?iaeoa i?aaeoniao?eaaaony, /oi iiiaioii iieo/aiey aeioiaea i?e
eniieueciaaiee iaoiaea n/aoia i?eciaaony iiiaio enoa/aiey n?iea
aeiaiai?a a?aiaeu. I?e yoii, anee n?ie aeiaiai?a a?aiaeu ioaaouaaao
ianeieueei io/aoiuo ia?eiaeia, aeioiae ?ani?aaeaeyaony ii yoei io/aoiui
ia?eiaeai i?iii?oeeiiaeueii. I?e oaeii iiaeoiaea iaaiciiaeii
eniieueciaaoue aiieia eiae/iua noaiu n ia?aaoey?iuie eeceiaiauie
ieaoaaeaie.

Eeceia, eae iiaia iai?aaeaiea a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe
?innee, o?aaoao iinoiyiiiai ianeoaeeaaiey i?eieiaaiuo
ii?iaoeaii-i?aaiauo aeoia e eo nenoaiaoe/aneie ei??aeoe?iaee n o/aoii
iinoiyiiiai iiieoi?eiaa ca aeaenoaothuae nenoaiie ii?iaoeaiuo
aeieoiaioia, auyaeaiey iieiaeaiee, i?aiyonoaothueo ?acaeoeth eeceiaa e
eo naiaa?aiaiiiai ono?aiaiey.

Aeiaiai? oeiainiaie a?aiaeu (eeceia)

2.2.1. TH?eaee/aneay i?e?iaea aeiaiai?a oeiainiaie a?aiaeu

Oa?iei “eeceia” i?ienoiaeeo io aiaeeeneiai aeaaiea “lease” e icia/aao –
naeaaaoue e a?aoue eiouanoai aiaai.

Neiaeiinoue e ioiineoaeueiay iiaecia eeceiaiauo ioiioaiee
i?aaeii?aaeaeeee nouanoaiaaiea ?acee/iuo oi/ae c?aiey ioiineoaeueii eo
th?eaee/aneee i?e?iaeu.

Iaiaoiaeeii auaeaeeoue aeaa iniiaiuo iiaeoiaea. Iaeie niaoeeaeenou
aiaeece?otho eeceia n iiiiuueth o?aaeeoeeiiiuo einoeoooia a?aaeaeaineiai
i?aaa: aeiaiai?ia a?aiaeu, eoiee-i?iaeaaee, caeia, ii?o/aiey e o.ae.
Ae?oaea ooaa?aeaeatho, /oi neiaeiinoue e i?eaeiaeueiinoue eeceiaiauo
ioiioaiee aeaao iniiaaiea ?anniao?eaaoue eo eae iniaua ioiioaiey. A
iaeioi?uo neo/ayo i?aaeiaoii aiaeeca noaiiaeony aanue eiiieaen
ioiioaiee, a ae?oaeo – oieueei aeiaiai? i ia?aaea/a iai?oaeiaaiey ai
a?aiaiiia iieueciaaiea n i?aaii iineaaeothuae iieoiee (anee oaeia
oneiaea aeeth/aaony).

Noiaenoai iaeioi?uo yeaiaioia eeceiaa n aeiaiai?ii a?aiaeu i?eaaei e
iiyaeaieth eiioeaioeee, niaeanii eioi?ie aeiaiai? eeceiaa
?anniao?eaaaony eae aeiaiai? a?aiaeu ni niaoeeoe/aneeie /a?oaie. Yoo
oi/eo c?aiey, a /anoiinoe, ?acaeaeytho iaiaoeeea niaoeeaeenou O. Aoe a
?aaioa «Eeceia a Aa?iaiee» e E. Ea?aioe a «O/aaieea oeiainiaiai i?aaa».
Ii a aeiaiai?a eeceiaa eiathony oaeea iniaaiiinoe, eioi?ua a?yae ee
iiaeii eaaeeoeoee?iaaoue eeoue eae «niaoeeoe/aneea /a?ou».

Aeeth/aiea oneiaey i aiciiaeiie iieoiea iieueciaaoaeai iai?oaeiaaiey
nouanoaaiii eciaiyao niaea?aeaiea aeiaiai?a, eai a nayce n yoei oneiaeai
oeacuaathony iieoiiay oeaia, n?iee ?aaeecaoeee i?aaa ia iieoieo, oaeaea
anoatho aii?inu i iiiaioa ia?aoiaea i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe e ?enea
neo/aeiie aeaaee eee ii?/e eiouanoaa. Iieueciaaoaeue – yoi
iioaioeeaeueiue iieoiaoaeue iai?oaeiaaiey.

A aeiaiai?a a ea/anoaa eeceiaiaeaoaey aunooiaao eeceiaiaay eiiiaiey,
eioi?ay niaoeeaeueii aeey eiie?aoiiai iieueciaaoaey caeoiaao
iai?oaeiaaiea o ecaioiaeoaey. Iaycaiiinoe, eioi?ua eaaeao ia
a?aiaeiaeaoaea a aeiaiai?a a?aiaeu – oaoianeoaeeaaiea, no?aoiaaiea,
eaieoaeueiue ?aiiio e ae?. – a aeiaiai?a eeceiaa, eae i?aaeei,
aiceaaathony ia iieueciaaoaey eee ia?aiia/aeueiiai nianoaaiieea.
I?ienoiaeeo yoi iooai aeeth/aiey a aeiaiai? eeceiaa niioaaonoaothuae
iaiai?ee.

Iaeaieaa y?ei ?acee/ea aeiaiai?ia a?aiaeu e eeceiaa i?iyaeyaony a
?aoaiee aii?inia ioaaonoaaiiinoe e ia?aoiaea ?enea. A aeiaiai?a a?aiaeu
a?aiaeiaeaoaeue ianao ioaaonoaaiiinoue ia?aae a?aiaeaoi?ii ca
ianaiaa?aiaiiia i?aaeinoaaeaiea eiouanoaa ai aeaaeaiea a?aiaeaoi?a, ca
iaia?oaeaiiua aeaoaeou e ae?. A aeiaiai?a eeceiaa ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca
ia?ooaiea oneiaee, ioiinyueony e i?aaeiaoo aeiaiai?a (ea/anoai,
ianiioaaonoaea oeaeyi iieueciaaoaey), iau/ii ianao ecaioiaeoaeue
iai?oaeiaaiey. A ?acoeueoaoa ia?aae iieueciaaoaeai ioaa/aao ia
nianoaaiiee iai?oaeiaaiey, a ecaioiaeoaeue iai?oaeiaaiey, eioi?ue ia
yaeyaony noi?iiie aeiaiai?a eeceiaa. ?ene neo/aeiie aeaaee eee ii?/e
iai?oaeiaaiey, eae i?aaeei, ianao iieueciaaoaeue, a a aeiaiai?a a?aiaeu,
eae yoi i?aaeoniao?eaaaony caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ?acee/iuo no?ai, ana
?enee ianao nianoaaiiee, oi anoue a?aiaeiaeaoaeue.

Ae?oaea enneaaeiaaoaee, iai?eia? caiaaeiiaa?iaineee oeeaeeeno E. Ynna?
a naiae ?aaioa «Oeiainiaia i?aai», ooaa?aeaeatho, /oi iaee/ea a
aeiaiai?a eeceiaa iioeeiia ia iieoieo aeaao aiciiaeiinoue
eaaeeoeoee?iaaoue aai eae aeiaiai? eoiee-i?iaeaaee a ?ann?i/eo iniaiai
oeia. I?e aeiaiai?a eoiee-i?iaeaaee a ?ann?i/eo i?aai nianoaaiiinoe
ia?aoiaeeo io i?iaeaaoea e iieoiaoaeth, eae i?aaeei, a iiiaio
caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a. I?e aeiaiai?a eeceiaa i?aai nianoaaiiinoe
nio?aiyaony ca eeoeii, i?aaeinoaaeaoei iai?oaeiaaiea ai a?aiaiiia
iieueciaaiea. A niaea?aeaiea aeiaiai?a eeceiaa ia aeeth/aaony
iaycaiiinoue iieueciaaoaey ii i?eia?aoaieth eiouanoaa a nianoaaiiinoue:
aii?in iieoiee iai?oaeiaaiey iieiinoueth ia?aaeai ia oniio?aiea
iieueciaaoaey.

E a oie, e a ae?oaie oai?eyo (n?aaiaiea aeiaiai?a eeceiaa n aeiaiai?ii
a?aiaeu e eoiee-i?iaeaaee a ?ann?i/eo) ?anniao?eaaaony oieueei aeiaiai?
eeceiaa, ii ia aanue eiiieaen ioiioaiee. Ana oi, /oi auoiaeeo ca ?aiee
ioiioaiee iaaeaeo eeceiaiaeaoaeai e iieueciaaoaeai, ia iaoei naiaai
io?aaeaiey a yoeo oai?eyo. Ii eeceia aeaeaei ia en/a?iuaaaony
ioiioaieyie ii a?aiaiiiio eniieueciaaieth iai?oaeiaaiey.

Aiai?y i th?eaee/aneie i?e?iaea eeceiaa, ioaeii no?iai ?aca?aie/eaaoue,
?anniao?eaathony ee ioiioaiey iaaeaeo anaie o/anoieeaie eeceiaa eee
eeoue aeiaiai? i i?aaeinoaaeaiee iai?oaeiaaiey ai a?aiaiiia
iieueciaaiea. A ia?aii neo/aa aiiaua iaeuecy aiai?eoue i eaeii-eeai
iaeiii ec ecaanoiuo aeiaiai?ia eeai i aeiaiai?a sui generis (iniaiai
?iaea), iineieueeo a ninoaa anaai eiiieaena a ea/anoaa aai yeaiaioia
aoiaeyo ioiioaiey eoiee-i?iaeaaee, ii a?aiaiiiio iieueciaaieth
iai?oaeiaaieai, a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo – aua caeia, aa?aioee e ae?.
Ioiioaiey noi?ii yoeo aeiaiai?ia, eo acaeiinaycaiiinoue e
acaeiiiaoneiaeaiiinoue i?aaenoaaeytho niaie neiaeioth no?oeoo?o, e
?anniio?aiea e ?aaoee?iaaiea eaeie-eeai iaeiie ec aa ninoaaiuo /anoae
i?eaiaeeo e aa ?ac?ooaieth. Ec yoiai neaaeoao, /oi ?a/ue eaeao ia iniaii
einoeoooa, o?aaothuai eiiieaeniiai eco/aiey e naiinoiyoaeueiiai
?aaoee?iaaiey.

Aeiaiai? i ia?aaea/a iai?oaeiaaiey ai a?aiaiiia iieueciaaiea
(nianoaaiii aeiaiai? eeceiaa) eae iaeei ec yeaiaioia eiiieaena
aeaenoaeoaeueii eiaao iiiai iauaai n aeiaiai?ii a?aiaeu. Iaa aeiaiai?a
iiin?aaeotho ioiioaiey ii ia?aaea/a iai?oaeiaaiey ai a?aiaiiia
iieueciaaiea; ii ioee/athony noauaeoiue ninoaa, niaea?aeaiea aeiaiai?ia,
iaee/ea a aeiaiai?a eeceiaa yeaiaioia aeiaiai?a eoiee-i?iaeaaee e i?.

Oaeei ia?acii, aeiaiai? eeceiaa ioaeii ?anniao?eaaoue eae iiaue
naiinoiyoaeueiue aeae aeiaiai?a.

2.2.2. Ii?aaeaeaiea aeiaiai?a oeiainiaie a?aiaeu

I?ioeann eeceiaa au?aaeaao eiiieaen eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee,
neeaaeuaathueony a nayce n aeaeaeaieai eiouanoaa iaaeaeo o/anoieeaie
eeceiaiaie iia?aoeee. Iiyoiio eeceia, eae yeiiiieei-i?aaiaay eaoaai?ey,
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iniaue aeae i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe,
iai?aaeaiiie ia eiaanoe?iaaiea a?aiaiii naiaiaeiuo eee i?eaea/aiiuo
oeiainiauo n?aaenoa, eiaaea ii aeiaiai?o oeiainiaie a?aiaeu (eeceiaa)
a?aiaeiaeaoaeue (eeceiaiaeaoaeue) iaycoaony i?eia?anoe a nianoaaiiinoue
iaoneiaeaiiia aeiaiai?ii eiouanoai o ii?aaeaeaiiiai i?iaeaaoea e
i?aaeinoaaeoue yoi eiouanoai a?aiaeaoi?o (eeceiaiiieo/aoaeth) ca ieaoo
ai a?aiaiiia iieueciaaiea aeey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo oeaeae.

Ii?aaeaeaiea eeceiaa aeaaony a /. 1 no. 665 A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena
?O: “Ii aeiaiai?o oeiainiaie a?aiaeu (aeiaiai?o eeceiaa) a?aiaeiaeaoaeue
iaycoaony i?eia?anoe a nianoaaiiinoue oeacaiiia a?aiaeaoi?ii eiouanoai o
ii?aaeaeaiiiai ei i?iaeaaoea e i?aaeinoaaeoue a?aiaeaoi?o yoi eiouanoai
ca ieaoo ai a?aiaiiia aeaaeaiea e iieueciaaiea aeey
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo oeaeae. A?aiaeiaeaoaeue a yoii neo/aa ia ianao
ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca auai? i?aaeiaoa a?aiaeu e i?iaeaaoea”.

Ethaia ii?aaeaeaiea eeceiaa yaeyaony ia?aie/aiiui e ia iiaeao o/anoue
anao oi?i i?iyaeaiey yoiai iiaiai e?aaeeoiiai eino?oiaioa, ii ana-oaee
iiaeii i?eaanoe aua iaeii – ii?aaeaeaiea Aa?iiaeneie Oaaea?aoeee
iaoeeiiaeueiuo annioeeaoeee ii eeceiao iai?oaeiaaiey (Leaseurope):
“Eeceia – yoi aeiaiai? a?aiaeu caaiaea, i?iiuoeaiiuo oiaa?ia,
iai?oaeiaaiey, iaaeaeaeeiinoe aeey eniieueciaaiey eo a i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
oeaeyo a?aiaeaoi?ii, a oi a?aiy eae oiaa?u iieoiathony a?aiaeiaeaoaeai,
e ii nio?aiyao ca niaie i?aai nianoaaiiinoe”.

A niioaaonoaee n /. 2 no. 665 A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?O: “Aeiaiai?ii
oeiainiaie a?aiaeu iiaeao auoue i?aaeoniio?aii, /oi auai? i?iaeaaoea e
i?eia?aoaaiiai eiouanoaa inouanoaeyaony a?aiaeiaeaoaeai”.

Iniiaiay iniaaiiinoue oeiainiaie a?aiaeu ninoieo a oii, /oi a a?aiaeo
naeaaony ia eiouanoai, eioi?ia ?aiaa eniieueciaae a?aiaeiaeaoaeue, a
iiaia, niaoeeaeueii i?eia?aoaiiia a?aiaeiaeaoaeai eneeth/eoaeueii n
oeaeueth ia?aaea/e aai a a?aiaeo. Aeey oeiainiaie a?aiaeu oa?aeoa?ii,
/oi n?ie a?aiaeu i?eaeeaeaaony e n?ieo neoaeau iai?oaeiaaiey. Ii
ieii/aiee n?iea a?aiaeu a niioaaonoaee n oneiaeyie aeiaiai?a a?aiaeaoi?
ai?aaa i?eia?anoe eiouanoai a nianoaaiiinoue (no. 624 A?aaeaeaineiai
eiaeaena ?O), aiciaiiaeoue aeiaiai? ia aieaa eueaioiuo oneiaeyo, eeai
aa?iooue eiouanoai a?aiaeiaeaoaeth.

?inneeneei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii i?aaeoniao?eaathony aua ianeieueei
iniaaiiinoae eeceiaiauo iia?aoeee (no. 6 “A?aiaiiiai iieiaeaiey i
eeceiaa”):

1) Noiia eeceiaiauo ieaoaaeae ca aanue ia?eiae eeceiaa aeieaeia
aeeth/aoue iieioth (eee aeeceoth e iae) noieiinoue eeceiaiaiai eiouanoaa
a oeaiao ia iiiaio caeeth/aiey naeaeee. Iauay noiia eeceiaiauo ieaoaaeae
aeeth/aao, e?iia oiai: noiio, auiea/eaaaioth eeceiaiaeaoaeth ca
e?aaeeoiua ?ano?nu, eniieueciaaiiua ei aeey i?eia?aoaiey eiouanoaa ii
aeiaiai?o eeceiaa; eiienneiiiia aiciaa?aaeaeaiea eeceiaiaeaoaeth; noiio,
auiea/eaaaioth ca no?aoiaaiea eeceiaiaiai eiouanoaa, anee iii auei
cano?aoiaaii eeceiaiaeaoaeai; eiua cao?aou eeceiaiaeaoaey,
i?aaeoniio?aiiua aeiaiai?ii eeceiaa – no. 19 “A?aiaiiiai iieiaeaiey i
eeceiaa”;

2) Eeceia iiaeao auoue eae aioo?aiiei, eiaaea ana noauaeou eeceiaa
yaeythony ?aceaeaioaie ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, oae e iaaeaeoia?iaeiui,
eiaaea iaeei eee ianeieueei noauaeoia eeceiaa yaeythony ia?aceaeaioaie
niaeanii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee;

3) Eiouanoai, ia?aaeaiiia a eeceia, a oa/aiea anaai n?iea aeaenoaey
aeiaiai?a eeceiaa yaeyaony nianoaaiiinoueth eeceiaiaeaoaey, ca
eneeth/aieai eiouanoaa, i?eia?aoaaiiai eeceiaiaie eiiiaieae ca n/ao
athaeaeaoiuo n?aaenoa. Oneiaey iinoaiiaee eeceiaiaiai eiouanoaa ia
aaeain eeceiaiaeaoaey eee eeceiaiiieo/aoaey ii?aaeaeythony ii
niaeaniaaieth iaaeaeo noi?iiaie a aeiaiai?a eeceiaa.

A niioaaonoaee ni no. 666 A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?O “i?aaeiaoii
oeiainiaie a?aiaeu iiaoo auoue ethaua iaiio?aaeyaiua aaue, eniieuecoaiua
aeey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, e?iia caiaeueiuo o/anoeia e
ae?oaeo i?e?iaeiuo iauaeoia” -. I?aaeiaoii oeiainiaie a?aiaeu, eae e
i?aaeiaoii aeiaiai?a a?aiaeu, iiaoo aunooiaoue ethaua aaue, eioi?ua ia
oa?ytho naieo iaoo?aeueiuo naienoa a i?ioeanna eo eniieueciaaiey. Oae
eae niaea?aeaiea aeiaiai?a a?aiaeu ninoaaeyao a?aiaiiia iieueciaaiea
/oaeie aauueth, oi a a?aiaeo, a oii /enea e oeiainiaoth, iiaoo auoue
naeaiu eeoue iaiio?aaeyaiua aaue. E i?aaeiaoo oeiainiaie a?aiaeu
i?aaeuyaeyaony o?aaiaaiea eniieueciaaoue a?aiaeiaaiiua aaue aeey
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie oeaee, /oi niioaaonoaoao caaea/ai eiiia?/aneiai
aeiaiai?a (onei?aiiay aii?oecaoeey iiaiai iai?oaeiaaiey e iaoaieciia,
eiaanoe?iaaiea naiaiaeiiai eaieoaea e o.ae.). Caiaeueiua o/anoee e
ae?oaea i?e?iaeiua iauaeou iiaoo auoue i?aaeiaoii aeiaiai?a a?aiaeu (no.
607 A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?O), ii ia iiaoo auoue ia?aaeaiu a
oeiainiaoth a?aiaeo. Aeaiiia ia?aie/aiea i?aaeiaoa oeiainiaie a?aiaeu
iauyniyaony oai, /oi oaeia eniieueciaaiea n i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
oeaeueth caiee e ae?oaeo i?e?iaeiuo iauaeoia ?aaoee?oaony, a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue, caiaeueiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii.

2.2.3. Noi?iiu aeiaiai?a oeiainiaie a?aiaeu

Eeanne/aneee aeiaiai? oeiainiaie a?aiaeu naycuaaao o?ao eeoe:
i?iaeaaoea (ecaioiaeoaey) eiouanoaa, aai i?eia?aoaoaey (a?aiaeiaeaoaey)
e a?aiaeaoi?a. Iaeiaei o/anoieee oeiainiaie a?aiaeu naycaiu iaaeaeo
niaie ia iaeiei, a, eae i?aaeei, aeaoiy aeiaiai?aie. A?aiaeiaeaoaeue
caeeth/aao n i?iaeaaoeii aua?aiiiai a?aiaeaoi?ii eiouanoaa aeiaiai?
eoiee-i?iaeaaee, a n a?aiaeaoi?ii – aeiaiai? oeiainiaie a?aiaeu. Iaa
aeiaiai?a acaeiinaycaiu: eae i?aaeei, a?aiaeaoi?, a ia a?aiaeiaeaoaeue,
inouanoaeyao auai? i?iaeaaoea e niaeaniauaaao ana oneiaey aeiaiai?a
eoiee-i?iaeaaee. A?aiaeaoi? aeiaiaa?eaaaony i i?aaeiaoa aeiaiai?a
eoiee-i?iaeaaee, aai oeaia, ianoa e n?ieao iinoaaee.

A eeceiaiaie naeaeea acaeiiioiioaiey iaaeaeo noauaeoaie eeceiaa no?iyony
ii neaaeothuae noaia: iioaioeeaeueiue (aoaeouee) eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue,
caeioa?aniaaiiue a iieo/aiee eiie?aoiuo e ii?aaeaeaiiuo aeaeia eiouanoaa
(iai?oaeiaaiey, oaoieee e o.i.), naiinoiyoaeueii ia iniiaa eiathuaeny o
iaai eioi?iaoeee, iiuoa, ?aeiiaiaeaoeee, ?acoeueoaoia i?aaeaa?eoaeueii
aeinoeaioouo niaeaoaiee iiaeae?aao ?aniieaaathuaai yoei eiouanoaii
iinoaaueea. A neeo iaaeinoaoi/iinoe nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa e ia?aie/aiiiai
aeinooia e e?aaeeoiui ?ano?nai aeey i?eia?aoaiey eiouanoaa a
nianoaaiiinoue eee ionoonoaey iaiaoiaeeiinoe a iaycaoaeueiie iieoiea
eiouanoaa eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue ia?auaaony e iioaioeeaeueiiio (aoaeouaio)
eeceiaiaeaoaeth, eiathuaio iaiaoiaeeiua n?aaenoaa, n i?inueaie ia
o/anoee aai a naeaeea. Yoi o/anoea eeceiaiaeaoaey au?aaeaaony a
neaaeothuai:

– eeceiaiaay eiiiaiey i?iaa?yao niioaaonoaea oeaiu, eioi?oth niaeaniaae
eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue, oaeouaio ?uii/iiio o?iaith;

– eeceiaiaeaoaeue iieoiaao iaiaoiaeeiia eeceiaiiieo/aoaeth eiouanoai o
iinoaaueea eee i?iecaiaeeoaey ia iniiaa aeiaiai?a eoiee-i?iaeaaee a
nianoaaiiinoue eeceiaiaie eiiiaiee;

– ia?aaeaao eoieaiiia eiouanoai eeceiaiiieo/aoaeth ai a?aiaiiia
iieueciaaiea ia iaiai?aiiuo a aeiaiai?a eeceiaa oneiaeyo.

E i?yiui o/anoieeai eeceiaiaie naeaeee, oi anoue e noauaeoai eeceiaa,
ii?aaeaeaiea eioi?uo aeaaony ai “A?aiaiiii iieiaeaiee”, ioiinyony:

a) eeceiaiaua oe?iu e eiiiaiee – eeceiaiaeaoaee.

Eeceiaiaeaoaeue – th?eaee/aneia eeoei, eioi?ia inouanoaeyao eeceiaiaoth
aeayoaeueiinoue, oi anoue ia?aaea/o a eeceia ii aeiaiai?o niaoeeaeueii
i?eia?aoaiiiai aeey yoiai eiouanoaa, eee a?aaeaeaiei, caieiathueeny
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoueth aac ia?aciaaiey th?eaee/aneiai
eeoea e ca?aaeno?e?iaaiiue a ea/anoaa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai
i?aaei?eieiaoaey. Eeceiaiaua eiiiaiee – yoi eiiia?/aneea i?aaiecaoeee,
nicaeaaaaiua a oi?ia aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa eee ae?oaeo
i?aaiecaoeeiiii-i?aaiauo oi?iao, auiieiythuea a niioaaonoaee n
o/?aaeeoaeueiuie aeieoiaioaie e eeoeaiceyie ooieoeee eeceiaiaeaoaeae;

a) i?iecaiaenoaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey – eeceiaiiieo/aoaee.

Eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue – th?eaee/aneia eeoei, inouanoaeythuaa
i?aaei?eieiaoaeue-neoth aeayoaeueiinoue, eee a?aaeaeaiei, caieiathueeny
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoueth aac ia?aciaaiey th?eaee/aneiai
eeoea e ca?aaeno?e?iaaiiue a ea/anoaa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai
i?aaei?eieiaoaey, iieo/athuea eiouanoai a iieueciaaiea ii aeiaiai?o
eeceiaa;

a) iinoaaueee iauaeoia naeaeee – iai?oaeiaaiey, oaoieee, ae?oaiai
eiouanoaa, oi anoue i?iaeaaoeu.

I?iaeaaaoe eeceiaiaiai eiouanoaa – i?aaei?eyoea – ecaioiaeoaeue iaoei e
iai?oaeiaaiey eee ae?oaia th?eaee/aneia eeoei, eee a?aaeaeaiei,
i?iaeathuea eiouanoai, yaeythuaany iauaeoii eeceiaa.

Einaaiiuie o/anoieeaie eeceiaiaie naeaeee yaeythony eiiia?/aneea e
eiaanoeoeeiiiua aaiee, e?aaeeoothuea eeceiaiaeaoaey e aunooiathuea
aa?aioaie naeaeie, no?aoiaua eiiiaiee, iin?aaeieee, eeceiaiaua a?iea?u.

Oeiaine?iaaiea i?eia?aoaiey eeceiaiaiai eiouanoaa inouanoaeyaony
eeceiaiaeaoaeyie (eeceiaiauie eiiiaieyie) ca n/ao nianoaaiiuo eee
caaiiuo n?aaenoa.

Eeceia eiaao noiaenoai n e?aaeeoii, i?aaeinoaaeaiiui ia iieoieo
iai?oaeiaaiey. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, eeceia iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue eae
eiouanoaaiiua ioiioaiey ia iniiaa i?aaeinoaaeaiey e?aaeeoa eeceiaiaie
eiiiaieae eeceiaiiieo/aoaeth ia oneiaeyo n?i/iinoe, aica?aoiinoe,
ieaoiinoe. Iaeiaei, yoi oieueei iaeia ec oa?aeoa?enoee eeceiaa. Ae?oaay
iniiaiay oa?aeoa?enoeea aace?oaony ia ioiioaieyo nianoaaiiinoe. I?e
eeceiaa nianoaaiiinoue ia i?aaeiao a?aiaeu nio?aiyaony ca
eeceiaiaeaoaeai, a eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue i?eia?aoaao aai eeoue ai a?aiaiiia
iieueciaaiea, oi anoue i?aai iieueciaaiey eiouanoaii ioaeaeyaony io
i?aaa aeaaeaiey ei. Ca iaeaaeaiea yoei i?aaii eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue ieaoeo
eeceiaiaie eiiiaiee niioaaonoaothuea noiiu (eeceiaiaua ieaoaaee),
?acia?, aeae e a?aoee ia?a/eneaiey eioi?uo ii?aaeaeyaony oneiaeyie
aeaoonoi?iiiaai eeceiaiaiai aeiaiai?a.

2.2.4. I?aaa e iaycaiiinoe noi?ii ii aeiaiai?o oeiainiaie a?aiaeu

A?aiaeaoi? ia iaoiaeeony a aeiaiai?iuo ioiioaieyo n i?iaeaaoeii
eiouanoaa, iaeiaei iaaeaeai ii ioiioaieth e iaio ?yaeii i?aa e
iaycaiiinoae. Niaeanii no. 668 A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?O: “anee eiia ia
i?aaeoniio?aii aeiaiai?ii oeiainiaie a?aiaeu, eiouanoai, yaeythuaany
i?aaeiaoii yoiai aeiaiai?a, ia?aaeaaony i?iaeaaoeii iaiin?aaenoaaiii
a?aiaeaoi?o a ianoa iaoiaeaeaiey iineaaeiaai. A neo/aa, eiaaea
eiouanoai, yaeythuaany i?aaeiaoii aeiaiai?a oeiainiaie a?aiaeu, ia
ia?aaeaii a?aiaeaoi?o a oeacaiiue a yoii aeiaiai?a n?ie, a anee a
aeiaiai?a oaeie n?ie ia oeacai, a ?acoiiue n?ie, a?aiaeaoi? ai?aaa, anee
i?in?i/ea aeiiouaia ii ianoiyoaeuenoaai, ca eioi?ua ioaa/aao
a?aiaeiaeaoaeue, iio?aaiaaoue ?anoi?aeaiey aeiaiai?a e aiciauaiey
oauoeia”. ?acia? oauoeia en/eneyaony ii iauei i?aaeeai, onoaiiaeaiiui
no. 15 A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?O, eioi?ay aeaneo: “… iiae oauoeaie
iiieiathony ?anoiaeu, eioi?ia eeoei, /uea i?aai ia?ooaii, i?iecaaei eee
aeieaeii aoaeao i?iecaanoe aeey ainnoaiiaeaiey ia?ooaiiiai i?aaa, oo?aoa
eee iia?aaeaeaiea aai eiouanoaa (?aaeueiue oua?a), a oaeaea iaiieo/aiiua
aeioiaeu, eioi?ua yoi eeoei iieo/eei au i?e iau/iuo oneiaeyo
a?aaeaeaineiai iai?iou, anee au aai i?aai ia auei ia?ooaii (oiouaiiay
auaiaea)”. I?e yoii a?aiaeiaeaoaeue ioaa/aao ca oiouaiey i?iaeaaoea eae
ca naie nianoaaiiua.

Iniaaiiinoueth aeiaiai?a oeiainiaie a?aiaeu yaeyaony aiciiaeiinoue
i?aaeuyaeaiey a?aiaeaoi?ii o?aaiaaiee i ea/anoaa e eiiieaeoiinoe
eiouanoaa, ninoaaeythuaai i?aaeiao aeiaiai?a eeceiaa, n?ieao aai
iinoaaee, eiuo o?aaiaaiee, auoaeathueo ec aeiaiai?a eoiee-i?iaeaaee,
caeeth/aiiiai iaaeaeo i?iaeaaoeii e a?aiaeiaeaoaeai, iaiin?aaenoaaiii
i?iaeaaoeo eiouanoaa (no. 670 A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?O). I?e yoii, a
neo/aa iaiaaeeaaeauaai eniieiaiey oneiaee aeiaiai?a eoiee-i?iaeaaee
a?aiaeaoi? iaaeaeyaony i?aaaie e ianao iaycaiiinoe, eae anee au ii aue
iieoiaoaeai a aeiaiai?a eoiee-i?iaeaaee niioaaonoaothuaai eiouanoaa:
ioeacaoueny io anaai ia?aaeaiiiai eiouanoaa; iio?aaiaaoue caiaieoue
eiouanoai, ia niioaaonoaothuaa oneiaeyi aeiaiai?a eoiee-i?iaeaaee,
eiouanoaii, i?aaeoniio?aiiui aeiaiai?ii; iio?aaiaaoue iaaeinoathuaa
eiee/anoai eiouanoaa e o.i. – ca eneeth/aieai iaycaiiinoe iieaoeoue
i?eia?aoaiiia eiouanoai.

Iaeiaei a?aiaeaoi?, niaeanii no. 670 A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?O, ia
iiaeao ?anoi?aiooue aeiaiai? eoiee-i?iaeaaee n i?iaeaaoeii aac niaeaney
a?aiaeiaeaoaey a neo/aa ia?ooaiey i?iaeaaoeii naieo iaycaoaeuenoa
(iai?eia?, iinoaaea eiouanoaa iaiaaeeaaeauaai ea/anoaa) -. Noaaeoue
aii?in i ?anoi?aeaiee aeiaiai?a eoiee-i?iaeaaee iiaoo eeoue aai noi?iiu:
i?iaeaaaoe e a?aiaeiaeaoaeue.

Iineieueeo a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca auai? i?iaeaaoea
eaaeeo ia a?aiaeaoi?a, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii aeiaiai?ii eeceiaa,
a?aiaeiaeaoaeue ia ioaa/aao ia?aae a?aiaeaoi?ii ca iaauiieiaiea
i?iaeaaoeii aai iaycaiiinoae ii aeiaiai?o eoiee-i?iaeaaee, ca
eneeth/aieai oao neo/aaa, eiaaea auai? i?iaeaaoea a niioaaonoaee n
oneiaeyie aeiaiai?a oeiainiaie a?aiaeu inouanoaeye a?aiaeiaeaoaeue. A
neo/aa auai?a i?iaeaaoea a?aiaeiaeaoaeai iineaaeiee ianao ia?aae
a?aiaeaoi?ii nieeaea?ioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue n i?iaeaaoeii ca eniieiaiea
oneiaee aeiaiai?a eoiee-i?iaeaaee (/. 2 no. 670 A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena
?O).

Iniaaiiinoue aeiaiai?a oeiainiaie a?aiaeu i?iyaeyaony e a oii, /oi a
iaycaiiinoe a?aiaeiaeaoaey a aeiaiai?a eoiee-i?iaeaaee n i?iaeaaoeii
eiouanoaa aoiaeeo oeacaiea ia i?eia?aoaiea eiouanoaa n oeaeueth naea/e
aai a a?aiaeo eiie?aoiiio a?aiaeaoi?o (no. 667 A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena
?O). Oaeia oeacaiea, ia?yaeo n ae?oaeie oneiaeyie aeiaiai?a
eoiee-i?iaeaaee e oeiainiaie a?aiaeu, i?eaeaao yniinoue ioiioaieyi ii
oeiainiaie a?aiaea, /oi aaaeii aeey i?aaeeueiiai i?eiaiaiey ii?i
A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena. Ionoonoaea oeacaiey i oeaee i?eia?aoaiey
eiouanoaa ia aeeyao ia aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue aeiaiai?a, ii iiaeao auoue
iniiaaieai aeey o?aaiaaiey aiciauaiey oauoeia.

Ii iauaio i?aaeeo ?ene neo/aeiie aeaaee eee neo/aeiie ii?/e eiouanoaa
ianao aai nianoaaiiee, iineieueeo eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii caeiiii eee
aeiaiai?ii. A aeiaiai?a oeiainiaie a?aiaeu nianoaaiieeii a?aiaeoaiiai
eiouanoaa inoaaony a?aiaeiaeaoaeue. Iaeiaei ?ene neo/aeiie aeaaee eee
neo/aeiie ii?/e a?aiaeiaaiiiai eiouanoaa ianao a?aiaeaoi? n iiiaioa
ia?aaea/e aio a?aiaeiaaiiiai eiouanoaa, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii
aeiaiai?ii oeiainiaie a?aiaeu (no. 669 A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?O).

Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi oceiniaoeeaeece?iaaiiua eeceiaiaua eiiiaiee
iau/ii eiatho aeaei n iaeiei aeaeii oiaa?a (eaaeiaua aaoiiiaeee,
eiioaeia?u) eee n oiaa?aie iaeiie a?oiiu noaiaea?oiuo aeaeia
(no?ieoaeueiia iai?oaeiaaiea, iai?oaeiaaiea aeey oaenoeeueiuo
i?aaei?eyoee). Yoe oe?iu, eae i?aaeei, ?aniieaaatho nianoaaiiui ia?eii
iaoei eee caianii iai?oaeiaaiey e i?aaeinoaaeytho eo eeceiaiiieo/aoaeth
ii cayaea eeeaioa. I?e yoii eeceiaiaeaoaee naie inouanoaeytho
oaoie/aneia ianeoaeeaaiea e neaaeyo ca iiaeaea?aeaieai oiaa?a a
ii?iaeueiii yenieooaoeeiiiii ninoiyiee.

Oieaa?naeueiua eeceiaiaua oe?iu ia?aaeatho a a?aiaeo (eeceia)
?aciiia?aciua aeaeu iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey. Iie i?aaeinoaaeytho
eeceiaiiieo/aoaeth i?aai auai?a iinoaaueea iaiaoiaeeiiai aio
iai?oaeiaaiey, ?aciauaiey caeaca e i?eaia iauaeoa naeaeee. Oaoie/aneia
ianeoaeeaaiea e ?aiiio inouanoaeytho iinoaauee eeai nai
eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue. I?e yoii eeceiaiaeaoaeue ia i?aaao aeaaeaeueoea
eiaao i?aai iniio?aoue eiouanoai e i?iaa?eoue eiiieaeoiinoue. Iinea
aaiaea iauaeoa a yenieoaoaoeeth eeceiaiaeaoaeue iaycai iiaeienaoue
i?ioieie i?eaiee iauaeoa. Anee i?ioieie i?eaiee niaea?aeeo ia?a/aiue
iaaeinoaoeia, iaia?oaeaiiuo i?e i?eaiea, eeceiaiaeaoaeue aeieaeai
ii?o/eoue iinoaaueeo ono?aiaiea eo a oa/aiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai n?iea.
Eeceiaiaeaoaeue eiaao i?aai nenoaiaoe/anee i?iaa?youe ninoiyiea
naeaaaaiiai a iaai iai?oaeiaaiey e i?aaeeueiinoue aai yenieoaoaoeee.

I?e i?aaiecaoeee eeceiaiaie iia?aoeee eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue i?eieiaao ia
naay neaaeothuea iaycaiiinoe:

– i?iecaanoe i?eaieo iauaeoa naeaeee iaiin?aaenoaaiii i?e iinoaaea,
iaania/eoue ana iaiaoiaeeiua oaoie/aneea e i?aaiaua oneiaey i?eaiee;

– inouanoaeoue iiioaae e aaiae iauaeoa a yenieoaoaoeeth, anee yoi ia
aoiaeeo a iaycaiiinoe iinoaaueea;

– iiaeoaa?aeeoue eiiieaeoiinoue iinoaaee, ea/anoai ?aaiou iai?oaeiaaiey
e aeinoeaeaiea i?iaeoiie iiuiinoe;

– i?e iaia?oaeaiee iaaeinoaoeia eo ia?a/aiue oeacaoue a i?ioieiea
i?eaiee e niiaueoue eeceiaiaeaoaeth.

Eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue iaycai oaeaea i?aaeinoaaeoue eeceiaiaeaoaeth
iaiaoiaeeiua aa?aioee, ia?a/aiue eioi?uo oeacuaaaony a aeiaiai?a
oeiainiaie a?aiaeu.

Eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue iiaeao iieo/eoue neaaeothuea oneoae io
eeceiaiaeaoaey: oaoie/aneea oneoae, naycaiiua n i?aaiecaoeeae
o?ainii?oe?iaee iauaeoa eeceiaa e ianoo aai eniieueciaaiey eeeaioii,
iiioaaeii e iaeaaeeie naeaiiiai a eeceia iai?oaeiaaiey, oaoie/aneei
ianeoaeeaaieai e oaeouei ?aiiioii iai?oaeiaaiey; eiinoeueoaoeeiiiua
oneoae ii aii?inai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey, ioi?ieaiey naeaeee e ae?.

Aeaeu eeceiaa

?uiie eeceiaiauo oneoa oa?aeoa?ecoaony iiiaiia?aceai oi?i eeceiaa,
iiaeaeae eeceiaiauo eiio?aeoia e th?eaee/aneeo ii?i, ?aaoee?othueo
eeceiaiaua iia?aoeee.

I?e auaeaeaiee aeaeia eeceiaa enoiaeyo i?aaeaea anaai ec i?eciaeia eo
eeanneoeeaoeee, eioi?ua oa?aeoa?ecotho: ioiioaiea e a?aiaeoaiiio
eiouanoao; oei oeiaine?iaaiey eeceiaiaie iia?aoeee; oei eeceiaiaiai
eiouanoaa; ninoaa o/anoieeia eeceiaiaie naeaeee; oei ia?aaeaaaaiiai a
eeceia eiouanoaa; noaiaiue ieoiaaiinoe eeceiaiaiai eiouanoaa; naeoi?
?uiea, aaea i?iaiaeyony eeceiaiaua iia?aoeee; ioiioaiea e iaeiaiaui,
oaiiaeaiiui e aii?oecaoeeiiiui eueaioai e i?aoa?aioeeyi; ii?yaeie
eeceiaiauo ieaoaaeae.1

Ii ioiioaieth e a?aiaeoaiiio eiouanoao (eee ii iauaio ianeoaeeaaiey)
eeceia aeaeeony ia:

*enoue (net leasing), eiaaea ana ?anoiaeu ii ianeoaeeaaieth eiouanoaa
i?eieiaao ia naay eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue. I?e yoii eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue
ia?aaiaeeo eeceiaiaeaoaeth /enoua, eee iaooi, ieaoaaee. Aieueoeinoai
oneoa ia ioa/anoaaiiii eeceiaiaii ?uiea iai?oaeiaaiey yaeythony /enouie.

Iieiue, eee, eae aai aua iacuaatho “iie?ue” eeceia (wet leasing), eiaaea
eeceiaiaeaoaeue i?eieiaao ia naay ana ?anoiaeu ii ianeoaeeaaieth
eiouanoaa. Aai eniieuecotho, eae i?aaeei, naie ecaioiaeoaee
iai?oaeiaaiey. Ii noieiinoe iieiue eeceia iaeei ec naiuo aei?iaeo, oae
eae o eeceiaiaeaoaey oaaee/eaathony ?anoiaeu ia oaoie/aneia
ianeoaeeaaiea, nii?iaiaeaeaiea eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiui ia?niiaeii, ?aiiio,
iinoaaeo iaiaoiaeeiiai nu?uey e eiiieaeoothueo ecaeaeee e ae?.

*anoe/iue ( n /anoe/iui iaai?ii oneoa), eiaaea ia eeceiaiaeaoaey
aiceaaathony eeoue ioaeaeueiua ooieoeee ii ianeoaeeaaieth eiouanoaa.

Ii oeio oeiaine?iaaiey eeceia aeaeeony ia:

N?i/iue, eiaaea eiaao ianoi iaeii?aciaay a?aiaea eiouanoaa.

Aiciaiiaeyaiue (?aaieueaa?iue), i?e eioi?ii iinea enoa/aiey ia?aiai
n?iea aeiaiai? eeceiaa i?iaeeaaaaony ia neaaeothuee ia?eiae. I?e yoii
iauaeou eeceiaa /a?ac ii?aaeaeaiiia a?aiy a caaeneiinoe io eciina e ii
aeaeaieth eeceiaiiieo/aoaey iaiythony ia aieaa niaa?oaiiua ia?acoeu.
Eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue i?eieiaao ia naay ana ?anoiaeu ii caiaia
iai?oaeiaaiey. Eiee/anoai iauaeoia eeceiaa e n?iee eo eniieueciaaiey ii
aiciaiiaeyaiiio eeceiao ca?aiaa noi?iiaie ia iaiaa?eaathony.

?aciiaeaeiinoueth aiciaiiaeyaiiai eeceiaa yaeyaony aaia?aeueiue eeceia,
eioi?ue iicaieyao eeceiaiiieo/aoaeth aeiiieieoue nienie a?aiaeoaiiai
iai?oaeiaaiey aac caeeth/aiey iiauo eiio?aeoia. Yoi i/aiue aaaeii aeey
i?aaei?eyoee n iai?a?uaiui i?iecaiaenoaaiiui oeeeeii e i?e aeanoeie
eiio?aeoiie eiiia?aoeee n ia?oia?aie. Aaia?aeueiue eeceia eniieuecoaony,
eiaaea o?aaoaony n?i/iay iinoaaea eee caiaia oaea iieo/aiiiai ii eeceiao
iai?oaeiaaiey, a a?aiaie, iaiaoiaeeiiai ia

i?i?aaioeo e caeeth/aiea iiaiai eiio?aeoa, eae i?aaeei, iao. Ii oneiaeth
niaeaoaiey a ?aaeeia aaia?aeueiiai eeceiaa eeceiaiiieo/aoaeth a neo/aa
aicieeiiaaiey n?i/iie iai?aaeaeaeaiiie iaiaoiaeeiinoe a iieo/aiee
aeiiieieoaeueiiai iai?oaeiaaiey aeinoaoi/ii iai?aaeoue eeceiaiaeaoaeth
cai?in ia iinoaaeo o?aaoaiiai iai?oaeiaaiey ni nnueeie ia niaeaniaaiiue
ia?a/aiue eee eaoaeia. A eiioea ia?eiaea, ia eioi?ue caeeth/aii
niaeaoaiea, i?iecaiaeeony ia?a?an/ao eeceiaiauo ieaoaaeae n o/aoii
?aciia?aiaiiinoe cao?ao eeceiaiaeaoaey e caeeth/aaony iiaia niaeaoaiea.

A caaeneiinoe io ninoaaa o/anoieeia (noauaeoia) naeaeee ?acee/atho
neaaeothuea aeaeu eeceiaa:

I?yiie eeceia, i?e eioi?ii nianoaaiiee eiouanoaa (iinoaauee)
naiinoiyoaeueii naeaao iauaeo a eeceia (aeaoonoi?iiiyy naeaeea). Ii
nooe, yoo naeaeeo iaeuecy iacaaoue eeanne/aneie eeceiaiaie naeaeeie, oae
eae a iae ia o/anoaoao eeceiaiaay eiiiaiey.

Einaaiiue eeceia, eiaaea ia?aaea/a eiouanoaa a eeceia i?ienoiaeeo /a?ac
iin?aaeieea. Oaeiai ?iaea naeaeea noiaea n eeanne/aneie eeceiaiaie
iia?aoeeae, oae eae a iae o/anoaotho iinoaauee, eeceiaiaeaoaeue e
eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue, i?e/ai eaaeaeue ec ieo aunooiaao naiinoiyoaeueii.

?acaeaeueiue eeceia (eeceia n o/anoeai iiiaeanoaa noi?ii) – leveraged
leasing. Yoio aeae eeceiaa ?ani?ino?aiai eae oi?ia oeiaine?iaaiey
neiaeiuo, e?oiiiianooaaiuo iauaeoia, oaeeo, eae aaeaoaoieea, ii?neea e
?a/iua noaea, aeaeaciiaei?iaeiue e iiaeaeaeiie ninoaa, ao?iaua ieaooi?iu
e o.i. Oaeie eeceia iacuaaaony aua a?oiiiaui, eee aeoeeiia?iui, eeceiaii
n o/anoeai ianeieueeeo eiiiaiee iinoaaueeia, eeceiaiaeaoaeae e
i?eaea/aieai e?aaeeoiuo n?aaenoa o ?yaea aaieia, a oaeaea no?aoiaaieai
eeceiaiaiai eiouanoaa e aica?aoa eeceiaiauo ieaoaaeae n iiiiuueth
no?aoiauo ioeia. Yoio aeae eeceiaa n/eoaaony iaeaieaa neiaeiui, oae eae
aio i?enoua iiiaieaiaeueiia oeiaine?iaaiea. Niaoeeoe/aneie
iniaaiiinoueth aeaiiiai aeaea eeceiaa yaeyaony oi, /oi eeceiaiaeaoaee
iaania/eaatho eeoue /anoue noiiu, eioi?ay iaiaoiaeeia aeey iieoiee
iauaeoa eeceiaa. Yoe n?aaenoaa i?eaeaeathony e aeeoioee?othony iooai
auionea aeoeee e ?ani?ino?aiaiey eo n?aaee eeceiaiaeaoaeae, i?eieiathueo
o/anoea a oeiaine?iaaiee naeaeee. Inoaaoayny /anoue eiio?aeoiie
noieiinoe iauaeoa eeceiaa oeiaine?oaony e?aaeeoi?aie (aaieaie, ae?oaeie
eiaanoi?aie). Oa?aeoa?ii, /oi i?e yoii e?aaeeoi?u ia eiatho, eae
i?aaeei, i?aaa aino?aaiaaiey caaeieaeaiiinoe ii e?aaeeoai
iaiin?aaenoaaiii o eeceiaiaeaoaeae. A yoeo naeaeeao aaeaeo iiiaeanoaa
o/anoaothueo noi?ii i?enoonoaotho: iiaa?aiiue e?aaeeoi?ia – aeey
eii?aeeiaoeee aeaenoaee caeiiaeaoaeae, e iiaa?aiiue eeceiaiaeaoaeae –
aeey oi?aaeaiey niaianoiuie aeaenoaeyie eiio?aaaioia. Iiaa?aiiue
eeceiaiaeaoaeae aeaenoaoao a ea/anoaa iiieiaeueiiai eeceiaiaeaoaey e
iieo/aao oeooe nianoaaiieea iai?oaeiaaiey. Ii aea ?ani?aaeaeyao i?eaueue
iaaeaeo aeoeeiia?aie.

Iaeiie ec oi?i i?yiiai eeceiaa yaeyaony aica?aoiue eeceia (sale and
leaseback arrangement). Aica?aoiue eeceia i?aaenoaaeyao niaie nenoaio
acaeiinaycaiiuo niaeaoaiee, i?e eioi?ie oe?ia – nianoaaiiee caiee,
caeaiee, nii?oaeaiee eee iai?oaeiaaiey i?iaeaao yoo nianoaaiiinoue
oeiainiaiio einoeoooo (aaieo, no?aoiaie eiiiaiee, eiaanoeoeeiiiiio
oiiaeo, oe?ia, niaoeeaeueii i?eaioe?iaaiiie ia eeceiaiaua iia?aoeee) n
iaeiia?aiaiiui ioi?ieaieai niaeaoaiey i aeieain?i/iie a?aiaea naiae
auaoae nianoaaiiinoe ia oneiaeyo eeceiaa.

Aica?aoiue eeceia aunooiaao a aeaiiii neo/aa eae aeueoa?iaoeaa
caeiaiaie iia?aoeee, i?e/ai i?iaeaaaoe nianoaaiiinoe, eioi?ue a
?acoeueoaoa naeaeee noaiiaeony aa a?aiaeaoi?ii, iaiaaeeaiii iieo/aao a
naia ?anii?yaeaiea io iieoiaoaey acaeiii niaeaniaaiioth noiio naeaeee
eoiee-i?iaeaaee, a iieoiaoaeue i?iaeieaeaao o/anoaiaaoue a yoie
iia?aoeee, ii oaea a ea/anoaa a?aiaeiaeaoaey. Aica?aoiue eeceia
iaiaoiaeei, i?aaeaea anaai, aeey oao oicyenoaothueo noauaeoia, eioi?ui
n?i/ii o?aaothony cia/eoaeueiua iauaiu iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa.

Aaaeiui i?aeiouanoaii aica?aoiiai eeceiaa yaeyaony eniieueciaaiea oaea
iaoiaeyuaainy a yenieoaoaoeee iai?oaeiaaiey a ea/anoaa enoi/ieea
oeiaine?iaaiey no?iyueony iiauo iauaeoia n auoaeathuae ec yoiai
aiciiaeiinoueth eniieueciaaoue iaeiaiaua eueaiou, i?aaeinoaaeyaiua aeey
o/anoieeia eeceiaiauo iia?aoeee. Aica?aoiue eeceia aeaao aiciiaeiinoue
?aoeiaine?iaaoue eaieoaeueiua aeiaeaiey n iaiueoeie cao?aoaie, /ai i?e
i?eaea/aiee aaieianeeo nnoae, iniaaiii anee ieaoaaeaniiniaiinoue
i?aaei?eyoey noaaeony e?aaeeoothueie i?aaiecaoeeyie iiae niiiaiea aaeaeo
iaaeaaii?eyoiiai niioiioaiey iaaeaeo aai onoaaiui eaieoaeii e caaiiuie
oiiaeaie.

I?e aica?aoiii eeceiaa a?aiaeiay ieaoa onoaiaaeeaaaony ii neaaeothuae
noaia: noiia ieaoaaeae aeieaeia auoue aeinoaoi/iie aeey iieiiai
aiciauaiey eiaanoi?o anae noiiu, eioi?ay auea auiea/aia ei i?e iieoiea,
e iethn e yoiio iaania/eaaoue n?aaeithth ii?io i?eauee ia
eiaanoe?iaaiiue eaieoae.

Ii oeio eiouanoaa ?acee/atho:

Eeceia aeaeaeeiiai eiouanoaa (iai?oaeiaaiea, oaoieea, aaoiiiaeee, noaea,
naiieaou e o.i.), a oii /enea iiaiai e auaoaai a oiio?aaeaiee.

Eeceia iaaeaeaeeiinoe (caeaiey, nii?oaeaiey).

Ii noaiaie ieoiaaiinoe eiouanoaa eeceia iiae?acaeaeyaony ia:

Eeceia n iieiie ieoiaaiinoueth (eee aeeceie e iieiie), eiaaea a oa/aiea
n?iea aeaenoaey eeceiaiaiai aeiaiai?a i?ienoiaeeo iieiay eee aeeceay e
iieiie aii?oecaoeey eiouanoaa e, niioaaonoaaiii, auieaoa eeceiaiaeaoaeth
noieiinoe eiouanoaa.

Eeceia n iaiieiie ieoiaaiinoueth, i?e eioi?ii a oa/aiea n?iea aeaenoaey
iaeiiai eeceiaiaiai aeiaiai?a i?ienoiaeeo /anoe/iay aii?oecaoeey
eiouanoaa e ieoiaaony oieueei /anoue aa.

A niioaaonoaee n i?eciaeaie ieoiaaiinoe (oneiaeyie aii?oecaoeee
eiouanoaa) auaeaeytho oeiainiaue e iia?aoeaiue eeceia.

Oeiainiaue (eaieoaeueiue, i?yiie) eeceia – financial, capital leases –
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie acaeiiioiioaiey ia?oia?ia, i?aaeoniao?eaathuea a
oa/aiea ia?eiaea aeaenoaey niaeaoaiey iaaeaeo ieie auieaoo eeceiaiauo
ieaoaaeae, iie?uaathueo iieioth noieiinoue aii?oecaoeee iai?oaeiaaiey
eee aieueooth aai /anoue, aeiiieieoaeueiua ecaea?aeee e i?eaueue
eeceiaiaeaoaey. Aeaiiue aeae eeceiaa oa?aeoa?ecoaony neaaeothueie
iniiaiuie /a?oaie:

– o/anoea e?iia eeceiaiaeaoaey e eeceiaiiieo/aoaey o?aoueae noi?iiu
(i?iecaiaeeoaey eee iinoaaueea iauaeoa naeaeee);

– iaaiciiaeiinoue ?anoi?aeaiey aeiaiai?a a oa/aiea iniiaiiai n?iea
a?aiaeu, oi anoue n?iea, iaiaoiaeeiiai aeey aiciauaiey ?anoiaeia
a?aiaeiaeaoaey;

– i?iaeieaeeoaeueiue ia?eiae eeceiaiaiai niaeaoaiey (iau/ii aeeceee e
n?ieo neoaeau iauaeoa naeaeee).

Iinea caaa?oaiey n?iea eeceiaiaiai niaeaoaiey (aeiaiai?a)
eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue iiaeao eoieoue iauaeo naeaeee ii inoaoi/iie (a ia ii
?uii/iie) noieiinoe; caeeth/eoue iiaue aeiaiai? ia iaiueoee n?ie e ii
eueaioiie noaaea; aa?iooue iauaeo naeaeee eeceiaiaie eiiiaiee.

I naiai auai?a eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue aeieaeai niiaueoue eeceiaiaeaoaeth.
Anee a aeiaiai?a i?aaeoniao?eaaaony niaeaoaiea (iioeeii) ia iieoieo
i?aaeiaoa naeaeee, noi?iiu ca?aiaa ii?aaeaeytho inoaoi/ioth noieiinoue
iauaeoa, naeaaaaiiai a eeceia.

Iia?aoeaiue (na?aeniue) eeceia – service, operating leases –
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie a?aiaeiua ioiioaiey, i?e eioi?uo ?anoiaeu
eeceiaiaeaoaey, naycaiiua n i?eia?aoaieai e niaea?aeaieai naeaaaaiuo a
a?aiaeo i?aaeiaoia, ia iie?uaathony a?aiaeiuie ieaoaaeaie a oa/aiea
iaeiiai eeceiaiaiai eiio?aeoa. Caeeth/aaony ii, eae i?aaeei, ia 2 – 5
eao. I?e iia?aoeaiii eeceiaa ?ene ii?/e eee ooa?e iauaeoa eaaeeo a
iniiaiii ia eeceiaiaeaoaea. Noaaea eeceiaiauo ieaoaaeae iau/ii auoa, /ai
i?e oeiainiaii eeceiaa, ec-ca ionoonoaey aa?aioee ieoiaaiinoe cao?ao. Ii
ieii/aiee iia?aoeaiiai eeceiaiaiai aeiaiai?a eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue eiaao
i?aai: i?iaeeeoue n?ie aeiaiai?a ia aieaa auaiaeiuo oneiaeyo; aa?iooue
iai?oaeiaaiea eeceiaiaeaoaeth; eoieoue iai?oaeiaaiea o eeceiaiaeaoaey
i?e iaee/ee niaeaoaiey (iioeeiia) ia iieoieo ii ?uii/iie noieiinoe.

A caaeneiinoe io naeoi?a ?uiea, aaea i?iaiaeyony eeceiaiaua iia?aoeee,
?acee/atho:

Aioo?aiiee eeceia, eiaaea ana o/anoieee naeaeee i?aaenoaaeytho iaeio
no?aio.

Aiaoiee (iaaeaeoia?iaeiue) eeceia – e iaio ioiinyony naeaeee, a eioi?uo
oioy au iaeia ec noi?ii i?eiaaeeaaeeo ?aciui no?aiai. E yoiio aea aeaeo
eeceiaa ioiinyo e naeaeee, i?iaiaeeiua eeceiaiaeaoaeai e
eeceiaiiieo/aoaeai iaeiie no?aiu, anee oioy au iaeia ec noi?ii aaaeao
naith aeayoaeueiinoue e eiaao eaieoae niaianoii n ca?oaaaeiie oe?iie.

Aiaoiee eeceia, a naith i/a?aaeue, iiae?acaeaeyaony ia eiii?oiue,
eiaaea ca?oaaaeiie noi?iiie yaeyaony eeceiaiaeaoaeue, e yenii?oiue,
eiaaea ca?oaaaeiie noi?iiie yaeyaony eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue.

Ii ioiioaieth e iaeiaiaui, aii?oecaoeeiiiui eueaioai ?acee/atho eeceia:

N eniieueciaaieai eueaio ii iaeiaiiaeiaeaieth eiouanoaa, i?eauee, IAeN,
?acee/iuo nai?ia, onei?aiiie aii?oecaoeee e o.i. Eae ieoao E.A. Nonaiyi
a naiae eieaa “Naiua auaiaeiua naeaeee: eeceia, aa?oa?, oiaa?iiaiai n
ca?oaaaeiuie ia?oia?aie”, aeaiiue oei eeceiaa oe?iei i?eiaiyeny
aiaeeeneeie e aia?eeaineeie oe?iaie a 80-a aiaeu ai aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie
noa?a. Naeaeee aace?iaaeenue ia iieo/aiee eeceiaiaeaoaeai iaeiaiauo
eueaio ii eiaanoeoeeyi a iaoeiu e iai?oaeiaaiea, eioi?ua naeaaaeenue a
a?aiaeo ca ?oaaaeii. Yoe naeaeee i?aaieciauaaeenue oaeei ia?acii, /oi
eeceiaiiieo/aoaee a naiae no?aia aeaeaee aii?oecaoeeiiiua io/eneaiey,
iieuecoynue eueaioaie i?e iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee, a ?ann/eouaaeenue n
ca?oaaaeiuie eeceiaiaeaoaeyie ii eneonnoaaiii caieaeaiiui a?aiaeiui
noaaeai, /oi noaiiaeeinue aiciiaeiui aaeaeo eniieueciaaiey iaeiaiauo
neeaeie ia eiaanoeoeee a iai?oaeiaaiea, naeaaaaiia a a?aiaeo. E.A.
Nonaiyi i?eaiaeeo i?eia?, oi?ioi eeethno?e?othuee oaeiai ?iaea naeaeee:
/aou?a aiaeeeneea eeceiaiaua eiiiaiee a naeaeea n eeceiaii ainueie
naiieaoia “Aieia” noieiinoueth a 140 iei. aeieea?ia, caeoiea yoo oaoieeo
o aia?eeaineeo oe?i, naeaee aa a eeceia oai aea aia?eeaineei oe?iai.
Noiia?iay iaeiaiaay neeaeea ninoaaeea ieiei 20 iei. aeieea?ia.1 A ?yaea
neo/aaa aiciiaeiinoue iieo/aiey eueaio i?e iia?aoeeyo eeceiaa
eniieuecoaony aeey i?iaaaeaiey oeeoeaiuo iia?aoeee eeceiaa. Ia Caiaaea
oaeiai ?iaea oeeoeaiua iia?aoeee i?aneaaeothony iin?aaenoaii
niaoeeaeueiuo noaoae a caeiiao, ?aaeaiaioe?othueo eeceiaiaoth
aeayoaeueiinoue.

Aac eniieueciaaiey eueaio.

Ii oa?aeoa?o eeceiaiauo ieaoaaeae inouanoaeyaony ?acaeaeaiea eeceiaa ii
aeaeai a caaeneiinoe io:

Aeaea eeceiaa (oeiainiaue, iia?aoeaiue);

Oi?iu ?an/aoia iaaeaeo eeceiaiaeaoaeai e eeceiaiiieo/aoaeai:

a) aeaiaaeiua, eiaaea ana ieaoaaee i?iecaiaeyony a aeaiaaeiie oi?ia;

a) eiiiainaoeeiiiua, eiaaea ieaoaaee inouanoaeythony a oi?ia iinoaaee
oiaa?ia, i?iecaaaeaiiuo ia naeaiiii a eeceia iai?oaeiaaiee (ii nouanoao,
yoi aa?oa?), eee iooai ca/aoa oneoa, ieacuaaaiuo ae?oa ae?oao
eeceiaiiieo/aoaeai e eeceiaiaeaoaeai;

a) niaoaiiua, eiaaea i?eiaiythony iaa oeacaiiua oi?iu ieaoaaea.

Ninoaaa o/eouaaaiuo yeaiaioia ieaoaaea (aii?oecaoeey, aeiiieieoaeueiua
oneoae, eeceiaiaay ia?aea, no?aoiaaiea e o.ae.);

I?eiaiyaiiai iaoiaea ia/eneaiey:

a) n oeene?iaaiiie iauae noiiie;

a) n aaainii (aeaiiceoii);

a) n o/aoii aueoia eiouanoaa ii inoaoi/iie noieiinoe;

a) n o/aoii ia?eiaee/iinoe aianaiey (aaeaaiaeiua, iieoaiaee/iua,
aaeaeaa?oaeueiua, aaeaiany/iua);

ae) n o/aoii n?i/iinoe aianaiey (a ia/aea, na?aaeeia eee a eiioea
ia?eiaea ieaoaaea);

a) n o/aoii niiniaa oieaou: ?aaiiia?iuie ?aaiuie aeieyie; n
oaaee/eaathueieny e oiaiueoathueieny ?acia?aie (a caaeneiinoe io
oeiainiaiai ninoiyiey eeceiaiiieo/aoaey e oneiaee aeiaiai?a).

Ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea eeceiaiauo ioiioaiee

2.4.1. Eeoeaice?iaaiea eeceiaiaie aeayoaeueiinoe

Iaiaoiaeeiinoue eeoeaice?iaaiey eeceiaiaie aeayoaeueiinoe auoaeaao ec
iinoaiiaeaiey I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O «I eeoeaice?iaaiee ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia
aeayoaeueiinoe» io 24.12.94 ? 1418. Ai eniieiaiea auoaiacaaiiiai
iinoaiiaeaiey I?aaeoaeuenoai ?O 26 oaa?aey 1996 aiaea i?eiyei
iinoaiiaeaiea ? 167 “Ia ooaa?aeaeaiee iieiaeaiey i eeoeaice?iaaiee
eeceiaiaie aeayoaeueiinoe a ?O” (aeaeaa “Iieiaeaiea i eeoeaice?iaaiee”)
e «A?aiaiiui iieiaeaieai i eeceiaa», ooaa?aeaeaiiui iinoaiiaeaieai
I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 29 ethiy 1995 aiaea ? 633 “I ?acaeoee eeceiaa a
eiaanoeoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe” n eciaiaieyie e aeiiieiaieyie.

Ia Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eiioa?aioeee ii ?acaeoeth eeceiaa a ?innee (14 – 15
iay 1996 aiaea) Ia?ey Eiceinee, i?aaenoaaeythuay Iaaeaeoia?iaeioth
oeiainiaoth ei?ii?aoeeth, ioiaoeea, /oi ii iiaieth IOE, «eeoeaice?iaaiea
eeceiaiauo eiiiaiee aeieaeii inouanoaeyoueny iaycaoaeueii, i?e/ai ia
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiii o?iaia».1

A niioaaonoaee ni no. 1 «Iieiaeaiey i eeoeaice?iaaiee» eeoeaicey
yaeyaony ioeoeeaeueiui aeieoiaioii, ?ac?aoathuei eeceiaiaie eiiiaiee
(iiae eeceiaiaie eiiiaieae iiieiathony ethaua i?aaiecaoeee,
inouanoaeythuea eeceiaiaoth aeayoaeueiinoue a ea/anoaa eeceiaiaeaoaey)
inouanoaeaiea eeceiaiaie aeayoaeueiinoe a

oa/aiea onoaiiaeaiiiai n?iea n niaethaeaieai eeoeaiceiiiuo oneiaee e
aeaenoaothuaai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.

I?aaeoniio?aii, /oi eeoeaice?iaaieai eeceiaiaie aeayoaeueiinoe aoaeao
caieiaoueny Ieienoa?noai yeiiiieee ?O.

2 naioya?y 1996 aiaea ninoiyeinue ia?aia canaaeaiea Eiiennee
Ieienoa?noaa yeiiiieee ?O, caieiathuaeny aii?inaie auaea/e
eeoeaicee ia i?iaaaeaiea

eeceiaiaie aeayoaeueiinoe. N?aaee i?i/eo, iniaua nii?u aucaae i. 4 no.
1 auoaiacaaiiiai «Iieiaeaiey i eeoeaice?iaaiee»: “Aeaenoaea ianoiyuaai
Iieiaeaiey ?ani?ino?aiyaony ia eeceiaiaoth aeayoaeueiinoue,
inouanoaeyaioth ia oa??eoi?ee ?O eeceiaiauie eiiiaieyie – ia?aceaeaioaie
?O”. ?yae ca?oaaaeiuo eiiiaiee ia?aoeeenue a Ieienoa?noai yeiiiieee ?O n
i?inueaie ia?aniio?aoue yoi oneiaea. Iauyniyeanue oaeay iiceoeey oai,
/oi aeey ieo cao?oaeieoaeueii i?aaeinoaaeaiea aieueoiai iauaia
aeieoiaioaoeee ia?aaia n ?aceaeaioaie.

A niioaaonoaee ni no. 3 “Iieiaeaiey i eeoeaice?iaaiee” a eeoeaiceiiiue
i?aai o?aaoaony i?aaenoaaeoue:

a) cayaeaiea onoaiiaeaiiiai ia?acoea n oeacaieai iieiiai iaeiaiiaaiey e
i?aaiecaoeeiiii-i?aaiaie oi?iu eeceiaiaie eiiiaiee, aa th?eaee/aneiai
aae?ana, iiia?a ?an/aoiiai n/aoa, iaeiaiiaaiey ianeoaeeaathuaai aaiea e
n?iea aeaenoaey eeoeaicee;

a) eiiee o/?aaeeoaeueiuo aeieoiaioia eeceiaiaie eiiiaiee;

a) eiieth naeaeaoaeuenoaa i ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee eeceiaiaie
eiiiaiee;

a) ni?aaeo i?aaia Ainoaea?noaaiiie iaeiaiaie neoaeau ?O i iinoaiiaea
eeceiaiaie eiiiaiee ia o/ao;

ae) aeieoiaio, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuee oaeo iieaou onoaaiiai eaieoaea
eeceiaiaie eiiiaiee;

a) aaeain eeceiaiaie eiiiaiee ca i?aaeuaeouee io/aoiue ia?eiae
(eaa?oae) e io/ao i ?acoeueoaoao aa oeiainiaie aeayoaeueiinoe ca
oeacaiiue ia?eiae;

ae) eiieth aeoa iineaaeiae aoaeeoi?neie i?iaa?ee eeceiaiaie eiiiaiee
eee aa i?iaa?ee i?aaiii Ainoaea?noaaiiie iaeiaiaie neoaeau ?O;

c) aeieoiaio, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuee oaeo iieaou i?ioeaaeo?u ?anniio?aiey
cayaeaiey.

Aiiaue nicaeaaaaiua eeceiaiaua eiiiaiee inaiaiaeaeathony io
i?aaenoaaeaiey aeieoiaioia, oeacaiiuo a aeaoo iineaaeieo ioieoao.

A i. 17 no. 3 “Iieiaeaiey i eeoeaice?iaaiee” noi?ioee?iaaii
i?eioeeieaeueii aaaeiia iieiaeaiea ioiineoaeueii oiai, /oi iaeiei ec
iaycaoaeueiuo oneiaee aeaenoaey eeoeaicee aunooiaao
“i?ei?eoaoiinoue eeceiaiaie aeayoaeueiinoe

ii ioiioaieth e ae?oaei aeaeai oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe,
inouanoaeyaiui eeceiaiaie eiiiaieae (ia iaiaa 40% aeioiaea io
?aaeecaoeee eeceiaiauo oneoa a iauai iauaia aeioiaeia eeceiaiaie
eiiiaiee ii eoiaai oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ca aiae”). Aeey
?inneeneeo eeceiaiaeaoaeae niaethaeaiea yoie ii?iu cao?oaeieoaeueii ii
ianeieueeei i?e/eiai:

?yae iia?aoi?ia ?inneeneiai eeceiaiaiai ?uiea, aeaaea ec /enea iaeaieaa
eiaieouo, iaoiaeyony a ianoiyuaa a?aiy a neiaeiii yeiiiie/aneii
iieiaeaiee, a iiyoiio iie caieiathony ia oieueei eeceiaii, ii e ae?oaeie
aeaeaie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Anee a ea/anoaa eeceiaiaeaoaey aunooiaao ?inneeneee aaie, aeaiiue
ii?iaoea aeey iaai iai?eaieai, oae eae yoi icia/aao, /oi ?inneeneea
aaiee iiaoo nouanoaaiii caiaaeeeoue naie oaiiu a inaiaiee iiaiai
aaieianeiai i?iaeoeoa, eaeiaui yaeyaony oeiainiaue eeceia.

*oi eanaaony e ?aceaeaioia, e ia?aceaeaioia, oi i?eiaiaiea
40-i?ioeaioiiai ii?iaoeaa cao?oaeieo aeayoaeueiinoue iiiaeo caiaaeiuo e
ioa/anoaaiiuo eiaanoi?ia, iineieueeo i?aaa ia eeceia eeoathony
iaiin?aaenoaaiiua i?iecaiaeeoaee iai?oaeiaaiey e oi?aothuea oe?iu, oae
eae aeey ieo iniiaiie yaeyaony ae?oaay niaoeeaeecaoeey, e aeioiaeiinoue
io eeceiaiauo iia?aoeee ia iiaeao auoue cia/eoaeueiie.

2.4.2. No?aoiaaiea eeceiaiaie aeayoaeueiinoe

Ie?iaie iiuo i?aaiauo acaeiiioiioaiee ii eeceiao naeaeaoaeuenoaoao, /oi
i?e caeeth/aiee eeceiaiauo niaeaoaiee eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue i?eieiaao ia
naay iaycaiiinoue cano?aoiaaoue o?ainii?oe?iaeo iieo/aaiiai a eeceia
iai?oaeiaaiey, aai iiioaae e ioneiiaeaaei/iua ?aaiou, eiouanoaaiiua
?enee.

Iaiaoiaeeiinoue no?aoiaaiey eiouanoaa, ia?aaeaaaaiiai a eeceia,
ioia/aaony e Eiiaaioeeae “I iaaeaeoia?iaeiii oeiainiaii eeceiaa”,
caeeth/aiiie a a. Iooaaa 28.05.88a.

A niioaaonoaee n i. 18 no. 2 “A?aiaiiiai iieiaeaiey i eeceiaa”
“eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue ianao ana ?anoiaeu ii niaea?aeaieth eeceiaiaiai
eiouanoaa, aai no?aoiaaieth, aeeth/ay no?aoiaaiea naiae ioaaonoaaiiinoe
ia?aae eeceiaiaeaoaeai…, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii aeiaiai?ii
eeceiaa”.

A niioaaonoaee ni no. 929 A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?O ii aeiaiai?o
eiouanoaaiiiai no?aoiaaiey iaeia noi?iia (no?aoiauee) iaycoaony ca
iaoneiaeaiioth aeiaiai?ii ieaoo (no?aoiaoth i?aieth) i?e ianooieaiee
i?aaeoniio?aiiiai a aeiaiai?a niauoey (no?aoiaiai neo/ay) aicianoeoue
ae?oaie noi?iia (no?aoiaaoaeth) eee eiiio eeoeo, a iieueco eioi?iai
caeeth/ai aeiaiai? (auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaeth), i?e/eiaiiua aneaaenoaea
yoiai niauoey oauoee a cano?aoiaaiiii eiouanoaa eeai oauoee a nayce n
eiuie eiouanoaaiiuie eioa?anaie no?aoiaaoaey (auieaoeoue no?aoiaia
aiciauaiea) a i?aaeaeao ii?aaeaeaiiie aeiaiai?ii noiiu (no?aoiaie
noiiu).

Ii aeiaiai?o eiouanoaaiiiai no?aoiaaiey iiaoo auoue, a /anoiinoe,
cano?aoiaaiu neaaeothuea eiouanoaaiiua eioa?anu:

?ene oo?aou (aeaaee), iaaeinoa/e eee iia?aaeaeaiey ii?aaeaeaiiiai
eiouanoaa;

?ene ioaaonoaaiiinoe ii iaycaoaeuenoaai, aicieeathuei aneaaenoaea
i?e/eiaiey a?aaea aeecie, caei?iaueth eee eiouanoao ae?oaeo eeoe, a a
neo/ayo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii, oaeaea ioaaonoaaiiinoe ii aeiaiai?ai
– ?ene a?aaeaeaineie ioaaonoaaiiinoe;

?ene oauoeia io i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe ec-ca ia?ooaiey
naieo iaycaoaeuenoa eiio?aaaioaie i?aaei?eieiaoaey eee eciaiaiey oneiaee
yoie aeayoaeueiinoe ii ia caaenyuei io i?aaei?eieiaoaey
ianoiyoaeuenoaai, a oii /enea ?ene iaiieo/aiey iaeeaeaaiuo aeioiaeia –
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneee ?ene.

Eiouanoai iiaeao auoue cano?aoiaaii ii aeiaiai?o no?aoiaaiey a iieueco
eeoea (no?aoiaaoaey eee auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaey), eiathuaai iniiaaiiue ia
caeiia, eiii i?aaiaii aeoa eee aeiaiai?a eioa?an a nio?aiaiee yoiai
eiouanoaa. I?e/ai aeiaiai? no?aoiaaiey eiouanoaa, caeeth/aiiue i?e
ionoonoaee eioa?ana a nio?aiaiee cano?aoiaaiiiai eiouanoaa o
no?aoiaaoaey eee auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaey, iaaeaenoaeoaeai.

Aeiaiai? no?aoiaaiey eiouanoaa a iieueco auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaey iiaeao
auoue caeeth/ai aac oeacaiey eiaie eee iaeiaiiaaiey auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaey
(no?aoiaaiea “ca n/ao eiai neaaeoao”). I?e caeeth/aiee oaeiai aeiaiai?a
no?aoiaaoaeth auaeaaony no?aoiaie iieen ia i?aaeuyaeoaey. I?e
inouanoaeaiee no?aoiaaoaeai eee auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaeai i?aa ii oaeiio
aeiaiai?o iaiaoiaeeii i?aaenoaaeaiea yoiai iieena no?aoiaueeo.

Aeiaiai? no?aoiaaiey ?enea ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca i?e/eiaiea a?aaea
n/eoaaony caeeth/aiiui a iieueco eeoe, eioi?ui iiaeao auoue i?e/eiai
a?aae (auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaeae), aeaaea anee aeiaiai? caeeth/ai a iieueco
no?aoiaaoaey eee eiiai eeoea, ioaaonoaaiiuo ca i?e/eiaiea a?aaea, eeai a
aeiaiai?a ia neacaii, a /ueth iieueco ii caeeth/ai.

A neo/aa, eiaaea ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca i?e/eiaiea a?aaea cano?aoiaaia a
neeo oiai, /oi aa no?aoiaaiea iaycaoaeueii, a oaeaea a ae?oaeo neo/ayo,
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii eee aeiaiai?ii no?aoiaaiey oaeie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe, eeoei, a iieueco eioi?iai n/eoaaony caeeth/aiiui
aeiaiai? no?aoiaaiey, ai?aaa i?aaeuyaeoue iaiin?aaenoaaiii no?aoiaueeo
o?aaiaaiea i aiciauaiee a?aaea a i?aaeaeao no?aoiaie noiiu.

Aeey ioa/anoaaiiiai no?aoiaiai ?uiea yoe aeaeu no?aoiaaiey
o?aaeeoeeiiiu. Aaeeinoaaiiia, /oi iiaeao oneiaeieoue ?aoaiea aii?inia
no?aoiaaiey eeceiaiaie aeayoaeueiinoe, yoi anee noieiinoue iinoaaeyaiiai
ii eeceiao iai?oaeiaaiey ianoieueei cia/eoaeueia, /oi o?aaoaony iaoaieci
ia?ano?aoiaaiey.

Noaoueae 967 A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?O aeaiiue iaoaieci i?aaeoniio?ai.
I?e yoii ?ene auieaou no?aoiaiai aiciauaiey eee no?aoiaie noiiu,
i?eiyoue ia naay no?aoiaueeii ii aeiaiai?o no?aoiaaiey, iiaeao auoue ei
cano?aoiaai iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii o ae?oaiai no?aoiaueea
(no?aoiaueeia) ii caeeth/aiiiio n iineaaeiei aeiaiai?ii ia?ano?aoiaaiey.

E aeiaiai?o ia?ano?aoiaaiey i?eiaiythony i?aaeea, iiaeeaaeauea
i?eiaiaieth a ioiioaiee no?aoiaaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai ?enea, anee
aeiaiai?ii ia?ano?aoiaaiey ia i?aaeoniio?aii eiia. I?e yoii no?aoiauee
ii aeiaiai?o no?aoiaaiey (iniiaiiio aeiaiai?o), caeeth/eaoee aeiaiai?
ia?ano?aoiaaiey, n/eoaaony a iineaaeiai aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaoaeai.

I?e ia?ano?aoiaaiee ioaaonoaaiiui ia?aae no?aoiaaoaeai ii iniiaiiio
aeiaiai?o no?aoiaaiey ca auieaoo no?aoiaiai aiciauaiey eee no?aoiaie
noiiu inoaaony no?aoiauee ii yoiio aeiaiai?o.

A neo/aa eniieueciaaiey iaoaiecia ia?ano?aoiaaiey ?inneeneay no?aoiaay
eiiiaiey i?eieiaao ia naay, e i?eia?o, 10-15% iauaai iauaia no?aoiaie
noiiu, a inoaaoothny aieueooth /anoue ia?aaeaao aieaa e?oiiiio
no?aoiaueeo eee oi?ie?oao no?aoiaie ioe ec ianeieueeeo eiiiaiee.

*aua anaai e iaoaiecio ia?ano?aoiaaiey i?eaaaatho i?e iinoaaeao
ca?oaaaeiiai iai?oaeiaaiey ii eeceiao, eiaaea aai noieiinoue ninoaaeyao
iiiaea ieeeeiiu aeieea?ia e eiaaony o?aaiaaiea ca?oaaaeiiai ia?oia?a ia
o/anoea a naeaeea nieeaeiie ca?oaaaeiie no?aoiaie eiiiaiee.

Ii aeiaiai?o no?aoiaaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai ?enea, e eioi?iio
ioiineony e ?ene iaiiaaoaiey eeceiaiauo ieaoaaeae, iiaeao auoue
cano?aoiaai i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneee ?ene iaiin?aaenoaaiii naiiai
no?aoiaaoaey e oieueei a aai iieueco.

?inneeneeie no?aoiauie eiiiaieyie, oaeeie, eae “?inainno?ao”, “?inney”,
“Eiainno?ao”, ?ac?aaioaiu niaoeeaeueiua oneiaey no?aoiaaiey ieaoaaeae ii
eeceiaiaui iia?aoeeyi “I?aaeea aeia?iaieueiiai no?aoiaaiey ?enea
iaiiaaoaiey eeceiaiauo ieaoaaeae”.

2.4.3. Eueaiou e i?aoa?aioeee ii eeceiao

Enoi?ey ?acaeoey ioa/anoaaiiiai eeceiaiaiai aeciana naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i
oii, /oi e ianoiyuaio a?aiaie oaea oniaea neiaeeoueny ii?aaeaeaiiay
i?aeoeea onoaiiaeaiey ?acee/iuo aeaeia eueaio aeey o/anoieeia eeceiaiauo
naeaeie ii n?aaiaieth n ae?oaeie aeaeaie i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe.

Eae i?aaeei, i?aaeinoaaeaiiua i?aaiaie ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe e
oi?aaeaiey eueaiou eanathony inaiaiaeaeaiey (iieiiai eee /anoe/iiai)
eeceiaiaeaoaeae, eeceiaiiieo/aoaeae, e?aaeeoi?ia eeceiaiauo iia?aoeee io
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey (i?eauee, IAeN, ae?oaeo iaeiaia e nai?ia); oaiiaeaiiuo
ieaoaaeae (iaeiaia, iioeei) i?e eiii?oiuo, a a ia?niaeoeaa e yenii?oiuo
iinoaaeao naeaaaaiiai a eeceia iai?oaeiaaiey, oaoieee; i?eiaiaiey
auaiaeiiai aeey noi?ii iaoaiecia aii?oecaoeee e o/aoa eeceiaiaiai
eiouanoaa.

Iaeiei ec ia?auo aeieoiaioia, ?aaeaiaioe?othueo i?aeoeeo i?iaaaeaiey
eiie?aoiuo eeceiaiauo iia?aoeee e i?aaeinoaaeythueo eo o/anoieeai
ii?aaeaeaiiua eueaiou, auei iinoaiiaeaiea Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 29
aeaeaa?y 1990 aiaea ? 1369 “I ?acaeoee eeceiaiauo iia?aoeee e
aeayoaeueiinoe niaianoiie niaaonei-o?aioeocnei-aa?iaineie eiiiaiee
“AA?IEECEIA”.

A auoaiacaaiiii iinoaiiaeaiee ?a/ue oea i i?aaeinoaaeaiee eueaio ii
iia?aoeeyi eeoue iaeiie eiiiaiee. Aeey anao inoaeueiuo aeaenoaiaaei
oeacaiea Aeaaiiai oi?aaeaiey Ainoaea?noaaiiiai oaiiaeaiiiai eiio?iey i?e
Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 5 ethiy 1990 aiaea ? 11-38/20 “I i?iionea
oiaa?ia ii eeceiaiaui eiio?aeoai”, a niioaaonoaee n eioi?ui oiaa?u,
iinoaaeyaiua a NNN? ia oneiaeyo aeieain?i/iie a?aiaeu (eeceiaa),
?anniao?eaaeenue eae “aaiceiua ieii/aoaeueii n i?aaenoaaeaieai
ioi?ieaiiie niioaaonoaothuei ia?acii a?ociaie oaiiaeaiiie aeaeea?aoeee e
oieaoie oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei e ae?oaeo nai?ia e ieaoaaeae a niioaaonoaee n
aeaenoaothueie i?aaeeaie”. Ia oeacaiiua oiaa?u ia ?ani?ino?aiyeenue
eueaiou, eioi?ua auee i?aaeoniio?aiu Oaiiaeaiiui eiaeaenii NNN? io
18.06.93, e iaycaoaeuenoaa ia ia?aoiii auaica oaiiaeaiiuie
o/?aaeaeaieyie ia i?eieiaeenue.

Yoi oeacaiea auei ioiaiaii oieueei nionoy /aou?a aiaea i?eeacii
Ainoaea?noaaiiiai oaiiaeaiiiai eiieoaoa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee io 18
ethey 1994 aiaea ? 336.

Aei ianoiyuaai a?aiaie oa eueaiou, eioi?ua auee i?aaeinoaaeaiu
iinoaiiaeaieai nithciiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa ? 1369 io 29 aeaeaa?y 1990
aiaea, ieacaeenue oieeaeueiuie e aei neo ii? iai?aacieaeaiiuie ia
iaua?inneeneii o?iaia.

A /anoiinoe, auei i?aaeoniio?aii, /oi a i?ioeanna inouanoaeaiey
eeceiaiauo iia?aoeee n eiiiaieae:

– iaeia ia yenii?o e eiii?o e oaiiaeaiiua iioeeiu ni noieiinoe iaoei e
iai?oaeiaaiey, aaiceiuo a NNN? niaeanii caeeth/aiiui eeceiaiaui
eiio?aeoai, aceiathony a onoaiiaeaiiii ?acia?a a iiiaio ia?aoiaea i?aaa
nianoaaiiinoe e niaaoneei th?eaee/aneei eeoeai n inoaoi/iie noieiinoe
iai?oaeiaaiey, en/eneaiiie ia iiiaio ia?aoiaea i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe;

– niaaoneea th?eaee/aneea eeoea, caeeth/eaoea eiio?aeou ia oneiaeyo
eiiiainaoeeiiiiai eeceiaa, eiatho i?aeiouanoaaiiia i?aai ia iieo/aiea
eeoeaicee ia auaic ec NNN? i?iaeoeoeee, iinoaaeyaiie a n/ao iiaaoaiey
caaeieaeaiiinoe ii oaeei eiio?aeoai.

Aeaa iineaaeothueo ?anii?yaeaiey I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee,
niaea?aeauea eueaiou ii eeceiao, eanaeenue aaeaoeeiiiuo i?aaei?eyoee.

Oae, a ?anii?yaeaiee I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?NON? io 17 aeaeaa?y 1991 aiaea ?
159-? onoaiaaeeaaeinue, /oi a oeaeyo aaconeiaiiai auiieiaiey
iauaaeeiaieai “Ay?ioeio – Niaaoneea aaeaeeiee” iaycaoaeuenoa a
eiino?aiiie aaethoa ii oeacaiiiio niaeaoaieth ethaua aaethoiua
io/eneaiey a ?anioaeeeaineee aaethoiue ?aca?a ?NON? aoaeoo
i?iecaiaeeoueny n au?o/ee iauaaeeiaiey “Ay?ioeio – Niaaoneea aaeaeeiee”
a eiino?aiiie aaethoa io yenieoaoaoeee yoeo naiieaoia ca au/aoii cao?ao
ia iieaoo yenieooaoeeiiiuo ?anoiaeia ca ?oaaaeii e eeceiaiauo ieaoaaeae,
eioi?ua inaiaiaeaeathony ia oa??eoi?ee ?NON? io iaeiaia e nai?ia.

?anii?yaeaieai io 24 iay 1994 aiaea ? 737-? auee iieiinoueth
inaiaiaeaeaiu io oieaou oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei e iaeiaia naiieaou, aaiceiua
a niioaaonoaee n eeceiaiaui niaeaoaieai, caeeth/aiiui iaaeaeo Ay?ioeioii
e eiini?oeeoiii caiaaeii-aa?iiaeneeo aaieia.

A Oeaca I?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee io 17 naioya?y 1994 aiaea ?
1929 “I ?acaeoee oeiainiaiai eeceiaa a eiaanoeoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe” a
oeaeyo iiaeaea?aeee e ?acaeoey iaeiai e n?aaeiaai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa,
aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey /anoiiai aeciana, iiauoaiey yooaeoeaiinoe
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe a noa?a i?iecaiaenoaa, a oaeaea
o/eouaay ie?iaie iiuo oe?ieiai eniieueciaaiey eeceiaa
i?aaeoniao?eaaeinue:

– ?anniio?aoue aii?in i ainoaea?noaaiiie iiaeaea?aeea a 1995 aiaeo
nicaeaaaaiuo eeceiaiauo eiiiaiee;

– iiaeaioiaeoue i?aaeeiaeaiey i aiciiaeiinoe i?aaeinoaaeaiey
oaiiaeaiiuo eueaio i?e a?aiaiiii aaica oiaa?ia, eniieuecoaiuo a
eeceiaiauo iia?aoeeyo.

29 ethiy 1995 aiaea I?aaeoaeuenoai ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
i?eiyei Iinoaiiaeaiea ? 633 “I ?acaeoee eeceiaa a eiaanoeoeeiiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe”, eioi?ui ioeoeeaeueii auea aaaaeaia oieueei iaeia
eueaioa. Auei oeacaii, /oi eeceiaiaua ieaoaaee aeeth/athony a
niioaaonoaee n caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee a
naaanoieiinoue i?iaeoeoeee (?aaio, oneoa), i?iecaaaeaiiie
eeceiaiiieo/aoaeai.

Ainoaea?noaaiiue oaiiaeaiiue eiieoao ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee a ienueia
io 20 ethey 1995 aiaea ? 01-13/10268 “I oaiiaeaiiii ioi?ieaiee oiaa?ia,
a?aiaiii aaiceiuo a ?aieao eeceiaiauo niaeaoaiee” oeacae ia oi, /oi
oiaa?u, yaeythueany iauaeoii iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai oeiainiaiai eeceiaa,
a?aiaiii aaiceiua ia oa??eoi?eth ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, iiaeeaaeao
/anoe/iiio inaiaiaeaeaieth io oieaou oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei e iaeiaia. A
nayce n yoei oaiiaeaiiia ioi?ieaiea aeaiiuo oiaa?ia iaiaoiaeeii
i?iecaiaeeoue a niioaaonoaee n oeacaieai Ainoaea?noaaiiiai oaiiaeaiiiai
eiieoaoa ?innee io 25 ai?aey 1994 aiaea ? 01-12/328 n i?aaeinoaaeaieai
/anoe/iiai inaiaiaeaeaiey io oieaou oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei e iaeiaia, a
eioi?ii oeacuaaeinue, /oi “i?eiaiyaony iieiia inaiaiaeaeaiea io oieaou
oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei, iaeiaa ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue, niaoeeaeueiiai
iaeiaa e aeoeecia a neo/ayo a?aiaiiiai aaica (auaica):

– o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa, eniieuecoaiuo aeey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
o?ainii?oiuo ia?aaicie iannaaee?ia e oiaa?ia, aeeth/ay caianiua /anoe,
iau/iua i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe, eiioaeia?u e ae?oaia o?ainii?oiia
iai?oaeiaaiea, aaiceiua (auaiceiua) aianoa n o?ainii?oiuie n?aaenoaaie;

– caianiuo /anoae e iai?oaeiaaiey, i?aaeiacia/aiiuo aeey ?aiiioa
a?aiaiii aaacaiiuo (auaacaiiuo) o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa, eniieuecoaiuo
aeey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo o?ainii?oiuo ia?aaicie iannaaee?ia e oiaa?ia;

– i?ioanneiiaeueiiai iai?oaeiaaiey (ca eneeth/aieai iai?oaeiaaiey,
eniieuecoaiiai aeey i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa oiaa?ia, o?ainii?oe?iaee
oiaa?ia, yenieoaoaoeee i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia, no?ieoaeuenoaa, ?aiiioa e
niaea?aeaiey caeaiee, no?iaiee e nii?oaeaiee, oiaeiaee oiaa?ia,
caiea?ieiuo ?aaio e ae?oaiai iiaeiaiiai iai?oaeiaaiey);

– eiioaeia?ia (aeeth/ay iaiaoiaeeiua aeey aeaiiiai eiioaeia?a
i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe e iai?oaeiaaiea, aaiceiua (auaiceiua) aianoa n
eiioaeia?ii e aica?auaaiua aianoa n iei, ioaeaeueii eee aianoa n ae?oaei
eiioaeia?ii eeai aaiceiua (auaiceiua) ioaeaeueii e aica?auaaiua aianoa n
eiioaeia?ii);

– iiaeaeiiia.

I?e yoii i?aaeaeueiue n?ie a?aiaiiiai aaica (auaica) oeacaiiuo oiaa?ia
ninoaaeyao iaeei aiae. A ioiioaiee eiuo oiaa?ia, a oaeaea a neo/ayo
i?iaeeaiey n?ieia a?aiaiiiai aaica (auaica) oiaa?ia, oeacaiiuo auoa,
i?eiaiyaony /anoe/iia inaiaiaeaeaiea io oieaou oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei,
iaeiaia a niioaaonoaee n ii?yaeeii, onoaiiaeaiiui auoaiacaaiiui
oeacaieai: «i?e /anoe/iii inaiaiaeaeaiee io oieaou oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei,
iaeiaia ca eaaeaeue iieiue e iaiieiue eaeaiaea?iue ianyoe oiea/eaaaony
o?e i?ioeaioa io noiiu oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei e iaeiaia, eioi?ay iiaeeaaeaea
au oieaoa, anee au oiaa?u auee auiouaiu aeey naiaiaeiiai ia?auaiey eee
auaacaiu a niioaaonoaee n oaiiaeaiiui ?aaeeiii yenii?oa”.

A iinoaiiaeaiee I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee io 20
iiya?y 1995 aiaea ? 1133 “I aianaiee eciaiaiee e aeiiieiaiee a
Iieiaeaiea i ninoaaa cao?ao ii i?iecaiaenoao e ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee
(?aaio, oneoa), aeeth/aaiuo a naaanoieiinoue i?iaeoeoeee (?aaio, oneoa),
e i ii?yaeea oi?ie?iaaiey oeiainiauo ?acoeueoaoia, o/eouaaaiuo i?e
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee i?eauee” auei ia?aniio?aii ?aiaa aeaenoaiaaaoaa
Iieiaeaiea i ninoaaa cao?ao, ioiineiuo ia naaanoieiinoue i?iaeoeoeee e,
niioaaonoaaiii, auaiaeeiuo ec-iiae iaeiaeaiey iaeiaii ia i?eaueue. A
nayce n yoei aue aaaaeai niaoeeaeueiue ioieo, niaeanii eioi?iio a
naaanoieiinoue aeeth/athony “i?ioeaiou ii iieo/aiiui caaiiui n?aaenoaai,
aeeth/ay e?aaeeou aaieia e ae?oaeo i?aaiecaoeee, eniieuecoaiui
noauaeoaie eeceiaa aeey inouanoaeaiey iia?aoeee oeiainiaiai eeceiaa”.
Niaoeeaeenoaie yoi iiaiaaaaeaiea auei ioeaiaii iieiaeeoaeueii, o/eouaay,
/oi eeceiaiaua eiiiaiee, i?eia?aoay iai?oaeiaaiea a a?aiaeo, iaecaaaeii
iieuecothony aeieain?i/iuie aaieianeeie e?aaeeoaie. E?iia oiai, ia
naaanoieiinoue noaee ioiineoue eeceiaiaua ieaoaaee ii iia?aoeeyi
oeiainiaiai eeceiaa, /oiau noeioee?iaaoue eeceiaiaoth aeayoaeueiinoue o
naieo i?aaei?eyoee – iieueciaaoaeae iai?oaeiaaiey.

I?eeacii Oeaio?aeueiiai Aaiea ?innee io 24 ai?aey 1996 aiaea ? 02-94
“Ia ooaa?aeaeaiee Iieiaeaiey ia eciaiaiee aeaeia aaethoiuo iia?aoeee”
aue ianeieueei oi?iuai ?aiaa aeaenoaiaaaoee ii?yaeie i?iaaaeaiey
aaethoiuo iia?aoeee, naycaiiuo n iaaeaeoia?iaeiui eeceiaii. A /anoiinoe,
oaia?ue ia o?aaoaony niaoeeaeueiiai ?ac?aoaiey Aaiea ?innee aeey
neaaeothuaai aeaea aaethoiuo iia?aoeee:

– ia?aaiaeu ?aceaeaioaie ec ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee eiino?aiiie aaethou
a n/ao iieaou no?aoiauo aciinia (no?aoiauo i?aiee)
no?aoiaueeai-ia?aceaeaioai iacaaeneii io no?aooaiiai eioa?ana, a oaeaea
ca/eneaiea ia aaethoiua n/aoa ?aceaeaioia a oiieiiii/aiiuo aaieao
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee noii a eiino?aiiie aaethoa a n/ao iieaou
no?aoiauo noii (no?aoiaiai aiciauaiey) n o/aoii o?aaiaaiee
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee i no?aoiaaiee;

– ia?aaiaeu a ?inneeneoth Oaaea?aoeeth eiino?aiiie aaethou a iieaoo
a?aiaeu a?aiaeoaiuo ia?aceaeaioaie o ?aceaeaioia aicaeooiuo, ii?neeo e
?a/iuo noaeia (a oii /enea ii aeiaiai?ai aa?aioo-/a?oa?a e
oaei-/a?oa?a), einie/aneeo iauaeoia i?e oneiaee, /oi a?aiaeiay ieaoa
ca/eneyaony ia aaethoiue n/ao ?aceaeaioa, ioe?uoue a oiieiiii/aiiii
aaiea a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, ia ?aaea iaeiiai ?aca a 180 aeiae n
iiiaioa ia?aaea/e oeacaiiuo iauaeoia a a?aiaeo iacaaeneii io n?iea
a?aiaeu;

– ia?aaiaeu ec ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee eiino?aiiie aaethou a iieaoo
a?aiaeoaiuo ?aceaeaioaie o ia?aceaeaioia aicaeooiuo, ii?neeo e ?a/iuo
noaeia (a oii /enea ii aeiaiai?ai aa?aioo-/a?oa?a e oaei-/a?oa?a),
einie/aneeo iauaeoia, a oaeaea iaoiaeyuaainy ca i?aaeaeaie ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee ethaiai aeaeaeeiiai eiouanoaa i?e oneiaee, /oi ia?aaea/a
oeacaiiuo iauaeoia a a?aiaeo inouanoaeyaony ia iicaeiaa 180 aeiae n
iiiaioa ia?aaiaea eiino?aiiie aaethou iacaaeneii io n?iea a?aiaeu;

– iieo/aiea (aica?ao) th?eaee/aneeie e oece/aneeie eeoeaie
(?aceaeaioaie e ia?aceaeaioaie) e?aaeeoia a eiino?aiiie aaethoa ia n?ie
nauoa 180 aeiae io oiieiiii/aiiuo aaieia (oiieiiii/aiiui aaieai),
eiathueo iieiiii/ey ii i?aaeinoaaeaieth e?aaeeoia a eiino?aiiie aaethoa.
I?aaeinoaaeaiea th?eaee/aneei, oece/aneei eeoeai e?aaeeoia a eiino?aiiie
aaethoa ia n?ie nauoa 180 aeiae oiieiiii/aiiuie aaieaie, eiathueie
iieiiii/ey ii i?aaeinoaaeaieth oeacaiiuo e?aaeeoia. Auieaoa (i?eai)
i?ioeaioia ca iieueciaaiea e?aaeeoaie a eiino?aiiie aaethoa e noii
oo?aoiuo naieoeee, iiaeeaaeaueo a niioaaonoaee n aeiaiai?ii oieaoa a
eiino?aiiie aaethoa, a neo/aa iaeniieiaiey eee iaiaaeeaaeauaai
eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoaa ii i?aaeinoaaeaieth (aica?aoo) oeacaiiuo
e?aaeeoia;

– ia?aaiae ?aceaeaioii eiino?aiiie aaethou ec ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, a
oaeaea ia aaethoiue n/ao, ioe?uoue ia eiy ia?aceaeaioa a oiieiiii/aiiii
aaiea, a n/ao iieaou eiii?oe?oaiuo oiaa?ia a neo/aa iinea eo aaica a
?inneeneoth Oaaea?aoeeth (oaiiaeaiiiai ioi?ieaiey oiaa?ia) iacaaeneii io
n?iea, i?ioaaeoaai n iiiaioa oaiiaeaiiiai ioi?ieaiey (aaica a
?inneeneoth Oaaea?aoeeth) aei aeaou ieaoaaea;

– ia?aaiae ?aceaeaioii eiino?aiiie aaethou ec ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, a
oaeaea ia?aaiae eiino?aiiie aaethou ia aaethoiue n/ao, ioe?uoue ia eiy
ia?aceaeaioa a oiieiiii/aiiii aaiea, a n/ao iieaou i?iecaaaeaiiuo
eiii?oe?oaiuo ?aaio, ieacaiiuo eiii?oe?oaiuo oneoa a neo/aa iinea i?eaia
?aceaeaioii oeacaiiuo auiieiaiiuo ?aaio (niioaaonoaothuaai yoaia ?aaio),
ieacaiiuo oneoa iacaaeneii io n?iea, i?ioaaeoaai n iiiaioa eo i?eaia aei
aeaou inouanoaeyaiiai ?aceaeaioii ieaoaaea.

Aianoa n oai inoaeueiua aeaeu aaethoiuo iia?aoeee, naycaiiuo n
aeaeaeaieai eaieoaea, a oaeaea ia cai?auaiiua Aaieii ?innee,
ii-i?aaeiaio inouanoaeythony ?aceaeaioaie ia iniiaaiee ?ac?aoaiee,
auaeaaaaiuo Aaieii ?innee a eaaeaeii ioaeaeueiii neo/aa, anee eiia ia
onoaiiaeaii Aaieii ?innee.

A iinoaiiaeaiee I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee io 27 ethiy 1996
aiaea ? 752 “I ainoaea?noaaiiie iiaeaea?aeea ?acaeoey eeceiaiaie
aeayoaeueiinoe a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee” i?aaeoniio?aii aaaaeaiea
i?eioeeieaeueii aaaeiuo aeey noeioee?iaaiey ?acaeoey eeceiaiaie
aeayoaeueiinoe ii?i:

a) «oneiaey iinoaiiaee eeceiaiaiai eiouanoaa ia aaeain eeceiaiaeaoaey
eee eeceiaiiieo/aoaey ii?aaeaeythony ii niaeaniaaieth iaaeaeo noi?iiaie
aeiaiai?a eeceiaa». Aeaiiue ioieo aian iayniinoue a aeayoaeueiinoue
eeceiaiauo eiiiaiee, oae eae onoaoaee i?iaeaiu ia?aioeaiee noieiinoe
eiouanoaa e ii?yaeea ia/eneaiey aii?oecaoeee;

a) «ei anai aeaeai aeaeaeeiiai eiouanoaa, ninoaaeythuaai iauaeo
oeiainiaiai eeceiaa e ioiineiiai e aeoeaiie /anoe iniiaiuo oiiaeia,
iiaeao i?eiaiyoueny a niioaaonoaee n oneiaeyie aeiaiai?a eeceiaa
iaoaieci onei?aiiie aii?oecaoeee n eiyooeoeeaioii ia auoa o?ao».
Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi a iinoaiiaeaiee I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee io 19 aaaonoa 1994 aiaea ? 967 “Ia eniieueciaaiee iaoaiecia
onei?aiiie aii?oecaoeee e ia?aioeaiea iniiaiuo oiiaeia” i?aaei?eyoeyi
i?aaeinoaaeyeinue i?aai i?eiaiyoue iaoaieci onei?aiiie aii?oecaoeee
aeoeaiie /anoe i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oiiaeia ii aunieioaoiieiae/iui io?aneyi
n eiyooeoeeaioii onei?aiey ia auoa 2;

a) «aeioiaeii eeceiaiaeaoaey yaeyaony ?acieoea iaaeaeo iauae noiiie
eeceiaiauo ieaoaaeae, iieo/aaiuo io eeceiaiiieo/aoaey, e noiiie,
aiciauathuae noieiinoue eeceiaiaiai eiouanoaa».

6 aeaeaa?y 1994 aiaea aue i?eiyo Oaaea?aeueiue caeii “I aianaiee
eciaiaiee e aeiiieiaiee a Caeii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee “I iaeiaa ia
aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue”, eioi?ue iicaieye inaiaiaeeoue io oieaou
iaeiaa ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue oaoiieiae/aneia iai?oaeiaaiea e
caianiua /anoe e iaio, aaiceiua ii eiii?oo. 13 ai?aey 1995 aiaea
i?eeacii Ainoaea?noaaiiiai oaiiaeaiiiai eiieoaoa ? 248 (aeaenoaoao a
?aaeaeoeee eciaiaiee e aeiiieiaiee io 31.01.97) aue ooaa?aeaeai iaoaieci
?aaeecaoeee aeaiiiai caeiia e iauyaeai ia?a/aiue oaoiieiae/aneiai
iai?oaeiaaiey e o?ainii?oa iauanoaaiiiai iieueciaaiey, inaiaiaeaeaiiiai
io iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey. I?e yoii a ea/anoaa oaoiieiae/aneiai iai?oaeiaaiey
?anniao?eaathony n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa aeey i?iecaiaenoaa n?aaenoa
i?iecaiaenoaa eeai oiaa?iie i?iaeoeoeee. Oaia?ue, anee i?aaei?eyoea
iieoiaao iai?oaeiaaiea ii ooaa?aeaeaiiiio Ainoaea?noaaiiui oaiiaeaiiui
eiieoaoii ia?a/ith, iaeia iii ia ieaoeo. Iai?eia?, a niioaaonoaee n
I?eeiaeaieai 2 e auoaiacaaiiiio i?eeaco ia iaeaaathony iaeiaii ia
aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue aaiceiua ia oaiiaeaiioth oa??eoi?eth ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee «aeaeaciiaei?iaeiua eieiiioeau; aaoiiiaeee, i?aaeiacia/aiiua
aeey ia?aaicee 10 /aeiaae e aieaa; aa?oieaou a?aaeaeaineea; naiieaou
a?aaeaeaineea; noaea e?oeciua, yeneo?neiiiua e aiaeiae/iua noaea,
i?aaeiacia/aiiua a iniiaiii aeey ia?aaicee iannaaee?ia; ia?iiu anao
oeiia …».

Anee aea iaiaoiaeeiuo n?aaenoa ia iieoieo aei?iainoiyuaai
iai?oaeiaaiey ia oaaoaao, oi iai?oaeiaaiea a?aiaeoaony o eeceiaiaie
eiiiaiee. I?e oaeie noaia oeiaine?iaaiey eeceiaiaeaoaee aeieaeiu
caieaoeoue iaeia ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue. Iaeiaei anee ainoaea?noai
inaiaiaeaeaao io iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey noieiinoue naiiai iai?oaeiaaiey, ca/ai
iaeaaaoue iaeiaii aai aii?oecaoeeth e i?ioeaiou ca e?aaeeo a oiaea
a?aiaeu?

Iieiinoueth aeaiiay i?iaeaia ia auea ?aoaia iinoaiiaeaieai
I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 27 ethiy 1996 aiaea ? 752 «I ainoaea?noaaiiie
iiaeaea?aeea ?acaeoey eeceiaiaie aeayoaeueiinoe a ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee». Iiyoiio ?inneeneay annioeeaoeey eeceiaiauo eiiiaiee a
na?aaeeia naioya?y 1996 aiaea i?aaeeiaeeea aaanoe a caeiiii?iaeo caeiia
“I eeceiaa” neaaeothuoth ii?io: “a oeaeyo iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey aeioiaeii io
eeceiaiaie aeayoaeueiinoe n/eoaoue ?acieoeo iaaeaeo iauae noiiie
eeceiaiauo ieaoaaeae, iieo/aaiuo eeceiaiaeaoaeai, e noiiie, aiciauathuae
noieiinoue eiouanoaa, yaeythuaainy iauaeoii eeceiaa, a oaeaea noiiie,
aiciauathuae i?ioeaiou ca iieueciaaiea caaiiuie n?aaenoaaie,
eniieueciaaiiuie ia i?eia?aoaiea eiouanoaa, ia?aaeaaaaiiai a eeceia, a
oaeaea no?aoiaua aciinu a neo/ayo, eiaaea no?aoiaaoaeai eiouanoaa,
naeaaaaiiai a eeceia, yaeyaony eeceiaiaeaoaeue”.1

Iaiaoiaeeii eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi a niioaaonoaee n eino?oeoeeae
Ainoaea?noaaiiie iaeiaiaie neoaeau ?O io 11 ieoya?y 1995 aiaea ? 39 “I
ii?yaeea en/eneaiey e oieaou iaeiaa ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue” (a
?aaeaeoeee eciaiaiee e aeiiieiaiee Ainoaea?noaaiiie iaeiaiaie neoaeau ?
1 io 23 yiaa?y 1996 aiaea, ? 2 io 14 ia?oa 1996 aiaea, ? 3 io 22 aaaonoa
1996 aiaea) io iaeiaa ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue inaiaiaeaeathony
iia?aoeee ii no?aoiaaieth e ia?ano?aoiaaieth, aaieianeea iia?aoeee.

A oi aea a?aiy oeacaiiay eueaioa ia ?ani?ino?aiyaony ia neaaeothuea
naeaeee e?aaeeoiuo iia?aoeee:

– i?aaeinoaaeaiea a a?aiaeo oece/aneei e th?eaee/aneei eeoeai
niaoeeaeueiuo iiiauaiee eee iaoiaeyueony a ieo naeoia aeey o?aiaiey
aeieoiaioia e oeaiiinoae;

– eeceiaiaua iia?aoeee;

– ieacaiea eiinoeueoaoeeiiiuo e eioi?iaoeeiiiuo oneoa;

– ieaoaaee iaeuo i?aaei?eyoee ii eeceiaiaui naeaeeai a iieiii iauaia.

I?e yoii neaaeoao o/anoue, /oi i?aaiecaoeee (i?aaei?eyoey),
?aaeecothuea oiaa?u (?aaiou, oneoae), eae inaiaiaeaeaaiua io iaeiaa ia
aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue, oae e iaeaaaaiua iaeiaii, eiatho i?aai ia
iieo/aiea eueaiou oieueei i?e iaee/ee ?acaeaeueiiai o/aoa cao?ao ii
i?iecaiaenoao e ?aaeecaoeee oaeeo oiaa?ia (?aaio, oneoa).

A iinoaiiaeaiee I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 2 ethiy 1996 aiaea ? 763 “I ia?ao
ainoaea?noaaiiie iiaeaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa e ?aaeecaoeee ia oneiaeyo
eeceiaa naiieaoia OO-204” i?aaeoniio?aii inaiaiaeaeaiea aeoeeiia?iiai
iauanoaa “Aaeanoa?” io oieaou oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei, nai?ia e iaeiaia ia
a?aiaiii aaiceiua ia oa??eoi?eth ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee aaeaaeaeaaoaee,
eiiieaeoothuea ecaeaeey e eiiiiiaiou aeey ecaioiaeaiey naiieaoa OO-204.

Iinoaiiaeaieai I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 29 ethiy 1995 aiaea ? 633 “I
?acaeoee eeceiaa a eiaanoeoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe” i?aaeeaaaaony aianoe
eciaiaiey e aeiiieiaiey a aeaenoaothuaa iaeiaiaia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai,
i?aaeoniio?aa i?e yoii:

– inaiaiaeaeaiea oicyenoaothueo noauaeoia – eeceiaiaeaoaeae io oieaou
iaeiaa ia i?eaueue, iieo/aiioth eie io ?aaeecaoeee aeiaiai?ia
oeiainiaiai eeceiaa ni n?ieii aeaenoaey ia iaiaa 3 eao;

– inaiaiaeaeaiea aaieia e ae?oaeo e?aaeeoiuo o/?aaeaeaiee io oieaou
iaeiaa ia i?eaueue, iieo/aaioth eie io i?aaeinoaaeaiey e?aaeeoia ia n?ie
3 aiaea e aieaa aeey ?aaeecaoeee iia?aoeee oeiainiaiai eeceiaa
(auiieiaiey eeceiaiauo aeiaiai?ia);

– inaiaiaeaeaiea oicyenoaothueo noauaeoia – eeceiaiaeaoaeae io oieaou
iaeiaa ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue i?e auiieiaiee eeceiaiauo oneoa n
nio?aiaieai aeaenoaothuaai ii?yaeea oieaou iaeiaa ia aeiaaaeaiioth
noieiinoue i?e i?eia?aoaiee eiouanoaa, yaeythuaainy iauaeoii oeiainiaiai
eeceiaa.

Yoei iinoaiiaeaieai oaeaea i?aaeoniao?eaaaony nicaeaiea Oiiaea
niaeaenoaey ?acaeoeth eeceiaa.

A iinoaiiaeaiee I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 27 ethiy 1996 aiaea ? 752 “I
ainoaea?noaaiiie iiaeaea?aeea ?acaeoey eeceiaiaie aeayoaeueiinoe a
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee” i?aaeoniio?aii:

– ?ac?aaioaoue iniaaiioth /anoue Iaeiaiaiai eiaeaena ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee, niaea?aeauoth eiiieaen ia? ii iaeiaiaiio noeioee?iaaieth
eiaanoi?ia, inouanoaeythueo iia?aoeee oeiainiaiai eeceiaa n
eniieueciaaieai iai?oaeiaaiey ioa/anoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa;

– ?aaeeciaaoue a 1996 aiaeo eiiieaen ia? ii oi?ie?iaaieth aoi?e/iiai
oaoiieiae/aneiai iai?oaeiaaiey, ninoaaeythuaai iauaeo oeiainiaiai
eeceiaa e eniieuecoaiiai aeey oaoie/aneiai ia?aaii?oaeaiey e
iiaea?iecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa.

A ioieoa 4 auoaiacaaiiiai iinoaiiaeaiey oeacaii, /oi a oeaeyo
aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey e ainoaea?noaaiiie iiaeaea?aeee eeceiaiaie
aeayoaeueiinoe a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, aeoeaecaoeee eiaanoeoeeiiiiai
i?ioeanna e oaoie/aneiai ia?aaii?oaeaiey e iiaea?iecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa
ia iniiaa eniieueciaaiey iia?aoeee oeiainiaiai eeceiaa iaiaoiaeeii:

– aaeaaiaeii, a 1997 – 2000 aiaeao, i?aaeoniao?eaaoue a Oaaea?aeueiie
eiaanoeoeeiiiie i?ia?aiia n?aaenoaa ia iauoth noiio aei 8 o?ei. ?oaeae
aeey oeiaine?iaaiey ia eiieo?niie iniiaa aunieiyooaeoeaiuo
eiaanoeoeeiiiuo i?iaeoia n eniieueciaaieai iia?aoeee oeiainiaiai
eeceiaa;

– i?e oi?ie?iaaiee i?iaeoa oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa ia 1997
aiae i?aaeoniio?aoue a no?oeoo?a eiaanoeoeee, iai?aaeyaiuo ia eiieo?niie
iniiaa aeey ?aaeecaoeee aunieiyooaeoeaiuo eiiia?/aneeo i?iaeoia,
oeaeaaua n?aaenoaa a ?acia?a 1 o?ei. ?oaeae aeey oeiaine?iaaiey
eiaanoeoeeiiiuo i?iaeoia a iaeanoe oaoie/aneiai ia?aaii?oaeaiey e
iiaea?iecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa, ?aaeecoaiuo n eniieueciaaieai iia?aoeee
oeiainiaiai eeceiaa.

AEAAA 3. ENIIEUeCIAAIEA EECEIAA IA O?AINII?OA

3.1. Iia?aoi?u eeceiaiaiai aeciana a iaeanoe o?ainii?oa

Iniiauaaynue ia aeaiiuo, iioaeeeiaaiiuo a ia?eiaee/aneie ia/aoe, ia
ia/aei 1996 aiaea a ?innee ian/eouaaaony ieiei 25 iaeaieaa aeoeaiuo
eeceiaiauo eiiiaiee. Yoe eiiiaiee niiniaiu i?eaanoe a aeaeaeaiea
aunaiaiaeaeathueany i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iiuiinoe e cia/eoaeueii
oaeiaeaoai?eoue iio?aaiinoe i?iiuoeaiiuo e eiiia?/aneeo i?aaei?eyoee a
eniieueciaaiee iai?oaeiaaiey, i?e/ai i?e aeaoeoeeoa oeiainiauo ?ano?nia
yoe no?oeoo?u niiniaiu iiii/ue auaeeoue iiiaei i?aaei?eyoeyi, iaania/ea
oaoiieiae/aneia iniauaiea eo i?iecaiaenoaa, oi anoue caeiaeeoue iniiau
auoiaea ec e?ecena e aoaeouaai yeiiiie/aneiai iiaeuaia. Iiieoi?eia
aeayoaeueiinoe e?oiiaeoeo eeceiaiauo eiiiaiee ?innee a iaeanoe
o?ainii?oa i?iaae A. Aeeiaeeiia a noaouea «Eeceia a ?innee a naiii
ia/aea noaiiaeaiey», iioaeeeiaaiiie a aacaoa «Yeiiiieea e aeeciue» io
22.03.96, ? 12.

Niaeanii aeaiiui, i?eaaaeaiiui a auoaoeacaiiie noaouea, ia ?inneeneii
?uiea i?enoonoaotho neaaeothuea a?oiiu eeceiaiaeaoaeae:

– eiiia?/aneea eeceiaiaua eiiiaiee – aei/a?iea eiiiaiee e?oiiuo aaieia,
iai?eia?: “?A-Eeceia” (Naa?aaie), “I?iino?ieeeceia” (I?iino?ieaaie),
“Eeceiaaecian” (Iinaecianaaie), “Eieiieeceia” (Eieiiaaie). Iau/ii aaiee
ia oieueei oeiaine?otho aeayoaeueiinoue aei/a?ieo eiiiaiee, ii e
iinoaaeytho ei eeeaioia ec /enea oao, eoi ia?auaaony iaiin?aaenoaaiii a
aaie ca iieo/aieai e?aaeeoa ia i?eia?aoaiea iniiaiuo n?aaenoa;

– eiiia?/aneea eeceiaiaua eiiiaiee, nicaeaiiua ii io?aneaaiio eee
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiio i?eciaeo, iai?eia?: “Ay?ieeceia”, “Eoeiee-eeceia”,
i?eaioe?othueany ia ianeoaeeaaiea i?aaei?eyoee ii?aaeaeaiiie io?anee. Ai
iiiaii io?aneaaua eeceiaiaua eiiiaiee i?eaioe?othony ia iiaeaea?aeeo
ainoaea?noaa;

– eeceiaiaua eiiiaiee, nicaeaiiua i?e o/anoee ainoaea?noaaiiuo eee
ioieoeeiaeueiuo i?aaiia, iai?eia?: “Aa?ii?iieeceia”, “IEE”, “Eeeino?ie”,
oeiaine?oaiua ca n/ao niioaaonoaothueo athaeaeaoia. Yoe eiiiaiee aeanoei
i?eaioe?iaaiu ia inouanoaeaiea eeceiaiauo naeaeie n ii?aaeaeaiiuie
oeiaie eeeaioia.

Oneiaey eeceiaiauo naeaeie, i?aaeeaaaaiua yoeie eiiiaieyie (a iie iau/ii
eniieuecotho eueaioiia athaeaeaoiie oeiaine?iaaiea) yaeythony aieaa
i?eaeaeaoaeueiuie aeey eeeaioia, ii n?aaiaieth n oneiaeyie,
i?aaeeaaaaiuie eiiia?/aneeie eeceiaiauie eiiiaieyie;

– eeceiaiaua eiiiaiee, nicaeaiiua oi?aiauie eiiiaieyie, iai?eia?,
“E?aeo-eeceia”, “Iao?ieeceia”;

– eiino?aiiua oe?iu – iinoaaueee iai?oaeiaaiey, aaoio?ainii?oiuo
n?aaenoa e oaoiieiaee, iai?eia?, Iveko, Scania, DAF.

Eiiiaiey “Aaeoeeneee eeceia” (“Aaeoeec”) auea ca?aaeno?e?iaaia a ethia
1990 aiaea a a. Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa. Onoaaiue eaieoae ninoaaeyao 50 iei.
?oaeae. O/?aaeeoaeyie eiiiaiee aunooieee I?iiuoeaiii-no?ieoaeueiue aaie
(a. Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a), ?inneeneay ainoaea?noaaiiay no?aoiaay eiiiaiey,
Aaeoeeneia ii?neia ia?ioiaenoai, Iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneee einoeooo ii
iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneiio niaaaeaieth (IEEIN i?e Ainniaaa NNN?) a eeoea
aai Iaoa?ao?aneiai ioaeaeaiey, AI “Iao/iua i?eai?u”.

Eeceiaiaoth aeayoaeueiinoue eiiiaiey ia/aea n e?oiiie naeaeee a
eioa?anao iaeiiai ec naieo o/?aaeeoaeae – Aaeoeeneiai ii?neiai
ia?ioiaenoaa, eioi?iio auee i?aaeinoaaeaiu ia naiue eao a eeceia /aou?a
noaeia – nooia?oca iauei aeaaeaaeoii 60 oun. oiii, iino?iaiiuo ia aa?oyo
Aa?iaiee. E?aaeeo aeey caeoiee noaeia aue i?aaeinoaaeai
I?iiuoeaiii-no?ieoaeueiui aaieii. Caoai eiiiaiey naeaaaea a eeceia
eiioaeia?iaicu, i?iiuoeaiiia iai?oaeiaaiea, aa?oieaou, no?ieoaeueioth
oaoieeo, i?aoaoieeo, iaeioi?ua aeaeu naeueneioicyenoaaiiie oaoieee,
o?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa, inouanoaeyea eeceia iaaeaeaeeiinoe.

Iia?aoeaiui eeceiaii “Aaeoeec” ia caieiaaony.

Eeceiaiaay eiiiaiey “I?iino?ieeeceia” nicaeaia a naioya?a 1992 aiaea
I?iino?ieaaieii ?innee n o/anoeai aai ia?oia?ia. Ia?aua naeaeee auee
naycaiu n i?aaeinoaaeaieai a eeceia ia iieaiaea a?ociauo aaoiiiaeeae
“EaiAC”.

A na?aaeeia 1996 aiaea “I?iino?ieeeceia” i?eaeaeaao aeey eeceiaiaie
aeayoaeueiinoe oeiainiaua ?ano?nu ia oieueei I?iino?ieaaiea, ii e iiae
aai aa?aioee n?aaenoaa caiaaeiuo eiaanoi?ia, e?aaeeoiua noaaee eioi?uo
cia/eoaeueii ieaea noaaie ?inneeneeo aaieia.

Eiiiaiey “Ay?ieeceia” (a. Iineaa) auea nicaeaia a 1993 aiaeo eae
aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai cae?uoiai oeia.

Iniiaiuie o/?aaeeoaeyie eiiiaiee yaeythony: ainoaea?noaaiiia
i?aaei?eyoea “?iniaooue” e aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai “Iaooyiay eiiiaiey
“EOEIEE”. Ec-ca aunieie noieiinoe nia?aiaiiuo naiieaoia e ionoonoaey
aiciiaeiinoe eniieueciaaiey iaaei?iaeo ainoaea?noaaiiuo e?aaeeoiuo
?ano?nia a eiioea 1995 – na?aaeeia 1996 aiaea eiiiaiey “Ay?ieeceia” a
aieueoae noaiaie caieiaeanue ?aiiioii aaeaoaoieee, iaaeaee naea/ae
eeeaioai naiieaoia a eeceia. Ia?niaeoeaa ?acaeoey eiiiaiee ninoieo a
iieo/aiee ainoaea?noaaiiuo e?aaeeoia aeey caeoiee naiieaoia e
iineaaeothuae eo naea/a a aeieain?i/iue eeceia.

Eiiiaiey “?E-eeceia” auea nicaeaia i?e eiiia?/aneii aaiea “?inneeneee
e?aaeeo”. Eeceiaiauie iia?aoeeyie “?E-eeceia” ia/aea caieiaoueny n
eiioea 1994 aiaea.

Eiiiaiey caeeth/aao naeaeee ii iinoaaeai i?aeoe/anee anao aeaeia
iai?oaeiaaiey io iaea?ie aei aaoiiiaeey ia oneiaeyo ion?i/aiiiai
ieaoaaea ia n?ie io iaeiiai aiaea aei /aou?ao eao. I?e i?aaiecaoeee noai
oeiaine?iaaiey iinoaaee iai?oaeiaaiey ii iaaeaeoia?iaeiiio eeceiao
eniieuecothony aa?aioee EA “?inneeneee e?aaeeo”.

Ca?oaaaeiua i?iecaiaeeoaee oaea caeeth/eee n aaieii niaeaoaiey i
iinoaaea a ?inneth iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey ia noiio aieaa 100 iei.
aeieea?ia NOA. Ii?ooaeue caeacia niaea?aeeo ieiei 500 eeceiaiauo
i?iaeoia. ?aaeecothony aeiaiai?u i iinoaaea ia oneiaeyo eeceiaa iaoei e
eiiieaeoothueo n e?oiiaeoeie aaoiiiaeeueiuie eiioea?iaie – aa?iaineei
“Ia?naaean-Aaioe”, eoaeueyineei “Eaaei”. A 1996 aiaeo auei i?eiyoi
?aoaiea i?aaieciaaoue naeaeee iaiin?aaenoaaiii iaaeaeo
oe?iaie-ecaioiaeoaeyie iai?oaeiaaiey e eeceiaiiieo/aoaeyie ia iniiaa
aa?aioee, i?aaeinoaaeyaiuo EA “?inneeneee e?aaeeo”. I?e yoii a ea/anoaa
iaania/aiey naeaeie ?anniao?eaathony aa?aioee Ieioeia ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee, I?aaeoaeuenoaa Iineau (i?aaeoniao?eaaaony niaoeeaeueiay
no?iea a ai?iaeneii athaeaeaoa) eee iaaeaaeiia iaoa?eaeueiia
iaania/aiea.

Eiaanoeoeeiiiue aaie “Ainoie-Caiaae” caieiaaony eeceiaii aac nicaeaiey
niaoeeaeueiie eeceiaiaie eiiiaiee. Aieueoeinoai eeeaioo?u aaiea a
iaeanoe eeceiaiauo ioiioaiee ninoieo ec e?oiiuo iaoi?aiauo i?aaiecaoeee
ii o?ainii?oiui ia?aaiceai. O/?aaeeoaeyie aaiea yaeythony AI
“Aaoio?aeoi?iyenii?o”, AAI “Aaoiyenii?o”, AAI “O?aeoi?iyenii?o”,
Eai/aoeiiaa?ii?iiaaie e eiiiaiey “Eea? Oieaeeia AA” (Oaaeoea?ey).

A iniiaiii, aaie i?aaeeaaaao aaoio?ainii?oiui i?aaei?eyoeyi,
auiieiythuei iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ia?aaicee, aeieain?i/iue oeiainiaue eeceia
a?ociauo oyaa/ae e iieoi?eoeaiia aaaeoueo aa?iiaeneeo i?iecaiaeeoaeae
aaoiiiaeeueiie oaoieee. Ia?oia?aie aaiea ii niaianoiiio oeiaine?iaaieth
eeceiaiauo i?iaeoia aunooiatho oaeea eiiiaiee, eae Mersedes-Benz, Iveko,
Volvo, Krone, Trailor e ae?oaea.

I?e ?anniio?aiee cayaie ia oeiaine?iaaiea eeceiaiauo eiio?aeoia
eiaanoeoeeiiiue aaie “Ainoie-Caiaae” ioaeaao i?aeiouanoai a
e?aaeeoiaaiee i?iaeoia:

– e?oiiui i?aaei?eyoeyi, i?ioanneiiaeueii caieiathueiny ia?aaiceaie
a?ocia, iaeaaeathuei nianoaaiiui ia?eii aaoiiiacaeia, ?aiiioiie aacie,
ooaoii eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo aiaeeoaeae;

– e?oiiui i?aaei?eyoeyi – aeaenoaeoaeueiui /eaiai ANIAI, eiathuei iiuo
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ia?aaicie e neiaeeaoeany onoie/eaua nayce n
a?ociioi?aaeoaeyie, yeniaaeeoi?aie e ca?oaaaeiuie ia?oia?aie;

– e?oiiui i?aaei?eyoeyi, eiathuei onoie/eaia oeiainiaia iieiaeaiea e
?aaoey?iua iinooieaiey o?aooiauo ieaoaaeae a naiaiaeii eiiaa?oe?oaiie
aaethoa.

Aaaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi aeiaiai? eeceiaa i?aaeoniao?eaaao ioi?ieaiea
caeiaa a iieueco aaiea a aeaea nianoaaiiinoe ia o?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa,
caeaiey, oeaiiua aoiaae, a oaeaea aaenaeueiia ioi?ieaiea ieaoaaeae.

3.2. Eeceia aaeaoaoieee

A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iaaeyaeii aeaeai ?ino iia?aoeaiiai eeceiaa ia ie?iaii
?uiea aac iaee/ey iniauo iaeiaiauo eueaio a aaeaoeee.

Ie?iaie ?uiie iia?aoeaiiai eeceiaa naiieaoia au?in i?aeoe/anee i
ioeaaie ioiaoee a 1982 aiaeo aei 10% anaai eeceiaiaiai ?uiea ia
ianoiyuee iiiaio. 1

*oi eanaaony ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, oi 70% ?inneeneiai
aaeaia?ea

(ieiei 3000 ?aaeoeaiuo naiieaoia) iaoiaeeony a ianoiyuaa
a?aiy ia i?aaeaea

yenieooaoeeiiiuo aiciiaeiinoae, a iiaua Ee-96, Ee-114,
Oo-204 e Oo-134

aaciaaeaaeii ionoaee io a?aoeeia aaiaea a yenieoaoaoeeth.

Ec-ca oiai, /oi aaeai?iiuoeaiiinoue ia iiaeao aeaoue ioa/anoaaiiui
aaeaeiiiaieyi iaoeiu iiaiai iieieaiey, ianeieueei aaeaeiiiaiee ?innee
iauyaeee i iaia?aiee acyoue a eeceia eo/oea ia?acoeu caiaaeiie
aaeaoaoieee.1

I?aaeoaeuenoai ?O a naiai ?anii?yaeaiee ? 737-? io 24 iay 1994 aiaea
iiaeaea?aeaei yoi ?aoaiea e ii niaeaniaaieth n Ainoaea?noaaiiui
oaiiaeaiiui eiieoaoii ?innee inaiaiaeeei iieiinoueth io iieaou
oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei e iaeiaia naiieaou A310-300, caianiua /anoe e
aeaeaaoaee e iei, a?aiaiii aaiceiua ia oa??eoi?eth ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee a niioaaonoaee n eeceiaiaui niaeaoaieai, caeeth/aiiui
iaaeaeo i?iecaiaenoaaiii-eiiia?/aneei iauaaeeiaieai “Ay?ioeio –
niaaoneea aaeaeeiee» (i?aaii?eaiiee – AI “Ay?ioeio ?inneeneea
iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aaeaeeiee”) e eiini?oeeoiii caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeo aaieia.

Neaaeothuei oaaii a ?acaeoee eeceiaiauo ioiioaiee a iaeanoe aaeaoeee
auei ?anii?yaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O ? 1445-? io 9 naioya?y 1994 aiaea,
a eioi?ii auei i?eiyoi i?aaeeiaeaiea Ieienoa?noaa o?ainii?oa ?innee i
iieiii inaiaiaeaeaiee n?ieii ia 5 eao io iieaou oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei e
iaeiaia aeaoo naiieaoia Aieia 767-300, caianiuo /anoae e aeaeaaoaeae e
iei, a?aiaiii aaiceiuo ia oa??eoi?eth ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee a
niioaaonoaee n eeceiaiaui niaeaoaieai, caeeth/aiiui aeoeeiia?iui
iauanoaii “Ay?ioeio – ?inneeneea iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aaeaeeiee” e eiiiaieae
“Aeaeaia?ae Yeaeo?ee Eyieoae Ei?ii?aeoi”.

Eeceia naiieaoia auaiaeai e a?ociaui aaeaia?aaic/eeai. Oae, eiiiaiey
“Aieaa-Aeiai?” acyea a eeceia ianeieueei a?ociauo naiieaoia Aieia-747,
aaaeue yenieoaoaoeey aeaaea auaeathueony ii naiei oa?aeoa?enoeeai AI-124
“?oneai” ec-ca ianoaiaea?oiiai niiniaa ?aca?ocee – /a?ac ei?iiaoth ?aiio
e /a?ac ii?ieeaeuaathueeny iin – i/aiue cao?oaeieoaeueia a ca?oaaaeiuo
ay?iii?oao, eioi?ua ?ann/eoaiu ia nenoaio “ai?oiaie ethe – a?ociaie
oa?ieiae”.2

Aaeaeiiiaiee a aii?ina i?eia?aoaiey ca?oaaaeiuo naiieaoia ia oneiaeyo
eeceiaa, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, ?oeiaiaenoaothony e?eoa?eai yeiiiie/aneie
oeaeaniia?aciinoe. Yenieoaoaoeey aeaaea aeaaii niyouo n i?iecaiaenoaa
Aieiaia 737-200 auaiaeiaa eniieueciaaiey ?inneeneeo aaeaeaeia?ia, oae
eae ii ?an/aoai niaoeeaeenoia caiaaeiua aaeaeaeia?u naeeaatho ia 15 –
20% iaiueoa oiieeaa, a cao?aou a?aiaie ia i?aaeiieaoiia ianeoaeeaaiea
i?eia?ii ia 30% ieaea.

Eae ioia/aaony a noaouea «Eiino?aiiui eiaanoeoeeyi ii eeceiao ia
neaaeoao /eieoue i?aiyonoaey», iioaeeeiaaiiie a aacaoa «Oeiainiaua
ecaanoey» io 12 aeaeaa?y 1995 aiaea ? 102, iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiui
iooai iieo/aiey caiaaeiuo naiieaoia yaeyaony eeceia iiaea?aeaiiuo iaoei.
Eo noieiinoue i?eia?ii a naiue ?ac ieaea ?uii/iie oeaiu iiauo,
niioaaonoaaiii nieaeathony e eeceiaiaua noaaee. ?acia? aaeaiany/iuo
auieao ca a?aiaeoaiue naiieao ninoaaeyao 1% aai noieiinoe iethn
i?ioeaiou ii aaieianeiio e?aaeeoo (iau/ii ia auoa 5%).

A yoeo oneiaeyo aaeeinoaaiiui niiniaii iiaeaea?aeaiey
eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe ?inneeneiai aaeano?iaiey, ii iiaieth yenia?oia,
yaeyaony iniauaiea ?inneeneeo naiieaoia caiaaeiuie aeaeaaoaeyie.
“Ay?ioeio” caieaie?iaae ?aii?oecaoeeth ia?ea Ee-86
aia?eeainei-o?aioeocneeie aeaeaaoaeyie, /oi iicaieeo ia 20% nieceoue
?anoiae oiieeaa e ii/oe aaeaia – o?iaaiue ooia e auoeiia a?aaeiuo
aauanoa. Iineaaeiaa i/aiue aaaeii, oae eae n 1996 aiaea a Aa?iia
aaaaeaiu no?iaea yeieiae/aneea ii?iu aeey iannaaee?neeo naiieaoia.

A oeaeyo iaiiaeaiey ia?ea a?aaeaeaineie aaeaoeee nia?aiaiiuie
naiieaoaie, iaania/aiey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa aicaeooiuie noaeaie
niaoeeaeueiiai iacia/aiey e niaeaenoaey yenii?oo aunieioaoiieiae/iie
i?iaeoeoeee aaeaoeeiiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe I?aaeoaeuenoai ?O i?eiyei
iinoaiiaeaiea ? 1211 io 3 iiya?y 1994 aiaea “I naeaeoeaiie iiaeaea?aeea
aaeaoeeiiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe e a?aaeaeaineie aaeaoeee ?innee a 1995 –
1996 aiaeao”. A i. 1 auoaoeacaiiiai iinoaiiaeaiey I?aaeoaeuenoai ?O ii
niaeaniaaieth n Ieienoa?noaii yeiiiieee ?O e Ieienoa?noaii oeiainia ?O
i?eieiaao i?aaeeiaeaiea Ieienoa?noaa o?ainii?oa ?O e Ainoaea?noaaiiiai
oaiiaeaiiiai eiieoaoa ?O ia i?aaiecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiiai eeceiaa
aicaeooiuo noaeia e i?eaea/aiee n?aaenoa oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa ia
aica?aoiie iniiaa aeey caeoiee nia?aiaiiuo naiieaoia.

A i. 2 aeaiiiai iinoaiiaeaiey Ieienoa?noao yeiiiieee ?O e Ieienoa?noao
oeiainia ?O aeaaony oeacaiea “i?aaeoniio?aoue a Oaaea?aeueiie
eiaanoeoeeiiiie i?ia?aiia ia 1995 aiae auaeaeaiea n?aaenoa a ?acia?a 670
ie?ae. ?oaeae aeey ia?aaea/e ia aica?aoiie iniiaa eeceiaiaui
i?aaei?eyoeyi aeey caeoiee a 1995 aiaeo 12 naiieaoia Oo-204 o
Oeueyiianeiai aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa “Aaeanoa?” e 3 naiieaoia
Oo-204-200 o Eacaineiai aaeaoeeiiiiai i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey
eiaie N.I. Ai?aoiiaa, a oaeaea i?aaeoniio?aoue auaeaeaiea n?aaenoa aeey
caeoiee a 1996 aiaeo 10 naiieaoia Oo-204 o Oeueyiianeiai aeoeeiia?iiai
iauanoaa “Aaeanoa?” e 5 naiieaoia Oo-204-200 o Eacaineiai aaeaoeeiiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey eiaie N.I. Ai?aoiiaa”.

A oeaeyo onei?aiey iniauaiey a?aaeaeaineie aaeaoeee ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee eiieo?aioiniiniaiuie iaaeno?aeueiuie naiieaoaie iiaiai
iieieaiey, iiauoaiey aaciianiinoe iieaoia e niaeaenoaey yenii?oo
aunieioaoie/aneie i?iaeoeoeee I?aceaeaio ?O a Oeaca ? 825 io 7 ethiy
1996 aiaea “I aeiiieieoaeueiuo ia?ao ii ?acaeoeth a?aaeaeaineie aaeaoeee
?O” iinoaiiaee, /oi “iaeiei ec iai?aaeaiee ainoaea?noaaiiie iieeoeee a
iaeanoe ?acaeoey a?aaeaeaineie aaeaoeee ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee yaeyaony
nicaeaiea nenoaiu eeceiaa ioa/anoaaiiie aaeaoeeiiiie oaoieee iiaiai
iieieaiey eae iniiau iaiiaeaiey ia?ea aicaeooiuo noaeia e niaeaenoaey
onei?aiiiio nicaeaieth auaiaeiuo oeiainiauo oneiaee ioa/anoaaiiui e
eiino?aiiui aaieai aeey aeiaeaiey n?aaenoa a i?eia?aoaiea oeacaiiie
oaoieee a oeaeyo iineaaeothuae ia?aaea/e aa a eeceia ?inneeneei
aaeaeiiiaieyi”.

A ?acaeoea “I?ia?aiiu ?acaeoey a?aaeaeaineie aaeaoeeiiiie oaoieee
?innee aei 2000 aiaea”, ooaa?aeaeaiiie Oeacii I?aceaeaioa ?O io 29.01.96
? 112, I?aaeoaeuenoai ?O a iinoaiiaeaiee ? 783 io 2 ethey 1996 aiaea
aeaao ?anii?yaeaiea Ieienoa?noao oeiainia ?O e Ieienoa?noao yeiiiieee ?O
«ecuneaoue e i?eaea/ue n?aaenoaa ii eiio?aeoo, caeeth/aiiiio
aeoeeiia?iui iauanoaii “Aaeanoa?” e aaeiaoneie oe?iie “Eaoi A?iiaoee”
iiae aa?aioee I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O, ioi?ieaiiua a niioaaonoaothuai
ii?yaeea, aeey iino?ieee naiieaoia Oo-204, a iauaia 30 iei. aeieea?ia
NOA».

A i. 2 auoaoeacaiiiai iinoaiiaeaiey aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai “Aaeanoa?”
inaiaiaeaeaaony io oieaou oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei, nai?ia e iaeiaia ia
a?aiaiii aaiceiua ia oaiiaeaiioth oa??eoi?eth ?O a niioaaonoaee n
auoaoiiiyiooui eiio?aeoii, aaeaaeaeaaoaee, eiiieaeoothuea ecaeaeey e
eiiiiiaiou aeey ecaioiaeaiey eaaeaeiai naiieaoa Oo-204.

Ainoaea?noaaiiiio oaiiaeaiiiio eiieoaoo ?O niaianoii n Ieienoa?noaii
oeiainia ?O i?aaeeaaaaony ?anniio?aoue i?aaeeiaeaiea aeoeeiia?iiai
iauanoaa “Aaeanoa?” i aeiiieieoaeueiii i?eaea/aiee n?aaenoa aeey
?aaeecaoeee i?ia?aiiu i?iecaiaenoaa naiieaoia Oo-204, eiay a aeaeo
iai?aaeaiea a oa/aiea iyoe eao iieiaeiu noiiu oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei, iaeiaa
ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue e aeoeecia, oiea/eaaaiuo i?e ?anoaiiaeeaaiee
a?ocia ia oa??eoi?ee ay?iae?iia aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa “Aaeanoa?”, ia
?acaeoea eeceiaa naiieaoia (30%), ia i?aaiecaoeeth e ?acaeoea
oaiiaeaiiie ciiu yoiai ay?iae?iia (10%) e ia ?acaeoea ?aoi?i a
Oeueyiianeie iaeanoe (10%), i?aaeoniao?eaay yoe noiiu a onoaiiaeaiiii
ii?yaeea a i?iaeoa oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa.

A oeaeyo i?eaea/aiey eiaanoeoeee aeey ia?ainiauaiey ia?ea naiieaoia
?inneeneeo aaeaeiiiaiee I?aaeoaeuenoai ?O a ?anii?yaeaiee io 27 ia?oa
1997 aiaea ? 404-? i?eiyei i?aaeeiaeaiea Ieienoa?noaa yeiiiieee ?O e
Ieienoa?noaa oeiainia ?O i iiaeaea?aeea i?aaenoaaeaiiiai
oeiainiai-i?iiuoeaiiie a?oiiie “?inneeneee aaeaoeeiiiue eiini?oeeoi” e
aeoeeiia?iui iauanoaii “Iineio Aaeyeoi Eioa?iaoie” i?iaeoa ecaioiaeaiey
e ia?aaea/e a eeceia 20 naiieaoia Oo-204 n aeaeaaoaeyie ?inneeneiai
i?iecaiaenoaa IN-90A ca n/ao i?eaea/aiey eiino?aiiuo e?aaeeoia.
I?eaea/aiea e?aaeeoa ca?oaaaeiuo e?aaeeoii-oeiainiauo o/?aaeaeaiee
Aiaoyeiiiiaaieii a ?acia?a aei 150 iei. aeieea?ia NOA iiae ieaoaaeioth
aa?aioeth I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O ia i?aaeoniio?aiiua auoa oeaee i?eciaii
oeaeaniia?aciui.

A iinoaiiaeaiee I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O ? 146 io 2 oaa?aey 1998 aiaea «I
iaioeiaeiuo ia?ao ii iiauoaieth yooaeoeaiinoe aeayoaeueiinoe
aaeaeiiiaiee ?innee», eanathuainy i?iaeaiu iiauoaiey yooaeoeaiinoe
aeayoaeueiinoe aaeaeiiiaiee ?innee, ioia/aaony, /oi aeaiiay i?iaeaia
ii-i?aaeiaio inoaaony aeooaeueiie, oae eae i?iaeieaeaaony oiaiueoaiea
iauaiia aaeaia?aaicie e aaeaoeeiiiuo ?aaio, auiieiyaiuo a?aaeaeaineie
aaeaoeeae, oeiainiai-yeiiiie/aneia ninoiyiea aieueoeinoaa
aaeai?aaei?eyoee yaeyaony iaoaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiui, eo eiaanoeoeeiiiay
aeoeaiinoue iecea, ionoonoaotho ?aaeueiua naeaeae a iaeanoe iiauoaiey
aaciianiinoe iieaoia. A ioieoa 4 auoaoeacaiiiai iinoaiiaeaiey a oeaeyo
iiauoaiey yooaeoeaiinoe aeayoaeueiinoe aaeaeiiiaiee “Ieienoa?noao
yeiiiieee ?O n o/anoeai Oaaea?aeueiie aaeaoeeiiiie neoaeau ?innee
i?aaeeaaaaony i?aaieciaaoue ?anniio?aiea ia eiieo?niie iniiaa
i?aaeinoaaeaiiuo aaeaeiiiaieyie i?iaeoia eeceiaa aicaeooiuo noaeia
ioa/anoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. I?e i?iaaaeaiee eiieo?na i?aaeii/oaiea
ioaeaaaoue i?iaeoai, i?aaeoniao?eaathuei acaeiiua iaycaoaeuenoaa
i?iecaiaeeoaeae e yenieoaoaioia aaeaoeeiiiie oaoieee a niioaaonoaee n
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie noaiaea?oaie, e i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe aiineoue a
onoaiiaeaiiii ii?yaeea ioaeaeueiua aeey eaaeaeiai neo/ay i?iaeou ?aoaiee
I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O ii eeceiao aicaeooiuo noaeia ioa/anoaaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa”.

3.3. Eeceia aaoio?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa

?yae eeceiaiauo eiiiaiee niaoeeaeece?oaony ia iinoaaea ?inneeneei
i?aaei?eyoeyi a?ociauo aaoiiiaeeae e aaoiaonia ca?oaaaeiuo
i?iecaiaeeoaeae ia oneiaeyo oeiainiaie a?aiaeu. Yoi iai?aaeaiea
i?eaeaeaao aieiaiea eeceiaiaeaoaeae ii neaaeothuei i?e/eiai:

– ?aioaaaeueiinoue aaoiia?aaicie, a oii /enea e a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii
niiauaiee, aeiaieueii auniea e aeinoeaaao eiiaaea 50%1 , /oi aeaeaao
i?aaei?eyoey, ?aaioathuea a yoie io?anee aunieieeanniuie caaiueeaie,
niiniaiuie aa?aioe?iaaiii ioaa/aoue ii naiei iaycaoaeuenoaai;

– ?inneeneea aaoio?ainii?oiua i?aaei?eyoey caeioa?aniaaiu a
i?eia?aoaiee aaoio?ainii?oiie oaoieee ca ?oaaaeii, aeaaea ianiio?y ia aa
aunieoth noieiinoue. Yoi naycaii n oai, /oi aieueoeinoai aaoiiiaeeae
oeacaiiiai eeanna, i?iecaiaeeiuo a ?innee e no?aiao NIA, ia ioaa/atho ii
?yaeo ia?aiao?ia nouanoaothuei aa?iiaeneei ii?iai e noaiaea?oai, /oi
ia?aie/eaaao eo eniieueciaaiea ia oa??eoi?ee no?ai Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu.

Oaeei ia?acii, ia?acoaony naiaia?aciue aaeain eioa?ania. Eeceiaiaay
eiiiaiey iieo/aao aiciiaeiinoue caeeth/eoue naeaeeo n iaaeaaeiui
eeeaioii. Aaoio?ainii?oiua i?aaei?eyoey, caieiathueany aeioiaeiui
aecianii, ii /anoi ia eiathuea aiciiaeiinoe aaeeiia?aiaiii auieaoeoue
noieiinoue oaoieee, iieo/atho aiciiaeiinoue iieo/eoue oaoieeo ia
oneiaeyo eeceiaa e iiaaoaoue aa noieiinoue ec au?o/ee io yenieoaoaoeee.

Eeceiaiaua eiiiaiee, niaoeeaeece?othueany ia naea/a a eeceia
aaoio?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa, auaeaeytho neaaeothuea nouanoaaiiua iiiaiou,
eioi?ua cao?oaeiytho i?aaiecaoeeth eeceiaa eiii?oiie aaoio?ainii?oiie
oaoieee a ?innee:

I?e oaiiaeaiiii ioi?ieaiee aaoio?ainii?oiay oaoieea iaeaaaaony

aunieeie oaiiaeaiiuie iioeeiaie. Oae, a?ociaua aaoiiiaeee
a?ociiiaeuaiiinoueth aieaa 20 oiii (eiae OI AYAe 8704) a niioaaonoaee
n I?eeacii

Ainoaea?noaaiiiai oaiiaeaiiiai eiieoaoa “I noaaeao aaiciuo oaiiaeaiiuo
iioeei” ? 258 iaeaaathony iioeeiie a ?acia?a 20%. N o/aoii iaeiaa ia
aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue, oaeaea iiaeeaaeauaai oieaoa ia oaiiaeia a
?acia?a 20%, cao?aou ia iieoieo iai?oaeiaaiey oaaee/eaathony oaea ia
44%;

A niioaaonoaee n i. 48 “Eino?oeoeee i ii?yaeea en/eneaiey e oieaou
iaeiaia, iinooiathueo a aei?iaeiua oiiaeu” io 15.05.95 ? 30 (n
eciaiaieyie e aeiiieiaieyie) iaeia ia i?eia?aoaiea aaoio?ainii?oiie
oaoieee, oiea/eaaaiue eeceiaiaeaoaeai i?e i?eia?aoaiee aaoio?ainii?oa,
ninoaaeyao 20% io aa noieiinoe aac o/aoa iaeiaa ia aeiaaaeaiioth
noieiinoue (aeey i?eoeaiia e iieoi?eoeaiia noaaea iaeiaa ?aaia 10%). N
o/aoii yoiai iaeiaa iauea cao?aou ia i?eia?aoaiea aaoio?ainii?oiie
oaoieee oaaee/eaathony ii n?aaiaieth n aai eiie?aoiie oeaiie ia 68%;

A niioaaonoaee n aeaenoaothueie «Aaeeiuie ii?iaie aii?oecaoeeiiiuo
io/eneaiee», ooaa?aeaeaiiuie iinoaiiaeaieai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io
22.10.90 ? 1072 eiii?oiua aaoio?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa a iniiaiii
iiaeiaaeatho iiae ia/eneaiea ii?i a i?ioeaioao io noieiinoe iaoeiu ia
1000 ei i?iaaaa i?e oaeoe/aneii aa eniieueciaaiee. A nayce n yoei
aicieeatho cao?oaeiaiey a ii?aaeaeaiee iauae noiiu eeceiaiauo
ieaoaaeae, a ninoaa eioi?uo aeieaeiu aoiaeeoue noiiu aii?oecaoeeiiiuo
io/eneaiee. A aaaeue eiaiii aii?oecaoeeiiiua io/eneaiey yaeythony
iniiaiui enoi/ieeii iiaaoaiey i?eaea/aiiuo eeceiaiaeaoaeai n?aaenoa,
a?aoee aica?aoa eioi?uo aeanoei iaiaa?eaaaony.

A oeaeii iiaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi noieiinoue eiii?oiuo aaoio?ainii?oiuo
n?aaenoa i?e eo aaica a ?inneth cia/eoaeueii oaaee/eaaaony ec-ca aunieeo
oaiiaeaiiuo ieaoaaeae e iaeiaa ia i?eia?aoaiea aaoio?ainii?oiuo
n?aaenoa. Yoi aeaeaao cao?oaeieoaeueiui eo i?eia?aoaiea ?inneeneeie
i?aaei?eyoeyie, eioi?ua iau/ii eniuouaatho iaaeinoaoie a iai?ioiuo
n?aaenoaao. A yoie neooaoeee eiaiii eeceiaiaay noaia, iicaieythuay
iiaaoaoue noieiinoue iauaeoa eeceiaa a oa/aiea ianeieueeeo eao, iiaeao
iiii/ue ioa/anoaaiiui i?aaei?eyoeyi.

Ia ainoaea?noaaiiii o?iaia eeceia aaoio?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa
?aaoee?oaony, i?aeiouanoaaiii, eieaeueiuie ii?iaoeaiuie aeoaie ii
ioiioaieth e eiie?aoiie noa?a i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
(no?ieoaeuenoao, aa?ii?iiuoeaiiiio

eiiieaeno, i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe e o.ae.).

Iai?eia?, a oeaeyo oeo/oaiey iaania/aiey i?aaei?eyoee a. Iineau
nia?aiaiiuie n?aaenoaaie iaoaiecaoeee, iiauoaiey o?iaiy eniieueciaaiey
no?ieoaeueiie oaoieee, nicaeaiey oneiaee ii i?iaaaeaieth aaeeiie
oaoie/aneie iieeoeee e a niioaaonoaee n Oeacii I?aceaeaioa ?O io 17
naioya?y 1994 aiaea ? 1929 “I ?acaeoee oeiainiaiai eeceiaa a
eiaanoeoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe” I?aaeoaeuenoai a. Iineau 4 ethey 1995
aiaea i?eiyei iinoaiiaeaiea ? 582, a eioi?ii i?eieiaaony i?aaeeiaeaiea
Aeaia?oaiaioa no?ieoaeuenoaa, Aeaia?oaiaioa yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee e
?acaeoey a. Iineau, Iineiieiouanoaa, ?yaea no?ieoaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee,
Iinno?ieyeiiiiaaiea ia o/?aaeaeaiee ioe?uoiai aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa
“Eeceiaiaay eiiiaiey “Eeeino?ie”. Onoaaiue eaieoae eiiiaiee ninoaaeyao
1,5 ie?ae. ?oaeae, aeiey ai?iaea a onoaaiii eaieoaea – 50%. E iniiaiui
aeaeai aeayoaeueiinoe IAI “Eeceiaiaay eiiiaiey “Eeeino?ie” ioiinyony:
ioeaiea oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe eeceiaiiieo/aoaey, a oii /enea aai
ieaoaaeaniiniaiinoe; aiaeec cayaie ia iieo/aiea iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey a
eeceia ia eo niioaaonoaea i?ei?eoaoiui caaea/ai no?ieoaeueiiai eiiieaena
ii auiieiaieth ai?iaeneiai caeaca; oeiainiaue e iia?aoeaiue eeceia
no?ieoaeueiuo e aei?iaeiuo iaoei, iaoaieciia, iiaeoaee, inianoee,
n?aaenoa iaeie iaoaiecaoeee, o?ainii?oa, a oaeaea iai?oaeiaaiey e
iaoaieciia aeey i?aaei?eyoee i?iiuoeaiiinoe no?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia;
na?aeniua oneoae, naycaiiua n yenieoaoaoeeae i?aaeiaoa eeceiaa;
eioi?iaoeeiiiua e eiinoeueoaoeeiiiua oneoae ii iiaeai?o e
eniieueciaaieth i?aaeiaoa eeceiaa.

A ea/anoaa n?aaenoaa ainoaea?noaaiiie iiaeaea?aeee IAI “Eeceiaiaie
eiiiaiee “Eeeino?ie” a niioaaonoaee n iinoaiiaeaieai I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O
io 19 aaaonoa 1994 aiaea ? 967 “Ia eniieueciaaiee iaoaiecia onei?aiiie
aii?oecaoeee e ia?aioeaiea iniiaiuo oiiaeia” ?aeiiaiaeiaaii i?eiaiyoue
iaoaieci onei?aiiie aii?oecaoeee iniiaiuo oiiaeia, naeaaaaiuo a eeceia.
Aeaia?oaiaioo no?ieoaeuenoaa i?aaeienuaaaony aaeaeaa?oaeueii ia iaiaa
25% n?aaenoa, aeeoioee?oaiuo ai aiaathaeaeaoiii oiiaea ?acaeoey
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aacu no?ieoaeueiie eiaeono?ee, iai?aaeyoue IAI
“Eeceiaiaay eiiiaiey “Eeeino?ie” ia i?eia?aoaiea iaoei e iaoaieciia aeey
ioaeae no?ieoaeueiiai eiiieaena ai?iaea ia oneiaeyo eueaioiiai
eiaanoeoeeiiiiai e?aaeeoa a. Iineau (aei 25% io o/aoiie noaaee
Oeaio?aeueiiai Aaiea ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee) ia n?ie ia iaiaa o?ao eao.

Ai eniieiaiea iinoaiiaeaiey I?aaeoaeuenoaa a. Iineau io 13
oaa?aey 1996 aiaea ? 143 “I i?aaeeiaeaieyo ii no?oeoo?iui
i?aia?aciaaieyi i?iiuoeaiiinoe ai?iaea a oeaeyo noaaeeecaoeee oiaa?iiai
i?iecaiaenoaa”, i?aaeoniao?eaathuaai o/anoea ainoaea?noaa “a
oi?ie?iaaiee ?uii/iie eio?ano?oeoo?u i?iiuoeaiiiai eiiieaena, ninoaaiie
/anoueth eioi?ie yaeythony i?aaiecaoeey e ?ani?ino?aiaiea eeceiaiauo
iia?aoeee eae iaeiie ec oi?i oiaa?iiai ia?auaiey, a oaeaea n oeaeueth
onei?aiey iaiiaeaiey ia?ea iai?oaeiaaiey, nicaeaiey oneiaee ii
i?iaaaeaieth aaeeiie oaoie/aneie iieeoeee a i?iiuoeaiiinoe ai?iaea”
I?aaeoaeuenoai a. Iineau a naiai iinoaiiaeaiee ? 404 io 7 ethey 1996
aiaea iauyaeei ia o/?aaeaeaiee aua iaeiie eeceiaiaie eiiiaiee IAI
“Iineianeay eeceiaiaay i?iiuoeaiiay eiiiaiey”, 50% onoaaiiai eaieoaea
eioi?ie i?eiaaeeaaeeo ai?iaeo a eeoea Iineiieiouanoaa.

O/eouaay aaaeiia nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneia cia/aiea aeey ai?iaea auaiaea
AII “CEE” ec e?eceniiai ninoiyiey, I?aaeoaeuenoai a. Iineau i?eiyei 8
ieoya?y 1996 aiaea iinoaiiaeaiea ? 845 “I ia?ao ii auaiaeo a 1996 – 1997
aiaeao AII “Caaiae ei. E.A. Eeoa/aaa” ec e?eceniiai ninoiyiey”. Aeaiiui
iinoaiiaeaieai aue ooaa?aeaeai aioee?eceniue aecian-ieai,
i?aaeoniao?eaathuee oaaee/aiea auionea nia?aiaiiie eiieo?aioiniiniaiie
i?iaeoeoeee, ioaa/athuae iio?aaiinoyi ai?iaeneiai oicyenoaa, nieaeaiea
ecaea?aeae, ?ano?oeoo?ecaoeeth i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiuiinoae, i?eaea/aiea
aeiiieieoaeueiuo aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa io i?iaeaaee e naea/e a a?aiaeo
aunaiaiaeaeaaiuo iauaeoia iaaeaeaeeiinoe e caiaeueiuo o/anoeia e
iicaieythuee AII “CEE” a na?aaeeia 1997 aiaea aueoe ia aacoauoi/ioth
?aaioo. I?eeiaeaieai ? 1 e auoaoeacaiiiio iinoaiiaeaieth ooaa?aeaeaia
I?ia?aiia iinoaaie a 1996 – 1997 aiaeao aaoiiiaeeueiie oaoieee AII “CEE”
aeey ioaeae ai?iaeneiai oicyenoaa a. Iineau, a eioi?ie i?aaeienuaaaony
iinoaaeoue IAI “Eeceiaiaay eiiiaiey “Eeeino?ie” aaoiiiaeee CEE 5301 a
eiee/anoaa 100 oooe. Auei i?eiyoi ?aoaiea aianoe i?aaeeiaeaiea a
Iineianeoth ai?iaeneoth Aeoio i aeeth/aiee a ia?a/aiue eaoaai?ee
ieaoaeueueeia, inaiaiaeaeaaiuo io oieaou iaeiaa ia i?eia?aoaiea
aaoio?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa, th?eaee/aneea eeoea, ?aniieiaeaiiua ia
oa??eoi?ee a. Iineau e i?eia?aoathuea aaoiiiaeeueioth oaoieeo,
auioneaaioth AII “CEE”.

«I?eia?o noiee/iuo aeanoae iineaaeiaaee Aaeieieno?aoeey Ieaeiaai
Iiaai?iaea e Oiiae iiaeaea?aeee iaeiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa
Ieaeaai?iaeneie iaeanoe. Iiae eo ?oeiaiaenoaii aue i?iaaaeai ia?aue
eeceiaiaue aoeoeeii ii i?iaeaaea aaoiiiaeeae AI “AAC”. A oiaea oi?aia
auei i?iaeaii 15 eioia. N?ie i?aaeinoaaeaiey aaoiiiaeeae a eeceia
ninoaaee iaeei eee aeaa aiaea. Ana eiou auee i?iaeaiu ii oeaia,
i?aauoathuae noa?oiaoth a n?aaeiai a aeaa ?aca. Ieaie?oaony i?iaiaeeoue
eeceiaiaua aoeoeeiiu n ia?eiaee/iinoueth i?eia?ii iaeei ?ac a o?e
iaaeaee. Aei eiioea aiaea ia eiieo?n i?aaeiieaaaaony aunoaaeoue 200 –
300 iaoei».1

I?iaeaia oaeniiioi?iiai ianeoaeeaaiey iannaaee?ia a Iineaa aaeaeo
ino?iai aeaoeoeeoa iaaeaaeiuo e eiioi?oaaaeueiuo ioa/anoaaiiuo e aunieie
noieiinoe ca?oaaaeiuo aaoiiiaeeae aucaaea iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?eaea/aiey
i?iiuoeaiiiai iioaioeeaea ai?iaea e aa ?aoaieth. A
?anii?yaeaiea I?aiuea?a I?aaeoaeuenoaa

a. Iineau io 25 iiya?y 1996 aiaea ? 1127-?I i?aaeeaaaeinue
i?aaieciaaoue ecaioiaeaiea a Iineaa niaoeeaeueiuo aaoiiiaeeae – oaene ii
oaoiieiaee oe?iu “Metrokab (UK) Ltd” “n iineaaeothuae ia?aaea/ae eo a
eeceia iineianeei oaeniiioi?iui ia?eai, a oaeaea ae?oaeo iiaeeoeeaoeee
aaoiiiaeeae aeey iaaeeoeeineie iiiiue, ?eooaeueiuo oneoa e o.ae.”.
Aeaia?oaiaioo iiaeaea?aeee e ?acaeoey iaeiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa
niaianoii n Aeaia?oaiaioii yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee e ?acaeoey a. Iineau,
Aeaia?oaiaioii aiaoieo naycae, Iineianeie eeceiaiaie eiiiaieae
i?aaeienuaaeinue i?i?aaioaoue aii?in n ?inneeneeie e eiino?aiiuie
aaieaie i i?eaea/aiee e?aaeeoiuo ?ano?nia aeey iaania/aiey i?iecaiaenoaa
e ia?aaea/e a eeceia auioneaaiuo aaoiiiaeeae oaeniiioi?iui ia?eai e
ae?oaei eeceiiiieo/aoaeyi Iineau.

Ai eniieiaiea auoaoeacaiiiai ?anii?yaeaiey I?aiuea?a I?aaeoaeuenoaa
Iineau auei i?eiyoi iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa a. Iineau io 13 iay
1997 aiaea ? 342 “I nicaeaiee Ioe?uoiai aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa “Iineya”,
o/?aaeeoaeyie eioi?iai yaeyeenue: AIIO “Oooeineee iaoeiino?ieoaeueiue
caaiae” (30 iei. ?oaeae – 30%); I?aaeoaeuenoai Iineau (19 iei. ?oaeae –
19%); Iineianeay eeceiaiaay eiiiaiey (11 iei. ?oaeae – 11%); Metrokab
LH Ld (40 iei. ?oaeae – 40%).

3.4. ?acaeoea eeceiaiauo ioiioaiee ia ii?neii o?ainii?oa

Ai eniieiaiea Oeaca I?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee io 3 aeaeaa?y
1992 aiaea ? 1513 “I ia?ao ii aic?iaeaeaieth oi?aiaiai oeioa ?innee”
I?aaeoaeuenoai ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee a naiai ?anii?yaeaiee io 21 ia?oa
1992 aiaea ? 534-? i?eiyei i?aaeeiaeaiea Eiieoaoa ?uaiiai oicyenoaa i?e
Ieienoa?noaa naeueneiai oicyenoaa ?innee i ?acaeoee eeceiaiauo iia?aoeee
n oeaeueth i?eia?aoaiey ?uaieiaaoeeeo noaeia, iino?iaiiuo ca ?oaaaeii. A
aeaiiii ?anii?yaeaiee auea onoaiiaeaia eueaioa aeey eeceiaiiieo/aoaeae
?uaieiaaoeeeo noaeia: iie inaiaiaeaeaeenue a 1992 aiaeo io iaycaoaeueiie
i?iaeaaee a ?anioaeeeaineee aaethoiue ?aca?a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
aaethoiie au?o/ee io ?aaeecaoeee ia yenii?o i?iecaiaeeiie eie ?uaiie
i?iaeoeoeee i?e oneiaee, /oi aaethoiay au?o/ea aoaeao eniieueciaaoueny
ia ?an/aou ii eeceiao e i?eia?aoaiea iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneiai
iaania/aiey ?uaieiaaoeeeo noaeia. Ieienoa?noao yeiiiieee ?innee e
Ieienoa?noao naeueneiai oicyenoaa ?innee i?e onoaiiaeaiee e
?ani?aaeaeaiee iaua?anioaeeeaineie eaiou yenii?oa ia ?uaioth
i?iaeoeoeeth auei ?aeiiaiaeiaaii o/eouaaoue, ia/eiay n 1993 aiaea,
iaiaoiaeeiinoue aianaiey eeceiaiiieo/aoaeyie a?aiaeiie ieaou ca eeceia
?uaieiaaoeeeo noaeia.

*oi eanaaony aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey eeceiaiauo ioiioaiee a iaeanoe
?uaieiaaoeeiai oicyenoaa, oi a i?eeaca ?ineii?uaieianoaa io 18 ethey
1994 aiaea ? 114 “I aianaiee aeiiieiaiee a Iieiaeaiea i ii?yaeea auaea/e
?ac?aoaiee ia no?ieoaeuenoai, i?eia?aoaiea, a?aiaeo e ia?aiai?oaeiaaiea
?uaii?iiuneiauo, iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo, iieneiauo e ?uaiio?aiiuo
noaeia” ioia/aeinue, /oi i?aeoeea i?eiaiaiey Iieiaeaiey iieacaea
neaaeothuaa: “a ianoiyuaa a?aiy iaeiei ec iniiaiuo niiniaia i?eia?aoaiey
?uaii?iiuneiauo noaeia yaeyaony aeieain?i/iay a?aiaea ia oneiaeyo
aa?aioo-/a?oa?a n iineaaeothuei ia?aoiaeii i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe e
aeiaiai? eeceiaa noaeia”.

Noeioeii aeey ?acaeoey eeceiaiauo ioiioaiee ia ii?neii o?ainii?oa
iineoaeeei ienueii Aeaia?oaiaioa ii?neiai o?ainii?oa Ieienoa?noaa
o?ainii?oa ?innee io 5 iay 1994 aiaea ? AeIO-35/790, ooaa?aeeaoaa
Eino?oeoeeth ii ninoaao cao?ao, aeeth/aaiuo a naaanoieiinoue ia?aaicie
(?aaio, oneoa) i?aaei?eyoee iniiaiie yenieooaoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
ii?neiai o?ainii?oa”, a eioi?ie iieaoa oneoa aaieia ii inouanoaeaieth a
niioaaonoaee n caeeth/aaiuie aeiaiai?aie eeceiaiauo iia?aoeee
aeeth/aeanue a naaanoieiinoue ia?aaicie (?aaio, oneoa) i?aaei?eyoee
iniiaiie yeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe ii?neiai o?ainii?oa. Yoi oneiaea
iiaeii ioianoe e ?ac?yaeo iaeiaiauo eueaio ii iia?aoeeyi eeceiaa aeey
i?aaei?eyoee ii?neiai o?ainii?oa, oae eae iieaoa oneoa aaieia a
niioaaonoaee n aeiaiai?ii eeceiaa ioiineony ia ia i?eaueue, a ia
naaanoieiinoue i?iaeoeoeee i?aaei?eyoee ii?neiai o?ainii?oa, /oi,
niioaaonoaaiii, nieaeaao iaeiaiiaeaaaaioth i?eaueue.

A iinoaiiaeaiee I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee io 18
naioya?y 1995 aiaea ? 930 “Ia ooaa?aeaeaiee oaaea?aeueiie i?ia?aiiu
?acaeoey ?uaiiai oicyenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee aei 2000 aiaea “?uaa”
eeceia iacaai iaeiei ec i?ei?eoaoiuo iai?aaeaiee ?acaeoey ?uaiiai
oicyenoaa, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey nio?aiaiey e aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iioaioeeaea ?uaiie io?anee, iaania/aiey noaaeeecaoeee
e aeaeueiaeoaai ?inoa i?iecaiaenoaa ?uaiie i?iaeoeoeee.

Iaiaoiaeeiinoue ?acaeoey eeceiaiauo ioiioaiee a noa?a ii?neiai
o?ainii?oa ioia/aaony e a Oeaca I?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee io 17
yiaa?y 1997 aiaea ? 11 “I oaaea?aeueiie i?ia?aiia “Ie?iaie ieaai”.

CAEETH*AIEA

I?e/eiie oe?ieiai ?ani?ino?aiaiey eeceiaa yaeyaony ?yae aai i?aeiouanoa
ii n?aaiaieth n ae?oaeie oi?iaie eiaanoe?iaaiey. Iniiaiuie ec ieo
yaeythony:

eiaanoe?iaaiea a oi?ia eiouanoaa a ioee/ea io aeaiaaeiiai e?aaeeoa
nieaeaao ?ene iaaica?aoa n?aaenoa, oae eae ca eeceiaiaeaoaeai
nio?aiythony i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ia ia?aaeaiiia eiouanoai;

eeceia i?aaeiieaaaao 100-i?ioeaioiia e?aaeeoiaaiea e ia o?aaoao
iaiaaeeaiiiai ia/aea ieaoaaeae, /oi iicaieyao aac ?aceiai oeiainiaiai
iai?yaeaiey iaiiaeyoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oiiaeu, i?eia?aoaoue
aei?iainoiyuaa eiouanoai;

/anoi i?aaei?eyoeth i?iua iieo/eoue eiouanoai ii eeceiao, /ai nnoaeo ia
aai i?eia?aoaiea, oae eae eeceiaiaia eiouanoai aunooiaao a ea/anoaa
caeiaa;

eeceiaiaia niaeaoaiea aieaa aeaei, /ai nnoaea, oae eae i?aaeinoaaeyao
aiciiaeiinoue iaaei noi?iiai au?aaioaoue oaeiaioth noaio auieao. Ii
acaeiiie aeiaiai?aiiinoe noi?ii eeceiaiaua ieaoaaee iiaoo
inouanoaeyoueny iinea iieo/aiey au?o/ee io ?aaeecaoeee oiaa?ia,
i?iecaaaeaiiuo ia acyoii a e?aaeeo iai?oaeiaaiee. Noaaee ieaoaaeae iiaoo
auoue oeene?iaaiiuie e ieaaathueie;

aeey eeceiaiiieo/aoaey oiaiueoaaony ?ene ii?aeueiiai e oece/aneiai
eciina e onoa?aaaiey eiouanoaa, oae eae eiouanoai ia i?eia?aoaaony a
nianoaaiiinoue, a aa?aony ai a?aiaiiia iieueciaaiea; oae eae ieaoaaee ii
eeceiao ia i?eaycaiu e ii?iai aii?oecaoeee, oi i?e eeceiaiauo ioiioaieyo
eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue eiaao aeaei n onei?aiiie aii?oecaoeeae eiouanoaa;

eeceiaiaia eiouanoai ia /eneeony o eeceiaiiieo/aoaey ia aaeaina, /oi ia
oaaee/eaaao aai aeoeau e inaiaiaeaeaao io oieaou iaeiaa ia yoi
eiouanoai;

eeceiaiaua ieaoaaee ioiinyony ia ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa
(naaanoieiinoue) eeceiaiiieo/aoaey e niioaaonoaaiii nieaeatho
iaeiaiiaeaaaaioth i?eaueue;

i?iecaiaeeoaeue iieo/aao aeiiieieoaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe nauoa
i?iaeoeoeee, oae eae ia?aie/aiiia oeiaine?iaaiea eiaanoeoeee /anoi ia
iicaieyao i?aaei?eyoeyi naiaa?aiaiii iaiiaeyoue oaoiieiae/aneoth
nenoaio.

I?e iaee/ee o i?aaei?eyoey aeueoa?iaoeau – acyoue e?aaeeo ia iieoieo
iai?oaeiaaiey eee i?eia?anoe yoi iai?oaeiaaiea ia ii?aaeaeaiiia a?aiy ii
aeiaiai?o eeceiaa – aa auai? iaiaoiaeeii inouanoaeyoue ia iniiaa
?acoeueoaoia oeiainiaiai aiaeeca. Ai anyeii neo/aa, eeceia noaiiaeony
i?aeoe/anee aacaeueoa?iaoeaiui aa?eaioii, eiaaea:

i?aaei?eyoea-iinoaauee eniuouaaao o?oaeiinoe ni nauoii naiae
i?iaeoeoeee, a i?aaei?eyoea – aoaeouee eeceiaiieo/aoaeue ia eiaao a
aeinoaoi/iii iauaia nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa e ia iiaeao acyoue e?aaeeo aeey
i?eia?aoaiey ioaeiiai aio iai?oaeiaaiey;

i?aaei?eieiaoaeue oieueei ia/eiaao nianoaaiiia aeaei (/oi /anoi eiaao
ianoi a iaeii i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa).

Aianoa n oai eeceiao i?enou e ?yae iaaaoeaiuo noi?ii. A /anoiinoe, ia
eeceiaiaeaoaey eiaeeony ?ene ii?aeueiiai noa?aiey iai?oaeiaaiey
(iniaaiii, anee aeiaiai? eeceiaa caeeth/aaony ia ia iieiue n?ie aai
aii?oecaoeee), a aeey eeceiaiiieo/aoaey noieiinoue eeceiaa auoiaeeo
aieaa aunieie, /ai oeaia iieoiee iai?oaeiaaiey. Aua iaeiei iaaeinoaoeii
oeiainiaiai eeceiaa yaeyaony oi, /oi a neo/aa auoiaea ec no?iy
iai?oaeiaaiey, ieaoaaee i?iecaiaeyony a onoaiiaeaiiua n?iee iacaaeneii
io ninoiyiey iai?oaeiaaiey.

Aeey noeioee?iaaiey eiaanoeoeee a i?iecaiaenoaaiioth noa?o, aeey
iaiiaeaiey i?iiuoeaiiiai iioaioeeaea, aeey iiauoaiey
eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe ioa/anoaaiiuo i?iecaiaeeoaeae, ioaeii nicaeaaaoue
oneiaey, i?e eioi?uo iie no?aieeenue au ?acaeaaoue eeceiaiaua
ioiioaiey. Aeey yoiai, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, neaaeoao aeiaeaaoueny
iiyaeaiey eeceiaiauo naeaeie n aeinoaoi/ii aeeeoaeueiuie n?ieaie
aeaenoaey (ia iaiaa o?ao eao), oae eae eiaiii oaeea aeiaiai?u aoaeoo
ianoe ?aaeueiua eiaanoeoeee a yeiiiieeo. Iaiaoiaeeii anee ia
inaiaiaeeoue, oi oioy au nieceoue iaeia ia i?eaueue, iieo/aiioth
eeceiaiaeaoaeyie io ?aaeecaoeee aeiaiai?ia ii eeceiao ni n?ieii
aeaenoaey o?e e aieaa eao. Oaeaea neaaeoao noeioee?iaaoue aaiee
i?aaeinoaaeyoue e?aaeeou eeceiaiaui eiiiaieyi, eioi?ua caeeth/atho
aeeeoaeueiua aeiaiai?u. E?iia yoiai, iaiaoiaeeii ?anniio?aoue
aiciiaeiinoue nieaeaiey oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei e iaeiaia ii oiaa?ai,
aaiceiui ia oa??eoi?eth ?O e yaeythueieny iauaeoaie iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai
oeiainiaiai eeceiaa.

Aaconeiaii, auoaia?a/eneaiiua ia?u aeieaeiu niinianoaiaaoue ?acaeoeth
eeceiaiauo eiiiaiee e iia?aoeee, i?iecaiaeeiuo eie.

Iiaeii n iieiie oaa?aiiinoueth neacaoue, /oi eeceia a iaoae no?aia
iinoaiaiii aoaeao ana aieueoa ia?aueaaoue naie iai?iou e ea?aoue ana
aieaa aaniioth ?ieue a yeiiiieea ?innee.

Nienie eeoa?aoo?u

Aaciai A.Ae. «Eeceia: oai?ey, i?aeoeea, eiiiaioa?ee», I., 1997 a.

Eaaaoiaa A.A «Eeceia: i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea, i?aeoeea», I., «Eio?a –
I», 1996 a.

Aaeoon I., Iaeaeaea? A. «Oeiea aa?iiaeneiai aeciana», «Eeceia-?aath»,
1996 a., ? 1.

*aeia?aaa A.I. «Eeceiaiaue aecian», I., «Yeiiiieea», 1993 a.

Nonaiyi E.A. «Eeceia, aa?oa?, oiaa?iiaiai n ca?oaaaeiuie ia?oia?aie»,
I., «Ie?iaie ieaai», 1992 a.

Iaaeaaaeeia N.TH. «Eeceia a yeiiiieea NOA», «NOA: iieeoeea, yeiiiieea,
eaeaieiaey», 1980 a., ? 5.

Iaoa?eaeu Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eiioa?aioeee ii ?acaeoeth eeceiaa a ?O, I.,
1996 a.

Eiiiaioa?ee e I /anoe A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?O iiae ?aae. Naaeeeiaa
I.I. – I., «Eio?a-I», 1997 a.

Eiiiaioa?ee ei II /anoe A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?O iiae ?aae. Naaeeeiaa
I.I. – I., «Eio?a-I», 1997 a.

Eiiiaioa?ee e i?iaeoo Iaeiaiaiai eiaeaena ?O (iiae ?aae. Oaoaeiaa
N.Ae.), I., «Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue oeaio? oeiainiai-yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey»,
1996 a.

«Yeiiiieea e aeeciue», ? 12 io 22.03.96.

«Naaiaeiy» io 02.02.96.

«?inneeneay aacaoa» io 12.03.96.

«Eeceia-?aath», ? 5/6 ca 1997 aiae.

«Yeiiiie/aneea iiainoe» ? 18, naioya?ue 1996 aiaea.

«Oeiainiaua ecaanoey» ? 102 io 12.12.95.

A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen ?O: /anoue I io 30.11.94 (a ?aae. eciaiaiee e
aeiiieiaiee io 12.08.96), /anoue II io 26.01.96 (a ?aaeaeoeee eciaiaiee
e aeiiieiaiee io 24.10.97).

Eiiaaioeey OIEAe?OA «I iaaeaeoia?iaeiii oeiainiaii eeceiaa» io 28.05.88
(ii ninoiyieth ia 31.12.94).

Oaaea?aeueiue caeii «I i?eniaaeeiaiee ?O e eiiaaioeee OIEAe?OA «I
iaaeaeoia?iaeiii oeiainiaii eeceiaa» ? 16-OC io 08.02.98.

Caeii ?O «I iaeiaa ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue» ? 1992-1 io 06.12.91 (a
?aae. eciaiaiee e aeiiieiaiee io 28.04.97).

Oeac I?aceaeaioa ?O «I ?acaeoee oeiainiaiai eeceiaa a eiaanoeoeeiiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe» ? 1929 io 17.09.94.

Oeac I?aceaeaioa ?O “I aeiiieieoaeueiuo ia?ao ii ?acaeoeth a?aaeaeaineie
aaeaoeee ?O” ? 825 io 07.06.96.

Oeac I?aceaeaioa ?O “I oaaea?aeueiie i?ia?aiia “Ie?iaie ieaai” ? 11 io
17.01.97.

Iinoaiiaeaiea Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? «I ?acaeoee eeceiaiauo iia?aoeee a
aeayoaeueiinoe niaianoiie niaaonei-o?aioeocneie-aa?iaineie eiiiaiee
«Aa?ieecia» ? 1369 io 29.12.90.

Iinoaiiaeaiea Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? «Aaeeiua ii?iu aii?oecaoeeiiiuo
io/eneaiee», ? 1072 io 22.10.90.

Iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O «Ia eniieueciaaiee iaoaiecia onei?aiiie
aii?oecaoeee e ia?aioeaiea iniiaiuo oiiaeia” ? 967 io 19.08.94.

Iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O “I naeaeoeaiie iiaeaea?aeea aaeaoeeiiiie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe e a?aaeaeaineie aaeaoeee ?innee a 1995 – 1996 aiaeao” ?
1211 io 03.11.94.

Iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O «I eeoeaice?iaaiee ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia
aeayoaeueiinoe» ? 1418 io 24.12.94.

Iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O «I ?acaeoee eeceiaa a eiaanoeoeeiiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe» ? 633 io 29.06.95.

Iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O “Ia ooaa?aeaeaiee oaaea?aeueiie
i?ia?aiiu ?acaeoey ?uaiiai oicyenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee aei 2000
aiaea “?uaa” ? 930 io 18.09.95.

Iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O «Ia ooaa?aeaeaiee iieiaeaiey i
eeoeaice?iaaiee eeceiaiaie aeayoaeueiinoe a ?O» ? 167 io 26.02.96.

Iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O “I aianaiee eciaiaiee e aeiiieiaiee a
Iieiaeaiea i ninoaaa cao?ao ii i?iecaiaenoao e ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee
(?aaio, oneoa), aeeth/aaiuo a naaanoieiinoue i?iaeoeoeee (?aaio, oneoa),
e i ii?yaeea oi?ie?iaaiey oeiainiauo ?acoeueoaoia, o/eouaaaiuo i?e
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee i?eauee” ? 1133 io 20.11.95.

Iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O “I ia?ao ainoaea?noaaiiie iiaeaea?aeee
i?iecaiaenoaa e ?aaeecaoeee ia oneiaeyo eeceiaa naiieaoia OO-204” ? 763
io 02.06.96.

34. Iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O “I ainoaea?noaaiiie iiaeaea?aeea
?acaeoey eeceiaiaie aeayoaeueiinoe a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee” ? 752 io
27.06.96.

35. Iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O «I ia?ao ainoaea?noaaiiie
iiaeaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa e ?aaeecaoeee ia oneiaeyo eeceiaa naiieaoia
OO-204» ? 783 io 02.07.96.

36. Iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O «I iaioeiaeiuo ia?ao ii iiauoaieth
yooaeoeaiinoe aeayoaeueiinoe aaeaeiiiaiee ?innee», ? 146 io 02.02.98.

?anii?yaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O «I ?acaeoee eeceiaiauo iia?aoeee n
oeaeueth i?eia?aoaiey ?uaieiaaoeeeo noaeia, iino?iaiiuo ca ?oaaaeii» ?
534-? io 21.03.92.

?anii?yaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O «I iieiii inaiaiaeaeaiee io iieaou
oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei e iaeiaia naiieaoia A-310-300»» ? 737-? io 24.05.94.

?anii?yaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O «I iaeioi?uo oaiiaeaiiuo eueaioao a
ioiioaiee aaiceiie aaeaoeeiiiie oaoieee» ? 1445-? io 09.09.94.

?anii?yaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O «I ia?ao ii i?eaea/aieth eiaanoeoeee
aeey ia?ainiauaiey ia?ea naiieaoia ?inneeneeo aaeaeiiiaiee» ? 404-? io
27.03.97.

Oeacaiea AOE ?O «I iaeioi?uo aii?inao i?eiaiaiey oaiiaeaiiiai ?aaeeia
a?aiaiiiai aaica (auaica)» ? 01-12/328 io 25.04.94.

I?eeac AOE ?O «I OI AYAe NIA e i aianaiee eciaiaiee e aeiiieiaiee a
ioaeaeueiua ii?iaoeaiua aeou AOE ?innee» ? 248 io 13.04.95 (aeaenoaoao a
?aaeaeoeee eciaiaiee e aeiiieiaiee io 31.01.97).

Ienueii AOE ?O «I oaiiaeaiiii ioi?ieaiee oiaa?ia, a?aiaiii aaiceiuo a
?aieao eeceiaiauo niaeaoaiee» ? 01-13/10268 io 20.07.95.

I?eeac AOE ?O “I noaaeao aaiciuo oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei” ? 258 io 26.04.96
(a ?aae. eciaiaiee e aeiiieiaiee io 19.03.98).

Ienueii Ainaaiea NNN? «I ieaia n/aoia aooaaeoa?neiai o/aoa» ? 270 io
16.02.90.

I?eeac OeA ?O “Ia ooaa?aeaeaiee Iieiaeaiey ia eciaiaiee aeaeia aaethoiuo
iia?aoeee” ? 02-94 io 24.04.96.

Eino?oeoeey AIN ?O «I ii?yaeea en/eneaiey e oieaou iaeiaia, iinooiathueo
a aei?iaeiua oiiaeu” ? 30 io 15.05.95 (a ?aae. eciaiaiee e aeiiieiaiee
io 31.03.98).

Eino?oeoeey AIN ?O “I ii?yaeea en/eneaiey e oieaou iaeiaa ia
aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue” ? 39 io 11.10.95 (a ?aae. eciaiaiee e
aeiiieiaiee io 29.12.97).

Ienueii Aeaia?oaiaioa ii?neiai o?ainii?oa Ieienoa?noaa o?ainii?oa ?innee
«Ia eino?oeoeee ii ninoaao e o/aoo cao?ao, aeeth/aaiuo a naaanoieiinoue
ia?aaicie (?aaio, oneoa) i?aaei?eyoee iniiaiie yenieooaoeeiiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe ii?neiai o?ainii?oa» ? AeIO-35/790 io 05.05.94.

I?eeac ?ineii?uaieianoaa “I aianaiee aeiiieiaiee a Iieiaeaiea i ii?yaeea
auaea/e ?ac?aoaiee ia no?ieoaeuenoai, i?eia?aoaiea, a?aiaeo e
ia?aiai?oaeiaaiea ?uaii?iiuneiauo, iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo, iieneiauo
e ?uaiio?aiiuo noaeia” ? 114 io 18.07.94.

Iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa a. Iineau «Ia o/?aaeaeaiee ioe?uoiai
aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa «Eeceiaiaay eiiiaiey Eeeino?ie»» ? 582 io
04.07.95.

52. Iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa a. Iineau “I i?aaeeiaeaieyo ii
no?oeoo?iui i?aia?aciaaieyi i?iiuoeaiiinoe ai?iaea a oeaeyo
noaaeeecaoeee oiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa” ? 143 io 13.02.96.

Iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa a. Iineau “I ia?ao ii auaiaeo a 1996 –
1997 aiaeao AII “Caaiae ei. E.A. Eeoa/aaa” ? 845 08.10.96.

?anii?yaeaiea I?aiuea?a I?aaeoaeuenoaa a. Iineau «Ia i?aaiecaoeee
auionea aaoiiiaeeae-oaene «Iao?ieya» ia i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ieiuaaeyo AIIO
«Oooeineee iaoeiino?ieoaeueiue caaiae»» ? 1127-?I io 25 .11.96.

Iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa a. Iineau “I nicaeaiee Ioe?uoiai
aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa “Iineya” ? 342 io 13.05.97.

I?iaeo Oaaea?aeueiiai caeiia «I eeceiaa» (i?eiyo AAe ?O 24.10.96 a
ia?aii /oaiee).

1 Nonaiyi E. «Eeceia, aa?oa?, oiaa?iiaiai n ca?oaaaeiuie ia?oia?aie»,
Iineaa, «Ie?iaie ieaai», 1992 aiae, no?. 12

1 Iaaeaaaeeia N.TH. «Eeceia a yeiiiieea NOA» «NOA: iieeoeea, yeiiiieea,
eaeaieiaey», 1980 a., ? 5, no?. 101

2 Aaeoon I., Iaeaeaea? A. «Oeiea aa?iiaeneiai aeciana», «Eeceia-?aath»,
1996 a., ?1

1 *aeia?aaa A.I. «Eeceiaiaue aecian», Iineaa, «Yeiiiieea», 1993 a., n.
49

1 *aeia?aaa A. «Eeceiaiaue aecian», Iineaa, «Yeiiiieea», 1993 aiae, no?.
58

1 Nonaiyi E. «Naiua auaiaeiua naeaeee: eeceia, aa?oa?, oiaa?iiaiai n
ca?oaaaeiuie ia?oia?aie», Iineaa, «Ie?iaie ieaai», 1992 a., no?. 79

1 «Iaoa?eaeu Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eiioa?aioeee ii ?acaeoeth eeceiaa a ?O»,
Iineaa, 1996 a., no?. 45

1 Aieiuaiia A.I. «Ninoiyiea e ia?niaeoeau ?acaeoey eeceiaiaiai aeciana a
?innee», «Iaoa?eaeu iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eiioa?aioeee ii ?acaeoeth eeceiaa a
?innee», Iineaa, 1996 aiae, no?. 19

1 Aaciai A.Ae. «Eeceia: oai?ey, i?aeoeea, eiiiaioa?ee», Iineaa, 1997 a.,
no?. 37

1 «Naaiaeiy» io 2 oaa?aey 1996 aiaea, no?. 4

2 Iao?ia A. «Iaoe naiieaou – aeey iaoeo eiiiaiee», «?inneeneay aacaoa»
io 12 iay 1996 aiaea

1 Iioioeeee I. «I eeceiaa aaoio?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa», «Eeceia-?aath» ?
5/6, 1997 aiae

1 “Yeiiiie/aneea iiainoe”, ? 18, naioya?ue 1996 aiaea

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