– 1 –
IAEAAEAIEA
1. Aaaaeaiea
………………………………………………………………
…………….. 2
2. Aiciiaeiua enoi/ieee oeiaine?iaaiey
…………………………….. 2
3. Onoaaiue eaieoae
………………………………………………………………
3
4. Yienney aeoeee
………………………………………………………………
……. 4
5. Eiiia?/aneee (oiaa?iue) e?aaeeo
………………………………………. 5
Ieaoiinoue aanieaoiiai e?aaeeoa
…………………………………………… 6
Oiaa?iue e?aaeeo – enoi/iee oi?ie?iaaiey iio?aaeoaeueneiai
e?aaeeoa
………………………………………………………………
……………….. 8
Eeceia
………………………………………………………………
…………………. 9
Yienney iaeeaaoeee
…………………………………………………………….
13
E?aaeeo
………………………………………………………………
……………….. 18
Iniiaiua oa?aeoa?enoeee e?aaeeoa
…………………………………… 19
Ooieoeee e?aaeeoa
………………………………………………………………
22
Oneiaey e oi?iu e?aaeeoiaaiey
………………………………………. 24
Yooaeo oeiainiaiai ?u/aaa. ?aoeeiiaeueiay caaiiay
iieeoeea
………………………………………………………………
…………… 31
Naiioeiaine?iaaiea (aioo?aiiee ?ino)
…………………………….32
Oeaeaaua oiiaeu, iau/ii nicaeaaaaiua i?aaei?eyoeyie ec
ia?ani?aaeaeaiiie /enoie i?eauee
……………………………………. 33
10. Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u
………………………………… 35
– 2 –
AAAAeAIEA
Iauaeoii enneaaeiaaiey aeey iaienaiey aeaiiie ?aaiou yaeythony
enoi/ieee oeiaine?iaaiey, eniieueciaaiiua i?e nicaeaiee e ?aaioa iuia
aeaenoaothuaai niaianoiiai i?aaei?eyoey, a ninoaaa eioi?iai anoue
i?eioeeieaeueii ?acii?iaeiua ii oi?ie?iaaieth iniiaiiai e iai?ioiiai
eaieoaea iiae?acaeaeaiey, ii ia?eiaeai iai?a/eaaaiinoe nianoaaiiiai
eaieoaea e ii oiiaeiioaea/a.
ieanoianniaue oeao
2 e?oiiuo oi?aiauo oeaio?a.
eiiieaen naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee ia aaca auaoaai eieoica:
au?aueaaiea naaeeu e eoeo?ocu ei?iiauo ni?oia
i?iecaiaenoai eiiaeei?iia
iiei/iay oa?ia
i?iecaiaenoai e au?aueaaiea ioeoeu
i?ii.ia?a?aaioea ioeoeu
eieaaniue oeao
oeaaiiaea?iy
oi?aiaue oeaio?
oaieioiae
eaoa
oe?ieay nianoaaiiay naoue ?icie/iie e iioiaie oi?aiaee a NIA
oeao ii i?iecaiaenoao auoiaie oeiee
I?ineaaeea yoaiu ?inoa i?aaei?eyoey n ioeaaiai aei nia?aiaiiiai e
ana enoi/ieee oeiaine?iaaiey i?iaeoia y naeaeaea auaiaeu, iicaieythuea
nenoaiaoece?iaaoue eniieueciaaiiua aiciiaeiinoe e ianoaeeoue oiouaiiua.
Nei?aa aeaaea yoi i?aeoe/aneea ca?eniaee e aeneiiai e iinooeaoai,
eioi?ua auee ae?aooea niiauaiu neooaoaeyi a ?aieao «I?aceaeaioneie
i?ia?aiiu» ii oaia «Ei?ii?aoeaiua oeiainu».
AICIIAEIUA ENOI*IEEE OEIAINE?IAAIEss
Ethaia i?aaei?eyoea a iuiaoieo yeiiiie/aneeo oneiaeyo noaeeeaaaony
n i?iaeaiie i?eaea/aiey oeiainiauo n?aaenoa.
Ea?aeeiaeueii oeiaine?iaaiea i?aaei?eyoey aeaeeony ia aiaoiaa – ca
n/ao caeinoaiaaiee e yiennee aeoeee e aioo?aiiaa – ca n/ao
ia?ani?aaeaeaiiie i?eauee.
Ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue nouanoaotho neaaeothuea niiniau ?aoaiey
oeiaine?iaaiey i?iaeoa:
onoaaiue eaieoae
yienney aeoeee
eiiia?/aneee (oiaa?iue) e?aaeeo
– 3 –
eeceia
yienney iaeeaaoeee
caai a aaiea
naiioeiaine?iaaiea (aioo?aiiee ?ino)
i?eaea/aiea ainoaea?noaaiiuo eueaioiuo e?aaeeoia
i?eaea/aiea eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee
Enneaaeoaiia i?aaei?eyoea ieeiaaea ia iieueciaaeinue eueaioiuie
ainoaea?noaaiiuie e?aaeeoaie. Ia niio?y ia eiathueeny «yaii
nioeeaeueiue» naeueneioicyenoaaiiue i?iaeo, eiiiaiey ieeiaaea ia
iieo/eea ie iaeiie eiiaeee eueaioiuo n?aaenoa eee aeioaoeee.
I?eaea/aiea eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee ii iiiyoiui i?e/eiai ia
eniieueciaaeinue, oae eae oieaeeia ia noa?oa naiai yaeyeny niaianoiui
i?aaei?eyoeai e ana eiino?aiiua eiaanoeoeee auee caeiaeaiu a onoaaiue
eaieoae.
Ia?aua aea 7 iiceoeee aoaeoo iiae?iaii ?anniio?aiu a
i?aaenoaaeyaiii aeieeaaea.
1. Onoaaiue eaieoae.
Onoaaiue eaieoae iauanoaa ninoaaeyaony ec iiieiaeueiie
noieiinoe aeoeee iauanoaa, i?eia?aoaiiuo aeoeeiia?aie.
Iiieiaeueiay noieiinoue anao iaueiiaaiiuo aeoeee iauanoaa aeieaeia
auoue iaeeiaeiaie.
Onoaaiue eaieoae iauanoaa ii?aaeaeyao ieieiaeueiue ?acia?
eiouanoaa iauanoaa, aa?aioe?othuaai eioa?anu aai e?aaeeoi?ia.
Iauanoai ai?aaa ?aciauaoue iaueiiaaiiua aeoeee, a oaeaea iaeei
eee ianeieueei oeiia i?eaeeaae?iaaiiuo aeoeee. Iiieiaeueiay
noieiinoue ?aciauaiiuo i?eaeeaae?iaaiiuo aeoeee ia aeieaeia i?aauoaoue
25 i?ioeaioia io onoaaiiai eaieoaea iauanoaa.
I?e o/?aaeaeaiee iauanoaa ana aai aeoeee aeieaeiu auoue ?aciauaiu
n?aaee o/?aaeeoaeae.
Ana aeoeee iauanoaa yaeythony eiaiiuie.
Ieieiaeueiue onoaaiue eaieoae iauanoaa ioe?uoiai iauanoaa
aeieaeai ninoaaeyoue ia iaiaa ouny/ae?aoiie noiiu ieieiaeueiiai
?acia?a iieaou o?oaea, onoaiiaeaiiiai oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii ia
aeaoo ?aaeno?aoeee iauanoaa, a cae?uoiai iauanoaa – ia iaiaa noie?aoiie
noiiu ieieiaeueiiai ?acia?a iieaou o?oaea, onoaiiaeaiiiai
oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii ia aeaoo ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee iauanoaa.
Anoanoaaiii, /oi noa?o ?acaeoeth yoiai oieaeeiaa aeae eiino?aiiue
eaieoae, eioi?ue aue aianai a onoaa ai a?aiy nicaeaiey niaianoiiai
– 4 –
i?aaei?eyoey. Noi?iiu ainiieueciaaeenue ia?aeinii «iinoniaaoneeo» oeai e
eo?na aaethou: noa?ia, ii aeia?ioiia eiii?oiia iai?oaeiaaiea a ni/aoaiee
n e?aeia aeaoaaui nu?ueai e «aanieaoiie» ?aai/ae neeie aeaee
aiciiaeiinoue i?iecaiaeeoue a ?innee oiaa? ioee/iiai ea/anoaa.
Ca?oaaaeiay noi?iia eiia/ii i/aiue ?eneiaaea, oae eae iiiyoea «aaethoa»
e «eiiaa?oaoeey» eanaeenue oieueei ia?oia?ia ainoaea?noaa ii aincaeaco,
ii aiciiaeiinoue iieo/aoue a iaiai ia eiiieaeoothuea e «?ieeaoe»
aunieiea/anoaaiiue oiaa? ca o?aoue naaanoieiinoe, auno?i ieoieea
?anoiaeu ca?oaaaeiiai ia?oia?a ii iinoaaea a ?inneth oi?ioi
naii?oece?iaaiiuo noaieia.
Niaaoneea aea ia?oia?u ni naiae noi?iiu aianee i?aai a?aiaeu
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iiiauaiey, ia?o oiii nu?uey e (yoi oaea aia onoaaiiai
eaieoaea) aeaoaaue aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiue ia?niiae.
Ionooiea io oaiu aeieeaaea oioaeinue au iiaoi?eoueny e iaiiiieoue
ecaanoioth enoeio, /oi «eaae?u ?aoatho ana». E n/anoueth yoi ia?aia
i?iecaiaenoai auei i?aaieciaaii eaeaaeueii. Io eiia/ii caiaaeiue ia?oia?
ioaac ia?o oaoiieiaia ia aieiaiia i?aaei?eyoea e a 3 aeiy iao/ee
eoeueoo?a i?iecaiaenoaa o noaiea, a «ciaiy» nauoa auei ia?aaeaii a ?oee
caiaaeiiai niaoeeaeenoa eae ieieioi ia aiae. E yoi aeaaiia, oae eae
ianiio?y ia iaiiiaeei «niaaoneia» ea/anoai nauo aue eneeth/eoaeueii
caiaaeiui. E no?aia ea/ioeanue, ioioea e naeaeanue aac aiy. ?uiie aue
caoaa/ai ?ac e iaanaaaea. A iaeei aiae NNN? i?iecaae e caaeioee oiaa?a
aieueoa, /ai any O?A ca ana iineaaiaiiia a?aiy. Oiaa?a ia oaaoaei.
Caaiae ?aaioae a 3 niaiu e, i ianiaoea iaae o?ai/aeceiaii!,
iaaeinoathuee oiaa? eiii?oe?iaaeny a aieueoeo eiee/anoaao. Aii?in i
aica?aoa n?aaenoa aue ?aoai iiiaioaeueii. Aanoeaiiia, a niunea ii/oe
aanieaoiia ec-ca aaethoiuo eo?niauo ia?aeinia, nu?uea aaaiiaie oei ia
caiaae…
Yoi nianoaaiii e anoue niinia ?aoeeiiaeueiiai nicaeaiey e
eniieueciaaiey onoaaiiai eaieoaea.
2. Yienney aeoeee.
A caaeneiinoe io iio?aaiinoae aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa iiaeii
aiai?eoue i aeaeao, eee oeiao yiennee, iai?aaeaiiuo ia eo
oaeiaeaoai?aiea:
aeey oaaee/aiey onoaaiiai eaieoaea yieoaioa
aeey eciaiaiey no?oeoo?u aai aeoeeiia?iiai eaieoaea
aeey iiaeeecaoeee ?ano?nia ia eiaanoeoeee eee iiiieiaiea iai?ioiuo
n?aaenoa
aeey iiaaoaiey e?aaeeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe yieoaioa.
– 5 –
Oeacaiiua oeiu yiennee yaeythony iaeaieaa iaueie e noaiaoe/iuie. Ia
i?aeoeea /aua anaai ?aaeecothony eo eiiaeiaoeee, iineieueeo iau/ii iaaei
?aoeoue ianeieueei caaea/, iai?eia? iiaeeeciaaoue n?aaenoaa, eciaieoue
no?oeoo?o aeoeeiia?iiai eaieoaea, e /anoe/ii iiaaneoue e?aaeeoi?neoth
caaeieaeaiiinoue.
Aa?iainy e enneaaeoaiiio i?aaei?eyoeth.
Ni a?aiaiai ia?aae i?aaei?eyoeai aiciee aii?in eaieoaeueiiai
aeiaeaiey n?aaenoa ec-ca iaaiciiaeiinoe ?anoe?aiey nauoa (e eae
neaaenoaea i?iecaiaenoaa).
Ia?aay iinoniaaoneay i?eaaoecaoeey ia auea aeaoaaie aeey eiaanoi?a
eioi?ue neae aaethoo ec-ca a?aieoeu. A iieneao oaea/iiai aeiaeaiey
aeaiaa caiaaeiue ia?oia? «oaea/ii» aeiaeee n?aaenoaa ai Aiaoyeiiiiaaie
(a ae?oaeo-oi ia auei!) e iieo/ee ia/eo iaoioueo naaaeae e?aneie
iaeeaaoeee o?aoueaai o?aioa aaethoiiai caeia. Ia?aeiaeea anth
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca yoi ai?ianoai ia niaaoneiai ia?oia?a caiaaeiue
eiaanoi? caiye auaeeaeaoaeueioth iiceoeeth, iaaeaynue /oi «oai ia ianoa
aeaeiaa» e aee?aeoi?ao /oi-ieaoaeue i?eaeoiaao.
E ?oeiaiaenoai oe?iu ?anoe?yy noa?o eiaanoe?iaaiey aua?aei iooue
nicaeaiey e?oiiiai oi?aiaiai oeaio?a ia aaca i?iaeoiiai einoeoooa, ii
n/anoueth aeey iaai ?aniieaaaaoaainy a i/aiue i?ioiaeiii ianoa.
Iooue ?inneeneie i?eaaoecaoeee oa?ieno e o?oaeai, ii ?inneeneay
noi?iia iieuecoynue iai?aiaeieeiui a oi a?aiy aaoi?eoaoii iiae iacaaieai
«eiino?aiiue eiaanoi?» i?ioea aai iieiinoueth io /aeiauo aoeoeeiiia aei
eiaanoeoeeiiiiai eiieo?na. Io a iinea yoiai inouanoaeyeanue yienney
iaeia ca ae?oaie, oae /oi au o?oaeiaie eieeaeoea aeoiae i ?aaioa, a ia i
aeeaeaeaiaeao. Auoiae ec oaeie neooaoeee ninoieo a i?iaaaeaiee
ianeieueeeo iineaaeiaaoaeueiuo yienneyo ii cae?uoie iiaeienea, ia?aay ec
eioi?uo inouanoaeyaony a nayce n ia?aioeaieie iniiaiuo oiiaeia.
Ianeo/aeii a ea/anoaa iauaeoa eiaanoeoeee auei aua?aii i?eaaoece?oaiia
i?aaei?eyoea. Eae i?aaeei ec-ca caieaeaiey ?acia?ia onoaaiuo eaieoaeia
ii ieaiai i?eaaoecaoeee iineaaeothuay yienney a nayce n ia?aioeaieie
iniiaiuo oiiaeia iaania/eaaao ?ino onoaaiuo eaieoaeia a aeanyoee e
aeaaea a nioie ?ac. ?aaeinoiue o?oaeiaie eieeaeoea oaeiaeaoai?aiii
iiauoaao iiieiae aeoeee e iioe?aao ?oee a iaeeaeaiee aeeaeaeaiaeia. Ii
o?oaeiaie eieeaeoea aeieaeai ?aaioaoue, a aeeaeaeaiaeu aeieaeiu
?aaioaoue ia o?oaeiaie eieeaeoea e niaao aee?aeoi?ia i?eaaoece?iaaiiiai
i?aaei?eyoey ?aoaao iaei oiai, /oi ie/aai ia ?acaeaaaoue, oae aua e
iiaeeoieoue iai?oaeiaaiey. A eoi i?ioea
– 6 –
iai?oaeiaaiey? Ieeoi, ana «ca»! Aii?in iaino?yaony oieueei e
neaaeothuaio aiai/a?aaeiiio nia?aieth eiaaea auyniyaony, /oi auiieiyy
aieth o?oaeiaiai eieeaeoeaa aee?aeoeey ?acianoeea caeac ia caiaaea ia
iai?oaeiaaiea, a ia?ani?aaeaeaiiuo aeeaeaeaiaeia oaaoaao oieueei ia
oiaeiaeo aeey iai?oaeiaaiey e i?e eiathuaeny no?oeoo?a aaeaina e caeiaa
ieeoi e?aaeeoa ia aeano, a iai?oaeiaaiea iiauoaao i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue
a 5 ?ac e ca?ieaoo oiaea, aaaeue ca?ieaoa o ian neeueii caaeneo io
iauaiia i?iecaiaenoaa (nauo ia niaaoneii i?aaei?eyoee a oio iiiaio y au
neacaea, iiiyoea iaecaaaeaiiia). Ooo e anooiaao a ea?o oaea eiathuee
aeinoaoi/ii aieueoie (ii ia eiio?ieueiue) iaeao aeoeee eiaanoi?. Ii
iiae?iaii aeieeaaeuaaao /oi aeaiueae aeinoaoue eaaei, iaaei oieueei
auionoeoue aua aeoeee, i?iaanoe iiaeieneo … Ii /anoii ieaoeo ca ana
i?e yoii aa?aioe?iaaiii caaiceo iai?oaeiaaiea, eioi?ia e aac oiai
iaiaoiaeeii aio aeey i?iaeieaeaiey aeayoaeueiinoe ia i?eaaoece?oaiii
i?aaei?eyoee, io e aac ia?aio?aiee iieo/aao eiio?ieueiue iaeao.
3. Eiiia?/aneee (oiaa?iue) e?aaeeo
Eiiia?/aneee e?aaeeo iiaeii ioa?aeoa?eciaaoue eae e?aaeeo,
i?aaeinoaaeyaiue a oiaa?iie oi?ia i?iaeaaoeaie iieoiaoaeyi a aeaea
ion?i/ee ieaoaaea ca i?iaeaiiua oiaa?u. Ii i?aaeinoaaeyaony iiae
iaycaoaeuenoaa aeieaeieea (iieoiaoaey) iiaaneoue a ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie
eae noiio iniiaiiai aeieaa, oae e ia/eneyaiua i?ioeaiou.
Enneaaeoaiay eiiiaiey aoaeo/e ?aiaa i?iecaiaeeoaeai e iinoiyiii aeaaay
oiaa? «ia ?aaeecaoeeth», iieo/ea a nianoaaiiinoue oi?aiaua ieiuaaee
noieeioeanue n iiiyoeai «eiiia?/aneee» (eee «oiaa?iue») e?aaeeo ni
noi?iiu ?icie/iiai i?iaeaaoea.
I?eiaiaiea eiiia?/aneiai e?aaeeoa o?aaoao iaee/ey o i?iecaiaeeoaey
aeinoaoi/iiai ?aca?aiiai eaieoaea ia neo/ae caiaaeeaiey iinooieaiee io
aeieaeieeia.
Auaeaeytho iyoue iniiaiuo niiniaia i?aaeinoaaeaiey eiiia?/aneiai
e?aaeeoa:
aaenaeueiue niinia;
ioe?uoue n/ao;
neeaeea i?e oneiaee iieaou a ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie;
naciiiue e?aaeeo;
eiineaiaoeey.
I?e aaenaeueiii niiniaa iinea iinoaaee oiaa?ia i?iaeaaaoe aunoaaeyao
o?aooo ia iieoiaoaey, eioi?ue, iieo/ea eiiia?/aneea aeieoiaiou,
aeoeaiooao aa, o.a. aeaao niaeanea ia iieaoo a oeacaiiue ia
– 7 –
iae n?ie. Yoio niinia a ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo ?icie/iie oi?aiaeae e iioiaui
iinoaaueeii ia eniieuecoaony.
Ae?oaie niinia – neeaeea i?e oneiaee iieaou a ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie. Yoio
niinia i?aaeoniao?eaaao oneiaea, /oi anee ieaoaae aoaeao i?iecaaaeai
iieoiaoaeai a oa/aiea iaiai?aiiiai a eiio?aeoa ia?eiaea iinea auienee
n/aoa, oi ec oeaiu aoaeao au/oaia neeaeea. A i?ioeaiii neo/aa, any noiia
aeieaeia auoue auiea/aia a onoaiiaeaiiue n?ie. Niaeanii aeiaiai?a ia
ioe?uoii n/aoa, iaeiaaeaeu i?eiyoiio iaaeie noi?iiaie, iieoiaoaeue
iiaeao aeaeaoue ia?eiaee/aneea caeoiee aac ia?auaiey ca e?aaeeoii a
eaaeaeii ioaeaeueiii neo/aa. Iau/iue ii?yaeie inouanoaeaiey naeaeee
oaeia: eiaaea iieoiaoaeue caeacuaaao oiaa?, ii iaiaaeeaiii ioa?oaeaaony,
a ieaoaae ca iaai i?iecaiaeeony a onoaiiaeaiiua n?iee iinea iieo/aiey
n/aoa. Aeaiiue niinia eniieueciaaeny enneaaeoaiie eiiiaieae oieueei a
?aieao eiii?oiuo eiio?aeoia e iai?eiaiei a ?icie/iie oi?aiaea, eioi?ay
oi?ie?oao oeaio e o/eouaaao iaoeaieo iaiaaeeaiii ii oaeoo iinoaaee
oiaa?a – yoi iaiaoiaeeii aeey i?aaeeueiiai ia/eneaiey IAeN, eioi?ue a
?icie/iie oi?aiaea niaoeeoe/ai.
Naciiiue e?aaeeo iau/ii i?eiaiyaony a i?iecaiaenoaa ea?ooae, noaaie?ia,
nieia/iuo i/eia, ciioeeia e ae?oaeo ecaeaeee ianniaiai iio?aaeaiey. Yoio
niinia iicaieyao ?icie/iui i?iaeaaoeai iieoiaoue oiaa?u a oa/aiea anaai
aiaea n oeaeueth i?aaiecaoeee iaiaoiaeeiuo caiania ia?aae ieeii naciiiuo
i?iaeaae e iicaieyao ion?i/eoue ieaoaae i?iecaiaeeoaeth aei eiioea
?ani?iaeaaee. Iai?eia?, i?iecaiaeeoaee ea?ooae ?ac?aoatho oi?aiaoeai
caeoiaoue ea?ooee ca ianeieueei ianyoeaa aei ?iaeaeanoaa, a ieaoeoue ca
oiaa? – a yiaa?a-oaa?aea. Aeaaiia i?aeiouanoai i?e yoii niiniaa –
aiciiaeiinoue auionea i?iaeoeoeee aac aeiiieieoaeueiuo ?anoiaeia ia
neeaaee?iaaiea, o?aiaiea e o.ae.
Ieaoiinoue aanieaoiiai e?aaeeoa
Eiineaiaoeey – niinia, i?e eioi?ii ?icie/iue oi?aiaaoe iiaeao i?inoi
iieo/eoue oiaa?ii-iaoa?eaeueiua oeaiiinoe aac iaycaoaeuenoaa. Anee
oiaa?u aoaeoo i?iaeaiu, oi aoaeao inouanoaeai e ieaoaae i?iecaiaeeoaeth,
a anee iao, oi ?icie/iue oi?aiaaoe iiaeao aa?iooue oiaa? i?iecaiaeeoaeth
aac auieaou iaonoieee. Eiineaiaoeey iau/ii i?eiaiyaony i?e ?aaeecaoeee
iiauo, iaoeie/iuo oiaa?ia, ni?in ia eioi?ua o?oaeii i?aaeiieiaeeoue.
Naii niaie ?acoiaaony, /oi ethaie ec yoeo niiniaia iiaeao auoue iaeaieaa
yooaeoeaiui a eiie?aoiuo ?uii/iuo oneiaeyo. Auai? iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiiai
niiniaa – aeaaiay caaea/a e?aaeeoiie iieeoeee eaaeaeie ei?ii?aoeee.
– 8 –
A ea/anoaa iiuoa enneaaeoaiie oe?iu iaiaoiaeeii niiaueoue, /oi a naia
a?aiy oeiainiaiio aee?aeoi?o oaeaeinue caueoeoue ia e?aaeeoiii eiieoaoa
a Naa?aaaoaeueiii aaiea ?O oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneia iainiiaaiea e?aaeeoa,
acyoiai ia iiiieiaiea iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa. Naiia ii?aceoaeueiia, /oi
aeieacaoaeuenoai ieoiaaiinoe e?aaeeoa e i?ioeaioia ii iaio auei
iino?iaii eae ?ac ia niiinoaaeaiee oeai, i?aaeeaaaaiuo iinoaaueeaie
oiaa?a ia oneiaeyo oiaa?iiai e?aaeeoa e «iieaou ii oaeoo». A ?an/ao
i?eieiaeny iai?io oi?aiaiai oeaio?a, eiathueeny o?iaaiue iaoeaiee e
o?iaaiue aeiiieieoaeueiuo neeaeie, eioi?ua i?aaeeaaaeenue iinoaaueeaie
i?e i?aaeiieaoa e naiiauaica. I?inoua i?yiua ?an/aou iieacaee, /oi
«aanieaoiue oiaa?iue» e?aaeeo aei?ia ianoieueei, /oi aeey oi?aiaiai
oeaio?a ai?acaei auaiaeiaa (iniaaiii a oi?aiaue nacii iiya?ue-iae)
e?aoein?i/iue (ia 6 ianyoeaa) ieaoiue aaieianeee e?aaeeo ni noaaeie 30%
aiaeiauo /ai «oiaa? ia ?aaeecaoeeth».
E?iia oiai a oieaeeiaa oaea eiaeinue 3 th?eaee/aneeo eeoea e
iinoiyiii aicieeaea i?iaeaia aacoiaa?iie ia?aa?inee naiaiaeiuo n?aaenoa
n iaeiiai ?an/aoiiai n/aoa ia ae?oaie. A nayce n yoei oeiainiaue
?oeiaiaeeoaeue auioaeaeai aue iiae?iaii eco/aoue aeaenoaothuaa
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, aeiioneathuaa e?aaeeoiaaiea iaeiiai i?aaei?eyoey
ae?oaei a niioaaonoaee n oneiaeyie caeeth/aiiiai iaaeaeo ieie aeiaiai?a.
Aaaine?iaaiea e i?aaeaa?eoaeueiay iieaoa aua ia auiieiaiiuo
?aaio i?aaeoniio?aiu ii aeiaiai?ai iiae?yaea (no. 711 AE ?O), auoiaiai
iiae?yaea (no. 735 AE ?O), no?ieoaeueiiai iiae?yaea (no.746 AE ?O), ia
auiieiaiea iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo ?aaio, iiuoii-eiino?oeoi?neeo e
oaoiieiae/aneeo ?aaio (no.781 AE ?O), aeinoaaee (no.487 AE ?O), iaeia
(no.682 AE ?O) e ae?oaei. E?aaeeoiaaiea oaeiai ?iaea aeieaeii
i?iecaiaeeoueny ia ii naiinoiyoaeueiiio aeiaiai?o, a ai eniieiaiea
iaycaoaeuenoa ii aeiaiai?o, oneiaeai eioi?iai yaeyaony.
Iaeiaei, i?e inouanoaeaiee oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaei?eyoeai, iniaaiii a oneiaeyo oeiainiaiai e yeiiiie/aneiai e?ecena,
aaaine?iaaiea e i?aaeaa?eoaeueiay iieaoa aua ia auiieiaiiuo ?aaio, eae
i?aaeei, i?eaiaeeo e cia/eoaeueiui iaoa?eaeueiui cao?aoai ni noi?iiu
i?aaei?eyoey eo inouanoaeythuaai. Yoi naycaii, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, n
oiaiueoaieai iauaia auioneaaiie i?iaeoeoeee (i?iaiaeeiuo ?aaio eee
ieacuaaaiuo oneoa), i?eaiaeyuaai e nieaeaieth i?eauee, e,
niioaaonoaaiii, ?aioaaaeueiinoe i?iecaiaenoaa, a oeaeii, a nayce n
auaaaeaieai a?aiaiii naiaiaeiuo n?aaenoa i?aaei?eyoey ec aai
– 9 –
oicyenoaaiiiai iai?ioa, a i?e ionoonoaee ia iiiaio eniieiaiey
iaycaoaeuenoa aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ia n/aoa i?aaei?eyoey, e?iia oiai, n
aeiiieieoaeueiuie cao?aoaie ia iieo/aiea aeaiaaeiiai caeia eee e?aaeeoa
io e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeee n oieaoie i?ioeaioia ia aai noiio ia
ii?aaeaeaiiuo a aeiaiai?a oneiaeyo.
I?e yoii, i?aaeinoaaeaiea aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa caaiueeo a aeaea
aaaina, i?aaeiieaou eee caaeaoea aeey eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoa ii
aeiaiai?o ia oneiaeyo oieaou ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?ioeaioia, oi anoue
e?aaeeoiaaiea iiaeao n/eoaoueny caeiiiui eeoue a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea
oaeea naeaeee iinyo yieciaee/aneee oa?aeoa? (i.4 Eioi?iaoeeiiiiai
ienueia io 10 aaaonoa 1994a. N1-7/II-555 «Ia ioaeaeueiuo
?aeiiaiaeaoeeyo, i?eiyouo ia niaauaieyo ii noaeaaii-a?aeo?aaeiie
i?aeoeea»).
A niioaaonoaee i.2 no.298 AE ?O i?aaiecaoeey ai?aaa ?anii?yaeaoueny
oieueei nianoaaiiuie a?aiaiii naiaiaeiuie n?aaenoaaie, oi anoue
aeioiaeaie io ?ac?aoaiiie ae, niaeanii Onoaaa, oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe. Nenoaiaoe/aneia e?aaeeoiaaiea n i?ioeaioaie a
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo oeaeyo ioiineony e ?ac?yaeo niaoeeoe/aneeo
aaieianeeo iia?aoeee, /oi yaeyaony i?a?iaaoeaie e?aaeeoiuo o/?aaeaeaiee
(no. 819 AE ?O), aeey niaa?oaiey eioi?ie o?aaoaony eeoeaicey Aaiea
?innee (no. 5, 13 Caeiia i aaieao).
Iaeiei ec i?aeoe/aneeo iai?aaeaiee nieaeaiey cao?ao, naycaiiuo n
e?aaeeoiaaieai i?aaiecaoeee ii auoaia?a/eneaiiui aeiaiai?ai, ia?yaeo n
oiaiueoaieai i?e ieii/aoaeueiii ?an/aoa, ii aeiaiai?aiiinoe iaaeaeo
noi?iiaie, noii iieaou ia aaee/eio noii iiianaiiuo i?e yoii cao?ao,
neaaeoao n/eoaoue i?eiaiaiea i?aaee eiiia?/aneiai e?aaeeoa.
A niioaaonoaee n /anoueth 1 no. 823 AE ?O i?e eiiia?/aneii e?aaeeoa
a aeiaiai? aeeth/aaony oneiaea, a neeo eioi?iai iaeia noi?iia
i?aaeinoaaeyao ae?oaie noi?iia ion?i/eo eee ?ann?i/eo eaeie eeai
iaycaiiinoe, oi anoue a ea/anoaa eiiia?/aneiai e?aaeeoa iiaeao
n/eoaoueny anyeia ianiaiaaeaiea ai a?aiaie ano?a/iuo iaycaiiinoae ii
caeeth/aiiiio aeiaiai?o. Iiyoiio ia oieueei i?iaaaeaiea iaeiinoi?iiieo
aeaenoaee, oaeeo eae aaaine?iaaiea (i?aaeinoaaeaiea caaeaoea,
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiay iieaoa e o.i. iieaoa ia aua auiieiaiiuo ?aaio) eee,
iaiai?io, ion?i/ea (?ann?i/ea) iieaou ia?aaeaiiiai
eiouanoaa a niioaaonoaee ni no. 823 AE ?O iiaoo auoue i?eciaiu
eiiia?/aneei e?aaeeoii, ii e eo niaianoiia i?eiaiaiea. Ionthaea,
iauaaeeiaiea i?aaeoniio?aiiuo aeiaiai?ii ia niaiaaeathueo ii a?aiaie
ano?a/iuo iaycaoaeuenoa i?e eniieiaiee caeeth/aiiiai
– 10 –
noi?iiaie aeiaiai?a, oaeaea iiaeao ?anniao?eaaoueny a ea/anoaa
eiiia?/aneiai e?aaeeoa.
Oae, i?aaeuyaeaieai aaaina a ea/anoaa oneiaey ia/aea ?aaio,
iai?eia?, ii aeiaiai?o iinoaaee a n/ao iineaaeothuae iinoaaee oiaa?ia,
Caeac/ee e?aaeeooao Iinoaaueea, e, niioaaonoaaiii, iooai ion?i/ee
(?ann?i/ee) ieii/aoaeueiie iieaou oaea iinoaaeaiiuo oiaa?ia Iinoaauee
e?aaeeooao Caeac/eea. Oai naiui noi?iiu aeiaiai?a eiiiaine?otho
ecaea?aeee, iiianaiiua eie a ?acoeueoaoa i?aaeinoaaeyaiuo ae?oa ae?oao
ii aeiaiai?o acaeiiuo onooiie.
A oiaea a?aiy, eae iieacuaaao i?aeoeea oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaei?eyoee, iaaeaeo noi?iiaie aeiaiai?a aicieeatho ?aciiaeaney ii
aii?ino ii?aaeaeaiey i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe ion?i/ee ieii/aoaeueiuo
?an/aoia a caaeneiinoe io noii i?aaeinoaaeyaiiai aaaina ia eiie?aoiue
ia?eiae oicyenoaiaaiey.
I?iaeaaea oiaa?ia a e?aaeeo noaea iau/iui niiniaii aaaeaiey aeae
aeey i?iiuoeaiiuo eiiiaiee, i?aaeeiaeaiea e?aaeeoiuo oneoa yaeyaony
i?oaeeai eiieo?aioeee i?e i?eaea/aiee eeeaioia.
Oiaa?iue e?aaeeo – enoi/iee oi?ie?iaaiey iio?aaeoaeueneiai e?aaeeoa
Ia niio?y ia oi, /oi i?iecaiaeeoaee e iioiaeee iinoiyiii i?aaeinoaaeytho
oiaa?iue e?aaeeo ?icie/iie oi?aiaea aac iau/iuo neeaeie, i?eiaiyaiuo i?e
caeoiea oiaa?a ii i?aaeiieaoa, aiciiaeiinoue iieo/aoue aeinoaoi/ii
aeeeoaeueiua (iniaaiii naciiiua) oiaa?iua e?aaeeou nicaeaea
aiciiaeiinoue ?icie/iui oi?aiaoeai i?aaeinoaaeyoue iieoiaoaeth oae
iacuaaaiue IIO?AAEOAEUeNEEE E?AAeEO, iiauoathuee o?iaaiue nauoa oiaa?ia
eiaiii ia?ee oiai i?iecaiaeeoaey, eioi?ue aeaao aiciiaeiinoue ?icie/iie
naoe i?aaeinoaaeyoue oaeie e?aaeeo iieoiaoaeth, eioi?ue iieo/aao:
aiciiaeiinoue iieo/eoue oa aaue, eioi?uo aac eniieueciaaiey e?aaeeoa
i?eoeinue au i/aiue aeieai aeaeaoue eee eioi?ua auee au i?inoi ia
aeinooiiu;
aeaeinoue: aeaeaoue iieoiee a oaeiaiia a?aiy ia ?ani?iaeaaeao i?e
nieaeaiee oeai e niaa?oaoue auaiaeiua naeaeee, aeaaea anee a yoio iiiaio
iu ia ?aniieaaaai ioaeiie noiiie iaee/iuo;
aaciianiinoue: eiaaea iu aeaeaai iieoiee eee iooaoanoaoai, e?aaeeoiua
ea?oi/ee e ?anoiaeiua n/aoa yaeythony aieaa oaeiaiui e iaae?aeiui
n?aaenoaii iieaou ii n?aaiaieth n iaee/iuie aeaiueaaie;
iiiiuue: e?aaeeo iicaieyao iiea/eaaoue iai?aaeaeaeaiiua n?i/iua
?anoiaeu (?aiiio aaoiiiaeey iinea aaa?ee);
– 11 –
A iaioonoaea noieo neacaoue, /oi iio?aaeoaeueneee e?aaeeo eiaao e
naie iaaeinoaoee, eioi?ua noieo o/anoue:
eiiaaea e?aaeeoiua e ?anoiaeiua n/aoa nicaeatho o ian eeethceth
aiaaonoaa e i?eaiaeyo e /?acia?iui o?aoai e aiineaaenoaee ii ia?a ?inoa
aeieaia /anoi aicieeatho o?oaeiinoe n aaeaiany/iuie ieaoaaeaie;
eae i?aaeei, iieoiee a e?aaeeo iaoiaeyony aei?iaea, /ai i?e iieaoa
iaee/iuie. Yoi i?ienoiaeeo iioiio, /oi i?e iieoiea a e?aaeeo oeaia
oiaa?a /anoi ianeieueei auoa, /ai i?e iieaoa iaee/iuie, e e iae au?
iaaei aeiaaaeoue i?ioeaio ca iieueciaaiea e?aaeeoii;
ethaee, iieuecothueany e?aaeeoii, /anoi eaii?e?otho ?ani?iaeaaee, oae
eae iie iiaoo eoieoue an?, /oi oioyo a ethaia a?aiy, niaa?oay oai naiui
iayeiiiiiua iieoiee.
Ii eiaiii eniieueciaaiea yoeo iio?aaeoaeueneeo neaainoae e
ii?aaaeuaaao oaeie niinia ?an/aoia.
A ioee/ea io ae?oaeo e?aaeeoia, iauaeoii iio?aaeoaeueneiai e?aaeeoa
iiaoo auoue e oiaa?u, e aeaiueae. Oiaa?aie, i?iaeaaaaiuie a e?aaeeo, eae
e iiea/eaaaiuie ca n/?o aaieianeeo nnoae, yaeythony i?aaeiaou
iio?aaeaiey aeeeoaeueiiai iieueciaaiey. Noauaeoaie e?aaeeoa, n iaeiie
noi?iiu, aunooiatho e?aaeeoi?u, a aeaiiii neo/aa – yoi eiiia?/aneea
aaiee, niaoeeaeueiua o/?aaeaeaiey iio?aaeoaeueneiai e?aaeeoa, iaaaceiu,
naa?eannu e ae?oaea i?aaei?eyoey, a n ae?oaie noi?iiu – caaiueee –
ethaee.
Iiaaoaaony iio?aaeoaeueneee e?aaeeo a ?aciaii ii?yaeea eee n
?an/?oiiai ieaoaaea.
E?aaeeo n ?aciaui iiaaoaieai. Nthaea ioiinyony oaeouea n/aoa,
ioe?uaaaiua iieoiaoaeai ia n?ie 1-1,5 ianyoea a oieaa?iaaao e ae?oaeo
i?aaei?eyoeyo ?icie/iie oi?aiaee; a i?aaeaeao i?aaeinoaaeaiiuo e?aaeeoia
iie iieoiatho oiaa?u e, ii enoa/aiee onoaiiaeaiiiai n?iea,
aaeeiia?aiaiii iiaaoatho naith caaeieaeaiiinoue. Iio?aaeoaeueneee
e?aaeeo n ?aciaui iiaaoaieai aeeth/aao oaeaea e?aaeeou a aeaea ion?i/ee
ieaoaaea (ca oneoae eiiioiaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee, a?a/ae e iaaeeoeeineeo
o/?aaeaeaiee).
E?aaeeo n ?ann?i/eie ieaoaaea, iniiaiay /anoue iio?aaeoaeueneiai
e?aaeeoa (a NOA – 3/4 anae aai noiiu) ninoaaeytho e?aaeeou n ?ann?i/eie
ieaoaaea.
*a?ac ?acee/iua oi?iu iio?aaeoaeueneiai e?aaeeoa ianeoaeeaaaony an?
aic?anoathuay aeiey ?icie/iiai oiaa?iiai?ioa.
– 12 –
4. Eeceia
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy aieueoeinoai ?inneeneeo i?aaei?eyoee eniuouaaao
iaaeinoaoie iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa. Iie ia iiaoo iaiiaeyoue naie iniiaiua
oiiaeu, aiaae?youe aeinoeaeaiey iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna e
auioaeaeaiu a?aoue e?aaeeou. Nouanoaotho ?acee/iua aeaeu e?aaeeoiaaiey:
eiioa/iia, iiae caeia oeaiiuo aoiaa (iia?aoeey ?AII), iiae caeia ia?oee
oiaa?a, iaaeaeaeeiinoe. Iaeiaei i?aaei?eyoeth i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe
iaiiaeaiey naieo iniiaiuo n?aaenoa auaiaeiaa a?aoue iai?oaeiaaiea a
eeceia. I?e yoii yeiiiiey n?aaenoa i?aaei?eyoey ii n?aaiaieth n iau/iui
e?aaeeoii ia i?eia?aoaiea iniiaiuo n?aaenoa ninoaaeyao aei 10% io
noieiinoe iai?oaeiaaiey ca aanue n?ie eeceiaa. Eae i?aaeei, ii
ninoaaeyao io aiaea aei iyoe eao.
*oi aea oaeia eeceia?
Eeceia – yoi aeae i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, iai?aaeaiiue
ia eiaanoe?iaaiea a?aiaiii naiaiaeiuo eee i?eaea/aiiuo oeiainiauo
n?aaenoa, eiaaea ii aeiaiai?o eeceiaa eeceiaiaeaoaeue iaycoaony
i?eia?anoe a nianoaaiiinoue iaoneiaeaiiia aeiaiai?ii eiouanoai o
ii?aaeaeaiiiai i?iaeaaoea e i?aaeinoaaeoue yoi eiouanoai
eeceiaiiieo/aoaeth ca ieaoo ai a?aiaiiia iieueciaaiea aeey
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo oeaeae. Eeceia yaeyaony niiniaii eiaanoe?iaaiey a
?acaeoea i?aaei?eyoee.
Nouanoaoao aeaa aeaea eeceiaiauo iia?aoeee: eeceia n iieiie
ieoiaaiinoueth e eeceia n iaiieiie ieoiaaiinoueth a?aiaeoaiie oaoieee.
Eeceia n iaiieiie ieoiaaiinoueth iau/ii iacuaaaony iia?aoeaiui; a
yoii neo/aa cao?aou eeceiaiaeaoaey, naycaiiua n i?eia?aoaieai e
niaea?aeaieai eeceiaiaiai iai?oaeiaaiey ia ieoiathony iieiinoueth a
oa/aiea n?iea eeceiaa. A neeo oiai, /oi n?ie aeiaiai?a eeceiaa ei?i/a,
/ai ii?iaoeaiue n?ie neoaeau iai?oaeiaaiey, eeceiaiaeaoaeue auioaeaeai
naeaaaoue aai ai a?aiaiiia iieueciaaiea ianeieueei ?ac e aeey iaai
aic?anoaao ?ene ii aiciauaieth inoaoi/iie noieiinoe iauaeoa eeceiaa i?e
ionoonoaee ni?ina ia iaai. A nayce n yoei i?e anao i?i/eo ?aaiuo
oneiaeyo ?acia?u eeceiaiauo ieaoaaeae ai?acaei auoa, /ai a oeiainiaii
eeceiaa. Ae?oaie iniaaiiinoueth iia?aoeaiiai eeceiaa yaeyaony oi, /oi
iaycaiiinoe ii oaoie/aneiio ianeoaeeaaieth, ?aiiioo, no?aoiaaieth eaaeao
ia eeceiaiaie eiiiaiee. Eeceiaiaay eiiiaiey, i?eia?aoay iai?oaeiaaiea
i?e iia?aoeaiii eeceiaa, ia ciaao aai eiie?aoiiai iieueciaaoaey, iiyoiio
ae iaiaoiaeeii oi?ioi ciaoue
– 13 –
eiiuthieoo?o. ?uiea eeceiaiaiai iai?oaeiaaiey, i?e/ai eae iiaiai, oae e
auaoaai a oiio?aaeaiee.
Eeceia n iieiie ieoiaaiinoueth eeceiaiaiai iai?oaeiaaiey iacuaaaony
oeiainiaui. N?ie, ia eioi?ue ia?aaeaaony iai?oaeiaaiea ai a?aiaiiia
iieueciaaiea, i?eaeeaeaaony ii i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe e n?ieo
yenieoaoaoeee e aii?oecaoeee anae eee aieueoae /anoe noieiinoe
iai?oaeiaaiey. A oa/aiea n?iea aeiaiai?a eeceiaiaeaoaeue ca n/ao
eeceiaiauo ieaoaaeae aica?auaao naaa anth noieiinoue eiouanoaa. I?e
oeiainiaii eeceiaa, eae i?aaeei, iaycaiiinoue ii oaoie/aneiio
ianeoaeeaaieth, no?aoiaaieth eiaeeony ia eeceiaiiieo/aoaey.
Oeiainiaue eeceia yaeyaony iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiui aeaeii eeceiaa
e niaea?aeeo a naaa iiiaeanoai ?acee/iuo oi?i. A caaeneiinoe io naeoi?a
?uiea, aaea i?iaiaeyony eeceiaiaua iia?aoeee, auaeaeytho:
•AIOO?AIIEE EECEIA – ana o/anoieee naeaeee i?aaenoaaeytho iaeio no?aio;
•AIAOIEE (IAAEAeOIA?IAeIUE) EECEIA – eeceiaiaeaoaeue e
eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue iaoiaeyony a ?aciuo no?aiao. I?iaeaaaoe eiouanoaa
iiaeao iaoiaeeoueny a iaeiie ec yoeo no?ai eee a ae?oaii ainoaea?noaa.
Nouanoaotho ?acee/iua noaiu eeceiaiauo naeaeie:
I?ssIIE EECEIA. I?iecaiaeeoaeue iai?oaeiaaiey naiinoiyoaeueii naeano a
eeceia eiouanoai. A oaeii aeaea eeceiaiaua naeaeee ia iaoee oe?ieiai
?ani?ino?aiaiey, o.e. i?e oaaee/aiee eeceiaiauo iia?aoeee
i?iecaiaeeoaeue, eae i?aaeei, nicaeano naith eeceiaiaoth eiiiaieth.
AICA?AOIUE EECEIA, iaoiaeyuee ana aieaa oe?ieia i?eiaiaiea. I?aaei?eyoea
(aoaeouee eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue) eiaao iai?oaeiaaiea, ii aio ia oaaoaao
n?aaenoa aeey i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Oiaaea iii iaoiaeeo
eeceiaiaoth eiiiaieth e i?iaeano ae naia eiouanoai, a iineaaeiyy, a
naith i/a?aaeue, naeano aai a eeceia yoiio aea i?aaei?eyoeth. A
?acoeueoaoa ?aaeecaoeee oaeie noaiu o i?aaei?eyoey iiyaeythony
aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa, eioi?ua iii iiaeao iai?aaeoue, iai?eia?, ia
iiiieiaiea iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa. I?e/ai aeiaiai? ninoaaeyaony oae, /oi
iinea ieii/aiey n?iea aai aeaenoaey i?aaei?eyoea eiaao i?aai aueoia
iai?oaeiaaiey e oai naiui ainnoaiaaeeaaao ia iaai i?aai nianoaaiiinoe.
Yoio aeae eeceiaa a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue caeioa?anoao i?aaei?eyoey,
eniuouaathuea o?oaeiinoe n oeiainiauie ?ano?naie. Ei auaiaeii i?iaeaoue
eiouanoai eeceiaiaie eiiiaiee, iaeiia?aiaiii caeeth/eoue n iae
eeceiaiaue aeiaiai? e i?iaeieaeeoue iieueciaaoueny yoei aea eiouanoaii.
– 14 –
?ACAeAEUeIUE EECEIA, eee eeceia n aeiiieieoaeueiui i?eaea/aieai
n?aaenoa, eee eeceia /anoe/ii oeiaine?oaiue eeceiaiaeaoaeai.
Yoi iaeaieaa neiaeiay ?aciiaeaeiinoue eeceiaa, o.e. naycaia n
iiiaieaiaeueiui oeiaine?iaaieai e eniieuecoaony, eae i?aaeei, aeey
?aaeecaoeee aei?iainoiyueo i?iaeoia.
Ioee/eoaeueiie aai /a?oie yaeyaony oi, /oi eeceiaiaeaoaeue, iieoiay
iai?oaeiaaiea, auiea/eaaao ec naieo n?aaenoa ia anth noiio, a oieueei
/anoue. Inoaeueioth noiio ii aa?ao a nnoaeo o iaeiiai eee ianeieueeeo
e?aaeeoi?ia. I?e yoii eeceiaiaay eiiiaiey i?iaeieaeaao iieueciaaoueny
anaie iaeiaiauie eueaioaie, eioi?ua ?ann/eouaathony ec iieiie noieiinoe
eiouanoaa.
Aua iaeiie iniaaiiinoueth yoiai aeaea eeceiaa yaeyaony oi, /oi
eeceiaiaeaoaeue aa?ao nnoaeo ia ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo, eioi?ua ia
i/aiue oa?aeoa?iu aeey ioa/anoaaiiuo oeiainiai-e?aaeeoiuo ioiioaiee.
Caaiuee – eeceiaiaeaoaeue ia yaeyaony ioaaonoaaiiui ia?aae e?aaeeoi?aie
ca aica?ao nnoaeu, iia iiaaoaaony ec noii eeceiaiauo ieaoaaeae. Iiyoiio,
eae i?aaeei, eeceiaiaeaoaeue ioi?ieyao a iieueco e?aaeeoi?ia caeia ia
eiouanoai aei iiaaoaiey caeia e onooiaao ei i?aaa ia iieo/aiea /anoe
eeceiaiauo ieaoaaeae a n/ao iiaaoaiey nnoaeu.
Oaeei ia?acii, iniiaiie ?ene ii naeaeea ianoo e?aaeeoi?u – aaiee,
no?aoiaua eiiiaiee, eiaanoeoeeiiiua oiiaeu eee ae?oaea oeiainiaua
o/?aaeaeaiey, a iaania/aieai aica?aoa nnoae neoaeao oieueei eeceiaiaua
ieaoaaee e naeaaaaiia a eeceia eiouanoai.
?AAIEUeAA?IUE EECEIA eee eeceia n iineaaeiaaoaeueiie caiaiie
iai?oaeiaaiey eniieuecoaony, eiaaea eeceiaiiieo/aoaeth ii oaoiieiaee
iineaaeiaaoaeueii o?aaoaony ?acee/iia iai?oaeiaaiea. A yoeo neo/ayo a
niioaaonoaee n oneiaeyie eeceiaiaiai aeiaiai?a eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue
i?eia?aoaao i?aai ii enoa/aiee ii?aaeaeaiiiai n?iea iaiaiyoue
a?aiaeoaiia eiouanoai ia ae?oaie iauaeo eeceiaa.
*anoi eeceia inouanoaeyaony ia iai?yioth, a /a?ac iin?aaeieea.
Noaiaoe/ii yoi auaeyaeeo oae. Eiaaony iniiaiie eeceiaiaeaoaeue, eioi?ue
/a?ac iin?aaeieea, eae i?aaeei, oaeaea eeceiaiaoth eiiiaieth, naeano
iai?oaeiaaiea a eeceia eeceiaiiieo/aoaeth. I?e yoii a aeiaiai?a
i?aaeoniao?eaaaony, /oi a neo/aa a?aiaiiie iaieaoaaeaniiniaiinoe eee
aaie?ionoaa iin?aaeieea eeceiaiaua ieaoaaee aeieaeiu iinooiaoue
iniiaiiio eeceiaiaeaoaeth. Iiaeiaiua naeaeee iieo/eee iacaaiea
noaeeceia.
Aeiaiai? eeceiaa iai?oaeiaaiey iiaeao aeeth/aoue ioieo i aueoia
iai?oaeiaaiey ii inoaoi/iie noieiinoe eee ii oeaia, iaiai?aiiie
– 15 –
iaaeaeo eeceiaiaie eiiiaieae e eeceiaiiieo/aoaeai. Yoa oeaia iiaeao
ninoaaeyoue 10-15% io ia?aiia/aeueiie noieiinoe iai?oaeiaaiey. I?e
iinoaiiaea ia aaeain oaeiai iai?oaeiaaiey, i?aaei?eyoea yeiiiieo ia
ieaoaaeao ii iaeiao ia eiouanoai.
Iia?aoeaiue e oeiainiaue eeceia i?aaenoaaeytho niaie aeaa iniiaiuo
oeia iia?aoeee, ana inoaeueiua yaeythony eo ?aciiaeaeiinoueth.
Iauaeoii eeceiaa iiaeao auoue ethaia aeaeaeeiia e iaaeaeaeeiia
eiouanoai, ioiinyuaany ii aeaenoaothuae eeanneoeeaoeee e iniiaiui
n?aaenoaai, e?iia eiouanoaa, cai?auaiiiai e naiaiaeiiio ia?auaieth ia
?uiea.
I?aeiouanoaa eeceiaa ii n?aaiaieth n ae?oaeie niiniaaie
eiaanoe?iaaiey ninoiyo a oii, /oi i?aaei?eieiaoaeue iiaeao ia/aoue naia
aeaei, ?aniieaaay eeoue /anoueth (i?eia?ii iaeiie o?aoueth n?aaenoa),
iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey i?eia?aoaiey iiiauaiee e iai?oaeiaaiey. I?aaei?eyoeyi
i?aaeinoaaeythony ia aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa, eiio?ieue ca eioi?uie ia
anaaaea aiciiaeai, a iaiin?aaenoaaiii n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa,
iaiaoiaeeiua aeey iaiiaeaiey e ?anoe?aiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai aiia?aoa.
Aieueooth caeioa?aniaaiiinoue a eeceiaa i?iyaeytho i?aaenoaaeoaee
iaeiai aeciana, eioi?ua, ia eiay aeinoaoi/iuo n?aaenoa e ia i?eaaaay e
i?eaea/aieth e?aaeeoia, iiaoo, a yoii neo/aa, eniieueciaaoue a
i?iecaiaenoaa iiaia i?ia?anneaiia iai?oaeiaaiea e oaoiieiaee.
Aeey oiai, /oiau noeioee?iaaoue i?ioeann nicaeaiey e ?acaeoey
eeceiaa a ?innee, oaaea?aeueiia I?aaeoaeuenoai onoaiiaeei ?yae eueaio
aeey o/anoieeia eeceiaiaie aeayoaeueiinoe.
EECEIAIAAss EIIIAIEss (EECEIAIAeAOAEUe)
1.Inaiaiaeaeaiea io oieaou iaeiaa ia i?eaueue, iieo/aaioth ath io
?aaeecaoeee aeiaiai?ia oeiainiaiai eeceiaa ni n?ieii aeaenoaey ia iaiaa
o?ao eao;
2.Inaiaiaeaeaiea io oieaou iaeiaa ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue i?e
auiieiaiee eeceiaiauo oneoa, n nio?aiaieai aeaenoaothuaai ii?yaeea
oieaou iaeiaa ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue i?e i?eia?aoaiee eiouanoaa,
yaeythuaainy iauaeoii oeiainiaiai eeceiaa (i.i. 2.1. e 2.2. ii Oeaco
I?aceaeaioa ?O io 17.09.94 a. 1929 “I ?acaeoee oeiainiaiai eeceiaa a
eiaanoeoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe” e Iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io
29.06.95 a. 633 “I ?acaeoee eeceiaa a eiaanoeoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.”);
3.Aeeth/aiea a naaanoieiinoue i?iaeoeoeee (?aaio, oneoa) a ii?yaeea
oi?ie?iaaiey oeiainiauo ?acoeueoaoia, o/eouaaaiuo i?e iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee
i?eauee, ieaoaaeae ii i?ioeaioai ca iieo/aiiua
– 16 –
caaiiua n?aaenoaa, a oii /enea e?aaeeou aaieia e ae?oaeo i?aaiecaoeee,
eniieuecoaiua noauaeoaie eeceiaa aeey inouanoaeaiey iia?aoeee
oeiainiaiai eeceiaa, a oaeaea eeceiaiaua ieaoaaee ii iia?aoeeyi
oeiainiaiai eeceiaa (Iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 20.11.95 a. 1133
“I aianaiee aeiiieiaiee a Iieiaeaiea i ninoaaa cao?ao ii i?iecaiaenoao e
?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee (?aaio, oneoa), e i ii?yaeea oi?ie?iaaiey
oeiainiauo ?acoeueoaoia, o/eouaaaiuo i?e iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee i?eauee”);
4.*anoe/iia inaiaiaeaeaiea n 1.07.95 a. io oieaou oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei e
iaeiaia a ioiioaiee a?aiaiii aaiceiie ia oa??eoi?eth ?O i?iaeoeoeee,
yaeythuaeny iauaeoii iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai eeceiaa (Ienueii AOE ?O io
20.07.95a. 01-13/10268 “I oaiiaeaiiii ioi?ieaiee oiaa?ia, a?aiaiii
aaiceiuo a ?aieao “eeceiaiauo niaeaoaiee”).
EECEIAIIIEO*AOAEUe
1.Oiaiueoaiea ieaoaaeae iaeiaa ia eiouanoai i?aaei?eyoee, iineieueeo
noieiinoue iauaeoia eeceiaa io?aaeaaony a aeoeaa aaeaina
eeceiaiiieo/aoaey oieueei a neo/aa ia?aoiaea eiouanoaa a nianoaaiiinoue
eeceiaiiieo/aoaey ii enoa/aiee aeiaiai?a eeceiaa. Aei yoiai iie /eneyony
ia aaeaina eeceiaiaeaoaey;
2.Nieaeaiea ieaoaaeae iaeiaa ia i?eaueue. Ai-ia?auo, eeceiaiaua
ieaoaaee ioiinyony ia cao?aou, aeeth/aaiua a naaanoieiinoue i?iaeoeoeee.
Iineieueeo ?acia? aii?oecaoeeiiiuo io/eneaiee iaiueoa eeceiaiauo
ieaoaaeae, oi iaeiaiiaeaaaaiay aaca caiaoii oiaiueoaaony. Ai-aoi?uo, i?e
eniieueciaaiee eeceiaiauo noai ioiaaeaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue ia/eneaiey
eciina iniiaiuo n?aaenoa, /oi iiauoaao noiio eueaio ii iaeiao ia
i?eaueue, naycaiioth n oaoie/aneei ia?aaii?oaeaieai e iiaea?iecaoeeae
i?iecaiaenoaa (eueaioa en/eneyaony eae ?acieoea iaaeaeo eaieoaeueiuie
aeiaeaieyie ia oaoie/aneia ia?aaii?oaeaiea e iiaea?iecaoeeth
i?iecaiaenoaa e noiiie aii?oecaoeeiiiuo io/eneaiee ia aeaoo
i?aaeinoaaeaiey eueaiou);
3.Oi?iuaiea aooaaeoa?neiai o/aoa, oae eae o/ao iniiaiuo n?aaenoa,
ia/eneaiea aii?oecaoeee, iieaoo /anoe iaeiaia e nai?ia, a oaeaea
oi?aaeaiea aeieaii inouanoaeyao eeceiaiaay eiiiaiey; 4.Onei?aiiia e
ea/anoaaiiia iaiiaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aacu iooai aeiiieieoaeueiiai
oeiaine?iaaiey;
5.Eniieueciaaiea aeaeeo noai iiaaoaiey caaeieaeaiiinoe.
Aianoa n oai oniaoiiio ?acaeoeth eeceiaa i?aiyonoaoao ?yae
ianoiyoaeuenoa, iniiaiua ec eioi?uo naiaeyony e neaaeothuaio:
•iaoaaoea noa?oiaiai eaieoaea aeey i?aaiecaoeee eeceiaiauo eiiiaiee.
Eeceia iicaieyao i?aaei?eieiaoaeth ia/aoue aeaei,
– 17 –
?aniieaaay iaeiie o?aoueth n?aaenoa, aeey i?eia?aoaiey o eeceiaiaie
eiiiaiee iaiaoiaeeiiai iai?oaeiaaiey. Iaeiaei eeceiaiaay eiiiaiey
aeieaeia i?eia?aoaoue iai?oaeiaaiea o i?iecaiaeeoaey ca iieioth
noieiinoue, aeey /aai ae o?aaoaony e?aaeeo. Eeceiaiaui eiiiaieyi aaiee
aeaaeoo e?aaeeou ioioiaa, /ai iiiaeanoao eeceiaiiieo/aoaeae, n yoie
oi/ee c?aiey noaiiaeaiea oeiainiaiai eeceiaa niaeaenoaoao nieaeaieth
?enea e?aaeeoiaaiey”;
•aeaieiia iaeiaeaiea iaeiaii ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue. Niaeanii
nouanoaothuaio ii?yaeeo IAeN aceiaaony ca i?eia?aoaaiia eeceiaiaeaoaeai
iai?oaeiaaiea. Aai aaee/eia, ?aaii eae e auieaoa i?ioeaioia ca acyoue
eeceiaiaeaoaeai aeey iieoiee iai?oaeiaaiey e?aaeeo ia?aiineony ia
eeceiaiaua ieaoaaee. A niioaaonoaee n i?eiaiyaiie i?aeoeeie IAeN
aeiiieieoaeueii ia/eneyaony ia eeceiaiaua ieaoaaee. Yoi icia/aao, /oi
IAeN ia iaeei e oio aea i?iaeoeo ia/eneyaony aeaaaeaeu;
•iaaeinoaoi/iia iiieiaiea nouiinoe eeceiaa, aai aeinoieinoa eae o
iioaioeeaeueiuo eeceiaiaeaoaeae, oae e i?aaei?eieiaoaeae –
iioaioeeaeueiuo eeceiaiiieo/aoaeae;
•ionoonoaea eio?ano?oeoo?u eeceiaiaiai ?uiea, ?acaeoie naoe eeceiaiauo
eiiiaiee, eiinaeoeiaiauo oe?i, eioi?ua ianeoaeeaaee au anao o/anoieeia
eeceiaiaiai ?uiea; •ionoonoaea nenoaiu eioi?iaoeeiiiiai iaania/aiey
eeceiaa, eioi?ay iaania/eaaea au iaee/ea iinoiyiii ainiieiyaiie e
aeinooiiie eioi?iaoeee i i?aaeeiaeaieyo eeceiaiauo oneoa;
5. Yienney iaeeaaoeee
1. Iauanoai ai?aaa a niioaaonoaee n aai onoaaii ?aciauaoue
iaeeaaoeee e eiua oeaiiua aoiaae, i?aaeoniio?aiiua i?aaiauie aeoaie
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee i oeaiiuo aoiaaao.
2. ?aciauaiea iauanoaii iaeeaaoeee e eiuo oeaiiuo aoiaa
inouanoaeyaony ii ?aoaieth niaaoa aee?aeoi?ia (iaaethaeaoaeueiiai
niaaoa) iauanoaa, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii onoaaii iauanoaa.
3. Iauanoai ai?aaa auioneaoue iaeeaaoeee. Iaeeaaoeey oaeinoiaa?yao
i?aai aa aeaaeaeueoea o?aaiaaoue iiaaoaiey iaeeaaoeee (auieaoo
iiieiaeueiie noieiinoe eee iiieiaeueiie noieiinoe e i?ioeaioia) a
onoaiiaeaiiua n?iee.
A ?aoaiee i auionea iaeeaaoeee aeieaeiu auoue ii?aaeaeaiu
oi?ia, n?iee e eiua oneiaey iiaaoaiey iaeeaaoeee.
Iaeeaaoeey aeieaeia eiaoue iiieiaeueioth noieiinoue.
Iiieiaeueiay noieiinoue anao auiouaiiuo iauanoaii iaeeaaoeee ia aeieaeia
i?aauoaoue ?acia? onoaaiiai eaieoaea iauanoaa eeai
– 18 –
aaee/eio iaania/aiey, i?aaeinoaaeaiiiai iauanoao o?aoueeie eeoeaie
aeey oeaee auionea iaeeaaoeee. Auione iaeeaaoeee iauanoaii
aeiioneaaony iinea iieiie iieaou onoaaiiai eaieoaea iauanoaa.
Iauanoai iiaeao auioneaoue iaeeaaoeee n aaeeiia?aiaiiui n?ieii
iiaaoaiey eee iaeeaaoeee ni n?ieii iiaaoaiey ii na?eyi a
ii?aaeaeaiiua n?iee.
Iiaaoaiea iaeeaaoeee iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny a aeaiaaeiie oi?ia
eee eiui eiouanoaii a niioaaonoaee n ?aoaieai ia eo auionea.
Iauanoai ai?aaa auioneaoue iaeeaaoeee, iaania/aiiua caeiaii
ii?aaeaeaiiiai eiouanoaa iauanoaa, eeai iaeeaaoeee iiae iaania/aiea,
i?aaeinoaaeaiiia iauanoao aeey oeaeae auionea iaeeaaoeee o?aoueeie
eeoeaie, e iaeeaaoeee aac iaania/aiey.
Auione iaeeaaoeee aac iaania/aiey aeiioneaaony ia ?aiaa
o?aoueaai aiaea nouanoaiaaiey iauanoaa e i?e oneiaee iaaeeaaeauaai
ooaa?aeaeaiey e yoiio a?aiaie aeaoo aiaeiauo aaeainia iauanoaa.
Iaeeaaoeee iiaoo auoue eiaiiuie eee ia i?aaeuyaeoaey. I?e auionea
eiaiiuo iaeeaaoeee iauanoai iaycaii aanoe ?aano? eo aeaaeaeueoeaa.
Ooa?yiiay eiaiiay iaeeaaoeey aiciaiiaeyaony iauanoaii ca
?acoiioth ieaoo. I?aaa aeaaeaeueoea ooa?yiiie iaeeaaoeee ia
i?aaeuyaeoaey ainnoaiaaeeaathony noaeii a ii?yaeea, onoaiiaeaiiii
i?ioeannoaeueiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee.
Iauanoai ai?aaa iaoneiaeoue aiciiaeiinoue aein?i/iiai iiaaoaiey
iaeeaaoeee ii aeaeaieth eo aeaaeaeueoeaa. I?e yoii a ?aoaiee i auionea
iaeeaaoeee aeieaeiu auoue ii?aaeaeaiu noieiinoue iiaaoaiey e n?ie, ia
?aiaa eioi?iai iie iiaoo auoue i?aaeuyaeaiu e aein?i/iiio iiaaoaieth.
4. Iauanoai ia ai?aaa ?aciauaoue iaeeaaoeee e eiua oeaiiua
aoiaae, eiiaa?oe?oaiua a aeoeee iauanoaa, anee eiee/anoai
iauyaeaiiuo aeoeee iauanoaa ii?aaeaeaiiuo eaoaai?ee e oeiia iaiueoa
eiee/anoaa aeoeee yoeo eaoaai?ee e oeiia, i?aai ia i?eia?aoaiea
eioi?uo i?aaeinoaaeytho oaeea oeaiiua aoiaae.
E?aaeeo
E?aaeeo a yeiiiieea no?aiu, auiieiyao ii?aaeae?iiua ooieoeee:
iaeaa/aao ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea eaieoaeia iaaeaeo io?aneyie oicyenoaa e oai
naiui niinianoaoao ia?aciaaieth n?aaeiae ii?iu i?eauee;
noeioee?oao yooaeoeaiinoue o?oaea;
– 19 –
?anoe?yao ?uiie nauoa oiaa?ia;
onei?yao i?ioeann ?aaeecaoeee oiaa?ia e iieo/aiey i?eauee;
yaeyaony iiuiui i?oaeeai oeaio?aeecaoeee eaieoaea;
onei?yao i?ioeann iaeiieaiey e eiioeaio?aoeee eaieoaea;
iaania/eaaao nie?auaiea ecaea?aeae ia?auaiey:
naycaiiuo n ia?auaieai aeaiaa;
naycaiiuo n ia?auaieai oiaa?ia.
O i?aaei?eyoee anao oi?i nianoaaiiinoe ana /aua aicieeaao
iio?aaiinoue i?eaea/aiey caaiiuo n?aaenoa aeey inouanoaeaiey naiae
aeayoaeueiinoe e ecaea/aiey i?eauee. Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiie oi?iie
i?eaea/aiey n?aaenoa yaeyaony iieo/aiea aaieianeie nnoaeu ii e?aaeeoiiio
aeiaiai?o.
E?aaeeo – i?aaeinoaaeaiea aeaiaa eee oiaa?ia a aeiea, eae i?aaeei,
n oieaoie i?ioeaioia; noieiinoiay yeiiiie/aneay eaoaai?ey, iaiouaieaiue
yeaiaio oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee. Aicieeiiaaiea e?aaeeoa naycaii
iaiin?aaenoaaiii ni noa?ie iaiaia, aaea aeaaeaeueoeu oiaa?ia
i?ioeainoiyo ae?oa ae?oao eae nianoaaiieee, aioiaua anooieoue a
yeiiiie/aneea ioiioaiey.
Aiciiaeiinoue aicieeiiaaiey e ?acaeoey e?aaeeoa naycaiu n
e?oaiiai?ioii e iai?ioii eaieoaea. A i?ioeanna aeaeaeaiey iniiaiiai e
iai?ioiiai eaieoaea i?ienoiaeeo aunaiaiaeaeaiea ?ano?nia. N?aaenoaa
o?oaea eniieuecothony a i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy, eo
noieiinoue ia?aiineony ia noieiinoue aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee /anoyie.
Iinoaiaiiua ainnoaiiaeaiea noieiinoe iniiaiiai eaieoaea a aeaiaaeiie
oi?ia i?eaiaeeo e oiio, /oi aunaiaiaeaeathueany aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa
inaaeatho ia n/aoao i?aaei?eyoee. Aianoa n oai ia ae?oaii iiethna
aicieeaao iio?aaiinoue a caiaia eciioaiiuo n?aaenoa o?oaea e aeinoaoi/ii
e?oiiuo aaeeiia?aiaiiuo cao?aoao. Aiaeiae/iua ii naiaio oa?aeoa?o
i?ioeannu i?ienoiaeyo e a aeaeaeaiee iai?ioiiai eaieoaea. Aieaa oiai,
caeanue eieaaaiey a e?oaiiai?ioa e iai?ioa i?iyaeytho naay aieaa
?aciiia?acii. Oae, a neeo naciiiinoe i?iecaiaenoaa, ia?aaiiia?iuo
iinoaaie e ae?oaiai i?ienoiaeeo ianiaiaaeaiea a?aiaie nicaeaiey e
ia?auaiey i?iaeoeoeee. O iaeieo noauaeoia iiyaeyaony a?aiaiiue ecauoie
n?aaenoa, o ae?oaeo – eo iaaeinoaoie. Yoi nicaea?o aiciiaeiinoue
aicieeiiaaiey e?aaeeoiuo ioiioaiee, oi anoue e?aaeeo ?ac?aoaao
ioiineoaeueiia i?ioeai?a/ea iaaeaeo a?aiaiiui inaaeaieai n?aaenoa e
iaiaoiaeeiinoueth, eo eniieueciaaiey a oicyenoaa.
E?aaeeoiua ioiioaiey a yeiiiieea aace?othony ia ii?aaeaeaiiie
iaoiaeieiae/aneie iniiaa, iaeiei ec yeaiaioia eioi?ie aunooiatho
– 20 –
i?eioeeiu, no?iai niaethaeaaiua i?e i?aeoe/aneie i?aaiecaoeee ethaie
iia?aoeee ia ?uiea nnoaeiuo eaieoaeia.
6.1. INIIAIUA OA?AEOA?ENOEEE E?AAeEOA
Aica?aoiinoue e?aaeeoa
Yoio i?eioeei au?aaeaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue naiaa?aiaiiiai aica?aoa
iieo/aiiuo io e?aaeeoi?a oeiainiauo ?ano?nia iinea caaa?oaiey eo
eniieueciaaiey caaiueeii. Ii iaoiaeeo naia i?aeoe/aneia au?aaeaiea a
iiaaoaiee eiie?aoiie nnoaeu iooai ia?a/eneaiey niioaaonoaothuae noiiu
aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ia n/ao i?aaeinoaaeaoae aa e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeee
(eee eiiai e?aaeeoi?a), /oi iaania/eaaao aiciaiiaeyaiinoue e?aaeeoiuo
?ano?nia aaiea eae iaiaoiaeeiiai oneiaey i?iaeieaeaiey aai onoaaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe. A ioa/anoaaiiie i?aeoeea e?aaeeoiaaiey a oneiaeyo
oeaio?aeeciaaiiie ieaiiaie yeiiiieee nouanoaiaaei iaioeoeeaeueiia
iiiyoea «aacaica?aoiay nnoaea». Yoa oi?ia e?aaeeoiaaiey eiaea
aeinoaoi/ii oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea, iniaaiii a aa?a?iii naeoi?a, e
au?aaeaeanue a i?aaeinoaaeaiee ainoaea?noaaiiuie e?aaeeoiuie
o/?aaeaeaieyie nnoae, aica?ao eioi?uo ecia/aeueii ia ieaie?iaaeny ec-ca
e?eceniiai oeiainiaiai ninoiyiey caaiueea. Ii naiae yeiiiie/aneie
nouiinoe aacaica?aoiua nnoaeu yaeyeenue nei?aa aeiiieieoaeueiie oi?iie
athaeaeaoiuo noaneaeee, inouanoaeyaiuo /a?ac iin?aaeie/anoai
ainoaea?noaaiiiai aaiea, /oi o?aaeeoeeiiii ineiaeiyei e?aaeeoiia
ieaie?iaaiea e aaei e iinoiyiiie oaeueneoeeaoeee ?anoiaeiie /anoe
athaeaeaoa. A oneiaeyo ?uii/iie yeiiiieee iiiyoea aacaica?aoiie nnoaeu
noieue aea iaaeiionoeii, eae, iai?eia?, iiiyoea “ieaiiai-oauoi/iia
/anoiia i?aaei?eyoea”.
N?i/iinoue e?aaeeoa
Yoio i?eioeei io?aaeaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue aica?aoa e?aaeeoa ia a
ethaia i?eaieaiia aeey caaiueea a?aiy, a a oi/ii ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie,
caoeene?iaaiiue a e?aaeeoiii aeiaiai?a eee caiaiythuai aai aeieoiaioa.
Ia?ooaiea oeacaiiiai oneiaey yaeyaony aeey e?aaeeoi?a aeinoaoi/iui
iniiaaieai aeey i?eiaiaiey e caaiueeo yeiiiie/aneeo naieoeee a oi?ia
oaaee/aiey aceiaaiiai i?ioeaioa, a i?e aeaeueiaeoae ion?i/ea (a iaoae
no?aia — nauoa o?ao ianyoeaa) — i?aaeuyaeaiey oeiainiauo o?aaiaaiee a
noaeaaiii ii?yaeea. *anoe/iui eneeth/aieai ec yoiai i?aaeea yaeythony
oae iacuaaaiua iieieueiua nnoaeu, n?ie iiaaoaiey eioi?uo a e?aaeeoiii
aeiaiai?a ecia/aeueii ia ii?aaeaeyaony.
– 21 –
Ieaoiinoue e?aaeeoa. Nnoaeiue i?ioeaio.
Yoio i?eioeei au?aaeaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue ia oieueei i?yiiai aica?aoa
caaiueeii iieo/aiiuo io aaiea e?aaeeoiuo ?ano?nia, ii e iieaou i?aaa ia
eo eniieueciaaiea. Yeiiiie/aneay nouiinoue ieaou ca e?aaeeo io?aaeaaony
a oaeoe/aneii ?ani?aaeaeaiee aeiiieieoaeueii iieo/aiiie ca n/ao aai
eniieueciaaiey i?eauee iaaeaeo caaiueeii e e?aaeeoi?ii. I?aeoe/aneia
au?aaeaiea ?anniao?eaaaiue i?eioeei iaoiaeeo a i?ioeanna onoaiiaeaiey
aaee/eiu aaieianeiai i?ioeaioa, auiieiythuaai o?e iniiaiua ooieoeee:
– ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea /anoe i?eauee th?eaee/aneeo e aeioiaea oece/aneeo
eeoe;
– ?aaoee?iaaiea i?iecaiaenoaa e ia?auaiey iooai ?ani?aaeaeaiey nnoaeiuo
eaieoaeia ia io?aneaaii, iaaeio?aneaaii e iaaeaeoia?iaeiii o?iaiyo;
– ia e?eceniuo yoaiao ?acaeoey yeiiiieee — aioeeioeyoeeiiioth caueoo
aeaiaaeiuo iaeiieaiee eeeaioia aaiea.
Noaaea (eee ii?ia) nnoaeiiai i?ioeaioa, ii?aaeaeyaiay eae ioiioaiea
noiiu aiaeiaiai aeioiaea, iieo/aiiiai ia nnoaeiue eaieoae, e noiia
i?aaeinoaaeaiiiai e?aaeeoa aunooiaao a ea/anoaa oeaiu e?aaeeoiuo
?ano?nia.
Iiaeoaa?aeaeay ?ieue e?aaeeoa eae iaeiiai ec i?aaeeaaaaiuo ia
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiii ?uiea oiaa?ia, ieaoiinoue e?aaeeoa noeioee?oao
caaiueea e aai iaeaieaa i?iaeoeoeaiiio eniieueciaaieth. Eiaiii yoa
noeioee?othuay ooieoeey ia a iieiie ia?a eniieueciaaeanue a oneiaeyo
ieaiiaie yeiiiieee, eiaaea cia/eoaeueiay /anoue e?aaeeoiuo ?ano?nia
i?aaeinoaaeyeanue ainoaea?noaaiiuie aaieianeeie o/?aaeaeaieyie ca
ieieiaeueioth ieaoo (1,5 — 5% aiaeiauo) eee ia aani?ioeaioiie iniiaa.
I?eioeeieaeueii ioee/aynue io o?aaeeoeeiiiiai iaoaiecia
oeaiiia?aciaaiey ia ae?oaea aeaeu oiaa?ia, ii?aaeaeythuei yeaiaioii
eioi?iai aunooiatho iauanoaaiii iaiaoiaeeiua cao?aou o?oaea ia eo
i?iecaiaenoai, oeaia e?aaeeoa io?aaeaao iauaa niioiioaiea ni?ina e
i?aaeeiaeaiey ia ?uiea nnoaeiuo eaieoaeia e caaeneo io oeaeiai ?yaea
oaeoi?ia, a oii /enea /enoi eiiuthieoo?iiai oa?aeoa?a.
Iaania/aiiinoue e?aaeeoa
Yoio i?eioeei au?aaeaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue iaania/aiey caueou
eiouanoaaiiuo eioa?ania e?aaeeoi?a i?e aiciiaeiii ia?ooaiee caaiueeii
i?eiyouo ia naay iaycaoaeuenoa e iaoiaeeo i?aeoe/aneia au?aaeaiea a
oaeeo oi?iao e?aaeeoiaaiey, eae nnoaeu iiae caeia eee iiae oeiainiaua
aa?aioee. Iniaaiii aeooaeai a ia?eiae iauae
– 22 –
yeiiiie/aneie ianoaaeeueiinoe, iai?eia?, a ioa/anoaaiiuo oneiaeyo.
Oeaeaaie oa?aeoa? e?aaeeoa
I?eioeei ?ani?ino?aiyaony ia aieueoeinoai aeaeia e?aaeeoiuo
iia?aoeee, au?aaeay iaiaoiaeeiinoue oeaeaaiai eniieueciaaiey n?aaenoa,
iieo/aiiuo io e?aaeeoi?a. Iaoiaeeo i?aeoe/aneia au?aaeaiea a
niioaaonoaothuai ?acaeaea e?aaeeoiiai aeiaiai?a, onoaiaaeeaathuaai
eiie?aoioth oeaeue auaeaaaaiie nnoaeu, a oaeaea a i?ioeanna aaieianeiai
eiio?iey ca niaethaeaieai yoiai oneiaey caaiueeii. Ia?ooaiea aeaiiiai
iaycaoaeuenoaa iiaeao noaoue iniiaaieai aeey aein?i/iiai iocuaa e?aaeeoa
eee aaaaeaiey oo?aoiiai (iiauoaiiiai) nnoaeiiai i?ioeaioa.
Aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiue oa?aeoa? e?aaeeoa
Yoio i?eioeei ii?aaeaeyao aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiue iiaeoiae ni noi?iiu
e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeee e ?acee/iui eaoaai?eyi iioaioeeaeueiuo
caaiueeia. I?aeoe/aneay ?aaeecaoeey aai iiaeao caaenaoue eae io
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo eioa?ania eiie?aoiiai aaiea, oae e io i?iaiaeeiie
ainoaea?noaii oeaio?aeeciaaiiie iieeoeee iiaeaea?aeee ioaeaeueiuo
io?aneae eee noa? aeayoaeueiinoe (iai?eia?, iaeiai aeciana e i?.).
6.2. OOIEOeEE E?AAeEOA
Ianoi e ?ieue e?aaeeoa a yeiiiie/aneie nenoaia iauanoaa
ii?aaeaeythony oaeaea i?aaeaea anaai auiieiyaiuie ei ooieoeeyie eae
iauaai, oae e naeaeoeaiiai oa?aeoa?a.
Ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiay ooieoeey
A oneiaeyo ?uii/iie yeiiiieee ?uiie nnoaeiuo eaieoaeia aunooiaao a
ea/anoaa naiaia?aciiai ianina, ioea/eaathuaai a?aiaiii naiaiaeiua
oeiainiaua ?ano?nu ec iaeieo noa? oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe e
iai?aaeythuaai eo a ae?oaea, iaania/eaathuea, a /anoiinoe, aieaa
aunieoth i?eaueue. I?eaioe?oynue ia aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiue aa o?iaaiue a
?acee/iuo io?aneyo eee ?aaeiiao, e?aaeeo aunooiaao a ?iee noeoeeiiai
iae?i?aaoeyoi?a yeiiiieee, iaania/eaay. oaeiaeaoai?aiea iio?aaiinoae
aeeiaie/ii ?acaeaathueony iauaeoia i?eeiaeaiey eaieoaea a
aeiiieieoaeueiuo oeiainiauo ?ano?nao. Iaeiaei a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo
i?aeoe/aneay ?aaeecaoeey oeacaiiie ooieoeee iiaeao niinianoaiaaoue
oaeoaeaieth aeeni?iii?oeee a no?oeoo?a ?uiea, /oi iaeaieaa iaaeyaeii
i?iyaeeinue a ?innee ia noaaeee ia?aoiaea e ?uii/iie yeiiiieea, aaea
ia?aeea eaieoaeia ec noa?u i?iecaiaenoaa a noa?o ia?auaiey i?eiye
oa?iaeathuee oa?aeoa?, a oii /enea n
– 23 –
iiiiuueth e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee. Eiaiii iiyoiio iaeia ec aaaeiaeoeo
caaea/ ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey e?aaeeoiie nenoaiu —
?aoeeiiaeueiia ii?aaeaeaiea yeiiiie/aneeo i?ei?eoaoia e noeioee?iaaiea
i?eaea/aiey e?aaeeoiuo ?ano?nia a oa io?anee eee ?aaeiiu, onei?aiiia
?acaeoea eioi?uo iauaeoeaii iaiaoiaeeii n iiceoeee iaoeeiiaeueiuo
eioa?ania, a ia eneeth/eoaeueii oaeouae auaiaeu ioaeaeueiuo noauaeoia
oicyenoaiaaiey.
Yeiiiiey ecaea?aeae ia?auaiey
I?aeoe/aneay ?aaeecaoeey yoie ooieoeee iaiin?aaenoaaiii auoaeaao ec
yeiiiie/aneie nouiinoe e?aaeeoa, enoi/ieeii eioi?iai aunooiatho a oii
/enea oeiainiaua ?ano?nu, a?aiaiii aunaiaiaeaeathueany a i?ioeanna
e?oaiiai?ioa i?iiuoeaiiiai e oi?aiaiai eaieoaeia. A?aiaiiie ?ac?ua
iaaeaeo iinooieaieai e ?anoiaeiaaieai aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa noauaeoia
oicyenoaiaaiey iiaeao ii?aaeaeeoue ia oieueei ecauoie, ii e iaaeinoaoie
oeiainiauo ?ano?nia. Eiaiii iiyoiio noieue oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea
iieo/eee nnoaeu ia ainiieiaiea a?aiaiiiai iaaeinoaoea nianoaaiiuo
iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa, eniieuecoaiua i?aeoe/anee anaie eaoaai?eyie
caaiueeia e iaania/eaathuea nouanoaaiiia onei?aiea iai?a/eaaaiinoe
eaieoaea, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, e yeiiiieth iaueo ecaea?aeae ia?auaiey.
Onei?aiea eiioeaio?aoeee eaieoaea
I?ioeann eiioeaio?aoeee eaieoaea yaeyaony iaiaoiaeeiui oneiaeai
noaaeeueiinoe ?acaeoey yeiiiieee e i?ei?eoaoiie oeaeueth ethaiai
noauaeoa oicyenoaiaaiey. ?aaeueioth iiiiuue a ?aoaiee yoie caaea/e
ieacuaatho caaiiua n?aaenoaa, iicaieythuea nouanoaaiii ?anoe?eoue
ianooaa i?iecaiaenoaa (eee eiie oicyenoaaiiie iia?aoeee) e, oaeei
ia?acii, iaania/eoue aeiiieieoaeueioth ianno i?eauee. Aeaaea n o/aoii
iaiaoiaeeiinoe auaeaeaiey /anoe aa aeey ?an/aoa n e?aaeeoi?ii
i?eaea/aiea e?aaeeoiuo ?ano?nia aieaa ii?aaaeaii, /ai i?eaioaoeey
eneeth/eoaeueii ia nianoaaiiua n?aaenoaa. Neaaeoao, iaeiaei, ioiaoeoue,
/oi ia noaaeee yeiiiie/aneiai niaaea (e oai aieaa a oneiaeyo ia?aoiaea e
?uii/iie yeiiiieea) aei?iaiaecia yoeo ?ano?nia ia iicaieyao aeoeaii
eniieueciaaoue eo aeey ?aoaiey caaea/e onei?aiey eiioeaio?aoeee eaieoaea
a aieueoeinoaa noa? oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Oai ia iaiaa,
?anniao?eaaaiay ooieoeey aeaaea a ioa/anoaaiiuo oneiaeyo iaania/eea
ii?aaeaeaiiue iieiaeeoaeueiue yooaeo, iicaieea nouanoaaiii onei?eoue
i?ioeann iaania/aiey oeiainiauie ?ano?naie ionoonoaothueo eee e?aeia
ia?acaeouo a ia?eiae ieaiiaie yeiiiieee noa? aeayoaeueiinoe.
Ianeoaeeaaiea oiaa?iiai?ioa
– 24 –
A i?ioeanna ?aaeecaoeee yoie ooieoeee e?aaeeo aeoeaii
aicaeaenoaoao ia onei?aiea ia oieueei oiaa?iiai, ii e aeaiaaeiiai
ia?auaiey, auoaniyy ec iaai, a /anoiinoe, iaee/iua aeaiueae. Aaiaey a
noa?o aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey oaeea eino?oiaiou, eae aaenaey, /aee,
e?aaeeoiua ea?oi/ee e o.ae., ii iaania/eaaao caiaio iaee/iuo ?an/aoia
aaciaee/iuie iia?aoeeyie, /oi oi?iuaao e onei?yao iaoaieci yeiiiie/aneeo
ioiioaiee ia aioo?aiiai e iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ?uieao. Iaeaieaa aeoeaioth,
?ieue a ?aoaiee yoie caaea/e ea?atho eiiia?/aneee e?aaeeo eae
iaiaoiaeeiue yeaiaio nia?aiaiiuo ioiioaiee oiaa?iiaiaia.
Onei?aiea iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna
A iineaaiaiiua aiaeu iao/ii-oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann noae
ii?aaeaeythuei oaeoi?ii yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey ethaiai ainoaea?noaa e
ioaeaeueiiai noauaeoa oicyenoaiaaiey. Iaeaieaa iaaeyaeii ?ieue e?aaeeoa
a aai onei?aiee iiaeao auoue ioneaaeaia ia i?eia?a i?ioeanna
oeiaine?iaaiey aeayoaeueiinoe iao/ii-oaoie/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee,
niaoeeoeeie eioi?uo anaaaea yaeyeny aieueoee, /ai a ae?oaeo io?aneyo,
a?aiaiiie ?ac?ua iaaeaeo ia?aiia/aeueiui aeiaeaieai eaieoaea e
?aaeecaoeeae aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee. Eiaiii iiyoiio ii?iaeueiia
ooieoeeiie?iaaiea aieueoeinoaa iao/iuo oeaio?ia (ca eneeth/aieai
iaoiaeyueony ia athaeaeaoiii oeiaine?iaaiee) iaiuneeii aac
eniieueciaaiey e?aaeeoiuo ?ano?nia. Noieue aea iaiaoiaeei e?aaeeo e aeey
inouanoaeaiey eiiiaaoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia a oi?ia iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai
aiaae?aiey a i?iecaiaenoai iao/iuo ?ac?aaioie e oaoiieiaee, cao?aou ia
eioi?ua ia?aiia/aeueii oeiaine?othony i?aaei?eyoeyie, a oii /enea e ca
n/ao oeaeaauo n?aaeia – e aeieain?i/iuo nnoae aaiea.
Eoae, e?aaeeo – yoi yeiiiie/aneea ioiioaiey, aicieeathuea iaaeaeo
e?aaeeoi?ii e caaiueeii ii iiaiaeo noieiinoe, i?aaeaaaaiie ai a?aiaiiia
iieueciaaiea.
A oneiaeyo ?uii/iie yeiiiieee e?aaeeo auiieiyao neaaeothuea
ooieoeee:
a) aeeoioeyoeey a?aiaiii naiaiaeiuo aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa;
a) ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ia oneiaeyo eo iineaaeothuaai
aica?aoa;
a) nicaeaiea e?aaeeoiuo i?oaeee ia?auaiey (aaieiio e eacia/aeneeo
aeeaoia) e e?aaeeoiuo iia?aoeee;
a) ?aaoee?iaaiea iauaia niaieoiiiai aeaiaaeiiai iai?ioa.
Iniiaiuie i?eioeeiaie e?aaeeoa yaeythony ieaoiinoue, n?i/iinoue e
aica?aoiinoue.
– 25 –
6.3. Oneiaey e oi?iu e?aaeeoiaaiey
E?aaeeo, ii ii?aaeaeaieth, yoi aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa eee eiua aaue,
iauaaeeiaiiua ?iaeiauie i?eciaeaie, ia?aaeaiiua a aeiea iaeiie noi?iiie
ae?oaie noi?iia. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, iiae e?aaeeoiuie i?aaiioiioaieyie
iiieiathony ana i?aaiioiioaiey, aicieeathuea aneaaenoaea i?aaeinoaaeaiey
(ia?aaea/e), eniieueciaaiey e i?e oneiaee aica?aoa aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa
eee eiuo aauae. Ia i?aeoeea e?aaeeo iiaeao nouanoaiaaoue eae a /enoii
aeaea (caeiu, aaieianeea nnoaeu), oae e neoaeeoue ninoaaiie /anoueth
naiuo ?acee/iuo a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiauo iaycaoaeuenoa.
Aaieianeee e?aaeeo, o?aaiaaiey, eioi?ua i?aaeuyaeythony e aai
ioi?ieaieth, iaeaaeatho ii?aaeaeaiiuie iniaaiiinoyie, ioee/iuie io eiuo
aeaeia e?aaeeoa. I?aaeaea anaai neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi e?aaeeoiua
ioiioaiey aaiea n eeeaioii no?iyony ia i?eioeeiao n?i/iinoe,
aica?aoiinoe, ieaoiinoe e iaania/aiiinoe e?aaeeoa e ioi?ieythony
aeiaiai?ii.
Aaieianeia e?aaeeoiaaiea ioee/aaony neaaeothueie iniaaiiinoyie.
Ai-ia?auo, yoe i?aaiioiioaiey oa?aeoa?ecothony niaoeeaeueiui noauaeoiui
ninoaaii: e?aaeeoi?ii a aeaiiii neo/aa aunooiaao aaie eee eiay
e?aaeeoiay i?aaiecaoeey, eioi?ay ?aaoey?ii, i?ioanneiiaeueii ia
iniiaaiee niaoeeaeueii auaeaiiiai Oeaio?aeueiui aaieii ?O ?ac?aoaiey
(eeoeaicee) inouanoaeyao iiaeiaiiai ?iaea iia?aoeee aeey ecaea/aiey
i?eauee eae iniiaiie oeaee naiae aeayoaeueiinoe.
Ai-aoi?uo, anee ii aeiaiai?o caeia eeai a ?acoeueoaoa i?aaeinoaaeaiey
oiaa?iiai eee eiiia?/aneiai e?aaeeoa i?aaeiaoii aeiaiai?a iiaoo
neoaeeoue ia oieueei aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa, ii e eiua aaue, ii?aaeaeaiiua
?iaeiauie i?eciaeaie, oi i?aaeiaoii aeiaiai?a aaieianeiai e?aaeeoa iiaoo
auoue oieueei aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa.
A-o?aoueeo, iniaaiiinoueth aeiaiai?a aaieianeiai e?aaeeoa yaeyaony aai
aiciacaeiue oa?aeoa?, o. a. oieaoa eeeaioii i?ioeaioia ca iieueciaaiea
aeaiaaeiuie n?aaenoaaie e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeee a oa/aiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai
n?iea – a ioee/ea io iau/iith aeiaiai?a caeia, i?aaeiieaaathuaai eae
aiciacaeiue, oae i aacaiciacaeiue oa?aeoa? i?aaiioiioaiee noi?ii.
A-/aoaa?ouo, iaania/aiiinoue e?aaeeoa. A ea/anoaa iaania/aiey
naiaa?aiaiiiai aica?aoa e?aaeeoa aaiee i?eieiatho caeia,
ii?o/eoaeuenoai, aa?aioeth ae?oaiai aaiea, a oaeaea iaycaoaeuenoaa a
eiuo oi?iao, aeiionoeiuo aaieianeie i?aeoeeie.
– 26 –
A-iyouo, ioee/ea io aeiaiai?a caeia e?aaeeoiue aeiaiai? niaea?aeeo
o?aaiaaiea oeaeaaiai eniieueciaaiey caaiiuo n?aaenoa n oeacaieai
eiie?aoiuo oeaeae.
A-oanouo, e?aaeeoiue aeiaiai? caeeth/aaony iaycaoaeueii e ienueiaiiie
oi?ia. Iaycaoaeueiinoue oaeiai ioi?ieaiey ii?aaeaeaia aeaenoaothuei
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii (no. 820 AE ?O), i?e yoii ianiaethaeaiea ienueiaiiie
oi?iu aea/ao ca niaie iaaeaenoaeoaeueiinoue e?aaeeoiiai aeiaiai?a.
A-naaeueiuo, a niioaaonoaee n aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii
aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa ii aeiaiai?o e?aaeeoa (aeiaiai?o aaieianeie nnoaeu)
iiaoo auoue i?aaeinoaaeaiu i?aaei?eyoeth-caaiueeo oieueei a aaciaee/iie
oi?ia.
I?aaeinoaaeaiea eiiia?/aneeie aaieaie e?aaeeoa i?aaei?eyoeyi
inouanoaeyaony ia iniiaa e?aaeeoiiai aeiaiai?a, eioi?ue eia/a iacuaatho
aeiaiai?ii aaieianeie nnoaeu. I?aaeea i?aaeinoaaeaiey e?aaeeoa,
ii?yaeie, yoaiu e oneiaey caeeth/aiey e?aaeeoiuo aeiaiai?ia eiiia?/aneea
aaiee ?ac?aaaouaatho naiinoiyoaeueii n o/aoii ?aeiiaiaeaoeee e oeacaiee
OeA ?O.
Aeey ?aoaiey aii?ina i oeaeaniia?aciinoe i?aaeinoaaeaiey e?aaeeoa
oiio eee eiiio caaiueeo iineaaeiee iaycai i?aaenoaaeoue a eiiia?/aneee
aaie ii?aaeaeaiiue iaai? aeieoiaioia:
– cayaeo ia iieo/aiea e?aaeeoa;
– eiiee o/?aaeeoaeueiuo aeieoiaioia caaiueea, caaa?aiiua iioa?eaeueii
(naeaeaoaeuenoai i ?aaeno?aoeee i?aaei?eyoey, onoaa, o/?aaeeoaeueiue
aeiaiai?);
– aaeain ia iineaaeithth io/aoioth aeaoo, caaa?aiiue iaeiaiaie
einiaeoeeae;
– oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneia iainiiaaiea ieoiaaiinoe i?iaeoa;
– eiiee aeiaiai?ia (eiio?aeoia) a iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea naeaeee;
– caaa?aiioth iioa?eonii aaieianeoth ea?oi/eo n ia?acoeaie iiaeienae
?oeiaiaeeoaey i?aaei?eyoey, aeaaiiai aooaaeoa?a e iooeneii ia/aoe;
– aeieoiaiou, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuea iaee/ea iaania/aiey e?aaeeoa (aeiai-ai?
caeiaa, aeiaiai? ii?o/eoaeuenoaa, aaieianeay aa?aioey e o. ae.).
A caaeneiinoe io oeiainiaiai ninoiyiey caaiueea e eiuo
ianoiyoaeuenoa oeacaiiue ia?a/aiue iiaeao auoue, cia/eoaeueii ?anoe?ai.
A ?acoeueoaoa aiaeeca i?aaeinoaaeaiiuo aeieoiaioia, a oaeaea,
aiciiaeii, i?iaaaeaiey enneaaeiaaiee e ioeaiee ?acoeueoaoia
oicyenoaaiii-oeiainiaie aeayoaeueiinoe caaiueea, aai aeaeiaie
?aiooaoeee, ieaoaaeaniiniaiinoe (iniaaiii, eiaaea ?anniao?eaaaony
– 27 –
aii?in i i?aaeinoaaeaiee aeinoaoi/ii e?oiiuo noii ia cia/eoaeueiue n?ie)
i?eieiaaony ?aoaiea i auaea/a e?aaeeoa. Ioi?ieaiea e?aaeeoiie naeaeee
i?iecaiaeeony iooai caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a.
Aaieianeee e?aaeeo
Iaeia ec iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo oi?i e?aaeeoiuo ioiioaiee a
yeiiiieea, iauaeoii eioi?uo aunooiaao i?ioeann ia?aaea/e a nnoaeo
iaiin?aaenoaaiii aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa. I?aaeinoaaeyaony eneeth/eoaeueii
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuie e?aaeeoii-oeiainiauie i?aaiecaoeeyie, eiathueie
eeoeaiceth ia inouanoaeaiea iiaeiaiuo iia?aoeee io oeaio?aeueiiai aaiea.
A ?iee caaiueea iiaoo aunooiaoue oieueei th?eaee/aneea eeoea,
eino?oiaioii e?aaeeoiuo ioiioaiee yaeyaony e?aaeeoiue aeiaiai? eee
e?aaeeoiia niaeaoaiea. Aeioiae ii yoie oi?ia e?aaeeoa iinooiaao a aeaea
nnoaeiiai i?ioeaioa eee aaieianeiai i?ioeaioa, noaaea eioi?iai
ii?aaeaeyaony ii niaeaoaieth noi?ii n o/aoii aa n?aaeiae ii?iu ia
aeaiiue ia?eiae e eiie?aoiuo oneiaee e?aaeeoiaaiey. Eeanneoeoee?oaony ii
?yaeo aaciauo i?eciaeia.
N?iee iiaaoaiey.
• Iieieueiua nnoaeu, iiaeeaaeauea aica?aoo a oeene?iaaiiue n?ie iinea
iinooieaiey ioeoeeaeueiiai oaaaeiieaiey io e?aaeeoi?a. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy
iie i?aeoe/anee ia eniieuecothony ia oieueei a ?innee, ii e a
aieueoeinoaa ae?oaeo no?ai, oae eae o?aaotho ioiineoaeueii noaaeeueiuo
oneiaee ia ?uiea nnoaeiuo eaieoaeia e a yeiiiieea a oeaeii.
• E?aoein?i/iua nnoaeu, i?aaeinoaaeyaiua, eae i?aaeei, ia ainiieiaiea
a?aiaiiiai iaaeinoaoea nianoaaiiuo iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa o caaiueea.
Niaieoiiinoue iiaeiaiuo iia?aoeee ia?acoao aaoiiiiiue naaiaio ?uiea
nnoaeiuo eaieoaeia — aeaiaaeiue ?uiie. N?aaeiee n?ie iiaaoaiey ii yoiio
aeaeo e?aaeeoa iau/ii ia i?aauoaao oanoe ianyoeaa. Iaeaieaa aeoeaii
i?eiaiythony e?aoein?i/iua nnoaeu ia oiiaeiaii ?uiea, a oi?aiaea e noa?a
oneoa, a ?aaeeia iaaeaaieianeiai e?aaeeoiaaiey.
A nia?aiaiiuo ioa/anoaaiiuo oneiaeyo e?aoein?i/iua e?aaeeou, iieo/eaoea
iaeiicia/ii aeiieie?othuee oa?aeoa? ia ?uiea nnoaeiuo eaieoaeia,
oa?aeoa?ecoaony neaaeothueie ioee/eoaeueiuie i?eciaeaie:
a) aieaa ei?ioeeie n?ieaie, iau/ii ia i?aauoathueie iaeiiai ianyoea;
– 28 –
a) noaaeie i?ioeaioa. Ia?aoii i?iii?oeeiiaeueiie n?ieo aica?aoa nnoaeu;
a) ianeoaeeaaieai a iniiaiii noa?u ia?auaiey, oae eae iaaeinooiiu ec-ca
oeai aeey no?oeoo? i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai oa?aeoa?a.
• N?aaeian?i/iua nnoaeu, i?aaeinoaaeyaiua ia n?ie aei iaeiiai aiaea (a
ioa/anoaaiiuo oneiaeyo — aei o?ao-oanoe ianyoeaa) ia oeaee eae
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai, oae e /enoi eiiia?/aneiai oa?aeoa?a. Iaeaieueoaa
?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/eee a aa?a?iii naeoi?a, a oaeaea i?e e?aaeeoiaaiee
eiiiaaoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia ni n?aaeieie iauaiaie o?aaoaiuo eiaanoeoeee.
• Aeieain?i/iua nnoaeu, eniieuecoaiua, eae i?aaeei, a eiaanoeoeeiiiuo
oeaeyo. Eae e n?aaeian?i/iua nnoaeu, iie ianeoaeeaatho aeaeaeaiea
iniiaiuo n?aaenoa, ioee/aynue aieueoeie iauaiaie ia?aaeaaaaiuo
e?aaeeoiuo ?ano?nia. I?eiaiythony i?e e?aaeeoiaaiee ?aeiino?oeoeee,
oaoie/aneiai ia?aaii?oaeaiey, iiaiai no?ieoaeuenoaa ia i?aaei?eyoeyo
anao noa? aeayoaeueiinoe. Iniaia ?acaeoea iieo/eee a eaieoaeueiii
no?ieoaeuenoaa, oiieeaii-yia?aaoe/aneii eiiieaena, nu?ueaauo io?aneyo
yeiiiieee. N?aaeiee n?ie eo iiaaoaiey iau/ii io o?ao aei iyoe eao, ii
iiaeao aeinoeaaoue 25 e aieaa eao, iniaaiii i?e iieo/aiee
niioaaonoaothueo oeiainiauo aa?aioee ni noi?iiu ainoaea?noaa.
A ?innee ia noaaeee ia?aoiaea e ?uii/iie yeiiiieea i?aeoe/anee ia
eniieuecothony eae ec-ca iauae yeiiiie/aneie ianoaaeeueiinoe, oae e
iaiueoae aeioiaeiinoe a n?aaiaiee n e?aoein?i/iuie e?aaeeoiuie
iia?aoeeyie (iai?eia?, a 1994 a. oaeaeueiue aan nnoae
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoueth aieaa iaeiiai aiaea a n?aaeiai eiiia?/aneii
aaiea ?innee ia i?aauoae 5—7% io iauae noieiinoe auaeaiiuo e?aaeeoia).
Niinia iiaaoaiey.
• Nnoaeu iiaaoaaiua aaeeiia?aiaiiui aciinii (ieaoaaeii) ni noi?iiu
caaiueea. O?aaeeoeeiiiay oi?ia aica?aoa e?aoein?i/iuo nnoae, aanueia
ooieoeeiiaeueiay n iiceoeee th?eaee/aneiai ioi?ieaiey, oae eae ia
o?aaoao eniieueciaaiey iaoaiecia en/eneaiey aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiiai
i?ioeaioa.
• Nnoaeu, iiaaoaaiua a ?ann?i/eo a oa/aiea anaai n?iea aeaenoaey
e?aaeeoiiai aeiaiai?a. Eiie?aoiua oneiaey (ii?yaeie) aica?aoa
ii?aaeaeythony aeiaiai?ii, a oii /enea — a /anoe aioeeioeyoeeiiiie
caueou eioa?ania e?aaeeoi?a. Anaaaea eniieuecothony i?e aeieain?i/iuo
nnoaeao e, eae i?aaeei, i?e n?aaeian?i/iuo.
Niinia aceiaiey nnoaeiiai i?ioeaioa.
– 29 –
• Nnoaeu, i?ioeaio ii eioi?ui auiea/eaaaony a iiiaio aa iauaai
iiaaoaiey. O?aaeeoeeiiiay aeey ?uii/iie yeiiiieee oi?ia iieaou
e?aoein?i/iuo nnoae, eiathuay iaeaieaa ooieoeeiiaeueiue n iiceoeee
i?inoiou ?an/aoa oa?aeoa?.
• Nnoaeu, i?ioeaio ii eioi?ui auiea/eaaaony ?aaiiia?iuie aciinaie
caaiueea a oa/aiea anaai n?iea aeaenoaey e?aaeeoiiai aeiaiai?a.
O?aaeeoeeiiiay oi?ia iieaou n?aaeia- e aeieain?i/iuo nnoae, eiathuay
aeinoaoi/ii aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiue oa?aeoa? a caaeneiinoe io
aeiaiai?aiiinoe noi?ii (iai?eia?, ii aeieain?i/iui nnoaeai auieaoa
i?ioeaioa iiaeao ia/eiaoueny eae ii caaa?oaiee ia?aiai aiaea
iieueciaaiey e?aaeeoii, oae e nionoy aieaa i?iaeieaeeoaeueiue n?ie).
• Nnoaeu, i?ioeaio ii eioi?ui oaea?aeeaaaony aaieii a iiiaio
iaiin?aaenoaaiiie auaea/e eo caaiueeo. Aeey ?acaeoie ?uii/iie yeiiiieee
yoa oi?ia aaniethoii iaoa?aeoa?ia e eniieuecoaony eeoue ?inoiaue/aneei
eaieoaeii. Ec-ca ianoaaeeueiinoe yeiiiie/aneie neooaoeee aeoeaii
i?eiaiyeanue a ia?eiae 1993 — 1995 aa. iiiaeie ?inneeneeie eiiia?/aneeie
aaieaie, iniaaiii ii naa?oe?aoein?i/iui (aei iyoe ?aai/eo aeiae)
nnoaeai.
Iaee/ea iaania/aiey.
Aeiaa?eoaeueiua nnoaeu, aaeeinoaaiiie oi?iie iaania/aiey aica?aoa
eioi?uo yaeyaony iaiin?aaenoaaiii e?aaeeoiue aeiaiai?. A ia?aie/aiiii
iauaia i?eiaiythony iaeioi?uie ca?oaaaeiuie aaieaie a i?ioeanna
e?aaeeoiaaiey iinoiyiiuo eeeaioia, iieuecothueony eo iieiui aeiaa?eai
(iiaee?aieaiiui aiciiaeiinoueth iaiin?aaenoaaiii eiio?iee?iaaoue oaeouaa
ninoiyiea ?an/aoiiai n/aoa caaiueea). I?e n?aaeia- e aeieain?i/iii
e?aaeeoiaaiee iiaoo eniieueciaaoueny eeoue a ii?yaeea eneeth/aiey n
iaycaoaeueiui no?aoiaaieai auaeaiiie nnoaeu, iau/ii — ca n/ao caaiueea.
A ioa/anoaaiiie i?aeoeea i?eiaiythony eiiia?/aneeie aaieaie eeoue i?e
e?aaeeoiaaiee nianoaaiiuo o/?aaeaeaiee.
Iaania/aiiua nnoaeu eae iniiaiay ?aciiaeaeiinoue nia?aiaiiiai
aaieianeiai e?aaeeoa, au?aaeathuay iaeei ec aai aaciauo i?eioeeiia. A
?iee iaania/aiey iiaeao aunooieoue ethaia eiouanoai, i?eiaaeeaaeauaa
caaiueeo ia i?aaao nianoaaiiinoe, /aua anaai — iaaeaeaeeiinoue eee
oeaiiua aoiaae. I?e ia?ooaiee caaiueeii naieo iaycaoaeuenoa yoi
eiouanoai ia?aoiaeeo a nianoaaiiinoue aaiea, eioi?ue a i?ioeanna aai
?aaeecaoeee aiciauaao iiianaiiua oauoee. ?acia? auaeaaaaiie nnoaeu, eae
i?aaeei, iaiueoa n?aaeia?uii/iie noieiinoe i?aaeeiaeaiiiai iaania/aiey e
ii?aaeaeyaony niaeaoaieai noi?ii. A ioa/anoaaiiuo oneiaeyo iniiaiay
i?iaeaia i?e
– 30 –
ioi?ieaiee iaania/aiiuo e?aaeeoia — i?ioeaaeo?a ioeaiee noieiinoe
eiouanoaa ec-ca iacaaa?oaiiinoe i?ioeanna oi?ie?iaaiey eiioa/iiai e
oiiaeiaiai ?uieia.
Nnoaeu iiae oeiainiaua aa?aioee o?aoueeo eeoe, ?aaeueiua
au?aaeaieai eioi?uo neoaeeo th?eaee/anee ioi?ieaiiia iaycaoaeuenoai ni
noi?iiu aa?aioa aicianoeoue oaeoe/anee iaianaiiue aaieo oua?a i?e
ia?ooaiee iaiin?aaenoaaiiui caaiueeii oneiaee e?aaeeoiiai aeiaiai?a. A
?iee oeiainiaiai aa?aioa iiaoo aunooiaoue th?eaee/aneea eeoea,
iieuecothueany aeinoaoi/iui aeiaa?eai ni no?iiu e?aaeeoi?a, a oaeaea
i?aaiu ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe ethaiai o?iaiy, A oneiaeyo ?acaeoie
?uii/iie yeiiiieee iieo/eee oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea i?aaeaea anaai a
noa?a aeieain?i/iiai e?aaeeoiaaiey, a ioa/anoaaiiie i?aeoeea aei
ianoiyuaai a?aiaie eiatho ia?aie/aiiia i?eiaiaiea ec-ca iaaeinoaoi/iiai
aeiaa?ey ni noi?iiu e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee ia oieueei e th?eaee/aneei
eeoeai, ii e e ainoaea?noaaiiui i?aaiai, iniaaiii ioieoeeiaeueiiai e
?aaeiiaeueiiai o?iaiae.
Oeaeaaia iacia/aiea.
Nnoaeu iauaai oa?aeoa?a, eniieuecoaiua caaiueeii ii naiaio
oniio?aieth aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey ethauo iio?aaiinoae a oeiainiauo
?ano?nao. A nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo eiatho ia?aie/aiiia i?eiaiaiea a noa?a
e?aoein?i/iiai e?aaeeoiaaiey, i?e n?aaeia- e aeieain?i/iii e?aaeeoiaaiee
i?aeoe/anee ia eniieuecoaony.
Oeaeaaua nnoaeu, i?aaeiieaaathuea iaiaoiaeeiinoue aeey caaiueea
eniieueciaaoue auaeaeaiiua aaieii ?ano?nu eneeth/eoaeueii aeey ?aoaiey
caaea/, ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyie e?aaeeoiiai aeiaiai?a. (iai?eia?,
?an/aoa ca i?eia?aoaaiua oiaa?u, auieaou ca?aaioiie ieaou ia?niiaeo,
eaieoaeueiiai ?acaeoey e o. i.) Ia?ooaiea oeacaiiuo iaycaoaeuenoa,
aea/ao ca niaith i?eiaiaiea e caaiueeo onoaiiaeaiiuo aeiaiai?ii naieoeee
a oi?ia aein?i/iiai iocuaa e?aaeeoa eee oaaee/aiey i?ioeaioiie noaaee.
Eaoaai?ee iioaioeeaeueiuo caaiueeia.
Aa?a?iua nnoaeu — iaeia ec iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo
?aciiaeaeiinoae e?aaeeoiuo iia?aoeee, ii?aaeaeeaoeo iiyaeaiea
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee – aa?iaaieia. Oa?aeoa?iie eo
iniaaiiinoueth yaeyaony /aoei au?aaeaiiue naciiiuo oa?aeoa?,
iaoneiaeaiiue niaoeeoeeie naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. A
ianoiyuaa a?aiy a ?innee yoe e?aaeeoiua iia?aoeey inouanoaeythony a
iniiaiii ii eeiee ainoaea?noaaiiiai e?aaeeou ec-ca e?aeia
– 31 –
oyaeaeiai oeiainiaiai ninoiyiey aieueoeinoaa caaiueeia — o?aaeeoeeiiiuo
aeey ieaiiaie yeiiiieee aa?a?iuo no?oeoo?, i?aeoe/anee ia aaeaioe?oaiuo
e o?aaiaaieyi ?uii/iie yeiiiieee.
Eiiia?/aneee nnoaeu, i?aaeinoaaeyaiua noauaeoai oicyenoaiaaiey,
ooieoeeiie?othuei a noa?a oi?aiaee e oneoa. A iniiaiii iie eiatho
n?i/iue oa?aeoa?, oaeiaeaoai?yy iio?aaiinoe a caaiiuo ?ano?nao a /anoe,
ia iie?uaaaiie eiiia?/aneei e?aaeeoii. Ninoaaeytho iniiaiie iauai
e?aaeeoiuo iia?aoeee ?inneeneeo aaieia.
Nnoaeu iin?aaeieeai ia oiiaeiaie ae?aea, i?aaeinoaaeyaiua aaieaie
a?iea?neei, iaeea?neei e aeeea?neei oe?iai, inouanoaeythuei iia?aoeee ii
eoiea-i?iaeaaea oeaiiuo aoiaa. Oa?aeoa?iay iniaaiiinoue yoeo nnoae a
ca?oaaaeiie e ?inneeneie i?aeoeea — ecia/aeueiay i?eaioe?iaaiiinoue ia
ianeoaeeaaiea ia eiaanoeoeeiiiuo, a ea?iauo (niaeoeyoeaiuo) iia?aoeee ia
oiiaeiaii ?uiea. Eiioa/iua nnoaeu aeaaeaeueoeai iaaeaeaeeiinoe,
i?aaeinoaaeyaiua eae iau/iuie, oae e niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuie eiioa/iuie
aaieaie. A nia?aiaiiie ca?oaaaeiie i?aeoeea iieo/eee noieue oe?ieia
?ani?ino?aiaiea, /oi a iaeioi?uo enoi/ieeao auaeaeythony a ea/anoaa
naiinoiyoaeueiie oi?iu e?aaeeoa. A ioa/anoaaiiuo oneiaeyo ia/aee
iieo/aoue ia?aie/aiiia ?ani?ino?aiaiea eeoue n 1994 a., /oi naycaii n
iacaaa?oaiiinoueth i?ioeanna i?eaaoecaoeee e ionoonoaeai
caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia, /aoei ii?aaeaeythueo i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ia
iniiaiua aeaeu iaaeaeaeeiinoe (i?aaeaea anaai — ia caieth).
Iaaeaaieianeea nnoaeu — iaeia ec iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo oi?i
oicyenoaaiiiai acaeiiaeaenoaey e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee. Oaeouay noaaee
ii iaaeaaieianeei e?aaeeoai yaeyaony aaaeiaeoei oaeoi?ii, ii?aaeaeythuei
o/aoioth iieeoeeo eiie?aoiiai eiiia?/aneiai aaiea ii inoaeueiui aeaeai
auaeaaaaiuo ei nnoae. Eiie?aoiay aaee/eia yoie noaaee i?yii
caaeneo io oeaio?aeueiiai aaiea, yaeythuaainy aeoeaiui o/anoieeii e
i?yiui eii?aeeiaoi?ii ?uiea iaaeaaieianeeo e?aaeeoia.
6.4. YOOAEO OEIAINIAIAI ?U*AAA.
?AOeEIIAEUeIAss CAAIIAss IIEEOEEA
?aoeeiiaeueiay caaiiay iieeoeea iiaeao aeaoue i?aaei?eyoeth
iaiaeeaeaiiue aeey aieueoeinoaa ?oeiaiaeeoaeae e aooaaeoa?ia «yooaeo
oeiainiaiai ?u/aaa», eioi?ue ninoieo a oii, /oi aeaao aeiiieieoaeueiia
i?e?auaiea e ?aioaaaeueiinoe nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa, iieo/aaiia aeaaiaea?y
eniieueciaaieth e?aaeeoa, ianiio?y ia ieaoiinoue iineaaeiaai.
– 32 –
Yoi cia/eo, /oi i?aaei?eyoea, eniieuecothuaa oieueei nianoaaiiua
n?aaenoaa ia?aie/eaaao eo ?aioaaaeueiinoue i?eia?ii 2\3 yeiiiie/aneie
?aioaaaeueiinoe. I?aaei?eyoea aea eniieuecothuaa e?aaeeo, oaaee/eaaao
eeai oiaiueoaao ?aioaaaeueiinoue nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa a caaeneiinoe io
niioiioaiey nianoaaiiuo e caaiiuo n?aaenoa a ianneaa e io aaee/eiu
i?ioeaioiie noaaee. Ii iaaei iiiieoue, /oi yoio yooaeo aicieeaao ec-ca
?anoiaeaeaiey iaaeaeo yeiiiie/aneie ?aioaaaeueiinoueth e oeaiie caaiiuo
n?aaenoa, a yoi cia/eo, /oi i?aaei?eyoea aeieaeii ia?aaioaoue oaeoth
yeiiiie/aneoth ?aioaaaeueiinoue, /oi au eae ieieioi oaaoeei aeey oieaou
i?ioeaioia ca e?aaeeo.
Ia?aay ninoaaeythuay yooaeoa oeiainiaiai ?u/aaa: yoi oae iacuaaaiue
«aeeooa?aioeeae» – ?acieoea iaaeaeo yeiiiie/aneie ?aioaaaeueiinoueth
aeoeaia e n?aaeiae ?an/aoiie noaaeie i?ioeaioa ii caaiiui n?aaenoaai. E
niaeaeaieth io aeeooa?aioeeaea ioieiaaony noaaea iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey
i?eauee e aeeooa?aioeeae ninoaaeyao i?eia?ii
2\3 (yeiiiie/aneie ?aioaaeeueiinoe-n?aaeiyy ?an/aoiay noaaea i?ioeaioa)
Aoi?ay ninoaaeythuay – iea/i oeiainiaiai ?u/aaa, eioi?ay
oa?aeoa?ecoao neeo aicaeaenoaey oeiainiaiai ?u/aaa e i?aaenoaaeyao ec
naay niioiioaiea iaaeaeo caaiiuie n?aaenoaaie (CN) e nianoaaiiuie
n?aaenoaaie (NN).
Oaeei ia?acii YOOAEO OEIAINIAIAI ?U*AAA =
noaaea
YO?= (1- iaeiai-
iaeiaeaiey ) o (Y?- N?NI) o CN
NN
i?eauee
Anee iiaia caeinoaiaaiea i?eiineo i?aaei?eyoeth oaaee/aiea o?iaiy
yooaeoa oeiainiaiai ?u/aaa, oi oaeia caeinoaiaaiea auaiaeii.
?ene e?aaeeoi?a caeanue au?aaeai aaee/eiie aeeooa?aioeeaea: /ai
aieueoa aeeooa?aioeeae, oai iaiueoa ?ene e iaiai?io.
E?iia oiai ?acoiiue oeiainiaue iaiaaeaea? ia noaiao oaaee/eaaoue
ethaie oeaiie iea/i oeiainiaiai ?u/aaa, a aoaeao ?aaoee?iaaoue aai a
caaeneiinoe io aeeooa?aioeeaea.
Io, a anee i?aaei?eyoea ia iiaeao auiieieoue oneiaey e?aaeeoiaaiey
e iaeoe enoi/ieee aiaoiaai oeiaine?iaaiey, oi aio inoaaony
eniieueciaaoue naiue aei?iaie (a /anoe iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey), ii aeathuee
naioth aieueooth oeiainiaoth onoie/eainoue i?aaei?eyoeth enoi/iee –
aioo?aiiee ?ino.
– 33 –
Naiioeiaine?iaaiea (aioo?aiiee ?ino)
Naiioeiaine?iaaiea – iaycaoaeueiia oneiaea oniaoiie oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee a oneiaeyo ?uii/iie yeiiiieee. Yoio i?eioeei
aace?oaony ia iieiie ieoiaaiinoe cao?ao ii i?iecaiaenoao i?iaeoeoeee e
?anoe?aieth i?iecaiaenoaaiii – oaoie/aneie aacu i?aaei?eyoey, ii
icia/aao, /oi eaaeaeia i?aaei?eyoea iie?uaaao naie oaeouea e
eaieoaeueiua cao?aou ca n/ao nianoaaiiuo enoi/ieeia.
Niune eiaanoe?iaaiey n?aaenoa a i?iecaiaenoai i?iaeoeoeee ninoieo a
iieo/aiee /enoiai aeioiaea, e anee au?o/ea i?aauoaao naaanoieiinoue, oi
i?aaei?eyoea iieo/aao aai a aeaea i?eauee. I?eaueue e aii?oecaoeeiiiua
io/eneaiey yaeythony ?acoeueoaoii e?oaiiai?ioa n?aaenoa, aeiaeaiiuo a
i?iecaiaenoai, e ioiinyony e nianoaaiiui oeiainiaui ?ano?nai
i?aaei?eyoey, eioi?uie iie ?anii?yaeathony naiinoiyoaeueii. Iioeiaeueiia
eniieueciaaiea aii?oecaoeeiiiuo io/eneaiee e i?eauee ii oeaeaaiio
iacia/aieth iicaieyao aiciaiiaeoue i?iecaiaenoai i?iaeoeoeee ia
?anoe?aiiie iniiaa.
I?eaueue, inoathuayny a ?anii?yaeaiee i?aaei?eyoey – yoi
iiiaioeaeaaie enoi/iee oeiaine?iaaiey aai iio?aaiinoae, ii iniiaiua
iai?aaeaiey aa eniieueciaaiey iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue eae iaeiieaiea e
iio?aaeaiea. I?iii?oeee ?ani?aaeaeaiey i?eauee ia iaeiieaiea e
iio?aaeaiea ii?aaeaeytho ia?niaeoeau ?acaeoey
i?aaei?eyoey.
Aii?oecaoeeiiiua io/eneaiey e /anoue i?eauee, iai?aaeyaiay ia
iaeiieaiea, ninoaaeytho aeaiaaeiua ?ano?nu i?aaei?eyoey, eniieuecoaiua
ia aai i?iecaiaenoaaiiia e iao/ii – oaoie/aneia ?acaeoea, oi?ie?iaaiea
oeiainiauo aeoeaia – i?eia?aoaiea oeaiiuo aoiaa, aeeaaeu a onoaaiie
eaieoae ae?oaeo i?aaei?eyoee e o. i. Ae?oaay /anoue i?eauee,
eniieuecoaiay ia iaeiieaiea, iai?aaeyaony ia nioeeaeueiia ?acaeoea
i?aaei?eyoey. *anoue i?eauee eniieuecoaony ia iio?aaeaiea, a ?acoeueoaoa
/aai aicieeatho oeiainiaua ioiioaiey iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeai e eeoeaie,
eae caiyouie, oae e ia caiyouie ia i?aaei?eyoee.
A nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo oicyenoaiaaiey ?ani?aaeaeaiea e
eniieueciaaiea aii?oecaoeeiiiuo io/eneaiee e i?eauee ia i?aaei?eyoeyo ia
anaaaea nii?iaiaeaeaaony nicaeaieai iainiaeaiiuo aeaiaaeiuo oiiaeia.
Aii?oecaoeeiiiue oiiae eae oaeiaie ia oi?ie?oaony, a ?aoaiea aii?ina i
?ani?aaeaeaiee i?eauee a oiiaeu niaoeeaeueiiai iacia/aiey inoaaeaii a
eiiiaoaioeee i?aaei?eyoey, ii yoi ia iaiyao nouiinoe ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiuo
i?ioeannia, io?aaeathueo eniieueciaaiea oeiainiauo ?ano?nia
i?aaei?eyoey.
– 34 –
Iineieueeo oeiainu i?aaei?eyoey eae ioiioaiey yaeythony /anoueth
yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee, aicieeathueo a i?ioeanna oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, i?eioeeiu eo i?aaiecaoeee ii?aaeaeythony iniiaaie
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee. Enoiaey eo yoiai, i?eioeeiu
i?aaiecaoeee oeiainia iiaeii noi?ioee?iaaoue neaaeothuei ia?acii:
naiinoiyoaeueiinoue a iaeanoe oeiainiaie aeayoaeueiinoe,
naiioeiaine?iaaiea, caeioa?aniaaiiinoue a eoiaao oeiainiai –
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca aa ?acoeueoaou,
eiio?ieue ca oeiainiai – oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth i?aaei?eyoey.
Oeaeaaua oiiaeu, iau/ii nicaeaaaaiua i?aaei?eyoeai ec
ia?ani?aaeaeaiiie /enoie i?eauee.
7.1. Oiiae iaeiieaiey.
Yoio oiiae i?aaenoaaeyao niaie enoi/iee n?aaenoa oicyenoaothuaai
noauaeoa, aeeoioee?othuee i?eaueue e ae?oaea enoi/ieee aeey nicaeaiey
iiaiai eiouanoaa, i?eia?aoaiey iniiaiuo oiiaeia, iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa e
o.i. Oiiae iaeiieaiey iieacuaaao ?ino eiouanoaaiiiai ninoiyiey
oicyenoaothuaai noauaeoa, oaaee/aiea nianoaaiiuo aai n?aaenoa. Aianoa n
oai iia?aoeee ii i?eia?aoaieth e nicaeaieth iiaiai eiouanoaa
oicyenoaothuaai noauaeoa ia cao?aaeaatho oiiae iaeiieaiey.
Aii?oecaoeeiiiua io/eneaiey.
Iacia/aiea aii?oecaoeeiiiuo io/eneaiee – iaania/eaaoue
aini?iecaiaenoai iniiaiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oiiaeia e iaiaoa?eaeueiuo
aeoeaia.
Aii?oecaoeeiiiua io/eneaiey yaeythony onoie/eaui enoi/ieeii
oeiainiauo ?ano?nia. Aii?oecaoeeiiiua io/eneaiey i?iecaiaeyony oieueei
aei iieiiai ia?aiina aaeainiaie noieiinoe oiiaeia ia naaanoieiinoue
i?iaeoeoeee (?aaio, oneoa) e ecaea?aeee ia?auaiey. Aii?oecaoeeiiiua
io/eneaiey iiaoo ia/eneyoueny ?aaiiia?iui eee onei?aiiui iaoiaeaie. A
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee i?eiaiyaony aeaaiui ia?acii ?aaiiia?iue iaoiae
ia/eneaiey aii?oecaoeee. I?e ?aaiiia?iii iaoiaea aii?oecaoeey
ia/eneyaony ii aaeeiui ii?iai aii?oecaoeee, onoaiiaeaiiui a i?ioeaioao e
ia?aiia/aeueiie noieiinoe iniiaiuo n?aaenoa. Ii?iu aii?oecaoeee iiaoo
ei??aeoe?iaaoueny a caaeneiinoe io ioeeiiaiee io ii?iaoeaiuo oneiaee
eniieueciaaiey iniiaiuo n?aaenoa. Aaee/eia yoeo eiyooeoeeaioia
i?eaaaeaia a nai?ieeao ii?i aii?oecaoeee.
– 35 –
7.3. ?aca?aiue oiiae.
?aca?aiue oiiae nicaeaaony oicyenoaothueie noauaeoaie ia neo/ae
i?ae?auaiey eo aeayoaeueiinoe aeey iie?uoey e?aaeeoi?neie
caaeieaeaiiinoe. Ia?aciaaiea ?aca?aiiai oiiaea yaeyaony iaycaoaeueiui
aeey aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa, eiiia?aoeaa, i?aaei?eyoey n eiino?aiiuie
eiaanoeoeeyie. Io/eneaiey a ?aca?aiue oiiae e ae?oaea aiaeiae/iua ii
iacia/aieth oiiaeu i?iecaiaeyony aei aeinoeaeaiey ?acia?ia yoeo oiiaeia,
onoaiiaeaiiuo o/?aaeeoaeueiuie aeieoiaioaie, ii ia aieaa 25% onoaaiiai
eaieoaea, a aeey aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa – ia iaiaa 10%. I?e yoii noiia
io/eneaiee a oeacaiiua oiiaeu ia aeieaeia i?aauoaoue 50% iaeaaaaiie
iaeiaii i?eauee.
Oiiae iio?aaeaiey yaeyaony enoi/ieeii n?aaenoa oicyenoaothuaai
noauaeoa, ca?aca?ae?iaaiiue aeey inouanoaeaiey ia?ii?eyoee ii
nioeeaeueiiio ?acaeoeth (e?iia eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee) e iaoa?eaeueiiio
iiiu?aieth eieeaeoeaa.
IACAEII*AII!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
– 36 –
NIENIE ENIIEUeCIAAIIIE EEOA?AOO?U
1.Oeiainiaue iaiaaeaeiaio. Iiae ?aaeaeoeeae aeaaeaieea
Noiyiiaie A.N.
Iniiau oi?aaeaiey oeiainaie. Aeae.E. Aai Oi?i
Aaenaey e acaeiica/aou. A?ucaaeei A.A., A?eiaiaa? A.A.
Aaieianeia e?aaeeoiaaiea. Ieueoaiue A.E.
Ei?ii?aoeaiua neeyiey. Naiaieiaa A.A. ?oaeue I.A.
Eae /eoaoue aaeain. Eiaaeaa A.A, Iao?ia A.A.
7. Oeiainiai-e?aaeeoiue neiaa?ue, oii II. Aa?aocia, A.E
8. I?aaiecaoeey e ieaie?iaaiea e?aaeeoa. Eaa?ooeia, I.E.
9. Yeiiiieea aac oaei. Eeineoe, E.A.
10. I?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai. Oeiainiaay e oeaiiaay iieeoeea. Eoeueyiia A.
11. Oieeiaue neiaa?ue oeiainiai – aooaaeoa?neeo oa?ieiia e iiiyoee.
*aoeeen, A.Ae.
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