Ieai
Aaaaeaiea………………………………………….
Iauay oa?aeoa?enoeea eaniiai ?uiea………………….
Oaoiieiae/aneea iniaaiiinoe eaniia?a?aaioee………….
Ie?iaay oi?aiaey oiaa?aie eaniiai eiiieaena e aa
no?oeoo?a…………………………………………
No?oeoo?a ie?iaie oi?aiaee oiaa?aie eaniiai
eiiieaena…………………………………….
Iauaiu ie?iaie oi?aiaee oiaa?aie eaniiai eiiieaena..
Aaia?aoe/aneay no?oeoo?a oi?aiaee……………….
ii eiii?oo e yenii?oo……………………..
ii aeaeai i?iaeoeoeee………………………..
ii aaia?aoe/aneei ?uieai…………………..
Oa?aeoa?enoeea oeai ia ie?iaii eaniii ?uiea…………..
Oa?aeoa?enoeea oeai ia naaa?iaia?eeaineii ?aaeiiaeueiii
?uiea…………………………………………….
I?aaeeiaeaiea eana………………………………
Aicaeaenoaea i?aaeeiaeaiey ia oeaiu…………………
Cao?aou ia a?aaia……………………………..
Oeaiu ia ieeiiaoa?eaeu e eioeyoeey………………..
Iaeioi?ua oaeoi?u, aicaeaenoaothuea ia oeaiu………..
I?iaeaaea eana ieaea naaanoieiinoe…………………
Oeeeeu oeai ia eanii?iaeoeou………………………
Caeeth/aiea………………………………………..
I?eeiaeaiea………………………………………..
Eeoa?aoo?a………………………………………..
Aaaaeaiea
Eaniay i?iiuoeaiiinoue yaeyaony iaeiie ec iaeaieaa eioa?aniuo aeey
eco/aiey aaeaeo naiae neiaeiinoe, iiiainoi?iiiinoe, ?ani?ino?aiaiiinoe
ii anaio ie?o e iaiaoiaeeiinoe aa i?iaeoeoia aeey yeiiiieee ethauo
no?ai.
A naiae ?aaioa iu iinoaaeee oeaeueth ?anniio?aoue eaniie eiiieaen a
?acee/iuo aniaeoao, aeaeay oii? ia iniaaiiinoe oeaiiia?aciaaiey e
aeeyiey oeai ia ?acaeoea i?iiuoeaiiinoe. ?anniio?aiea iu ia/aee n iauae
oa?aeoa?enoeee eaniiai eiiieaena e aniaeoia aeeyiey eaniuo ?ano?nia ia
aiciiaeiinoe i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Aeaeaa iaie ei?ioei ?anniao?eaathony
oaoiieiae/aneea iniaaiiinoe i?iecaiaenoaa, anni?oeiaio i?iaeoeoeee
eaniia?a?aaaouaathuae i?iaeoeoeee, iauaiu ie?iaie oi?aiaee. Oaeaea
oaeaeaii aieiaiea e aaia?aoe/aneie no?oeoo?a: iniiaiui eiii?oa?ai e
yenii?oa?ai, i?iecaiaenoao ioaeanueiuo aeaeia i?iaeoeoeee ii ?aaeiiai e
aeaeaieth ia naaa?iaia?eeaineee, oeoiieaaineee e aa?iiaeneee noa?uiee.
Iiieii oa?aeoa?enoeee oeai ia i?iaeoeoeeth eaniiai eiiieaena, iu
?anniio?aee eiie?aoiua aeaiiua, iicaieythuea ninoaaeoue aieaa iieiia
i?aaenoaaeaiea i ie?iaii ?uiea eana ia iniiaa naaa?iaia?eeaineiai
?aaeiiaeueiiai eaniiai ?uiea.
A caeeth/aiee iu naeaeaee iaeioi?ua auaiaeu ia iniiaaiee i?iaeaeaiiie
?aaiou, oeacaa aiciiaeiua iai?aaeaiey ?acaeoey eaniie i?iiuoeaiiinoe e
naycaiiua n yoei eciaiaiey a aeeiaieea oeai.
Iauay oa?aeoa?enoeea eaniiai eiiieaena
I?iaeoeoeey eaniiai eiiieaena, iauai aa i?iecaiaenoaa, eiiuthieoo?a
aeaiiiai ?uiea, oeaiu e i?i/ea iieacaoaee iaiin?aaenoaaiii naycaiu n
iieiaeaieai ie?iauo eaniuo ianneaia ia eiie?aoiue iiiaio a?aiaie,
yeieiae/aneie ianoaiiaeie e, niioaaonoaaiii, ie?iaie e
aioo?eainoaea?noaaiiie iieeoeeie eiie?aoiuo no?ai ii aii?ino oi?aaeaiey
eanaie.
Yeiiiie/aneea, iieeoe/aneea, aeaiia?aoe/aneea e nioeeaeueiua
oaiaeaioeee caaeatho iai?aaeaiey oi?aaeaiey eanaie e aicaeaenoaotho ia
oi?ioee?iaeo iaoeeiiaeueiie iieeoeee ii yoiio aii?ino e oi?ie?iaaiea
niioaaonoaothueo o/?aaeaeaiee. Iniiaiia aicaeaenoaea ia ieiuaaeue eania
e eo eiee/anoai ieacuaatho aeaiia?aoe/aneea eciaiaiey (?ino) e
o?aaiecaoeey ianaeaiey, iio?aaiinoe a i?iaeoeoeee eaniie i?iiuoeaiiinoe,
a oaeaea niiniaiinoue eania auiieiyoue aaaeiua yeieiae/aneea ooieoeee.
Iieeoe/aneea oaiaeaioeee, ieacuaathuea aeeyiea ia eaniie naeoi? — yoi
aeaoeaio?aeecaoeey, i?eaaoecaoeey, eeaa?aeecaoeey oi?aiaee e
aeiaaeecaoeey ie?iaie yeiiiieee (1).
Aieueoia eiee/anoai i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo e iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo i?aaiecaoeee
a ianoiyuaa a?aiy eiio?iee?otho aii?inu, naycaiiua n eanaie e,
neaaeiaaoaeueii, aicaeaenoaotho ia eanioth i?iiuoeaiiinoue e
oeaiiia?aciaaiea a aeaiiie io?anee. N?aaee oaeeo i?aaiecaoeee iiaeii
iacaaoue Iaaei?aaeoaeuenoaaiioth eiienneth ii eanai (Intergovernmental
Panel on Forests, IPF), o/?aaeaeaiioth a ai?aea 1995 aiaea i?iaaaeaiiie
a ?ei-Aea-AEaiae?i a ethia 1992 aiaea Eiioa?aioeeae III ii ie?oaeathuae
n?aaea e ?acaeoeth (The United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development, UNCED). Caaea/aie IPF yaeyaony neaaeiaaiea ?aeiiaiaeaoeeyi
UNCED ii oi?aaeaieth ie?iauie eanaie, aicaeaenoaea ia ie?iaia niiauanoai
a aii?inao, eanathueony eana. IPF i?iaiaeeo ?aaioo niaianoii n
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie, i?aaeoaeuenoaaie,
iai?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie e /anoiui naeoi?ii, /oi ieacuaaao
aieueoia aeeyiea ia ninoiyiea eania e eaniie i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
N?aaee ae?oaeo i?aaiecaoeee iiaeii iacaaoue Oi?aaeaiea ie?iauo eania
(SOFO), eioi?ia ?aaoey?ii i?aaeinoaaeyao eioi?iaoeeiiiua naiaeee. Oaeaea
iiaeii neacaoue i Eiiennee ii naeueneiio oicyenoao III (FAO). Ia
iaoa?eaeao I?ia?aiiu ioeaiee eaniuo ?ano?nia (Forest Resources
Assessment, FRA) OAI aace?othony ?aoaiey, i?eieiaaiua iiiaeie ae?oaeie
i?aaiecaoeeyie.
Ieiuaaeue ie?iauo eania, aeeth/ay anoanoaaiiua eana e ieaioaoeee,
i?eaeeceoaeueii ioeaieaaeanue a 3 454 ieeeeiia aa a 1995 aiaeo, i?e/ai
iaiiiaei aieaa iieiaeiu eo i?eoiaeeeanue ia ?acaeaathueany no?aiu. Iauay
iioa?y eania a ie?a a 1990-1995 aiaeao ioeaieaaeanue eae 56,3 ieeeeiia
aa, /oi ?aneeaaeuaaaony ia oiaiueoaiea oa??eoi?ee eania ia 65,1 iei. aa
a iniiaiii a ?acaeaathueony no?aiao e oaaee/aiea oai aea eo oa??eoi?ee
ia 8,8 iei. aa. A iauai, oiaiueoaiea oa??eoi?ee eana iaeaieaa caiaoii a
?acaeaathueony no?aiao, oioy iauaiu eo oiaiueoaiey ieacaeenue iaiueoa,
/ai ni?iaiice?iaaiiua ia 1980-1990 aa., e a ianoiyuee iiiaio
i?iaeieaeatho eaeoe aiec.
Enneaaeiaaiey i?e/ei, aucuaathueo eciaiaiey a eaniii ianneaa
iieacuaatho, /oi iniiaiua oaeoi?u — yoi ?acaeoea naeueneiai oicyenoaa a
Ao?eea, Acee e e?oiiua i?ia?aiiu yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey,
nii?iaiaeaeathueany ia?anaeaieai, ?acaeoeai eio?ano?oeoo?u e naeueneiai
oicyenoaa a no?aiao Eaoeineie Aia?eee e Acee. Oioy aeiau/a eana e ia
yaeyaony iniiaiie i?e/eiie oiaiueoaiey ieiuaaee eania i?yii, ii einaaiii
yoi aaaeiue oaeoi? o.e. eanicaaioiaeoaeueiua ?aaiou ai iiiaeo iaeanoyo
nii?iaiaeaeaeenue i?ieeaaeeie aei?ia, eioi?ua naeaeaee i?aaeaea
ioaeaeaiiua iaeanoe eaaei aeinooiiuie aeey naeueneioicyenoaaiiie
eieiiecaoeee.
Oioy iauay ieiuaaeue eaniiai iie?iaa noaaeeueii oiaiueoaaony, ni?in ia
i?iaeoeoeeth eaniiai eiiieaena noaaeeueii ?anoao. Noaoenoeea OAI ii
eaniui i?iaeoeoai iieacuaaao, /oi ie?iaia iio?aaeaiea i?iaeoeoeee
eaniiai eiiieaena aic?inei ia 36 % a 1994 aiaeo ii n?aaiaieth n 1970.
Iio?aaeaiea ae?aaaniiai oiieeaa, eioi?ia yaeyaony iniiaiui eee
aaeeinoaaiiui enoi/ieeii yia?aee aeey aeaoo iyouo ie?iaiai ianaeaiey
i?iaeieaeaao ?anoe ia 1,2 % a aiae. I?eaeeceoaeueii 90 % ae?aaaniiai
oiieeaa i?iecaiaeeony e eniieuecoaony a ?acaeaathueony no?aiao. Ia
eiaeono?eaeueii ?acaeoua no?aiu i?eoiaeeony i?eia?ii 70 % i?iecaiaenoaa
e iio?aaeaiey eiaeono?eaeueiuo eaniuo i?iaeoeoia.
Iiiaea no?aiu ?ann/eouaatho a iniiaiii ia ieaioaoeee e oa?ia?neea
eaniua oicyenoaa a oaeiaeaoai?aiee naieo iio?aaiinoae a eana. ?acei
au?inei eiee/anoai eana, i?iecaiaeeiiai ia ieaioaoeeyo a Acee, Ieaaiee e
THaeiie Aia?eea. Oieueei a ?acaeaathueony no?aiao ieiuaaeue eaniuo
ieaioaoeee au?inea n 40 iei. aa a 1980 aiaeo aei aieaa /ai 80 iei. aa a
1995.
Iaeiie ec iaeaieaa aaaeiuo oaiaeaioeee noaei ?acaeoea aieaa yooaeoeaiuo
oaoiieiaee ia?aaioee, iicaieythueo iieo/eoue cia/eoaeueiue ?ino
eiia/iiai i?iaeoeoa i?e nie?auaiee iio?aaeaiey nu?uo iaoa?eaeia. Aaaeai
oaeaea e ia?aoiae ia aieaa yeieiae/anee /enoua oaoiieiaee.
Oaoiieiae/aneea iniaaiiinoe eaniia?a?aaioee
A?oiia eaniie i?iiuoeaiiinoe eiaao aeaei n ieeiiaoa?eaeaie e ae?oaeie
ae?aaaniuie iaoa?eaeaie. Nienie ecaeaeee ec aea?aaa aanueia iaoe?ai. Ii
eeanneoeeaoeee NOA iniiaiua io?anee aeaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe aeeth/atho a
naay:
— eanicaaioiaeo
— eaniieeee
— eciaeue/aiea e ecaioiaeaiea oaia?iiai oiiia
— ecaioiaeaiea aea?aayiiie oa?u
— no?ieoaeuenoai aea?aayiiuo caeaiee
— ae?oaea i?iaeoeou ec aea?aaa.
Aeey oiai, /oiau eniieueciaaoueny a aeaeueiaeoai, aea?aai aeieaeii
auoue ia?a?aaioaii a iaeioi?ua iniiaiua aeaeu iaoa?eaea. Ia yoi
iai?aaeaiu ia?aua o?e oiiiyiooua io?anee eaniie i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
A aeaiiuo io?aneyo eniieuecoaony i?eia?ii 20 oaoiieiae/aneeo
i?ioeannia, n?aaee eioi?uo: ?anieeeaaiea, eciaeue/aiea, eiii?anneiiiay
oi?iiaea, oi?iiaea,
ia?aaioea ia?aceaiuie iaoa?eaeaie, naa?eaiea, oeie/aneay ia?aaioea e
o.i.
Ie?iaay oi?aiaey oiaa?aie eaniiai eiiieaena
e aa no?oeoo?a
No?oeoo?a ie?iaie oi?aiaee oiaa?aie eaniiai eiiieaena
Ia io?anee eaniaoiaaeiiai eiiieaena i?eoiaeeony a ianoiyuaa a?aiy
i?eaeeceoaeueii aeanyoay /anoue anaai i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa a
no?aiao n ?acaeoie ?uii/iie yeiiiieeie. A yoio eiiieaen aoiaeyo aanueia
?aciiia?aciua e iaiioiaeea ae?oa ia ae?oaa i?iecaiaenoaa, eioi?ua
iauaaeeiyao eniieueciaaiea aaeeiiai oieeaeueiiai ii naiae i?e?iaea
nu?uey, eioi?ui yaeyaony ae?aaaneia.
Ae?aaaneia nio?aiyao naia ianoi a nia?aiaiiii ie?a eae aaaeiaeoee aeae
i?e?iaeiiai nu?uey, eniieuecoaiiai oeeaeeecaoeeae. Ia i?ioyaeaiea
iineaaeieo aeaoo aeanyoeeaoee ae?aaaneiie auei i?aaenoaaeaii i?eia?ii 10
% i?aaeiaoia o?oaea a ie?a. Ianiio?y ia aeoeaioth eiieo?aioeeth iiauo
iaoa?eaeia e oaoiieiaee, aa aeiey i?aeoe/anee ia nieaeaaony. Ii yoiio
iieacaoaeth eaniaoiaaeiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue i?eia?ii ?aaia oeie/aneie
eiaeono?ee, ianeieueei i?aainoiaeeo ieuaaoth e ii/oe aaeaia aieaa
cia/eoaeueia, /ai eaaeay i?iiuoeaiiinoue eee iaoaeeo?aey.
Oiaa?iay no?oeoo?a ie?iaiai eaniiai ?uiea aeiaieueii neiaeia. Iia
auaeyaeeo neaaeothuei ia?acii:
Oaae.1 Oiaa?iay no?oeoo?a ie?iaiai eaniiai ?uiea
%* %**
Ae?aaaniia nu?uea 13 21
a o./. ieeiai/iee oaieiue 5 6
— “ — eenoaaiiue 5 5
aaeainu 1 4
oaoiieiae/aneay uaia e iooiaeu 2 5
I?iaeoeoeey eaniieeaiey 19 26
a o./. ieeiiaoa?eaeu oaieiua 13 22
— “ — eenoaaiiua 5 4
Eenoiaua eaniiaoa?eaeu 9 9
a o./. eeaaiay oaia?a 5 6
aeni 2 2
aeai 1 1
Oeaeetheica, aoiaaa, ea?oii 59 44
a o./. oeaeetheica 16 18
aoiaaa aacaoiay 9 8
aoiaaa ia/aoiay e ien/ay 13 8
aoiaaa e ea?oii oiaeiai/iua 9 6
Anaai 100 100
Aeaiiua oaaeeoeu 1 — %* iieacuaatho aeieth ecaeaeee a noieiinoe ie?iaie
oi?aiaee ae?aaaneiie, eo iiaeii niioianoe n aeaiiuie oaaeeoeu 2 ca
1989-1992 aiaeu. Aeaiiua oaaeeoeu 1 — %** iieacuaatho ioiioaiea e
ec?anoiaeiaaiiie a yenii?oiii i?iecaiaenoaa ae?aaaneia.
A eoiaa iu aeaeei, /oi a no?oeoo?a ie?iaiai eaniiai yenii?oa
i?aiaeaaeatho iieooaa?eeaou e nu?uea, a e aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee iiaeii
ioianoe ia aieaa /aoaa?oe ie?iaie oi?aiaee i?iaeoeoaie eaniaoiaaeiiai
eiiieaena. A eaniii yenii?oa NNN? a 1990 aiaeo, iauai eioi?iai ninoaaee
oiaaea ieiei 2 ie?ae. ?oa., aeiey iieooaa?eeaoia e nu?uey ninoaaeyea aua
aieueoa — aei 97 %.
Aeey iaeaieaa iieiiai iiieiaiey oiaa?iie no?oeoo?u ?uiea iiaeii
?anniio?aoue oiaa?iue iaai? yenii?oa iaeaieaa iaania/aiiuo eanii
ainoaea?noa, eioi?ua yaeythony aaaeoueie i?iaeaaoeaie ia aeaiiii ?uiea.
A Oeieyiaeee ec 9 ie?ae. aeiee. eaniiai yenii?oa i?eia?ii 7 i?eoiaeeony
ia oeaeetheicii-aoiaaeioth i?iaeoeoeeth, 1 — ia ieeiiaoa?eaeu, oiaaea
eae ecaeaeey ec ae?aaaneiu aeatho anaai eeoue 2 % au?o/ee, ecaeaeey ec
aoiaae — 5 %, iaaaeue — 2 %.
A Oaaoeee ec 10 ie?ae. aeiee., ca?aaioaiiuo ia eaniii ?uiea, 7 iaaeaao
ia oeaeetheicii-aoiaaeiua oiaa?u, 1,5 ie?ae. aeiee. — ia ieeiiaoa?eaeu;
ecaeaeey ec ae?aaaneiu aeatho eeoue 4 % , ec aoiaae — 5%, iaaaeue — 9 %.
Eanii?iiuoeaiiue eiiieaen Eaiaaeu aeaao 20 ie?ae. aeiee. anae
yenii?oiie au?o/ee, a o./. io i?iaeaae oeaeetheicii-aoiaaeiie
i?iaeoeoeee — 13 ie?ae., ieeiiaoa?eaeia — 5 ie?ae., ecaeaeey e iaaaeue
i?eiinyo 1,5 ie?ae.
NOA ca?aaaouaatho ia aeaiiii ?uiea 15 ie?ae. aeiee., ec eioi?uo 3
iaania/eaatho i?iaeaaee nu?uey, 2 — ieeiiaoa?eaeu, ii/oe 7 ie?ae. aeatho
oeaeetheicii-aoiaaeiua oiaa?u e ii iaeiiio — ecaeaeey e iaaaeue.
Oieueei o ianeieueeeo e?oiiuo yenii?oa?ia ni n?aaeiae
eaniiaania/aiiinoueth ecaeaeey e iaaaeue a noiia aeatho aaniioth /anoue
au?o/ee: a Aa?iaiee — i?eia?ii 50 %, ai O?aioeee — 40 %, a Aano?ee —
ieiei 30 %.
Iauaiu ie?iaie oi?aiaee oiaa?aie eaniiai eiiieaena
Iai?io ie?iaie oi?aiaee i?iaeoeoeeae eo ae?aaaneiu a ianoiyuaa a?aiy
i?aauoaao 140 000 ieeeeiiia aia?eeaineeo aeieea?ia (ni. oaae. 2). I?e
yoii yeiiiie/aneay cia/eiinoue i?iiuoeaiiinoe i?iaeieaeaao aic?anoaoue.
Yoi iaania/eaaao i?iaeoeoeee eanii?iiuoeaiiiai eiiieaena aaaeiia ianoi a
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaea anaie oiaa?aie — i?eia?ii 3,5 %, a anee
o/anoue ecaeaeey ec ae?aaaneiu e aoiaae, a oaeaea iaaaeue, — ieiei 4%.
Noaiaiue aiaea/aiiinoe eanii?iiuoeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee a iaaeaeoia?iaeiue
iai?io aeiaieueii aunieay. Aeey ?aaeecaoeee ia aiaoiai ?uiea
i?aaeiacia/aaony iyoay /anoue i?iecaiaenoaa ieeiiaoa?eaeia, oaia?u,
oeaeetheicu, aoiaae a ea?oiia, 15 % ae?aaaniuo ieeo, 7 % aeaeiaie
ae?aaaneiu. Ioiineoaeueii aunieia cia/aiea aiaoiaai ?uiea aeey
i?iecaiaenoaa e iio?aaeaiey i?aaeii?aaeaeaii ia?aaiiia?iinoueth
?ani?aaeaeaiey a ie?a eae eaniuo ?ano?nia, oae e iio?aaeoaeae
i?iaeoeoeee aea?aaiia?a?aaioee, a oaeaea ?anoouae niaoeeaeecaoeeae
i?iecaiaeeoaeae.
Oaae.2. Ie?iaay oi?aiaey eanii?iaeoeoaie a 1961-1995 aa.
Aiae Ie?iaie eiii?o (1000$) Ie?iaie yenii?o (1000$)
1961 6 773 874 6 038 728
1962 6 896 229 6 145 705
1963 7 418 067 6 690 641
1964 8 528 850 7 641 857
1965 9 091 809 8 087 424
1966 9 668 582 8 582 037
1967 9 981 211 8 841 515
1968 11 311 820 9 974 352
1969 12 812 540 11 277 810
1970 14 275 310 12 690 920
1971 14 969 510 13 167 540
1972 17 236 770 15 537 150
1973 25 199 320 22 435 730
1974 33 630 670 29 656 030
1975 29 196 650 26 084 750
1976 35 072 640 31 693 920
1977 39 194 340 34 266 020
1978 43 580 790 38 332 430
1979 56 024 840 49 904 830
1980 63 259 850 56 748 770
1981 56 967 220 51 871 260
1982 55 012 780 47 182 950
1983 53 510 200 48 316 330
1984 56 952 440 51 272 880
1985 56 410 360 50 774 530
1986 65 707 260 58 974 620
1987 82 342 970 74 563 180
1988 95 307 600 89 084 130
1989 105 695 300 95 857 370
1990 111 955 100 100 429 500
1991 107 302 300 98 547 250
1992 111 927 300 104 420 000
1993 107 243 700 100 257 500
1994 123 202 800 114 313 100
1995 145 977 000 140 964 900
Aaia?aoe/aneay no?oeoo?a oi?aiaee
Ii eiii?oo e yenii?oo
Eaiaeu iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eaniie oi?aiaee niaaeeiytho iaaeaeo niaie
i?aeiouanoaaiii i?iiuoeaiii-?acaeoua no?aiu Naaa?iiai iieooa?ey. Aeaa
o?aoe ie?iaiai yenii?oa iaania/eaatho iinoaaee anaai ec naie no?ai ie?a,
a o./. (%): Eaiaaea — 19, NOA — 13 (ni i?eeiaeaiea, oaae.1 e oaae.2),
Oeieyiaeey e Oaaoeey — ii 9, Aano?ey — 3, ainoaea?noaa ia oa??eoi?ee
auaoaai NNN? — 2. Aua ii 4 % aeatho aeaa aaaeoueo eaniyenii?oa?a
“o?aoueaai ie?a” — Eiaeiiacey e Iaeaecey. Nauoa ieeeea?aea aeieea?ia
yenii?oiie au?o/ee ca?aaaouaatho ia eana oe?iu A?aceeee, Ii?ooaaeee,
THaineaaee e Ii?aaaee, a oaeaea Ieaea?eaiaeia, ssiiiee, Eoaeee,
Aaeueaee, Aaeeeia?eoaiee e Oaaeoea?ee (iineaaeiea oanoue no?ai auaicyo
iiiai aoiaae e ecaeaeee ec iaa). A noiia ia yoe 20 i?iaeaaoeia
i?eoiaeeony aieaa 90 % ie?iaiai eanii?iiuoeaiiiai yenii?oa ii noieiinoe.
Ana no?aiu “o?aoueaai ie?a” au?o/atho io ?aaeecaoeee ca ?oaaaeii
?anniao?eaaaiie i?iaeoeoeee i?eia?ii noieueei aea, neieueei NOA, ana
auaoea nioeeaeenoe/aneea no?aiu (aeeth/ay no?aiu auaoaai NNN?), —
iaiueoa Aa?iaiee e a iieoi?a ?aca iaiueoa Oaaoeee.
I?eia?ii oaeay aea ea?oeia iaaethaeaaony e a eanii?iiuoeaiiii eiii?oa.
I?eia?ii 30 i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo no?ai, ?aniieiaeaiiuo ii/oe
eneeth/eoaeueii a Naaa?iii iieooa?ee, iaania/eaatho aieaa 80 % ie?iaiai
eiii?oa. Ia?aui ii cia/aieth iieoiaoaeai aunooiatho NOA — 16 % ie?iaiai
eiii?oa. Aeaeaa neaaeotho: ssiiiey — 14 %, Aaeeeia?eoaiey e Aa?iaiey —
ii 10 %, O?aioeey e Eoaeey — 6 %. Eiii?o i?aauoaao ieeeea?ae aeieea?ia
oaeaea o Ieaea?eaiaeia, Aaeueaee, Aano?ee, Aeaiee, Eniaiee, Oaaoeee,
Oaaeoea?ee, Eeoay, THaeiie Ei?ae, Eaiaaeu, Aano?aeee e Aiieiiaa
(ia?ai?iaeaaea a Eeoae). Ana no?aiu “o?aoueaai ie?a” iieoiatho
eanii?iiuoeaiiuo oiaa?ia ia oo aea noiio, /oi e ssiiiey. Aeiey a ie?iaii
eiii?oa anao auaoeo nioeeaeenoe/aneeo no?ai (aeeth/ay e auaoee NNN?) —
aiaeiae/ia aeiea O?aioeee.
Ii aeaeai i?iaeoeoeee
A oi?aiaea nu?ueai iineaaeiaa aeanyoeeaoea ainiiaenoaiaaee o?e
iinoaaueea — NOA, Iaeaecey e auaoee NNN?. NOA i?iaeatho ca ?oaaae 25-27
iei. eoa.i aunieiea/anoaaiiiai oaieiiai ieeiai/ieea, oaoiieiae/aneie
uaiu e oaia?iiai e?yaea eenoaaiiuo ii?iae oia?aiiie eeeiaoe/aneie ciiu.
Iaeaecey niaoeeaeece?oaony ia iinoaaea eenoaaiiuo e?yaeae oeaiiuo
o?iie/aneeo ii?iae (i?eia?ii 20 iei. eoa.i a aiae aei 1993 aiaea, eiaaea
aue cai?auai yenii?o e?oaeiai eana ec iaeaeceeneiai ooaoa Naaao,
ioa?oaeaaoaai ca a?aieoeo 6-8 iei. eoa.i), a auaoee NNN? auaicee
aeaoaaue iaeiia?iue ean (aieaa 9 iei. eoa.i), a oaeaea oaieiue
ieeiai/iee (9 iei. eoa.i). Caiaoiuie yenii?oa?aie ae?aaaniiai nu?uey
aunooiatho oaeaea O?aioeey, Aa?iaiey, Eaiaaea (yoe o?e no?aiu iau/ii
i?iaeatho ca ?oaaaeii ii 6-8 iei. eoa.i iaia?aaioaiiiai eana), *eee (4
iei. eoa.i), Aano?aeey (oaoiieiae/aneay uaia — i?eia?ii 8 iei. eoa.i).
Ec 100 iei. eoa.i yenii?oa ieeiiaoa?eaeia aieaa 40 % i?eoiaeeony ia
Eaiaaeo. E?oiiuie yenii?oa?aie aunooiatho oaeaea NOA — 7-9 iei., no?aiu
auaoaai NNN? — 7 aei iaaeaaiaai a?aiaie, a nae/an — aaeaia iaiueoa,
Oaaoeey — 7-8, Oeieyiaeey — 5 e Aano?ey — 4. Aaaeoueie iinoaaueeaie
eenoaaiiuo ieeiiaoa?eaeia aunooiatho Iaeaecey — 5 iei. eoa.i e NOA — 2
iei. eoa.i.
Ia ?uiea oaia?u aeiieie?oao Eiaeiiacey, ec 16 iei. eoa.i ie?iaiai
yenii?oa ia iaa iaaeaao aieaa 9. Ae?oaea e?oiiua iinoaaueee: Iaeaecey —
1 iei. eoa.i, NOA — aei 2 iei., Eaiaaea e no?aiu auaoaai NNN? — ii
200-400 oun. eoa.i.
Ia ?uiea ae?aaaniuo ieeo, aieinoue eioi?iai aeinoeaaao 13 iei. eoa.i
iao au?aaeaiiiai i?aiaeaaeaiey iaeiiai eee ianeieueeeo yenii?oa?ia.
Aieueoa ae?oaeo ieeou auaicyo Eaiaaea e Aaeueaey — ii/oe ii 2 iei.
eoa.i, Aa?iaiey — 1,3 iei., NOA e Aano?ey — iau/ii aieaa 1 iei. eoa.i.
Ca ieie iau/ii neaaeiaae NNN? — aei 700 oun. eoa.i, ii ia iineaaeiea
aiaeu iauaiu cia/eoaeueii nieceeenue.
Ii/oe aeaa o?aoe anae ?aaeecoaiie ai aiaoiae oi?aiaea oeaeetheicu
ioa?oaeaaony ia ie?iaie ?uiie ec o?ao no?ai: Eaiaaeu — 8,2 iei. o, NOA —
5,6 iei. o e Oaaoeee — 2,9 iei. o. Ae?oaeie e?oiiuie yenii?oa?aie
aunooiatho Oeieyiaeey — 1,7 iei. o, a oaeaea A?aceeey, Ii?ooaaeey — ii 1
iei. o. Iauaiu auaoaai NNN? oaeaea aeioiaeeee aei 1 iei. o.
Aoiaaeiue ?uiie oa?aeoa?ecoaony aieueoei /eneii yenii?oa?ia. Ii e ii
yoie i?iaeoeoeee ec 50 iei. o ie?iaie oi?aiaee ia Eaiaaeo i?eoiaeeony 11
iei., ia Oeieyiaeeth — 7, ia Oaaoeeth — 6,5, ia NOA — 5, ia Aa?iaieth —
4, ia Aano?eth, O?aioeeth e Ieaea?eaiaeu — ii 2 iei. o. I?eia?ii ii 1
iei. o iinoaaeytho ca ?oaaae A?aceeey, Eoaeey, Ii?aaaey.
Iieiaeaiea ia?aie aeanyoee eaniyenii?oa?ia ia aaaeoueo oiaa?iuo ?uieao
auaeyaeeo i?eia?ii neaaeothuei ia?acii:
Oaae. 3
Iauee
% Ae?aaaniia
nu?uea Ieeiiaoa-
?eaeu Oaia?a e
ieeou Oeaeetheica Aoiaaa e
ea?oii
ianoi % ianoi % ianoi % ianoi % ianoi %
Eaiaaea 20 7 4 1 44 4 7 1 34 1 23
NOA 13 1 24 2 9 2 8 2 19 4 9
Oeieyiaeey 10 17 1 5 5 11 2 4 7 2 14
Oaaoeey 9 12 1 3 9 16 1 3 12 3 12
Aa?iaiey 7 4 7 8 1 5 5 16 1 5 8
O?aioeey 4 6 5 9 1 6 5 10 2 7 4
Eiaeiiacey 3 23 0 20 0 1 3 — — 23 0,4
Iaeaecey 3 2 13 4 6 7 5 — — — —
Aano?ey 3 18 1 6 4 8 4 11 1 6 4
NIA 3,5 3 12 7 4 13 1 5 5 9 2
I?i/ea 25
32
17
27
21
27
Ii aaia?aoe/aneei ?uieai
Ie?iaie eaniie ?uiie aeaeeony ia ianeieueei ?aaeiiaeueiuo noa?uieia eee
naeoeee. Iie ?acee/athony ii o?iaith eaniiaania/aiiinoe, o?aaiaaieyi e
ea/anoao e anni?oeiaioo, ii oi?aiaie i?aeoeea, a oaeaea ii o?iaith oeai.
Iniaaiii au?aaeaia yoa iainiaeaiiinoue ?aaeiiaeueiuo ?uieia ii nu?ueth e
ieeiiaoa?eaeai. *ai auoa noaiaiue ia?aaioee, oai iaiueoa ?acieoea a
niaoeeoe/aneeo o?aaiaaieyo yoeo naeoeee ?uieia, oai aeeaea oeaiu ia
?aciuo ?aaeiiaeueiuo ?uieao.
Iniiaiuie ?aaeiiaeueiuie naeoeeyie yaeythony naaa?iaia?eeaineay,
oeoiieaaineay e aa?iiaeneay.
Oi?aiaey aioo?e naaa?iaia?eeaineie naeoeee i?aaenoaaeaia ii/oe
eneeth/eoaeueii iaaeaeoia?iaeiui iaiaiii iaaeaeo oe?iaie NOA (ni oaae.3
i?eeiaeaiey) e Eaiaaeu. Ia iaa i?eoiaeeony aei 20% anae aieinoe ie?iaiai
eaniiai ?uiea. Iaa yoe no?aiu n?aaieoaeueii oi?ioi eaniiaania/aiu,
iiyoiio oeaiu caeanue iau/ii ieceea. Naaa?iaia?eeaineee ?uiie auniei
iiiiiieece?iaai, iinoaaee /anoi inouanoaeythony ii aioo?eoe?iaiiui
eaiaeai iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie oeeeaeaie aia?eeaineeo oe?i a Eaiaaea e
eaiaaeneeo a NOA. Io iiiaeo iinoaaueeia ?uiie ioai?iaeai aunieeie
oaiiaeaiiuie e iaoa?eoiuie aa?uea?aie. E NOA e Eaiaaea ia ae?oaeo ?uieao
aunooiatho o?aaeeoeeiiii e?oiiaeoeie i?iaeaaoeaie e, eacaeinue au,
ooaa?aeeoueny caeanue iiaiio yenii?oa?o i?aeoe/anee iaaiciiaeii. Iaeiaei
iinoaiaiii eaniiaania/aiiinoue ia ?uiea NOA iaiyaony. Ia caiaaea
eiioeiaioa, eioi?ue o?aaeeoeeiiii aunooiae eae iniiaiie ?aeii-iinoaauee
e aeey yenii?oa e aeey ae?oaeo ?aeiiia NOA, ia?anoaao aeaoeoeeo
ae?aaaneiu. A yoeo oneiaeyo aia?eeaineea oe?iu aeoeaii euoo ca?oaaaeiua
enoi/ieee niaaaeaiey e aeey naay, e aeey niaaaeaiey naieo o?aaeeoeeiiiuo
eiii?oiuo eeeaioia a aannaeia Ea?eaneiai ii?y. Aua a 1991-92 aiaeao
caeanue auno?i ?inee oeaiu aua iaaeaaii aeaoaaiai ieeiai/ieea, a a 1993
?acei iiaenei/eee oeaiu ieeiiaoa?eaeia. A yoeo oneiaeyo
naaa?iaa?iiaeneea eiioea?iu noaee i?aaei?eieiaoue iiiuoee cae?aieoueny
ia aia?eeaineii ?uiea e i?aaieciaaee ianeieueei i?iaiuo noaeiauo
ioa?ocie, ii oeaiai OIA, eioi?ua ianeieueei i?aauoaee aa?iiaeneea.
Ieeiiaoa?eaeu, ioa?oaeaaiua a NOA aeieaeiu ioaa/aoue o?aaiaaieyi
yenii?oiuo AINO, iinoaaeyoueny nooeie e, aeaeaoaeueii, a eiioaeia?ao.
Iieioth i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue naaa?iaia?eeaineie i?aaenoaaeyao
oeoiieaaineay naeoeey, ia eioi?oth i?eoiaeeony iaiiiaei aieaa 20 %
aieinoe ie?iaiai eaniiai ?uiea. Yoio noa?uiie ino?ieaniaeaoeoeeoiue —
caaioiaee eana caeanue ia?aie/aiu aeanoeeie eanioicyenoaaiiuie ii?iaie.
Iniiaiie iieoiaoaeue — ssiiiey, aoi?ie ii cia/aieth — Eeoae. Iiiai
eaniie i?iaeoeoeee iieoiatho THaeiay Ei?ay, Oaeaaiue, Neiaaio?, Aiieiia,
Oaeeaiae. Aua n?aaieoaeueii iaaeaaii yoio ?uiie i?aaeuyaeye ni?in ii/oe
eneeth/eoaeueii ia ae?aaaniia nu?uea e aunooiae iiaeiui iio?aaeoaeai
e?oaeiai eana e oaoiieiae/aneie uaiu ec ?aeiiia, ?aniieiaeaiiuo ia
ia?eoa?ee Oeoiai e Eiaeeeneiai ieaaiia. Iai?ioea, ii ioiioaieth e
yenii?oa?ai neieueei-ieaoaeue ia?aaioaiiie i?iaeoeoeee oeoiieaaineea
iieoiaoaee aicaiaeeee aunieea aa?uea?u oa?eoiuo e iaoa?eoiuo
ia?aie/aiee. Iaeiaei iinoaiaiii a iiceoeeyo oeoiieaaineeo eiii?oa?ia
i?iecioee nouanoaaiiua eciaiaiey. A /anoiinoe, iinea iiauoaiey ai aoi?ie
iieiaeia 80-o aiaeia eo?nia aaetho oaeeo aaaeoueo iieoiaoaeae, eae
ssiiiey, THaeiay Ei?ay e Oaeaaiue, eiii?o iieooaa?eeaoia noae auaiaeai e
nae/an ia aeaiiue ?uiie i?eoiaeeony ia oieueei 55 % aieinoe ie?iaiai
?uiea ii nu?ueth, ii e 15 % — ii iaoa?eaeai, 30 % — ii oaia?a, 20 % — ii
oeaeetheica e 12 % — ii aoiaaa e ea?oiio. Aaaeiui aeiiieiaieai e
iinoaaeai ae?aaaniiai nu?uey ec NOA, Eaiaaeu, auaoaai NNN?, no?ai
THai-Ainoi/iie Acee, *eee, Aano?aeee e Iiaie Caeaiaeee noaee caeoiee
ieeiiaoa?eaeia a yoeo no?aiao (e?iia oa??eoi?ee NNN? e Aano?aeee),
oaia?u a Eiaeiiacee, oeaeetheicii-aoiaaeiuo oiaa?ia a Naaa?iie Aia?eea,
*eee, Iiaie Caeaiaeee Naaa?iie Aa?iia. Auniea i?eaeaeaoaeueiinoue
aeaiiiai ?uiea aeey ?inneeneeo yenii?oa?ia, iniaaiii ?aniieiaeaiiuo a
Neae?e e ia Aeaeueiai Ainoiea. Ec Aa?iiu aei iaaeaaiaai a?aiaie nthaea
ioa?oaeaeenue ii/oe eneeth/eoaeueii oeaeetheicii-aoiaaeiua oiaa?u. Ii a
1993 a. naaa?iaa?iiaeneea eiioea?iu, i?eaea/aiiua o?aaeeoeeiiii aunieeie
oeaiaie aeaiiiai ?uiea, noaee i?i?aaaouaaoue e aii?inu ioa?ocee a
ainoi/ioth Aceth oaeaea e ieeiiaoa?eaeia. I?iaiua ia?oee iauaiii
ianeieueei aeanyoeia ouny/ eoaiiao?ia auee oniaoii ?aaeeciaaiu ii oeaiai
oia, eioi?ua auee, iiaeaeoe, iaiiiai auoa n?aaeieo aa?iiaeneeo (iuiaoiee
ii?neie o?aoo ec Oaaoeee aei ssiiiee i?eia?ii ?aaai noieiinoe ia?aaicee
ieeiiaoa?eaeia ii aeaeaciie aei?iaa ec Oaaoeee a Eoaeeth). Ia
eneeth/aii, /oi yoi iai?aaeaiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eaniie oi?aiaee iieo/eo
?acaeoea a aoaeouai. Eiia/ii, i?eaioe?oynue ia yiiineee ?uiie neaaeoao
eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi ea/anoaaiiua o?aaiaaiey caeanue iau/ii iiauoa, /ai a
Aa?iia eee ia Aeeaeiai Ainoiea. Iai?eia?, ieeiiaoa?eaeu aeieaeiu
niioaaonoaiaaoue o?aaiaaieyi yenii?oiuo AINO e ia niaea?aeaoue oiaa?a
iaoaai 5 ni?oa. Iaeoaiue a?oc iiaeii aeinoaaeoue /a?ac o?iieee nooei,
oieueei a eiioaeia?a, aea e a o?thia ii nio?aieony oieueei i?e oneiaee
aeanoeiai auoiaeiiai eiio?iey aeaaeiinoe i?e iia?ocea.
Ia aa?iiaeneoth naeoeeth i?eoiaeeony i?eia?ii iieiaeia noieiinoe
ie?iaiai eaniiai eiii?oa. ?uiie yoio oa?aeoa?ecoaony n?aaeiae
eaniiaania/aiiinoueth. Naieo ?ano?nia caeanue a i?eioeeia ii/oe
aeinoaoi/ii, /oiau iie?uoue ioaeaeu yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey, ii iie
/anoi aei?iae eee ia aeatho i?e i?iecaiaenoaa i?iaeoeoeee iaiaoiaeeiiai
ea/anoaa. Iiyoiio ia?yaeo n oe?i/aeoei anni?oeiaioiui iaiaiii iaaeaeo
niaie ainoaea?noaa Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu caeoiatho aieueoea iauaiu
ea/anoaaiiiai nu?uey e iieooaa?eeaoia. Ca ieo aa?iiaeoeu niaeaniu
ieaoeoue aeiaieueii aunieea oeaiu, ia?aaeei caiaoii i?aainoiaeyuea
noieiinoue i?iaeoeoeee naiaai nianoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. A noiia,
aeeth/ay acaeiioth oi?aiaeth, ia Aa?iio i?eoiaeeony nae/an ieiei 40 %
aieinoe ie?iaiai ?uiea ii ae?aaaniiio nu?ueth, ieeiiaoa?eaeai e oaia?a,
aieaa 70 % — ii ae?aaaniui ieeoai, aieaa 50 % — ii oeaeetheica, aoiaaa e
ea?oiio. iaeiaei ?anoouay /anoue yoeo iio?aaiinoae oaeiaeaoai?yaony ca
n/ao iia?aaeathuaai ?acaeoey oi?aiaee iaaeaeo nianoaaiii aa?iiaeneeie
no?aiaie.
Ec Neaiaeeiaaee a no?aiu Aa?iiu iai?aaeythony ieeiiaoa?eaeu, ieeou,
ianniaua oeaeetheicii-aoiaaeiua oiaa?u, ec ainoi/iie Aa?iiu e no?ai
auaoaai NNN? — nu?uea e ieeiiaoa?eaeu, ec Naaa?iie Aia?eee — ianniaua
oeaeetheicii-aoiaaeiua oiaa?u, oaia?a, aeaoaaua no?ieoaeueiua e aei?iaea
noiey?iua ieeiiaoa?eaeu, ec THai-Ainoi/iie Acee — ieeiiaoa?eaeu oeaiiuo
ii?iae e oaia?a, ec Ao?eee — oeaiiia o?iie/aneia nu?uea, ec THaeiie
Aia?eee — oeaeetheica, ea?oii, ieeiiaoa?eaeu. E?oiiaeoeie eiii?oa?aie
eaniuo oiaa?ia a Aa?iia aunooiatho Aaeeeia?eoaiey e Aa?iaiey, eioi?ua
caeoiatho eo ia noiiu, i?aauoathuea 10 ie?ae. aeiee. N aieueoei io?uaii
ca ieie neaaeotho Eoaeey e O?aioeey, eioi?ua ieaoyo ca eaniie eiii?o
iau/ii 5-6 ie?ae. aeiee.
N?aaeiee o?iaaiue oeai caeanue aeiaieueii aunieee, oioy e iau/ii
iaiiiai ieaea, /ai a oeoiieaaineie naeoeee. Iaeiaei ia yoe oeaiu iiaeao
?ann/eouaaoue oieueei iinoaauee ea/anoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee, ioa?oaeathuee
aa a aeinoaoi/iii anni?oeiaioa. A i?ioeaiii neo/aa yenii?oa? iaecaaaeii
anooiaao a eiieo?aioeeth n ianoiuie i?iecaiaeeoaeyie e caieaoyo aio
iaiueoa, /ai caaaaeiii aieaa iia?aoeaiie, aeeceie e eo/oa ciathuae ?uiie
ianoiie oe?ia. A i?eioeeia aa?iiaeneee ?uiie iecei iiiiiieece?iaai,
oa?eoiua e i?i/ea aa?uea?u ii eaniui oiaa?ai n?aaieoaeueii eaaei
i?aiaeieeiu a oii neo/aa, anee yenii?oa? ia ouaieyao eioa?anu ianoiuo
i?iecaiaeeoaeae, iai?eia?, iinoaaeyy oiaa? ii ieceei aeaiieiaiaui
oeaiai. A yoii iineaaeiai neo/aa i?ioea iaai iaiaaeeaiii ia/eiaao
aeaenoaiaaoue oi?ioi ?ac?aaioaiiue e aeanoeee iaoaieci aioeaeaiieiaiaiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.
Naie aa?iiaeneea no?aiu auaicyo ca i?aaeaeu ?aaeiia a iniiaiii aei?iaea
aunieiea/anoaaiiua iieooaa?eeaou e ecaeaeey.
Yoe o?e naeoeee ioaaouaatho i?eia?ii 90 % aieinoe ie?iaiai eaniiai
?uiea. Ec inoaaoeony iaeaieueoee eioa?an i?aaenoaaeyao aeeaeiaainoi/iue
noa?uiie. Aeiey i?aeoe/anee aaceaniuo no?ai Naaa?iie Ao?eee, Aeeaeiaai e
N?aaeiaai Ainoiea ai nai ie?iaii eanii?iiuoeaiiii eiii?oa ninoaaeyao
ieiei 3 %, ii ii ioaeaeueiui oiaa?ai iia caiaoii auoa: ii ieeiiaoa?eaeai
— aieaa 5%, ii oaia?a — 10%. Aeeaeiaainoi/iue ?uiie n?aaieoaeueii
aei?iaie, o?aaiaaiey e ea/anoao caeanue ia oaeea aunieea, eae a Aa?iia.
Ii aeaenoaiaaoue ia iai yenii?oa?o iai?inoi ec-ca niaoeeoe/aneeo
oneiaee, ?ani?ino?aiaiiiai aiaoaoaeuenoaa ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe,
iieeoe/aneie e yeiiiie/aneie ianoaaeeueiinoe.
A ioee/ea io iiiaeo ae?oaeo aaceniuo io?aneae i?iecaiaenoaa aieinoue
ie?iaiai eaniiai ?uiea a 80-a aiaeu ?anoe?yeanue iaieioeie oaiiaie. Iia
oaaee/eaaeanue a n?aaeiai ca aiae ii ieeiiaoa?eaeai — ia 2,5 %, ii
oaia?a (%) — ia 8,5, ii ae?aaaniui ieeoai — ia 4,3, ii oeaeetheica — ia
3, ii aoiaaeiie i?iaeoeoeee — ia 5 %. Eeoue ii e?oaeiio eano ioia/aeenue
ieceea oaiiu i?e?inoa aieinoe — 0,6 % a n?aaeiai a aiae. Yoi io?aaeaao
oaiaeaioeeth e iinoaiaiiiio ?inoo ai aiaoiae oi?aiaea aeiee aieaa
ia?aaioaiiie i?iaeoeoeee.
Oa?aeoa?enoeea oeai ia ie?iaii eaniii ?uiea
Aeey ie?iaiai eaniiai ?uiea oa?aeoa?ia iiiaeanoaaiiinoue oeai — ia iai
ioeaieaathony e ?aaeecothony ?acee/iua, /anoi ia acaeiicaiaiyaiua ni?oa,
aeaeu, oeiu iaeiiai e oiai aea oiaa?a. Yoa iiiaeanoaaiiinoue ii?iaeaeaao
ii?aaeaeaiiua i?iaeaiu i?e auai?a i?aaenoaaeoaeueiuo, oae iacuaaaiuo
ie?iauo oeai.
Iau/iuie o?aaiaaieyie e ie?iaie oeaia aunooiatho aeinooiiinoue aa aeey
ethaiai i?iaeaaoea e iieoiaoaey, a oaeaea i?aaenoaaeoaeueiinoue.
Aeinooiiinoue i?aaeiieaaaao ?aaoey?iinoue inouanoaeaiey iia?aoeee ii
aeaiiie oeaia, ieaoaae a naiaiaeii eiiaa?oe?oaiie aaethoa, naiaiaeiue
oi?aiai-iieeoe/aneee ?aaeei ia ?uiea, aaea i?iecaiaeeony naeaeea.
Naeaeea aeieaeia eiaoue oa?aeoa? iau/iie oi?aiaie iia?aoeee, i?e eioi?ie
i?iaeaaaoe e iieoiaoaeue ia naycaiu ae?oaeie iaycaoaeuenoaaie e
ioiioaieyie — o.a. eiaaony a aeaeo ia oiaa?iiaiaiiay naeaeea e ia
iinoaaea ii aioo?eoe?iaiiui eaiaeai iaaeaeo iaoa?eineie eiiiaieae e aa
oeeeaeii. Oeaiu eiaiii oaeeo naeaeie neeaaeuaathony a oneiaeyo aunieiai
iaeaea eiieo?aioiie ai?ueau, io?aaeay, oaeei ia?acii, enoeiioth
noieiinoue oiaa?a ia ie?iaii ?uiea, iie, eae i?aaeei, aeinooiiu aeey
?aaeno?aoeee e ioaeeeaoeee.
O?aaiaaiea i?aaenoaaeoaeueiinoe oeaiu i?aaeiieaaaao, /oi ii iae eee
aeecei e iae inouanoaeyaony caiaoiay /anoue ie?iaiai iai?ioa. Yoi
oneiaea ia oaeia aaaeiia eae ia?aia. Ia?aaeei ca ie?iaoth oeaio
i?eieiatho oeaio ia naiiai e?oiiiai ?uiea, anee ii ae?oaei e?eoa?eyi —
oeie/iinoe aeey ae?oaeo o/anoieeia oi?aiaee, aeinooiiinoe e
iia?aoeaiinoe — iia a aieueoae ia?a ioaa/aao iiiyoeth ie?iaie oeaiu. A
iaeaieueoae noaiaie iiiyoeth ie?iaie oeaiu ioaa/atho ae?aeaaua eioe?iaee
e oeaiu aoeoeeiiiuo naeaeie.
Iaiaoiaeeii caiaoeoue, /oi oeaiu eaniaoiaaeiuo oiaa?ia eae i?aaeei ia
ioaa/atho aeaiiui i?aaeuyaeaiiui o?aaiaaieyi, anee i?eieiaoue eo a
no?iaie ?aaeaeoeee. I?e/eiu yoiai iiiaiia?aciu, ii a oeaeii eo iiaeii
naanoe e oe?i/aeoae iiiaieeaoo?a ni?oia, aeaeia e oeiia au?aaaouaaaiuo a
ie?a eaniaoiaaeiuo oiaa?ia, e enoiaeiie iaiaeii?iaeiinoe ae?aaaneiu e
iaoa?eaea (i?e/ai yoa iaiaeii?iaeiinoue ieacuaaao ii?aaeaeythuaa aeeyiea
ia noieiinoue), e oneiaiinoe i?eiaiaiey aeey iiiaeo eaniuo oiaa?ia
naiiai iiiyoey “ie?iaie ?uiie”. Eae oaea aiai?eeinue, iniiaiay ianna
naeaeie ii eaniiaoa?eaeai inouanoaeyaony ia o?ao e?oiiuo ?aaeiiaeueiuo
?uieao — naaa?iaia?eeaineii, oeoiieaaineii e aa?iiaeneii (ii ae?oaei
enoi/ieeai — naaa?iaia?eeaineii, ainoi/ii-aceaoneii e
caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneii). I?e yoii, ?aaoey?iua oi?aiaua nayce iaaeaeo aeaoiy
iineaaeieie ia oeie/iu e ia ieo iaaeaao iaaieueoay /anoue
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai iai?ioa. Aieaa oa?aeoa?iu iinoaaee ec Naaa?iie Aia?eee
a Caiaaeioth Aa?iio e Ainoi/ioth Aceth, ii iie eiatho ii/oe
iaeiinoi?iiiee oa?aeoa?, a naaa?iaia?eeaineea yenii?oa?u ?aaeecotho ia
ae?oaeo ?uieao naith i?iaeoeoeeth, au?aaioaiioth iau/ii ii naiei
iaoeeiiaeueiui noaiaea?oai. A ?acoeueoaoa, eiiuthieoo?a, aeeiaieea,
iai?aaeaiea eciaiaiee e o?iaaiue oeai ia yoeo ?aaeiiaeueiuo ?uieao
eaniiaoa?eaeia /anoi ia niaiaaeatho, a a ea/anoaa ie?iauo i?eoiaeeony
eniieueciaaoue i?aeiouanoaaiii ?aaeiiaeueiua oeaiu.
Aeey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo naycae ii oeaeetheicii-aoiaaeiui oiaa?ai
oa?aeoa?ia aieueoay oieoeoee?iaaiiinoue e acaeiicaiaiyaiinoue
i?iaeoeoeee, oeaiu naiaiaeiuo naeaeie i?e eo ?aaeecaoeee a ?aciuo
no?aiao e ?aaeiiao ioee/athony ia oae neeueii, eae ii eaniiaoa?eaeai.
Oi?aiaey eie eiaao oieaa?naeueiue. iauaie?iaie oa?aeoa?. Iaeiaei,
aeaiiue ?uiie neeueii iiiiiieece?iaai, e ?anoouay aeiey
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai e iaoeeiiaeueiiai iai?ioa ii iei eaeao ii cae?uoui
aioo?eoe?iaiiui eaiaeai, /oi oaeaea ii?iaeaeaao i?iaeaiu aeey
ii?aaeaeaiey ie?iaie oeaiu.
Ae?aeaaay oi?aiaey aeey eaniaoiaaeiuo oiaa?ia iaeioeie/ia. Oaeoe/anee,
eaniua ae?aee aeaenoaotho a NOA (iniaaiii aieueoea iauaiu oi?aia
iaaethaeathony ia Chicago Mercantil Exchange, CME), aaea iie
aicaeaenoaotho ia oi?aiaeth iaaeaeo NOA e Eaiaaeie, eioi?ay
iaeieioa?ania aeey ae?oaeo no?ai. Aieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiu aoeoeeiiu. Ia ieo
ai iiiaeo no?aiao i?iaeaaony ean ia ei?ith, /a?ac aoeoeeiiu ?aaeecoaony
oaeaea iaaieueoay /anoue eaniiaoa?eaeia a ssiiiee. Ii, a aeaeo
niaoeeoe/iinoe oaeeo naeaeie, i?eiaiaiea oeai oaeeo aoeoeeiiia oaeaea
ia?aie/aii.
Iai?ioea, o?iaaiue e aeeiaieea noieiinoe iiiaeo eaniaoiaaeiuo oiaa?ia a
iaaeaeoia?iaeiii iai?ioa ii?aaeaeyaony iioiauie eee eiii?oiuie
(yenii?oiuie) oeaiaie a ioaeaeueiuo e?oiiuo no?aiao-eiii?oa?ao
(yenii?oa?ao). Eiaiii oeaiu oaeiai ?iaea aunooiatho aaaeoueie
i?eaioe?aie i?e caeeth/aiee naeaeie n ?aaeueiui oiaa?ii. Oae, a
aeaeueiaainoi/iii ?aaeiia oi?aiaey eaniiaoa?eaeaie inouanoaeyaony a
iniiaiii ii iioiaui eeai eiii?oiui oeaiai a ssiiiee, eee aeecei e iei.
?aaoey?ii ioaeeeoaiua oeaiu, a neo/aa iaiaoiaeeiinoe iiaoo auoue
i?eaaaeaiu e aaca o?aiei-ii?o ssiiiee eee no?aiu-yenii?oa?a au/eoaieai
ecaanoiiai o?iaiy i?eaioe?iai/iie aaee/eiu i?eauee e ecaea?aeae
iioiaeea, eiii?oa?a, a oaeaea o?ainii?oiuo e no?aoiauo ?anoiaeia. A
Caiaaeiie Aa?iia a ea/anoaa ie?iauo oeai /anoi eniieuecoaony eioi?iaoeey
aaaioneeo, oae iacuaaaiuo a?iea?neeo oe?i ii oeaiai i?aaenoaaeoaeueiuo
ia aeaiiue iiiaio naeaeie. Ioiineoaeueii ?aaea yenii?oa?u auioneatho
i?aeneo?aiou ia naith oeie/ioth i?iaeoeoeeth. Aeeceee e iineaaeiaio
neo/ath oa?aeoa? eiatho oeaiu oeaeetheicii-aoiaaeiuo oiaa?ia — ii
aieueoeinoao ec ieo oe?iu-i?iaeaaoeu iauyaeytho o?iaaiue oeai ia
i?aaenoaaeoaeueiue oiaa?. Iaeiaei, a ?aaeueiie i?aeoeea yoe ni?aai/iua
oeaiu iau/ii ei??aeoe?othony /a?ac iaoaieci iaaeaniuo eee iieoaeaniuo
neeaeie eee iaaeaaaie.
Oaeii ia?acii, a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa aeinooiiua iieoiaoaeth eee
i?iaeaaoeo oeaiu eaniaoiaaeiuo oiaa?ia eiatho oa?aeoa? ni?aai/iuo. Iie
oeene?othony ia oeiiaie, ecaanoiue ia ?uiea aeae i?iaeoeoeee. Oeaiu
?aaeueiuo naeaeie ia?aaeei ianeieueei ioee/athony ca n/ao neeaeie e
iaaeaaaie ca ea/anoai, ii n?aaiaieth n aaciaie iiceoeeae, ca n/ao ?aciuo
oneiaee iinoaaee, ieaoaaea e o.i. Ii?ie auaaao, /oi ia ?uiea ecaanoia
oeaia oneiaiie, iaiaycaoaeueii no?iai i/a?/aiiie a ?aaeueiie oi?aiaea
ea/anoaaiiie a?oiiu (iai?eia?, ieeiiaoa?eaeu ?aciuo a?oii oeineeo
eanicaaiaeia, ieeiai/iee ec NOA ai?iie eee i?ea?aaeiie caaioiaee), ii
oe?iu, ?aaoey?ii i?enoonoaothuea ia ?uiea, iau/ii iaieioi i?eaioe?iaaiu,
eae ioiineony ii ea/anoao e ii ?uii/iie noieiinoe aaceniay iiceoeey e
eiie?aoiue oiaa? eaeiai-eeai iinoaaueea.
Aiaoiaoi?aiaua oeaiu oaeiai ?iaea ioaeeeothony, eae i?aaeei, a
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiie io?aneaaie i?anna. Aeiaieueii iieiia i?aaenoaaeaiea
i oeaiao oeaeetheicii-aoiaaeiuo oiaa?ia aeatho ecaeaiey “Pulp and Paper
Week”, “This Week”. Oeaiu ia eaniiaoa?eaeu ioaeeeothony a aeo?iaeao
“Timber Traid Journal”, “Ea Aoa Ianueiiaeue”, “Oieueoeeo?e?” e ?aeeca
“Ieaeae oeiaa?”. Ii aeaeueiaainoi/iiio ?uieo aeey aiaeiae/iuo oeaeae
iiaeii iieueciaaoueny ecaeaieyie “Aaecae Oeeee” e “Japan Lumber
Journal”, ii naaa?iaia?eeaineiio — ?aeecii “?yiaeii Eaian”. A iaoae
no?aia “AEEE” a oaeaea “Eiiia?/aneee atheeaoaiue “?uiie eana e
eaniiaoa?eaeia”.
Ii iaeioi?ui aeaeai i?iaeoeoeee ec ae?aaaneiu, iauai aiaoiae oi?aiaee
ii eioi?ui iaaaeee, eee ii eioi?ui aaeee o?iaaiue iiiiiieecaoeee, oeaiu
ioaeeeothony ?aaeei e yoe ioaeeeaoeee iinyo neo/aeiuo oa?aeoa?.
Aiaeiae/iua i?iaeaiu aicieeatho i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe ii?aaeaeeoue
noieiinoue ecaeaeee n aunieie noaiaiueth aei?aaioee — i?aaeeueiay
ioeaiea a aeaiiii neo/aa cao?oaeiaia oe?i/aeoei aeeaiaciiii ea/anoaaiiuo
ia?aiao?ia ecaeaeee e ae?iaiinoueth eo iiiaieeaoo?u. A iiaeiaiuo
neo/ayo, oeaia iiaeao ii?aaeaeyoueny oieueei a oiaea eiie?aoiuo
ia?aaiai?ia n ianeieueeeie iacaaeneiuie oe?iaie. I?eaioe?iai/ioth
noieiinoue i?iaeoeoeee ia ie?iaii ?uiea eiiaaea i?eoiaeeony ii?aaeaeyoue
?an/aoii, o.i. n?aaeiae noieiinoe aaeeieoeu oiaa?a i?e yenii?oa eee
eiii?oa aai a no?aio, ia eioi?oth iaaeaao nouanoaaiiay /anoue ie?iaiai
iai?ioa. Neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi ?acoeueoaou oaeiai ?an/aoa eiatho
aanueia i?eaeeceoaeueiue oa?aeoa?.
Oeaiu eaniaoiaaeiuo oiaa?ia a oeaeii n?aaieoaeueii onoie/eau. Iie
iaiythony, eae i?aaeei, ?aaea, /ai oeaiu ieia?aeueiiai nu?uey eee
oiaa?ia aa?ii?iiuoeaiiiai eiiieaena, ii, n ae?oaie noi?iiu, /aua, /ai
oeaiu i?iaeoeoeee iaoeiino?iaiey eee oiaa?ia oe?ieiai iio?aaeaiey. Ii a
80-a aiaeu aiieeooaea e /anoioa eieaaaiee i?aeoe/anee anao oeai ia
i?iaeoeoeeth ec ae?aaaneiu iiauneeanue. Io ?aiaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiie
aiaeiaie eee iieoaiaeiaie oeenaoeee oeai ?uiie i?aeoe/anee ioioae.
Iaeaieaa oeie/ia aeey 2-e iieiaeiu 80-o aiaeia iieaa?oaeueiay oeenaoeey
oeai eaniaoiaaeiuo oiaa?ia. Ii iaeioi?ui eo ieo oeaiu iauyaeythony
aaeaiany/ii, iaeiiaoe, ia ?yaea ?uieia, iai?eia?, ia naaa?iaia?eeaineii
e io/anoe ia yiiineii, ?ani?ino?aiaia oeenaoeey oeai eaniiaoa?eaeia ia
eaaeaeoth aeaoo.
Naciiiua eieaaaiey oeai o eaniaoiaaeiuo oiaa?ia ia i/aiue au?aaeaiu,
/oi iauyniyaony ioiineoaeueii aunieei oaeaeueiui aanii a ?aaeeciaaiiie
oeaia noieiinoe ae?aaaneiu ia ei?ith, a oaeaea ianaciiiui oa?aeoa?ii
iio?aaeaiey iiiaeo aeaeia i?iaeoeoeee. Naciiiinoue i?iyaeyaony i?aaeaea
anaai ii oiaa?ai aieaa eee iaiaa oanii naycaiiui ni no?ieoaeuenoaii eae
ni noa?ie iio?aaeaiey. Naciiiua iaeeaeaiey no?ieoaeuenoaa a aanaiiea e
?aiiea inaiiea ianyoeu ia?aaeei nii?iaiaeaeathony eieaaaieyie oeai ?yaea
eaniiaoa?eaeia.
A oi aea a?aiy, aeiaieueii aieueoia aicaeaenoaea ia eiiuthieoo?o e
oeaiu ieacuaatho neo/aeiua oaeoi?u: auaaeea eana aao?iaaeaie e
niaaieiiaie, caaanoiaee, i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua ?aoaiey a iaeanoe oi?aiaee,
aiiiaeueiua iiaiaeiua oneiaey. Iaiau/ii oaieay ceia, iai?eia?, iiaeao
cao?oaeieoue auaiceo eana e, iai?ioea noeioee?iaaoue ni?in ia iaai a
no?ieoaeuenoaa, aeeeoaeueiay canooa i?eaiaeeo a ?yaea no?ai e
i?einoaiiaea caaioiaie ii i?e/eia iiaea?iie iianiinoe e o.ae.
O?iaaiue e aeeiaieea oeai ia ie?iaii ?uiea i?iaeoeoeee ec ae?aaaneiu ai
iiiaii iiae/eiaiu oaeoi?ai oeeeee/aneiai ?acaeoey iauae yeiiiieee. I?e
yoii, a ioiineoaeueii aieueoai /enea neo/aaa eciaiaiey a oeaiao
eaniiaoa?eaeia iia?aaeatho ii a?aiaie oaciaua eciaiaiey eeanne/aneiai
iauaoicyenoaaiiiai oeeeea. Iai?ioea, oeaiu oeaeetheicii-aoiaaeiuo
oiaa?ia /aua eciaiythony ia?aeeaeueii iieacaoaeyi iauayeiiiie/aneiai
?acaeoey eee aeaaea iaiiiai ionoatho io ieo. Ii yoa caeiiiia?iinoue ia
eiaao iaycaoaeueiiai, iai?aeiaeiiai oa?aeoa?a. N?aaeiyy aeeeoaeueiinoue
oeeeea a oeaiao eaniaoiaaeiuo oiaa?ia ca iineaaeiea 20 eao eieaaaeanue a
i?aaeaeao 4-7 eao. A iineaaeiea aiaeu eiiuthieoo?a eaniuo ?uieia
iaoiaeeeanue ia iiaeuaia, a oeaiu niioaaonoaothuae i?iaeoeoeee ?inee. A
1990 a. e eiiuthieoo?a e oeaiu aieueoeinoaa eaniaoiaaeiuo oiaa?ia i?ioee
oeeeee/aneee iaeneioi. A 1991 aiaeo ianooiee ia?eiae oeeeee/aneiai
niaaea.
Aa?iyoii iaee/ea ia eaniuo ?uieao e aieaa aeeeoaeueiuo eieaaaiee oeai n
i/aiue aieueoie ia?eiaee/iinoueth, ioaaouaathuae ianeieueei eeanne/aneeo
iauaoicyenoaaiiuo oeeeeia e aeeceie e 20-30 aiaeai. Anee i?eiyoue yoo
aeiioaco ai aieiaiea, oi ?uiee oiaa?ia ec ae?aaaneiu iaoiaeyony nae/an
aaea-oi a na?aaeeia niieieiie oacu aeeeoaeueiiai oeeeea — iaaeaeo
iiaeuaiii oeai, eioi?ue ioia/aeny a 70-a aiaeu e aa?iyoiui iiaui
ia?eiaeii eo onei?aiiie aeeiaieee a eiioea 90-o aiaeia.
Ia o?iaaiue e aeeiaieeo oeai eaniuo oiaa?ia caiaoii aeeyao oaeaea e
anoaea?noaaiii-iiiiiieenoe/aneay i?aeoeea ?aaoee?iaaiey ?uiea. Aeey
aieueoeinoaa ?uieia eaniaoiaaeiie i?iaeoeoeee oa?aeoa?ia
ieeaiiieenoe/aneay no?oeoo?a — iaee/ea ianeieueeeo, ia anaaaea
ioi?ieaiiuo i?aaiecaoeeiiii, ii aeoeaii aeaenoaothueo aaeeiui o?iioii ia
?aciuo iaoeeiiaeueiuo ?uieao a?oii i?iecaiaeeoaeae e yenii?oa?ia.
Eiii?oa?u e iio?aaeoaee a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa iaiaa oanii naycaiu
iaaeaeo niaie, oioy iinoaiaiii iauaeoeaiua caeiiu yeiiiie/aneiai
?acaeoey i?eaiaeyo e eo e iaiaoiaeeiinoe iauaaeeiyoueny n oeaeueth
i?iaaaeaiey aieaa oieoeoee?iaaiiie caeoii/iie e oeaiiaie iieeoeee. A
iniiaiii, i?aaaea, yoi iauaaeeiaiea eiii?oa?ia e iio?aaeoaeae i?ioiaeeo
a ?aieao iaoeeiiaeueiuo a?aieoe.
Oe?iei i?eiaiyaony ia eaniuo ?uieao i?aeoeea eeaea?noaa a oeaiao —
iiuiua yenii?oa?u iauyaeytho, a iaaeaniua iauaaeeiaiey e?oiiuo
eiii?oa?ia i?eieiatho o?iaaiue oeai, ia eioi?ue aiineaaenoaee ?aaiythony
ioiineoaeueii iacaaeneiua iaeeea e n?aaeiea oe?iu.
Oa?aeoa?enoeea oeai ia naaa?iaia?eeaineii
?aaeiiaeueiii ?uiea
Iniiaiua oa?aeoa?enoeee oeai ia i?iaeoeoeeth eaniiai eiiieaena iiaeii
?anniio?aoue, acya eae i?eia? naaa?iaia?eeaineee ?aaeiiaeueiue ?uiie, a
a /anoiinoe — ?uiie ieeiiaoa?eaeia. Yoio ?aaeiiaeueiue ?uiie eioa?anai
oai, /oi ia iai aeaenoaotho ouny/e iacaaeneiuo yenii?oa?ia e eiii?oa?ia,
a iinoiyiii iaiythueany oeaiu aeiaieueii i?aaenoaaeoaeueiu e ?aaae?otho
ia ethaua oaiaeaioeee ?uiea ianiio?y ia oi, /oi ?uiie n o?oaeii
i?eieiaao iinoi?iiieo yeii?oa?ia. N/eoaaony, /oi eiioeaio?aoeey
i?iecaiaenoaa e i?iaeaae a aeaaea a e?oiiaeoeo oe?iao iaeia ec iaeaieaa
ieceeo ec anao io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe aeaiiiai ?aaeiia, /oi aeaeaao
iaaiciiaeiui eaeiio-eeai iaeiiio iinoaaueeo ?aaeeeaeueii
aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia oeaiu.
Ia ae?aeaauo ?uieao naaa?iaia?eeaineiai ?aaeiia ean eioe?oaony a
on?aaeiaiiuo ni?oao. Oeaia ii?aaeaeyaony ca ouny/o ae?aaaniuo oooia.
Oaeaea aeaiiue ?uiie eioa?anai oai, /oi iaoiaeeony iiae iinoiyiiui
iaaethaeaieai ?acee/iuo i?aaiecaoeee. N?aaee iaeaieaa aeoeaiuo iiaeii
iacaaoue Annioeeaoeeth i?iaeoeoia caiaaeiuo eania (Western Wood Pruducts
Association). Oaeaea ?uiie eiio?iee?oaony Neoaeaie eania Aeaia?oaiaioa
naeueneiai oicyenoaa NOA (United States Department of Agriculture Forest
Service).
Oaeoi?u ni?ina eiaee aeeeoaeueiia aicaeaenoaea ia oeaiu eanii?iaeoeoia.
Iau/ii, eiaaea aic?inoaea aeoeaiinoue ia ?uiea no?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia,
a /anoiinoe aeey no?ieoaeuenoaa aeiiia, oeaiu ia ean ia/eiaee
iiauoaoueny ii ia?a oiai, eae aic?anoaee iauaiu caeoiie. A oaeie
neooaoeee eaniieeee ia?aueaaee i?iecaiaenoai n oeaeueth eniieueciaaiey
i?aeiouanoaa aunieeo oeai. Eiaaea no?ieoaeuenoai caie?aei, oiaiueoaeenue
i?iaeaaee e eanii?iecaiaeeoaee nieaeaee i?iecaiaenoai aei oiai iiiaioa,
iiea no?ieoaeueiue ?uiie ia iaeeaae niiaa.
Yoe oaiaeaioeee aeeau e naaiaeiy ia ?uiea ieeiiaoa?eaeia. Ii ii
n?aaiaieth n i?aaeuaeoueie aiaeaie eaniay eiaeono?ey ?aaeiia, a iniaaiii
aa /anoue ?aniieiaeaiiay ia caiaaeiii iiaa?aaeuea, eiaao aanueia
ia?aie/aiiua aiciiaeiinoe oaaee/aiey iauaiia i?iecaiaenoaa ii ia?a ?inoa
ni?ina. Cia/eoaeueiue niaae eiee/anoaa eana aeinooiiiai ec ioaee/iuo
eania e niioaaonoaothuee niaae i?iiuoeaiiinoe naeaeaee iaaiciiaeiui aeey
io?anee iiaeaea?aeeaaoue aieueoea iauaiu i?iecaiaenoaa a oa/aiee
aeeeoaeueiiai a?aiaie.
Yoo oaiaeaioeeth iiaeii i?ineaaeeoue ii neooaoeee ia eaniuo ae?aeao NOA
eaoii 1996 aiaea. Eaniieeee ?aaeiia auee caa?oaeaiu a yoio ia?eiae
caeacaie ii i?e/eia eaoiaai ia?eiaea ?inoa aeoeaiinoe no?ieoaeuenoaa.
Oai ia iaiaa oeaiu ianeieueei au?iaiyeenue e ninoaaeyee 337,5 aeieea?ia
ca ouny/o ae?aaaniuo ooioia. Neaaeoao o/eouaaoue, /oi aeey oeai
oa?aeoa?iu eciaiaiey ia aanueia iacia/eoaeueiua aaee/eiu, i?e/ai
ae?aeaie onoaiaaeeaathony i?aaeaeu iiauoaiey e iiieaeaiey oeai, eioi?ua,
iaeiaei, nei?aa ni?aai/iua, a ia ?aaeueiua. Ni?in ia ae?aaaneio ?acei
aic?in ca i/aiue ei?ioeee ia?eiae aneaaenoaea oiai, /oi ia ainoi/iue
aa?aa NOA iaeaoae o?aaai “Aa?oa”. Ni?in ia no?ieoaeueioth ae?aaaneio ?in
i?iii?oeeiiaeueii eiee/anoao eeoaiiuo e?iaa ethaeae. Eaniieeee ia
ni?aaeyeenue n iiauie caeacaie e oeaiu ?acei iiaeiyeenue aei 358,7
aeieea?ia. Noaiiaeony caiaoiie ?aaeoeey oeai ia ?uiea a caaeneiinoe io
ni?ina. Aiciiaeii oeaiu i?iaeieaeaee au ?anoe, ii ca neaaeothuoth
iaaeaeth iie oiaee aei 338 aeieea?ia ca ouny/o ae?aaaniuo oooia. Yoi
i?iecioei aneaaenoaea oiai, /oi auei iioaeeeiaaii niiauaiea Ieienoa?noai
oi?aiaee NOA io nieaeaiee ia 2,5 % ii n?aaiaieth n i?ioeui aiaeii
iauaiia aeeeeuiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa.
Ca yoeie niauoeyie neaaeiaae canoie ia aia?eeaineeo e eaiaaeneeo
eaniieeeao a aeaeo naciiiiai canoiy e oeaiu iiieceeenue aua
cia/eoaeueiaa.
I?aaeeiaeaiea eana
I?aaeeiaeaiea eana ia aeaiiii ?uiea ii?aaeaeyaony a iniiaiii Caiaaeiui
?aaeiiii, eioi?ue anaaaea yaeyeny aeaaiui iinoaaueeii ia ?uiea,
iinoaaeyy aieaa 44 % anaai eniieuecoaiiai eana. Oai ia iaiaa n 1987
aiaea n?aaeiea iieacaoaee i?iecaiaenoaa eana nie?aoeeenue ia iaeio
o?aoue (i?eia?ii ia 8,2 ieeeea?aea ae?aaaniuo oooia), i?e/ai eiee/anoai
eaniieeie nie?aoeeinue aaeaia. Eiii?o eana e ia?aueaaiea i?iecaiaenoaa
ia thaa ?aaeiia /anoe/ii caiieieee i?iaae ia ?uiea, ii inoaeny aii?in i
aeieain?i/iie niiniaiinoe nianoaaiiuo enoi/ieeia caiieieoue ?ac?ua,
aicieeoee ec-ca i?iiuoeaiiinoe Caiaaea. I?e yoii iniiaiui enoi/ieeii
eiii?oiiai eana a NOA yaeyaony Eaiaaea. Yoi ainoaea?noai iaoiaeeony iiae
aeaaeaieai a?oiie?iaie ca caueoo ie?oaeathuae N?aaeu, eioi?ua o?aaotho
nieaeaiey eanicaaioiaie. Yoi i?eaeei i?aaeoaeuenoai no?aiu e ?aoaieth i
nieaeaiee eanicaaioiaie a iauanoaaiiuo eanao, eioi?ua yaeythony iniiaiui
enoi/ieeii aeey eaniie i?iiuoeaiiinoe Eaiaaeu.
Ean ec ainoaea?noaaiiuo eania ia Caiaaea NOA yaeyaony iniiaiui
enoi/ieeii niaaaeaiey eaniuie ?ano?naie eiaeono?ee aeaiiiai ?uiea. Ca
iineaaeiea o?e aeanyoeeaoey e?oiiua /anoe Caiaaeiuo eania auee ecuyou ec
eniieueciaaiey. Ca 90-a aiaeu yoa oaiaeaioeey aua aieaa ?anoe?eeanue, a
?acoeueoaoa /aai cia/eoaeueii nieceeny iauai nu?uey n yoiai e?oiiaeoaai
?uiea (ni. ?en. 1). A 1987 aiaeo ii/oe 10 ie?ae. ae?aaaniuo oooia auei
caaioiaeaii a yoii ?aeiia /oiau oaeiaeaoai?eoue ni?in ia ?uiea. N yoiai
a?aiaie ?acei oiaiueoeeinue eiee/anoai eana, iinoaaeyaiiai ec
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo eania yoiai ?aaeiia. Oaeei ia?acii iioa?e ninoaaeee
78 i?ioeaioia.
Aicaeaenoaea i?aaeeiaeaiey ia oeaiu
Nieaeaiea i?aaeeiaeaiey eana e niioaaonoaothuaa nieaeaiea
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiuiinoae oaeaeeee n ?uiea oi, /oi ?aiaa auei
?aoathuei oaeoi?ii — aiciiaeiinoue eaniieeie iiauoaoue i?iecaiaenoai e
iieueciaaoueny i?aeiouanoaaie aunieeo oeai. Ec-ca oiai, /oi iioiaua
iinoaaueee noaee i?eniinaaeeaaoueny e e?aoein?i/iui nieaeaieyi e
iiauoaieyi oeai, ?uiie noae aieaa aini?eei/eaui e aunieei nea/eai oeai
i?e iiauoaiee ni?ina. A aeaeueiaeoai aaaaeaiea a Eaiaaea eaio ia ean a
1996 aiaeo i?eaaei e iaaeinoaoi/iinoe ?uii/iiai i?aaeeiaeaiey.
Aicaeaenoaea eioi?ia ieacaee aeaiiua niauoey ia oeaiu iiaeii oaeaeaoue
ia neaaeothuai i?eia?a. No?ieoaeuenoai, eioi?ia yaeyaony e?oiiaeoei
?uieii nauoa ieeiiaoa?eaeia, iieo/aei cia/eoaeueiua i?eauee a ia?auo
o?ao eaa?oaeao 1996 aiaea e caeai/eaaei aai n 5,6 % io?uaii io i?eaueae
i?aaeuaeouaai aiaea. Ia?aua oanoue ianyoeaa aiaea aeey no?ieoaeuenoaa
noaee iaeaieaa aeoeaiuie. Yoa ia?iiiay aeoeaiinoue ia no?ieoaeueiii
?uiea iiaeaeea aeoeaiinoue iieoiaoaeae ia ?uiea eana, /oi i?eianei
cia/eoaeueiia iiauoaiea oeai. Oeaiu au?inee aei 473 aeieea?ia ca ouny/o
ae?aaaniuo oooia a naioya?a ii n?aaiaieth ni n?aaeieie oeaiaie yiaa?y a
361 aeieea?.
Cao?aou ia a?aaia
Eciaiaiey a niaaaeaiee eanii oaeaea oaaee/eee nea/eiia?aciinoue oeai,
eioi?ua eaniieeee aeieaeiu ieaoeoue ca nu?uea (a?aaia). A ianoiyuee
iiiaio eaniieeee ieaoyo iaiiiai aieaa aunieea oeaiu ca ean, /oi iiauoaao
cao?aou ia i?iecaiaenoai ieeiiaoa?eaeia. Iaeiaei ?uiie ia ?aaae?oao ia
eciaiaiea cao?ao niioaaonoaothuei eciaiaieai oeai, /oi i?eaiaeeo e
oaeiio iieiaeaieth, /oi eaniieeee anoatho ia?aae iaiaoiaeeiinoueth
iioneaoue oeaiu ia i?iaeoeoeeth ieaea cao?ao ia iaa.
A 1987 aiaeo oeaiu ia a?aaia auee a n?aaeiai ?aaiu 190 aeieea?ai ca
ouny/o ae?aaaniuo oooia ii eiaa?eoie/aneie oeaea (Iau/ii ec a?aaai
eaniieeee iiaoo naeaeaoue a iieiaeio iaiueoa eaniiaoa?eaeia, a ii
eiaa?eoie/aneie oeaea — ec 150 ae?aaaniuo oooia a?aaai i?iecaiaeeony 100
ae?aaaniuo oooia ieeiiaoa?eaeia). Oeaiu ia ieeiiaoa?eaeu a yoii aiaeo
ninoaaeyee 209 aeieea?ia ca ouny/o ae?aaaniuo oooia.
Iinea nieaeaiey iinoaaie eana oeaiu ia a?aaia noaee ?anoe cia/eoaeueii
auno?aa, /ai ia ieeiiaoa?eaeu. E 1992 aiaeo ouny/a ae?aaaniuo ooioia
a?aaai iiaeiyeanue a oeaia aei 477 aeieea?ia, /oi icia/aei iiauoaiea
oeai ia a?aaia ia 150%. I?e yoii oeaiu ia eaniiaoa?eaeu au?inee oieueei
ia 43%.
Iinea ieea oeai ia eanii?iaeoeou a 1993 aiaeo, iie ia/aee nieaeaoueny.
E 1994 aiaeo oeaiu ia a?aaia neaeioee aei 652 aeieea?ia, iinea /aai a
1995 aiaeo a?aaia i?iaeaaaeenue ca 453 aeieea?a ca ouny/o ae?aaaniuo
oooia. A eoiaa iiaeii neacaoue, /oi oeaiu ia a?aaia au?inee n 1987 ii
1995 aiaeu ia 263 aeieea?a ca ae?aaaniue ooo, o.a. ii eiaa?eoie/aneie
oeaea — aieaa /ai aaeaia. Aeey n?aaiaiey, oeaia eioi?oth noaee iieo/aoue
eaniieeee ca ouny/o ae?aaaniuo oooia ca yoi aea a?aiy au?inea anaai ia
166 aeieea?ia.
Oeaiu ia ieeiiaoa?eaeu e eioeyoeey
A ioee/ea io ae?oaeo no?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia, oeaiu ia ieeiiaoa?eaeu
ia iiauoathony a caaeneiinoe io eioeyoeee. Aeaaea anee i?eieiaoue ai
aieiaiea iineaaeiee nea/ae oeai, ?aaeueiua oeaiu ia eaniiaoa?eaeu a
ianoiyuee iiiaio n iii?aaeie ia eioeyoeeth ana aua ieaea aunoaai o?iaiy,
caoeene?iaaiiiai a eiioea 70-o aiaeia. Niaeanii noaoenoeea, n?aaeiea
oeaiu ia ean ca ia?aua 9 ianyoeaa 1996 aiaea auee ?aaiu 429 aeieea?ai ca
ouny/o ae?aaaniuo oooia, a ?aei?aeiua oeaiu auee caoeene?iaaiu a ieoya?a
1979 aiaea e ?aaiyeenue 286 aeieea?ai.
I?eaaaeaiiua ii eioeyoeee oeaiu ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue i?eaeeceoaeueii
ia 25 % ieaea aeinoeaiooiai ?aiaa o?iaiy iaeneiaeueiuo oeai. Anee au
oeaiu ia ieeiiaoa?eaeu aea?aeaeenue ia oii aea iaeneiaeueiii o?iaia, oi
iie ninoaaeee au ia ianoiyuee iiiaio i?eaeeceoaeueii 556 aeieea?ia ca
ouny/o ae?aaaniuo oooia, /oi ia 136 aeieea?ia auoa oaeouae n?aaeiae
oeaiu.
Aicaeaenoaea oaeoi?ia i?aaeeiaeaiey eana iiaeao auoue ioneaaeaii ia
o?aiaeao i?eaaaeaiiuo ii eioeyoeee oeai ia ean. N 1985 ii 1989, i?e oii,
/oi eaniieeee eiaee o?aaoaiue ei aeinooi e ?ano?nai aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey
ni?ina, ?aaeueiua oeaiu ia ieeiiaoa?eaeu aa?uee?iaaeenue iaiaa /ai ia 10
i?ioeaioia ec aiaea a aiae. A 1990 aiaeo aeinooi e eaniui ?ano?nai
nieceeny e oeaiu ia ieeiiaoa?eaeu aic?inee cia/eoaeueii. Oeaiu,
i?eaaaeaiiua ii eioeyoeee ca 1990-1996 aiaeu (n?aaeiea ca 9 ianyoeaa)
aa?uee?iaaeenue a i?aaeaeao aieaa 9 i?ioeaioia a ioee/ea io i?aaeuaeoueo
eao a /aou?ao ec oanoe eao yoiai a?aiaiiiai i?iiaaeooea.
Iaeioi?ua oaeoi?u, aicaeaenoaothuea ia oeaiu
Ianiio?y ia oi, /oi iniiaiua aeeythuea ia aeaiiue ?uiie oaeoi?u yniu,
inoathony e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea.
Iai?eia?, eaoii ?uiie iiaeao auoue noaaeeueiui, n ieceeie oeaiaie a
?acoeueoaoa aea?u a iaeioi?uo ?aeiiao NOA e aneaaenoaea yoiai — iaeie
aeoeaiinoe ia eaniuo ae?aeao.
Ae?oaei oaeoi?ii iiaeii n/eoaoue iaoeeiiaeueiua i?acaeieee, a eioi?ua a
NOA iaaethaeaaony nieaeaiea aeaeiaie aeoeaiinoe, a oaeaea ?acaa?
ioioneiiai naciia. Iineaaeiee, iaeiaei, aeeyao ia oeaiu a noi?iio eo
iiauoaiey, o.e. yoi a?aiy no?ieoaeueiiai aoia o ianaeaiey ?aaeiia.
Oaeaea ia oeaiu ia ?uiea eana aeaenoaotho oeaiu ia iueth-ei?eneii ?uiea
ainoaea?noaaiiuo iaeeaaoeee Ieienoa?noaa oeiainia NOA.
E?iia oiai, iiaeii n oaa?aiiinoueth neacaoue, /oi ethaia iiauoaiea
Oaaea?aeueiui ?aca?aii noaaie ca aeieain?i/iua e?aaeeou neaaeaony ia
oeaiao a noi?iio eo iiauoaiey, iineieueeo auciaao nieaeaiea iauaiia
no?ieoaeuenoaa i?e oii, /oi no?ieoaeueiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue iio?aaeyao 2/3
anae ae?aaaneiu iyaeeo ni?oia.
Ae?oaei oaeoi?ii, ieacuaathuei aeeyiea ia oeaiu, yaeyaony
ainoaea?noaaiiay i?ia?aiia i?iaeaaee eana ieaea naaanoieiinoe.
I?iaeaaea eana ieaea naaanoieiinoe
Aeaiiay i?ia?aiia i?iaeaaee eana ieaea naaanoieiinoe (Below-Cost Timber
Sales) auea ?anniio?aia eiia?annii NOA aia?aua a 1920 aiaeo, eiaaea
i?eieiaeanue i?ia?aiia ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey eanaie. ?aaeueii
i?ia?aiia ia/aea aeaenoaiaaoue i?eia?ii a 1960 aiaeo.
Niaea?aeaiea aeaenoaee i?aaeoaeuenoaa oaeiai: Eaniay neoaeaa
Aeaia?oaiaioa naeueneiai oicyenoaa NOA i?iaeaao ean ii oeaia ieaea aai
?aaeueiie naaanoieiinoe. Oaeea aeaenoaey i?iecaiaeyony a /enoi
eieaeueiuo oeaeyo: niaaaeaiea eaniieeie iaeioi?uo ?aaeiiia, aaea iie
eiathony, ii noieiinoue eana auniea (ai?iua ?aeiiu), iaania/aiea
iaeioi?uo ?aeiiia oiieeaiui eanii, nicaeaiea ?aai/eo iano, i?ieeaaeea
aei?ia, ?aaoee?iaaiea i?e?iaeiuo eaiaeoaooia. Iniiaiua ?aeiiu oaeeo
i?iaeaae — Aeynea e ?aeii ?ieee Iioioein.
Ianiio?y ia iacia/eoaeueiua iauaiu i?iaeaae, i?ia?aiia ieacuaaao
aeeyiea ia oeaiu aaeaeo oiai, /oi i?eieiaaiua eiia?annii ?aoaiey /anoi
eciaiytho iauaiu oeiaine?iaaiey i?iaeaae, /oi aaaeao e iaiaeeaeaiiui
nea/eai oeai ia eanii?iaeoeou.
Oeeeeu oeai ia eanii?iaeoeou
Eae oaea aiai?eeinue, ?ino oeai — yoi /anoue anoanoaaiiiai
yeiiiie/aneiai oeeeea, io?aaeaiiay ia ?uiea eana. Yoe oeeeeu
iaaethaeaeenue a i?iiuoeaiiinoe eaniiai eiiieaena n iiiaioa aa
ca?iaeaeaiey. Eae aeaeii, oeaiu ia ean iiaoo eae iiauoaoueny, oae e
iiieaeaoueny iiae aicaeaenoaeai aeaaeaiey ?uii/iuo oaeoi?ia. ?uiie
ni?ina, eioi?ue nouanoaiaae a i?aaeuaeouea aiaeu, oa?aeoa?eciaaeny
cia/eoaeueiuie ?acee/eyie iaaeaeo iaeneiaeueiuie e ieieiaeueiuie
oeaiaie.
Iiaeiaiue oeeee iaaethaeaeny a 1993 aiaeo. Oeaiu ioe?ueenue a ia/aea
aiaea n 364 aeieea?ia ca ouny/o ae?aaaniuo oooia. Aic?inoee ni?in e
niiiaiey ia n/ao niioaaonoaothuaai i?aaeeiaeaiey iiaeiyee oeaiu aei 498
aeieea?ia a ai?aea. Ii caoai, aaniie e eaoii, oeaiu ia/aee nieaeaoueny,
oiaa ia 20 % anaai ca /aou?aoiany/iue ia?eiae.
Aua aieaa cia/eoaeueiue iiaeuai e iaaeaiea oeai iineaaeiaaei ca oeeeeii
1993 aiaea. I?e iaeaieueoai iiauoaiee ni?ina a 1994 aiaeo, oeaiu ?inee
noaaeeueii iineaaeiee eaa?oae 1993 aiaea e caoeene?iaaee iaeneioi a 496
aeieea?ia a yiaa?a 1994 aiaea. Aic?inoea oeaiu e iiauoaiiue ni?in
i?eaaee ia ?uiie aeiiieieoaeueiia i?aaeeiaeaiea. Iauaiu eiii?oa aic?inee
ia 7,3 %, iinoaaee n THaeiuo eaniieeie iiaeiyeenue ia 4,3 %, e aeaaea
Caiaaeiua eaniieeee niiaee iiaeiyoue iauaiu i?iecaiaenoaa ia 2.9 %. I?e
aeinoaoi/iii eiee/anoaa aeinooiiiai ia ?uiea eana, oeaiiaie oeeee iioae
aiec. N 1994 aiaea ii 1995 oeaiu eiaee oaiaeaioeeth e iiauoaieth. E
ethith 1995 aiaea n?aaeiea oeaiu oiaee aei 343 aeieea?ia ca ouny/o
ae?aaaniuo oooia, /oi ia 31 % eee ia 153 aeieea?a ieaea iaeneioia,
aeinoeaiooiai ainaiiaaeoeaoueth ianyoeaie ?aiaa.
Iauee ie?iaie ?yae oeai ia i?iaeoeoeeth eaniiai naeoi?a iiaeii
i?ineaaeeoue ia a?aoeea (ni. ?en.3). Iienaiiue oeeee caeanue noaiiaeony
caiaoiui. Caeanue aea aeaeii e iiauoaiea oeai ia i?iaeoeoeeth eaniie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, i?ienoiaeyuaa a aeaiiii aiaeo. Iiieii o?iaiae oeai ia
a?aoeea oaeaea i?eaaaeaiu 6-oe e 9-oe iany/iua n?aaeiea, eioi?ua
iicaieytho /ao/a i?ineaaeeoue oaiaeaioeee oeai ia ie?iaii ?uiea e
aeaiiino?e?otho oaea iienaiiue iiiaio ia/aea iiauoaiey oeai ia ean,
naycaiiue n nie?auaieai iinoaaie eana ec Caiaaeiiai ?aaeiia NOA.
Iiauoaiea oeai, i?ienoiaeyuaa a ianoiyuaa a?aiy iiaeao ioa?aeoa?eciaaoue
oaaeeoea 4, a eioi?ie aeaiu oeaiu ia ii?aaeaeaiiua aeaou 1996-97 aiaeia.
Oeaiu nii?iaiaeaeathony ?ann/eoaiiuie n?aaeieie oeaiaie ia ia?eiaeu a 4,
8, 12 e 24 iaaeaee.
Oaae.4 N?aaeiea oeaiu ia ean a 1996-97 aa.
Date Price 4 Week Average 8 Week Average 12 Week Average 24 Week Average
11/22/96 $ 447.00
11/27/96 $ 438.00
12/ 6/96 $ 439.00
12/13/96 $ 429.00 $ 438.25
12/20/96 $ 422.00
12/27/96 $ 423.00
1/ 3/97 $ 426.00
1/10/97 $ 435.00 $ 426.50 $ 432.37
1/17/97 $ 436.00
1/24/97 $ 439.00
1/31/97 $ 444.00
2/ 7/97 $ 441.00 $ 440.00 $ 433.25 $ 434.92
2/14/97 $ 442.00
2/21/97 $ 446.00
2/28/97 $ 445.00
3/ 7/97 $ 436.00 $ 442.25 $ 441.12 $ 436.25
3/14/97 $ 433.00
3/21/97 $ 431.00
3/28/97 $ 432.00
4/ 4/97 $ 441.00 $ 434.25 $ 438.25 $ 438.83
4/11/97 $ 455.00
4/18/97 $ 465.00
4/25/97 $ 463.00
5/ 2/97 $ 461.00 $ 461.00 $ 447.62 $ 445.83 $ 440.37
Caeeth/aiea
A ?acoeueoaoa i?iaeaeaiiie ?aaiou iiaeii naeaeaoue iaeioi?ua auaiaeu e
i?iaiicu i ninoiyiee ii?iaiai eaniiai ?uiea e oeaiao ia yoii ?uiea.
Ai-ia?auo, a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo iaaethaeaaony oaiaeaioeey e
oaaee/aieth ?iee ?acee/iuo ainoaea?noaaiiuo e aeia?iaieueiu
i?e?iaeiio?aiiuo i?aaiecaoeee ia aioo?aiiae a?aia iniiaiuo
no?ai-i?iecaiaeeoaeae eaniie i?iaeoeoeee, a oaeaea e ia ie?iaii o?iaia.
N yoei iiaeii naycaoue neaaeothuea oaiaeaioeee. Ia?aueaaiea ieiuaaeae
eania, eioi?ua aoaeoo ecuyou ec iaueo oa??eoi?ee, ia eioi?uo i?ienoiaeeo
eanicaaaoiaea. I?eia?ii e 2005 aiaeo yoe ieiuaaee iiaoo nie?aoeoueny ia
74 % ii noaaiaieth n 1980 aiaeii oieueei ia oa??eoi?ee NOA, eioi?ua
iaeaieaa iiaeaa?aeaiu aicaeaenoaeth i?e?iaeiio?aiiuo i?aaiecaoeee ia
iauanoaaiiia iiaiea e i?aaeoaeuenoai no?aiu. Iaeiaei, neooaoeey iiaeao
eciaieoueny n i?eoiaeii iiaie aaeieieno?aoeee. Aaeaeo oiai, /oi ai
iiiaeo ae?oaeo no?aiao aaiaeyony eaiou ia au?oaeo e yenii?o eana, iiaeii
ni?iaiice?iaaoue cia/eoaeueiia nieaeaiea oa??eoi?ee eanicaaioiaee ii
anaio ie?o. Yoi anoanoaaiii iiaeieiao oeaiu ia aieaa aunieee o?iaaiue,
/oi iu oaea aeaeaee ia i?eia?a naaa?iaia?eeaineiai ?aaeiiaeueiiai ?uiea
eaniie i?iaeoeoeee.
Ae?oaei oaeoi?ii, naycaiiui n caueoie ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, iiaeii
n/eoaoue ai?ueao ca aacaooiaeiua e yeieiae/anee-/enoua oaoiieiaee
ia?a?aaioee nu?uey, iniaaiii a oeaeetheicii-aoiaaeiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
?ac?aaioea iiauo oaoiieiaee a eaniia?a?aaaouaathuao i?iiuueaiiinoe —
aanueia aei?iainoiyuaa ia?ii?eyoea, a anee o/anoue e?oiiua ianooaau
naiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, oi iiaeii neacaoue, /oi e aiaae?aiea ethaie iiaie
oaoiieiaee iio?aaoao cia/eoaeueiuo eaieoaeueiuo cao?ao, eioi?ua
iacaiaaeeyo neacaoueny ia oeaiao i?iaeoeoeee.
Ae?oaay noi?iia iiauo oaoiieiaee — aieaa ?aoeeiiaeueiia eniieueciaaiea
?ano?nia e nieaeaiea iaueo cao?ao ec ca iiauoaiey auoiaea aioiaiai
i?iaeoeoa eo oiai aea eiee/anoaa nu?uey. Iaeuecy neacaoue, /oi aoaeao
?acaeaaoueny auno?aa — iiauoaiea oeai, naycaiiia n cao?aoaie ia iiaua
oaoiieiaee e oiaiueoaieai ieiuaaeae eania eee ioaea/a io aiaae?aiey
aaciooiaeiuo oaoiieiaee, ii, aeaeeii, a iauai oeaiu aoaeoo iiauoaoueny.
Aaaeiia cia/aiea eiaao aeaeaiea eania ai iiiaeo no?aiao ia
ainoaea?noaaiiua e /anoiua. Aeaei a oii, /oi i?ae?auaiea au?oaee eania a
no?aiao noaeei aeaeaieai iiaeao i?ienoiaeeoue ii ?aoaieth i?aaeoaeuenoaa
oieueei ia caieyo, eioi?uie iii aeaaeaao. I?aaeoaeuenoai ia ai?aaa
ia?aie/eaaoue au?oaeo e yenii?o eana ia /anoiuo oa??eoi?eyo, o.e. yoi
cai?auaii caeiiii aieueoeinoaa no?ai, a oaeaea Aaia?aeueiui niaeaoaieai
ii oa?eoai e oi?aiaea (AAOO), iaeiaei aiieia aiciiaeii i?eiaiaiea
iaaeene?eieiaoeeiiiuo yenii?oiuo iaeiaia, eioi?ua a aieueoeinoaa no?ai
cai?auaiu caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii, ii iiaoo auoue i?eiaiaiu ii niaeaniaaieth
n ?acee/iuie ainoaea?noaaiiuie i?aaiaie (iai?eia?, Eiia?annii NOA). I?e
cia/eoaeueiii nieaeaiee ieiuaaeae au?oaee ainoaea?noaaiiuo eania e
ia?aoiaea ia auaic eana ec ?aaeiiia, i?eiaaeeaaeaueo /anoiui
aeaaeaeueoeai, aiciiaeii na?ueaciia aeeyiea oiiiyioouo yenii?oiuo
iaeiaia ia oeaiu.
Oaeei ia?acii, ia naaa?iaia?eeaineii ?uiea, oeaiu aoaeoo caaenaoue io
niiniaiinoe eiii?oa a NOA Eaiaaeneiai eana e oaaee/aiey i?iecaiaenoaa
eana a THaeiii ?aaeiia ainiieieoue i?iaaeu ni?ina.
Oaiaeaioeee e iiauoaieth oeai ia i?iaeoeou eaniie i?iiuoeaiiinoe oaea
neacaeenue a ?acaeouo no?aiao ia inoaeueiuo io?aneyo eiaeono?ee.
Iai?eia?, iiauoaiea oeai ia ean a 1993 aiaeo (ni. ?en.3) i?eaaei e oiio,
/oi noaeueiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue n 1993 ii 1997 aiaeu caiyea 25 %
no?ieoaeueiiai ?uiea (ia/eiay n 1 % a 1993) ca n/ao i?eiaiaiey noaeueiuo
?ai a no?ieoaeuenoaa aeiiia. Yoa oaiaeaioeey aiciiaeii i?iaeieaeeoueny n
iiauoaieai oeai ia ean.
Ae?oaay noi?iia iiauoaiey oeai — i?eaea/aiea ia ?uiie iiauo eiaanoi?ia.
Yoi aucaaii oai, /oi anee aei 1993-94 aiaeia ?ino oeai ia oniaaae ca
?inoii ecaea?aeae iinoaaueeia e i?ioeaio /enoie i?eauee nieaeaeny n 1990
aiaea, oi a 1994 aiaeo i?e i?iaeieaeathuainy ?inoa oeai noae ?anoe e
i?ioeaio /enoie i?eauee a io?anee. Aeieain?i/iinoue o?aaoaiuo aeiaeaiee
ia yaeyaony i?aiyonoaeai a nia?aiaiiie eaniie i?iiuoeaiiinoe aaeaeo
iinoaiaiiiai ?inoa oeai a io?anee, /oi aa?aioe?oao i?eia?ii iaeeiaeiaue
aeioiae io aeiaeaiey a oeaiiua aoiaae e a eanioth i?iiuoeaiiinoue, a oii
/enea e a eaniau?aueaaiea. Yoi aa?aioe?oao aiciaiiaeyaiinoue ?ano?nia
aeey eaniie i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
Oaeei ia?acii, aeeiaieea oeai, aa?aioe?othuay eo noaaeeueiue ?ino
i/aiue aaaeia aeey aeaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe aaeaeo oiai, /oi iia
noeioee?oao aa ?ino e aa?aioe?oao aiciauaiea aeiaeaiiuo cao?ao e
aiciiaeiinoe ?anoe?aiiiai aini?iecaiaenoaa. Ia aeeaeaeoea aiaeu oaeay
aeeiaieea aa?iyoiaa anaai nio?aieony a aeaeo auoaeceiaeaiiuo oaeoi?ia, a
oaeaea oiai, /oi ia naaiaeiyoiee iiiaio oa?aeoa?ai ni?in ia aieaa
ea/anoaaiiia nu?uea e aieaa oe?ieee aai anni?oeiaio.
I?eeiaeaiea
Oaae.1 Iauaiu yenii?oa NOA iniiaiuo i?iaeoeoia iyaeie ae?aaaneiu (a
ieeeeiiao eoaiiao?ia)
A?aaia Ieeiiaoa?eaeu Oaia?a
1981 10.77 4.47 0.61
1982 14.11 3.81 0.40
1983 15.36 4.33 0.51
1984 15.26 3.74 0.33
1985 16.91 3.55 0.28
1986 15.93 4.46 0.54
1987 17.94 5.77 0.70
1988 20.81 7.62 0.89
1989 20.35 7.88 1.28
1990 18.09 6.86 1.43
1991 15.75 7.08 1.17
1992 13.84 6.06 1.28
Oaae.2 Iauaiu yenii?oa NOA iniiaiuo i?iaeoeoia iyaeie ae?aaaneiu (a
ieeeeiiao aeieea?ia)
A?aaia $1,002 Ieeiiaoa?eaeu $653 Oaia?a $167
1981 1,174 575 107
1982 1,068 601 136
1983 1,079 529 87
1984 1,169 492 75
1985 1,137 647 136
1986 1,526 850 179
1987 2,090 1,132 225
1988 2,145 1,391 268
1990 2,137 1,326 303
1991 1,841 1,341 249
1992 1,902 1,347 306
Oaae. 3. Iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey yenii?oa NOA i?iaeoeoia iyaeie ae?aaaneiu
(a ieeeeiiao eoaiiao?ia e ieeeeiiao aeieea?ia)
LOGS
Japan
Korea
China
Canada
1992 Volume 9.14 1.84 1.07 1.36
1988-92 Average 10.90 2.62 2.30 1.40
1992 Value $1.493 $184 $121 $54
1988-92 Average $1.454 $234 $215 $64
LUMBER
Japan
EC
Maxico
Canada
1992 Volume 3.37 0.94 0.95 0.74
1988-92 Average 2.82 1.00 0.91 0.97
1992 Value $498 $285 $207 $141
1988-92 Average $497 $269 $132 $156
PLYWOOD
EC
Mexico
Caribbean
Canada
1992 Volume 0.89 0.18 0.08 0.08
1988-92 Average 0.87 0.06 0.08 0.11
1992 Value $212 $37 $23 $21
1988-92 Average $190 $18 $19 $25
SOFTWOOD CHIPS
Japan
Canada
1992 Volume 3.97 0.44
1988-92 Average 5.26 0.24
1992 Value $184 $12
1988-92 Average $229 $6
Ii nieneo SIC: sawing, milling, splitting, compression molding, curing,
machining, shaping, planing, turning, drilling, reaming, filing,
abrasive machining, assembly, adhesive bolding, mechanical fastening,
coating, destructive testing, non-destructive testing.
Ii eeanneoeeaoeee NOA — Summary of Industry Classifications,
i?iaeoeoeey eanii?iiuoeaiiiai eiiieaena iaoiaeeony a a?oiia
Manufacturing iiae eiaeaie: 240 Lumber and wood products (SIC major
group 24); 262 Pulp, paper and board mills (SIC codes 261, 262, and
263); Other paper and allied products (SIC codes 265 and 267), a oaeaea
Furniture and fixtures (SIC major group 25). E?iia oiai n yoie oaiie
naycaiu a?oiia 080 ?acaeaea Agroculture, forestry and fishing e a?oiiu
503 e 511 ?acaeaea Wholesale trede.
ia iniiaa aeaiuo noaoenoeee III ca 1989a.
ii aeaiiui Federal Trade Commission (COA).
U.S. Sept. of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service.
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