oi?neeo eiiiaiee ia Oe?aeia
8
Iniiaiua ioee/eoaeueiua /a?ou yeniaaeeoi?neeo eiiiaiee
11
TH?eaee/aneee noaoon iauanoaa
12
Ii?yaeie ?ani?aaeaeaiey aeioiaeia
14
I?aaa e iaycaiiinoe aeoeeiia?ia
15
Iauaa nia?aiea aeoeeiia?ia iauanoaa
15
?oeiaiaenoai iauanoaii
16
Iiaeienaiea aiaoiaoi?aiauo naeaeie io eiaie iauanoaa
17
Aeoeee iauanoaa
17
Oeiainiaue aiae, o/ao e io/aoiinoue
20
Aiaeec aeayoaeueiinoe Oe?IOeYI
21
?acaeae II.
22
AeIEOIAIOAEUeIIA IOI?IEAIEA IA?AAICEE
22
Noaiaea?oecaoeey a?ociaie e o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoi?neie aeieoiaioaoeee
22
Caeeth/aiea
28
AAAAeAIEA
Ii?neea ii?ou ea?atho cia/eoaeueioth ?ieue a yeiiiieea anao ainoaea?noa,
eiathueo auoiae e ii?th, iaania/eaay naycue iaaeaeo ii?neei o?ainii?oii
e niaaeiuie aeaeaie o?ainii?oa.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy a ?acoeueoaoa ?inoa iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee
i?ienoiaeeo i?aia?aciaaiea ie?iaie yeiiiieee a aaeeioth nenoaio e
eioaa?aoeey aeayoaeueiinoe a iaeanoe ia?aaicie a ie?iaii ianooaaa.
Anoanoaaiii, /oi e ii?ou noaiiayony /anoueth yoie ia?iiiie,
eciaiythuaeny e eiieo?aioiie nenoaiu.
E?ecen i?iecaiaenoaa, ioaaoeaoee Oe?aeio, a oaeaea ?ac?ua iiiaeo
yeiiiie/aneeo naycae ni no?aiaie auaoaai nioeeaeenoe/aneiai eaaa?y,
i?eaae e iaaeaieth a?ociiioiea aieueoeinoaa ii?oia Oe?aeiu. Eciaiaiey a
oe?aeineii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i o?aiceoa oaeaea iaaaoeaii neacaeenue ia
iauaiao a?ociia?aaaeee.
Ii?oiaay nenoaia Oe?aeiu caaeoiuaaeanue eae ii?neea ai?ioa Niaaoneiai
Nithca, e iinea aai ?aniaaea niaieoiiay iiuiinoue ii?oia iaiiiai
i?aauoaao aioo?aiiea iio?aaiinoe no?aiu, /oi aucuaaao iaeioi?ua
o?oaeiinoe a ooieoeeiie?iaaiee nenoaiu. Ii?oiaay nenoaia ninoiyuay ec 18
ii?oia, 30 ii?oiauo ?aeiiia e iiiai/eneaiiuo ?a/iuo ii?oia oaeo a naaa
ia?iiiue iioaioeeae, e i?aaenoaaeyao niaie na?ueacioth eiieo?aioioth
neeo ia ?uiea ii?oiauo oneoa.
Ii?ou, eiia/ii aea, ia iiaoo ?aaioaoue ii noa?iio. Ei i?aaenoieo ea?aoue
oaia?ue iiaoth ?ieue. Iiaua iio?aaiinoe a iaeanoe oi?aiaee e ia?aaicie,
ia oieueei ioe?uaatho aeey ii?oia iiaua aiciiaeiinoe, ii iie oaeaea
nii?yaeaiu n ?eneii. Oniao aeayoaeueiinoe ii?oa aoaeao caaenaoue io
oiai, eae ii aoaeao ?aaae?iaaoue ia iiaoth neooaoeeth. A ea/anoaa
iniiaiuo a?aeo?ia aoaeoo aunooiaoue eiieo?aioiue ?uiie e
iaaeaeoia?iaeiay oi?aiaey.
Aeaiiue io/?o ioi?ieai ii eoiaai i?aeoeee, i?ieaeaiiie iiith a
ainoaea?noaaiiie i?aaiecaoeee Oe?IOeYI, inouanoaeythuae ?aciiia?aciua
aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe a oii /enea e yeniaaee?iaaiea. E io/?oo
i?eeaaathony aeieoiaiou oa?aeoa?ecothuea ?aaioo eiiiaiee a oeaeii eeai
inaauathuea i?iecaiaenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue eaeiai-eeai ec
iiae?acaeaeaiee eiiiaiee.
?ACAeAE I. OA?AEOA?ENOEEA YENIAAeEOI?NEEO EIIIAIEE
Enoi?e/aneay ni?aaea
Ca?iaeaeaiea o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoi?neiai ianeoaeeaaiey naycaii n
?acaeoeai ie?iaie oi?aiaee e o?ainii?oa. Ia?aie
o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoi?neie i?aaiecaoeeae n/eoaaony oe?ia “Aeaican”,
ia?aciaaaoayny a 1552 aiaeo a a. Aacaea e yaeythuayny a ianoiyuaa a?aiy
iaeiie ec e?oiiaeoeo o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoi?neeo oe?i ie?a.
Ia ?aiiai yoaia ?acaeoey yeniaaee?iaaiey oa?aeoa?iie /a?oie yaeyeinue
iinoaiaiiia auiieiaiea ia?aaic/eeii anao ooieoeee e oi?iaeueiinoae ii
ioi?aaea a?ocia, i?eiaaeeaaeaueo eoioeo. Ii ia?a ?acaeoey
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee ia/eiaaony iinoaiaiiia ioaeaeaiea
yeniaaeeoi?neeo ooieoeee io ia?aaic/eea.
A aeaeueiaeoai yeniaaeeoi?neea i?aaiecaoeee iieo/atho ana aieueoaa e
aieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea, e a eiioea XIX e ia/aea OO a.a. eiieo?aioiay
ai?ueaa iaaeaeo ieie i?eaaea e ia?aciaaieth e?oiiuo yeniaaeeoi?neeo
oe?i, oe?aieaieth eo iiiiiieenoe/aneeo iiceoeee ia ioaeaeueiuo ?uieao.
Auaeaeaiea yeniaaeeoi?neeo oneoa a ioaeaeueioth oi?aaeai/aneoth
ooieoeeth
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy aneaaenoaea ia?iiiiai ?inoa iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai
oiaa?iiaiaia ?ieue yeniaaeeoi?neeo oe?i cia/eoaeueii aic?inea,
yeniaaeeoi? yaeyaony iniiaiui iin?aaeieeii iaaeaeo i?iaeaaoeii e
iieoiaoaeai, ii?aaeaeythuei iaeaieaa iiaeoiaeyuaai ia?aaic/eea,
e?ao/aeoee e iaeaieaa auaiaeiue iooue ia?aaicee.
A caaeneiinoe io noa?u aeayoaeueiinoe ?acee/atho aioo?aiieo
yeniaaeeoi?ia, caieiathueony i?aaiecaoeeae ia?aaicie a?ocia aioo?aiiae
oi?aiaee, iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo yeniaaeeoi?ia.
Nouanoaoao /aoeia ?aca?aie/aiea ia aioo?aiieo e iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
yeniaaeeoi?ia. Eae i?aaeei, e?oiiua yeniaaeeoi?neea i?aaiecaoeee
caieiathony a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue iaaeaeoia?iaeiui yeniaaee?iaaieai, aieaa
iaeeea oe?iu – aii?inaie aioo?aiiae oi?aiaee. Oai ia iaiaa ia eneeth/aii
o/anoea iaeeeo oe?i a yeniaaee?iaaiee aiaoiaoi?aiaiai a?ociiai?ioa.
N oi/ee c?aiey aeaea o?ainii?oa, yeniaaee?iaaiea ?acaeaeyaony ia
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiia, ii?neia, aaoiiiaeeueiia, aaeaoeeiiiia e ?a/iia.
A nayce n oai, /oi ia?aaicea a?ocia naycaia, eae i?aaeei, n eo
neeaaee?iaaieai, a noaaee ca o?aiaiea yaeythony iau/ii aeiaieueii
aunieeie, yeniaaeeoi?neea oe?iu eiatho a ii?oao, ia aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo
noaioeeyo e ay?iae?iiao naie eee a?aiaeoaiua neeaaeneea iiiauaiey. Aeey
ianeoaeeaaiey neeaaeia niaea?aeeony ooao ?aai/eo. Neeaaeu iaiaoiaeeiu
yeniaaeeoi?ai oaeaea aeey eiiieaeoaoeee nai?iuo ioi?aaie, eioi?ua
i?eiinyo ei iaeaieueooth i?eaueue. Nai?iua ioi?aaee caa?oaeathony ia
o?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa oaeei ia?acii, /oiau eo a?ociaianoeiinoue
eniieueciaaeanue iaeneiaeueii, a a?ocu iiaeae?athony oae, /oiau
i?iaiciay ieaoa ca aaaii eee aaoiiiaeeue a oeaeii auea ieieiaeueiie.
Iai?eia?, oaeea e?oiiua yeniaaeeoi?neea oe?iu eae “Oaiea?” ai
O?aieoo?oa-ia-Iaeia (O?A) eee “Aeaican” a Aacaea (Oaaeoea?ey)
eiiieaeootho e ioi?aaeytho aaeaaeiaaii aieueoia eiee/anoai nai?iuo
aaaiiia.
Iau/ii caeac/ee, ia?aaeaaay naie a?oc yeniaaeeoi?o, ii?o/aao aio
i?iecaanoe ana iia?aoeee, naycaiiua n ia?aioi?aaeie aei ianoa
iio?aaeaiey eee iiiaioa ia?aaea/e a?oca iieo/aoaeth.
A eiio?aeoa ia yeniaaee?iaaiea a?oca o/anoaoao e oae iacuaaaiue
“oiaianeee” yeniaaeeoi?, eioi?ue aunooiaao ii ii?o/aieth iinoaaueea,
yenii?oe?othuaai a?oc ii?neei iooai ia oneiaeyo OIA. A aai iaycaiiinoe
aoiaeeo i?aaiecaoeey ia?aaicee a?oca aei ai?oa noaeia, o.a. aeinoaaea
a?oca io ioieoa ioi?aaeaiey aioo?e no?aiu aei ii?oa, o?aiaiea a ii?oo,
auiieiaiea oaiiaeaiiuo oi?iaeueiinoae e o.ae.
N oi/ee c?aiey eniieuecoaiuo aeaeia o?ainii?oa, yeniaaee?iaaiea iiaeii
?acaeaeeoue ia i?inoia, eiaaea ia?aaicea inouanoaeyaony eaeei-eeai
iaeiei aeaeii o?ainii?oa, e eiiaeie?iaaiiia, eiaaea a?oc ia?aaiceony
aeaoiy eee aieueoei eiee/anoaii aeaeia o?ainii?oa.
I?eaaaeaiiia ?acaeaeaiea o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoi?neeo oe?i yaeyaony
aanueia oneiaiui, oae eae oi/iuo e /aoeeo iaueo e?eoa?eai eeanneoeeaoeey
yeniaaeeoi?neeo oe?i ia nouanoaoao.
Nicaeaiea yeniaaeeoi?neeo eiiiaiee ca ?oaaaeii
A aieueoeinoaa eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?ai yeniaaeeoi?neea eiiiaiee
ioiinyony e /anoiiio naeoi?o yeiiiieee. A iaeioi?uo no?aiao
aeayoaeueiinoue yeniaaeeoi?ia a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie ?aaoee?oaony
iaoeeiiaeueiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii.
A NOA iai?eia?, ?aaioa yeniaaeeoi?a iaoiaeeony iiae aeanoeei eiio?ieai
ainoaea?noaaiiuo aaaeiinoa. Neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi ana yeniaaeeoi?neea
iia?aoeee aeaeyony ia aeaa eaoaai?ee: aioo?aiiyy e aiaoiyy yeniaaeeoeey.
Niioaaonoaaiii eiathony e aeaa aeaea yeniaaeeoi?neeo oe?i: yeniaaeeoi?u
ii aioo?aiiei iia?aoeeyi (inland forwarder), aeayoaeueiinoue eioi?uo
eiio?iee?oao eiienney ii aioo?aiiae oi?aiaea (interstate commerce
commission); yeniaaeeoi?u ii aiaoiaoi?aiaui iia?aoeeyi (foreign freight
forwarder), iaoiaeyueany iiae eiio?ieai Oaaea?aeueiie ii?neie eiiennee
(Federal maritime commission). I?e yoii iaeia oe?ia ia iiaeao niaiauaoue
auiieiaiea iaaeo iia?aoeee. Aeey ioe?uoey yeniaaeeoi?neie eiiiaiee
aoi?iai aeaea oe?ia aeieaeia iieo/eoue eeoeaiceth OIE, eioi?ay auaeaaony
i?e oneiaee auiieiaiey oeaeiai ?yaea oi?iaeueiinoae e, a /anoiinoe,
i?aaenoaaeaiea ?aeiiaiaeaoeee iaeiiai ec aaieia. Yoio ii?yaeie aaaaeai
aeey i?aaeioa?auaiey iacaeiiiuo naeaeie ai aiaoiaoi?aiauo iia?aoeeyo.
Oaeei ia?acii, a?ociaie eeeaioo?a NOA, inouanoaeythuae
yenii?oii-eiii?oiua iia?aoeee, i?eoiaeyony eiaoue aeaei n aeaoiy
yeniaaeeoi?aie. Ia?aue yeniaaeeoi? inouanoaeyao o?ainii?oe?iaeo a?ocia
io caaiaea-ecaioiaeoaey aei ii?neiai ii?oa, aoi?ie i?eieiaao ia naay
caaiou i a?ocao a ii?neii ii?oo. N oeaeueth yeiiiiee ?anoiaeia ia
o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoi?neeo iia?aoeeyo e?oiiua yenia?ou a NOA e ae?oaeo
no?aiao i?aaeii/eoatho eiaoue naie yeniaaeeoi?neea oe?iu aeey auiieiaiey
anaai eiiieaena ?aaio yoiai oa?aeoa?a (oiaeiaee, ia?ee?iaee,
o?ainii?oe?iaee aei ii?neiai ii?oa, o.i.). Yoe oe?iu eee ioaeaeu iau/ii
auae?atho e ii?neiai ia?aaic/eea, n eioi?ui niaeaniauaatho ?acia?u
o?aooiauo noaaie. Ii?oiaia yeniaaee?iaaiea a NOA iiaeao auiieiyoueny
oieueei yeniaaeeoi?aie ai aiaoiaoi?aiauo iia?aoeeyo, eioi?ua auiieiytho
neaaeothuea ?aaiou: a?iie?iaaiea ianoa ia noaeia, oaiiaeaiioth i/enoeo,
ioi?ieaiea eiiinaiaioia, iieaoo iioeei, ia?ee?iaeo, ii?neoth oiaeiaeo,
oe?oiiaiea iaeeeo ia?oee a?ocia a eiioaeia?u eeai o?aeea?u, no?aoiaaiea
ii?neie ia?aaicee, iieaoo o?aooa e ae?. Oioy oi?iaeueii a?iie?iaaiea
ianoa ia noaeia inouanoaeyaony yeniaaeeoi?aie, i?aeoe/anee ioi?aaeo
eeiaeiuo a?ocia eiio?iee?otho naie ioi?aaeoaee /a?ac naie
yeniaaeeoi?neea neoaeau. Yoei iauyniyaony ioiineoaeueii ieceee i?ioeaio
a?iea?neie eiiennee, eioi?ue iieo/atho yeniaaeeoi?u a NOA, iineieueeo
n/eoaaony, /oi yoa eiienney auiea/eaaaony ia ca aoiea?iaaiea a?oca, a ca
auiieiaiea yeniaaeeoi?ii ?yaea eiie?aoiuo oneoa – iai?eia?, niaeaniaaiea
a?aiaie caaica a?oca a ii?o, auieneo eiiinaiaioa e ae?.
A ioee/ea io NOA a Aa?iia e ?yaea no?ai THai-Ainoi/iie Acee
aeayoaeueiinoue aaaioia – yeniaaeeoi?ia ia ?aaeaiaioe?oaony. Yoi i?eaaei
e nicaeaieth e?oiiuo yeniaaeeoi?neeo oe?i, eioi?ua iiiiiieece?iaaee
aanue eiiieaen yeniaaeeoi?neie aeayoaeueiinoe a iaeanoe e aioo?aiieo, e
aiaoiaoi?aiauo ia?aaicie. Iie ?aniieaaatho oe?ieie naoueth ioaeaeaiee ai
anao eeth/aauo o?ainii?oiuo oceao ia oieueei naiae no?aiu, ii e ca aa
i?aaeaeaie, eiatho nianoaaiiue aaoio?ainii?o, neeaaeu, oiaeiai/iua
ianoa?neea, eiioaeia?iua e o?aeea?iua ia?ee. Yoe oe?iu i?aaeeaaatho
a?ociioi?aaeoaeyi oe?ieee anni?oeiaio o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoeeiiiuo
oneoa, aeeth/ay yenii?oioth oiaeiaeo e ia?ee?iaeo a?oca, o?ainii?oe?iaeo
a ii?neie ii?o, a?iie?iaaiea ianoa ia noaeia, iieaoo oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei,
no?aoiaaiea, iieaoo o?aooa, ioi?ieaiea eiiinaiaioia e ae?oaeo
aeieoiaioia.
Iineieueeo e?oiiua yeniaaeeoi?neea oe?iu eiio?iee?otho ia?aaicee
aieueoeinoaa eeiaeiuo a?ocia, eeiaeiua aaaiou cia/eoaeueioth /anoue
a?ocia aoene?otho /a?ac ieo.. Ionthaea, iai?eia?, e aieaa aunieee
o?iaaiue a?iea?neie eiiennee a no?aiao Aa?iiu. Ao?iia ?acaeoea
eiioaeia?iuo ia?aaicie yaeeinue i?aaeiinueeie ?anoe?aiey aeayoaeueiinoe
o?ainii?oiuo eiiiaiee oeia IAI (IAI – iauanoaaiiue ia?aaic/ee, ia
aeaaeathuee oiiiaaeai). ssaeyynue ia?aaic/eeii, IAI aunooiaao
iaeiia?aiaiii a ?iee yeniaaeeoi?a e ioi?aaeoaey a?oca. E?iia aioo?aiiae
yeniaaeeoeee, eiiiaiee IAI aa?oo ia naay iaycaiiinoe i?aaiecaoeee
ia?aaicee e aeinoaaee a?oca ni neeaaea iieo/aoaey, oioy IAI e ia eiatho
nianoaaiiuo o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa. Iaeiaei aieueoeinoai ec ieo
?aniieaaaao nianoaaiiui eeai a?aiaeiaaiiui ia?eii, /oi iiiiaaao ei
i?eaeaeaoue eeeaioo?o. Iau/ii IAI aa?oo ia naay iaycaoaeuenoai
aeinoaaeoue a?oc io “aeaa?e aei aeaa?e”, aeey /aai auienuaaaony
aeieoiaio ia niaoaiioth ia?aaiceo. Ia?aaicea a?ocia inouanoaeyaony
aaoio?ainii?oii, aeaeaciiaei?iaeiui e noaeioiaeiuie eiiiaieyie, aeey
eioi?uo IAI – eeoue ioi?aaeoaeue a?ocia e iiyoiio ia eiaao i?aaa ia
a?iea?neoth eiienneth. Aai aeioiaeu ninoaaeytho ?aciinoue iaaeaeo noiiie
anao oa?eoiuo noaaie ia?aaic/eeia, o/anoaothueo a o?ainii?oe?iaea a?oca,
e neaiciie noaaeie, acuneaiiie IAI n ioi?aaeoaeae a?ocia. Iau/ii
eiiiaiee IAI i?aaeeaaaao e ia?aaicea aieueoea ia?oee a?ocia, /oi
iicaieyao ei ooi?aiauaaoue ni anaie ia?aaic/eeaie eueaioiua noaaee. IAI
iaeaaeatho, eae i?aaeei, nieeaeiui iiuoii iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee,
ciatho i?aaeea ia?aaicee a?ocia ia anao aeaeao o?ainii?oa, oaiiaeaiiua
i?aaeea, i?aaeea no?aoiaaiey e a no?aia ioi?aaeaiey e a no?aia
iacia/aiey. Iau/ii eiiiaiee IAI inouanoaeytho aeinoaaeo a?ocia ia oi?ioi
inaiaiiuo iai?aaeaieyo, oai, aaea ei oaeaeinue ooi?aiaaoue n ii?neei e
nooiiooiuie ia?aaiceaie eueaioiua noaaee, aaea anoue aa?aioey ia?aoiie
caa?oceo eiioaeia?ia, aaea eiathony nianoaaiiua aaaiou.
Aieueooth ?ieue a inouanoaeaiee o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoeeiiiuo iia?aoeee
ea?atho noaeiaua aaaiou. Iie ?aaioatho a oaniii eiioaeoa n
yeniaaeeoi?aie.
A ?acaeouo eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?aiao ia ?uiea o?ainii?oiuo oneoa
o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoi?neeie iia?aoeeyie caieiatho iiiai/eneaiiua oe?iu.
Iniiaiay ?ieue a ianeoaeeaaiee iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai a?ociiai?ioa
i?eiaaeeaaeeo e?oiiaeoei eiiiaieyi, ?aniieaaathuei oe?ieie naoueth
ei??aniiiaeaioneeo naycae n oe?iaie e i?aaenoaaeoaeyie ai iiiaeo
no?aiao ie?a.
Yeniaaeeoi?neea oe?iu niaianoii n iiiiiieeyie a eeiaeiii noaeioiaenoaa
auaeaeaatho eaeath iieiiai inaiaiaeaeaiey a?ociaeaaeaeueoeaa io caaio ii
i?aaiecaoeee ia?aaicie: iiaeaioiaeo oiaa?a e ioi?aaea e aeinoaaeo aai a
ii?o i?eieiaao ia naay yeniaaeeoi? i?iaeaaoea, eeiaeiue ia?aaic/ee
iaania/eaaao iia?oceo, o?ainii?oe?iaeo ii?ai e aua?oceo, o?ainii?oe?iaeo
ii?ai e aua?oceo a ii?oo iacia/aiey, a yeniaaeeoi? iieoiaoaey –
aeinoaaeo oiaa?a e ianoo iio?aaeaiey. Iiyaeaiea yoie eaeae aucaaii a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue aic?anoathuei o?iaiai oeaio?aeecaoeee yeniaaeeoi?neiai
eaieoaea a e?oiiuo oe?iao, nicaeaieai iaoeeiiaeueiuo nithcia e
annioeeaoeee yeniaaeeoi?ia, eii?aeeie?othueo naie aeaenoaey n
o?ainii?oiuie iiiiiieeyie.
Eco/aiea yeniaaeeoi?neeo oe?i no?ai – oi?aiauo ia?oia?ia, eo ?iee e
aiciiaeiinoae a i?ioeanna o?ainii?oe?iaee a?ocia, eo acaeiiioiioaiee n
ia?aaic/eeaie eiaao aieueoia cia/aiea aeey iiauoaiey yooaeoeaiinoe
niaaoneeo yenii?oii-eiii?oiuo iia?aoeee. Iiyoiio i?aaenoaaeyaony
oeaeaniia?aciui aeaoue e?aoeoth oa?aeoa?enoeeo e?oiiaeoei
o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoi?neei oe?iai iniiaiuo eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?ai
Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu.
Aa?iaiey. Oe?ia “Oaiea?” iniiaaia a 1872 aiaeo a Aaia e yaeyaony iaeiie
ec naiuo e?oiiuo yeniaaeeoi?neeo oe?i a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia. Iniiaiie
eaieoae oe?iu i?eiaaeeaaeeo aeaeaciui aei?iaai Aa?iaiee, a neeo /aai iia
yaeyaony i?aeoe/anee ainoaea?noaaiiie e eiaao oi?ioea nayce n aeaeaciuie
aei?iaaie aa?iiaeneeo no?ai, io eioi?uo iieo/aao cia/eoaeueiua neeaeee
ia ia?aaiceo a?ocia. Oeaio?aeueiia oi?aaeaiea oe?iu iaoiaeeony ai
O?aieoo?oa-ia-Iaeia. Oe?ia eiaao aanueia ?acaaoaeaiioth naoue ioaeaeaiee
e oeeeaeia a Caiaaeiie Aa?iaiee, no?aiao Aa?iiu e ae?oaeo eiioeiaioia e
aei/a?ieo eiiiaiee. A oeaeii “Oaiea?” o/anoaoao a i?yiie eee einaaiiie
oi?ia a 110 oe?iao, /oi iicaieyao ae iaoiaeeoueny i?aeoe/anee aac
ei??aniiiaeaioia, i?eaaaay e eo iiiiue oieueei a neo/aa eiiia?aoeee i?e
ioi?aaeao a?ocia ia ii?aaeaeaiiuo iai?aaeaieyo.
Oe?ia caieiaaony oaeaea i?aaiecaoeeae ia?aaicie ii?neei, aaeaoeeiiiui e
aaoiiiaeeueiui o?ainii?oia. Oeaio? ia?aaioee a?ocia ii ia?aaicea ii?ai
iaoiaeeony a Aaiao?aa.
E?iia yeniaaee?iaaiey aiaoiaoi?aiauo, o?aiceoiuo e i?i/eo a?ocia, oe?ia
inouanoaeyao /a?oa?iia o?aooiaaiea ii?neeo noaeia e naiieaoia, ia?aaiceo
a?ocia nianoaaiiui aaoio?ainii?oii ia ei?ioeea ?annoiyiey, iiae?aaioeo e
o?aiaiea a?ocia ia nianoaaiiuo neeaaeao, yeniaaeeoi?neia no?aoiaaiea
a?ocia e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea iia?aoeee.
Oe?ia “Ethia-Iaaaeue”. Iniiaaia a 1980 aiaeo e yaeyaony /anoiie oe?iie.
I?aaeiao aa aeayoaeueiinoe – o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoi?neia ianeoaeeaaiea
ia?aaicie a?ocia anaie aeaeaie o?ainii?oa ai aioo?aiiai e
iaaeaeoia?iaeiii niiauaiee. E?iia oiai, oe?ia inouanoaeyao ia?aaiceo,
o?aiaiea, oiaeiaeo, oaiiaeaiioth i/enoeo a?ocia, caieiaaony o?aooiauie
iia?aoeeyie, auiieiyao noeaeaei?iua ?aaiou, no?aoiaua iia?aoeee.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy oe?ia “Ethia-Iaaaeue” yaeyaony iniiaiui eiieo?aioii
oe?iu “Oaiea?”.
O?aioeey. Oe?ia “Eaeueaa?nii Eioa?ianeiiaeue”. ssaeyaony aeoeeiia?iui
iauanoaii n ia?aie/eaathuaeny ioaaonoaaiiinoueth. A aeaaiii i?aaei?eyoee
oe?iu 52% aeoeee iaoiaeeony a ?oeao o?aioeocneeo aeaeaciuo aei?ia,
yaeythueony ainoaea?noaaiiui i?aaei?eyoeai.
“Eaeueaa?nii” – naiia e?oiiia o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoi?neia i?aaei?eyoea
O?aioeee.
A nianoaaiiinoe oe?iu eiathony a?ociaua aaoiiiaeee, aaaiiu, aaoiiaoeiu
aeey ia?aaicee iaaaaa?eoiuo a?ocia e oyaeaeiaaniuo a?ocia, ieaooi?iu
aeey ia?aaicee oyaeaeiaania aei 480 ea.
Oe?ia “AEeee Y Ne”. Oe?ia inouanoaeyao aeaaiui ia?acii ia?aaicee a?ocia
a eiioaeia?ao aeaeaciiaei?iaeii-aaoiiiaeeueiui o?ainii?oii. Iniiaiui
oeaio?ii oe?iu ii iaaeaeoia?iaeiui ia?aaiceai yaeyaony aaaionoai a
Ia?eaeneii ii?oo (AEaiaaeeuea). A yoii ii?oo aeey ia?aaaeee e ia?aaioee
eiioaeia?ia eiathony ioe?uoay neeaaeneay ieiuaaeue 20 oun. ea. i,
ia?aaeaeaeiie ii?oaeueiue e?ai a?ociiiaeuaiiinoueth 3500 o, cae?uoua
oaiiaeaiiua neeaaeu ieiuaaeueth 10 oun. ea. i, ec eioi?uo 1500 ea. i
i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey iiaea?oiie?iaee e ?aca?oiie?iaee a?ocia,
aaoiiia?oc/ee a?ociiiaeuaiiinoueth 25 o, iiiaeanoai ia?aaeaeaeiuo
yeaeo?iiia?oc/eeia a?ociiiaeuaiiinoueth 2-12 o. A neo/aa iaiaoiaeeiinoe
“AEeee Y Ne” a?aiaeoao a ii?oo iaiaoiaeeiua oaoie/aneea n?aaenoaa. Eiaao
naieo aaaioia e ei??aniiiaeaioia i?eia?ii a 30 ai?iaeao O?aioeee, /oi
iicaieyao ae iaania/eaaoue i?eai e aeinoaaeo a?ocia i?aeoe/anee a ethaie
ioieo ia oa??eoi?ee O?aioeee. *a?ac naieo aaaioia “AEeee Y Ne”
inouanoaeyao iia?aoeee ii i?eaiea eiioaeia?ia, ia?aaicea eiioaeia?ia
aaoio?ainii?oii, iiaea?oiie?iaeo e ?aca?oiie?iaeo a?ocia, oaiiaeaiiua
oi?iaeueiinoe, o?aiaiea a?ocia e eiioaeia?ia, ?an/aou ii oa?eoai,
iiaeuneaiea a?ocia aeey ia?aoiie ?aca?ocee eiioaeia?ia.
Inouanoaeyy yeniaaeeoi?neia ianeoaeeaaiea eiioaeia?ia a ii?oo Aaa?,
“AEeee Y Ne” oanii nio?oaeie/aao ni noeaeaei?iie aaaioneie eiiiaieae
Ieiii?oeioa “Iacii Ia??eai” e i?e yoii enoiaeeo ec noaaie, ?ac?aaioaiiuo
e i?eiaiyaiuo oeacaiiie eiiiaieae.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy oe?ia caieiaaony yeniaaee?iaaieai ia oa??eoi?ee
O?aioeee anao eiioaeia?ia, i?eiaaeeaaeaueo Eaoaeeneiio ia?ioiaenoao.
Nicaeaiea yeniaaeeoi?neeo eiiiaiee ia Oe?aeia (ia?ano?ieea e i?aaiaay
aaca aeey yeiiiie/aneie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe)
O?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoi?neay ia?aaioea ioa/anoaaiiiai a?ociiai?ioa
i?aeoe/anee nin?aaeioi/aia a ?oeao aaaioneeo oe?i e ioa/anoaaiiuo
ia?ioiaenoa, i?aaenoaaeaiiuo oe?iaie “Oaeoiai” a Ii?aaaee, “Aaiao?a” a
Ae?aiiaia, “Ienii e ?aeo” a Noieaieueia e “E?enoeai Ainai” a
Eiiaiaaaaia. Ana yoe oe?iu eiatho aeieaieaoiee iiuo ?aaiou n
ioa/anoaaiiuie a?ocaie e oaeoe/anee yaeythony a naieo no?aiao
iiiiiieueiuie i?aaenoaaeoaeyie ioa/anoaaiiuo ia?ioiaenoa.
O?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoi?neia ianeoaeeaaiea aiaoiaoi?aiauo a?ocia a
Oe?aeia inouanoaeyei Ananithciia iauaaeeiaiea “Nithcaiaoo?ain”.
Iauaaeeiaiea aeaenoaoao io eiaie e ii ii?o/aieth i?aaiecaoeee e
aunooiaao eo aaia?aeueiui yeniaaeeoi?ii. Iniiaiuie oeaeyie
aeayoaeueiinoe A/I “Nithcaiaoo?ain”, niaeanii onoaao, yaeyaony:
i?aaiecaoeey ia?aaicie aiaoiaoi?aiauo a?ocia ii?neei, ?a/iui,
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiui, aaoiiiaeeueiui, aicaeooiui aeaeaie o?ainii?oa;
iaania/aiea o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoi?neiai ianeoaeeaaiey ioa/anoaaiiiai
aiaoiaoi?aiaiai a?ociiai?ioa ia Oe?aeia e ca a?aieoeae; iiauoaiea
yooaeoeaiinoe aiaoiaoi?aiauo iia?aoeee ca n/ao auai?a iaeaieaa
?aoeeiiaeueiuo e i?ia?anneaiuo niiniaia ia?aaicee aiaoiaoi?aiauo a?ocia
ia oa??eoi?ee Oe?aeiu e eiino?aiiuo ainoaea?noa, eiioeaio?aoeey e
o?aiaiea, iiae?aaioea, ni?oe?iaea e eiiieaeoaoeey aiaoiaoi?aiauo a?ocia
ia aacao e neeaaeao.
A yiaa?a 1980 aiaea auei ia?aciaaii Ananithciia oic?an/aoiia
iauaaeeiaiea “Nithco?aiceo”. Ia yoi iauaaeeiaiea auee aiceiaeaiu
i?eaea/aiea e ?aaoee?iaaiea ia?aaicie a?ocia o?aiceoii /a?ac oa??eoi?eth
NIA. Iauaaeeiaieth ii?o/aii caeeth/aoue naeaeee ii i?aaiecaoeee
o?aiceoiuo ia?aaicie e onoaiaaeeaaoue oa?eou ca o?ainii?oe?iaeo,
ia?aaaeeo oaeeo a?ocia. A/I “Nithco?aiceo” iaania/eaaei i?eaea/aiea
a?ocia aeey ia?aaicee o?aiceoii /a?ac oa??eoi?eth Oe?aeiu aieaa /ai ec
30 no?ai. Oeaeyie aeayoaeueiinoe iauaaeeiaiey auei i?eaea/aii e
i?aaieciaaiu ia?aaicee eiino?aiiuo a?ocia o?aiceoii /a?ac oa??eoi?eth
NIA, a oaeaea o?aoueeo no?ai ii?neei, ?a/iui, aeaeaciiaei?iaeiui,
aaoiiiaeeueiui e aicaeooiui aeaeaie o?ainii?oa e a niaoaiiii niiauaiee;
iiauoaiea aaethoiie yooaeoeaiinoe iia?aoeee, naycaiiuo n ia?aaiceie
o?aiceoiuo a?ocia, iooai auai?a iaeaieaa ?aoeeiiaeueiuo e i?ia?anneaiuo
iooae e niiniaia ia?aaicee. N 1989 aiaea A/I “Nithco?aiceo” aioei a
ninoaa A/I “Nithcaiaoo?ain”. Aaaeiia ianoi a ?aaioa “Nithcaiaoo?aina”
caieiaao i?aaiecaoeey ia?aaicie ec ?aeiia Aeaeueiaai Ainoiea ii?ai e ii
aeaeaciie aei?iaa /a?ac oa??eoi?eth Oe?aeiu a aa?iiaeneea no?aiu.
A ?aieao O?ainneae?neiai eiioaeia?iiai na?aena (ONEN) ooieoeeiie?oao
o?e iniiaiuo aeaea niiauaiey aeey ia?aaicee o?aiceoiuo a?ocia:
“O?ain?aee”, “O?ainne”, “O?aeiin”. Niiauaiea “O?ain?aee” iaania/eaaao
ia?aaiceo a?ocia a eiioaeia?ao io ii?oia ssiiiee, Aiieiiaa, Oeeeiiei e
Aano?aeee aei niaaoneeo iia?aie/iuo noaioeee Eoaeaeea, A?ano, *ii,
Oiaaiu, Eooea e a ia?aoiii iai?aaeaiee. Niiauaiea “O?ainne” ia?aaiceo
a?ocu a eiioaeia?ao ia oneiaeyo OEIN (iia?ocea, aua?ocea e oeeaaeea ca
n/ao ioi?aaeoaey (iieo/aoaey)) io ii?oia ssiiiee, Aiieiiaa, Oeeeiiei e
Aano?aeee aei aa?iiaeneeo ii?oia Aaeoeeneiai, *a?iiai e N?aaeecaiiiai
ii?ae e a ia?aoiii iai?aaeaiee. Niiauaiea “O?aeiin” iaania/eaaao
ia?aaiceo a?ocia a eiioaeia?ao io ii?oia ssiiiee, Aiieiiaa, Oeeeiiei e
Aano?aeee aei Auniei-Eeoianea e aeaeaa aaoio?ainii?oii ia neeaae
iieo/aoaey a ioieoa iacia/aiey a Aa?iia e a ia?aoiii iai?aaeaiee.
Iniiaiuie iaycaiiinoyie A/I “Nithcaiaoo?ain” eae aaia?aeueiiai
iia?aoi?a ONEN i?e ia?aaicea a?ocia a niiauaiee “O?ain?aee” yaeythony
neaaeothuea: iiaea/a oiiiaaea a ii?ou iia?ocee: ia?aaaeea a ii?oao
Iaoiaeea e Ainoi/iue; ia?aaea/a eiioaeia?ia aa?iiaeneei aeaeaciui
aei?iaai ia caiaaeiuo iia?aie/iuo noaioeeyo aeey aeaeueiaeoae ia?aaicee
(a nayce n ?aciie oe?eiie aeaeaciiaei?iaeiie eieae a no?aiao iacia/aiey,
ca eneeth/aieai Oeieyiaeee); eioi?iaoeey ioi?aaeoaeae e iieo/aoaeae i
i?iaeaeaeaiee eiioaeia?ia; inouanoaeaiea ?an/aoia n oe?aeineeie
o?ainii?oiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie. O?aiceoiia a?aiy – 20-25 aeiae.
E?oa iaycaiiinoae A/I “Nithcaiaoo?aina” a niiauaiee “O?ainne” aeeth/aao
a naay, e?iia oiai, i?eai e ia?aaaeeo eiioaeia?ia a niaaoneeo ii?oao
Aaeoeeneiai, Acianeiai e *a?iiai ii?ae e eo ioi?aaeo
noaeaie-eiioaeia?iaicaie a ii?ou iacia/aiey aa?iiaeneeo no?ai, a oaeaea
a ia?aoiii iai?aaeaiee. N?aaeiaa a?aiy o?ainii?oe?iaee eiioaeia?ia –
30-35 aeiae.
I?e niiauaiee “O?aeiin” A/I “Nithcaiaoo?ain” iaania/eaaao i?eaieo e
ia?aaaeeo eiioaeia?ia ia eiioaeia?iii oa?ieiaea a Auniei-Eeoianea, eo
aeaeueiaeooth ioi?aaeo aaoio?ainii?oii a ioieou iacia/aiey no?ai
Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu. A?aiy o?ainii?oe?iaee eiioaeia?ia – 30-40 aeiae.
A yiaa?a 1969 aiaea iaaeaeo A/I “Nithcaiaoo?ain” e aiaei-niaaoneei
ia?ioiaeiui iauanoaii (ANII) aeinoeaiooa aeiaiai?aiiinoue i caeeth/aiee
niaeaoaiey ia yeniaaee?iaaiea aiaoiaoi?aiauo a?ocia eae ii ii?oo Eiiaeii
(aaea ANII naii auiieiyao ?aaioo), oae e ii ae?oaei aeaeai ii?oai
Aaeeeia?eoaiee (aaea yeniaaee?iaaiea inouanoaeyaony noaaaaioaie ANII). A
1970 aiaeo aue caeeth/ai aeiaiai? iaaeaeo ANII e A/I “Nithcaiaoo?ain”.
ANII i?eieiaao ia naay iaycaoaeuenoaa ii auiieiaieth ii?o/aiee niaaoneeo
aiaoiaoi?aiauo i?aaiecaoeee – ia o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoi?neia
ianeoaeeaaiea a?ocia iauaaeeiaiee a ii?oao Aaeeeia?eoaiee, a eiaiii:
ii?o/aiee ii aua?ocea, iia?ocea, iocuao, neeaaee?iaaieth, i?eaiea,
ia?aaaeea e ioi?aaea a?ocia o?ainii?oiuie n?aaenoaaie a ioieou,
oeacaiiua a ii?o/aieyo, a oii /enea ii?neeie e ?a/iuie noaeaie a
niioaaonoaee n ?anienaieai noaeia niaoaiiie niaaonei-aiaeeeneie eeiee e
aaeaiany/iuie a?aoeeaie ?annoaiiaee niaaoneiai e o?aoooaiiai A/I
“Niao?aoo” eiino?aiiiai oiiiaaea iiae ia?aaiceo aiaoiaoi?aiauo a?ocia.
Ii?o/aiey auaeathony ANII niaaoneeie aiaoiaoi?aiauie i?aaiecaoeeyie a
ienueiaiiie oi?ia ia aiaeeeneii ycuea e aeieaeiu niaea?aeaoue ana
iaiaoiaeeiua aeaiiua aeey aai eniieiaiey, a eiaiii: iieiia iienaiea
a?ocia, oi/iue aae?an e iaeiaiiaaiea iinoaaueea – iieo/aoaey,
eiio?aeoiua oneiaey eoiee-i?iaeaaea e ae?. ANII inouanoaeyao iinoiyiiue
eiio?aeo n iinoaaueeaie a?ocia iauaaeeiaiey aeey oiai, /oiau eiaoue
eioi?iaoeeth i n?ieao aioiaiinoe a?ocia e ioi?aaea, e eioi?ie?iaaoue ia
yoii niioaaonoaothuea iauaaeeiaiey e i?aaiecaoeee. Ia iicaeiaa 30 /enea
eaaeaeiai ianyoea ANII niiauaao niaaoneei aiaoiaoi?aiaui i?aaiecaoeeyi
i?ia?aiio ioa?ocie ec aiaeeeneeo ii?oia ia neaaeothuee ianyoe n
oeacaieai iaeiaiiaaiey noaeia, aai iiceoeee, eiee/anoaa e iaeiaiiaaiey
a?ocia, oe?i-ioi?aaeoaeae e iiia?ia eiio?aeoia. ANII i?iecaiaeeo iocua
a?ocia a aiaeeeneea ii?ou i?e iaia?oaeaiee eaeeo-eeai iaaeinoaoeia ANII
i?eieiaao ia?u e eo ono?aiaieth ca n/ao iauaaeeiaiey. I?e iia?ocea ia
noaeii ANII iaania/eaaao eiio?ieue ca iaaeeaaeauae naia?aoeeae a?ocia ia
noaeia ii eiiinaiaioiui ia?oeyi.
Aeey o?aiceoa ec o?aoueeo no?ai n ia?aaaeeie a aiaeeeneeo ii?oao ANII
iaania/eaaao iaaeeaaeauoth ia?aioi?aaeo a?ocia e ia iicaeiaa
neaaeothuaai aeiy iinea iooiaea noaeia oaeaa?aoe?iaaiea niaaoneei
aiaoiaoi?aiaui i?aaiecaoeeyi ia ioa?ocea. Ia ana ioa?oaeaiiua oiaa?u
ANII aunueaaony a oa/aiea 24 /ania n iiiaioa ioa?ocee eiiinaiaioa,
n/aoa-oaeoo?u, niaoeeoeeaoeee, oaeaa?aoiua ecaauaiey e ae?oaea
aeieoiaiou a niioaaonoaee n oeacaieyie niaaoneeo aiaoiaoi?aiauo
i?aaiecaoeee. E?iia oiai, i?e ioa?oceao a?ocia iacia/aieai ia niaaoneea
ii?ou eaieoaineie ii/oie ioi?aaeythony: eiiinaiaio – o?e yecaiiey?a,
a?ociaie ieai – iaeei yecaiiey?, iaieoano – iaeei yecaiiey?,
niaoeeoeeaoeey – o?e yecaiiey?a, a i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe na?oeoeeao i
ea/anoaa, naieoa?iua, ea?aioeiiua eee aaoa?eia?iua naeaeaoaeuenoaa e
ae?oaea aeieoiaiou, iaiaoiaeeiua a ii?oo iacia/aiey. ANII eiaao i?aai
ia?aaeaaaoue auiieiaiea ii?o/aiey niaaoneeo aiaoiaoi?aiauo i?aaiecaoeee
o?aoueeie eeoeaie (auei au iaieioi, anee au eo iaeiaiiaaiea
i?aaeaa?eoaeueii niaeaniauaaeinue). Ii ii?o/aieth niaaoneeo
aiaoiaoi?aiauo i?aaiecaoeee ANII inouanoaeyao iia?aoeee, naycaiiua ni
no?aoiaaieai a?ocia e ca eo n/ao. A iieaoo naieo oneoa ANII aeeth/aao 1%
eiiennee ia i?iecaaaeaiiua ?anoiaeu ii eaaeaeiio n/aoo. N/aoa ca
o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoi?neia ianeoaeeaaiea a?ocia, aeeth/athuea ?anoiaeu,
iiea/aiiua ANII ca n/ao e ii ii?o/aieth niaaoneeo aiaoiaoi?aiauo
i?aaiecaoeee, aeieaeiu niaea?aeaoue neaaeothuea aeaiiua: iiia? caeaca;
iaeiaiiaaiea iinoaaueea – yenii?oa?a eee oe?iu – aeaaeaeueoea neeaaea;
iaeiaiiaaiea a?oca, eiee/anoai iano, ianna, aeaoa iocuaa a?oca a ii?o;
iaeiaiiaaiea noaeia, aeaoa ?aena; iiia?a eiiinaiaioia (iiia?a
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo iaeeaaeiuo, aaoio?ainii?oiuo aeieoiaioia).
Noiia ieaoaaeae oeacuaaaony a n/aoao ?acaeaeueii ii eaaeaeie iia?aoeee
n i?eeiaeaieai niioaaonoaothueo ii?aaaeaoaeueiuo aeieoiaioia. I?iaa?ea
n/aoia i?iecaiaeeony a oa/aiea 10 aeiae ni aeiy eo iieo/aiey, iinea /aai
aeaaony oeacaiea ia iieaoa a oa/aiea 20 aeiae, n/eoay ni aeiy iieo/aiey
n/aoia. Ii/oiai-oaeaa?aoiua ?anoiaeu ANII, naycaiiua n auiieiaieai
ii?o/aiee niaaoneeo aiaoiaoi?aiauo i?aaiecaoeee, ioiinyony ca n/ao ANII.
Oaeaa?aoiua ?anoiaeu ii eioi?iaoeee i aeaeaeaiee a?ocia iiea/eaathony
niaaoneie eeeaioo?ie ii n/aoai ANII n i?eeiaeaieai niioaaonoaothueo
ii?aaaeaoaeueiuo aeieoiaioia.
Caeeth/aiea aeiaiai?a ia o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoi?neia ianeoaeeaaiea ia
oa??eoi?ee Aaeeeia?eoaiee iaaeaeo A/I “Nithcaiaoo?ain” e ANII
aeaaii?eyoii neacaeinue ia i?iaaaeaiee yoie ?aaiou a ii?oao
Aaeeeia?eoaiee.
Ia nia?aiaiiii yoaia i?ioeann niaa?oainoaiaaiey oi?i
aiaoiayeiiiie/aneiai nio?oaeie/anoaa au?aaeaaony, a /anoiinoe, a
nicaeaiee ca ?oaaaeii niaoaiiuo o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoi?neeo iauanoa n
o/anoeai niaaoneeo i?aaei?eyoee, oaeeo, eae “Aanio?a” a Aa?iaiee,
“Ani?oa” a Aano?ee, “Aoni?oe” a Aoaaienoaia, “E?ni?o” a E?aia.
Iaiaoiaeeiinoue eo i?aaiecaoeee ii?aaeaeyaony oeaeui ?yaeii oaeoi?ia.
Niaoaiiia iauanoai ca a?aieoeae niiniaii iaania/eoue:
n yeiiiieth o?ainii?oiuo ?anoiaeia aiaoiaoi?aiauo iauaaeeiaiee ca
a?aieoeae iooai i?aaiecaoeee yeiiiie/iie o?ainii?oe?iaee ia aaca eo/oaai
ciaiey ?uiea o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoi?neeo oneoa, a oaeaea eniieueciaaiey
eueaio, i?aaeinoaaeyaiuo iauanoao eae oe?ia, ca?aaeno?e?iaaiiie a
aeaiiie no?aia;
n aieaa iieioth caueoo a eioa?anao niaaoneeo i?aaiecaoeee i?e auiieiaiee
?iee eo aaaioa ia oa??eoi?ee aeaiiie no?aiu, /ai yoi niiniaia naeaeaoue
iaoeeiiaeueiay oe?ia;
n iaania/aiea iinoiyiiie iaeneiaeueiie caa?ocee e iiauoaiea
yooaeoeaiinoe ?aaiou o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa niaaoneeo ia?aaic/eeia ia
iniiaa nicaeaiey oe?ieie naoe eeeaioo?u e i?aaiecaoeee iinoiyiiuo
a?ociiioieia;
n oaaee/aiea aaethoiuo iinooieaiee io yenii?oa o?ainii?oiuo oneoa i?e
i?eaea/aiee a?ocia e o?aiceoiui ia?aaiceai /a?ac oa??eoi?eth NIA; a
oaeaea iaiin?aaenoaaiiie io eiiia?/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe naiiai iauanoaa.
Iniaia cia/aiea eiaao nie?auaiea o?ainii?oiuo ecaea?aeae a eiino?aiiie
aaethoa. Ii eieoeeaoeaa A/I “Nithcaiaoo?ain”, a ai?aea 1976 aiaea a Aaia
aue iiaeienai aeiaiai? o/?aaeeoaeae iaaeaeo iauaaeeiaieai e oe?iaie
“Yeni?anno?ain”, Aano?ey, “Aeaican”, Oaaeoea?ey, “Iaiaeueieia”, Aano?ey
i nicaeaiee niaoaiiiai niaaoneiai-aano?eeneiai iauanoaa ii
o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoi?neiio ianeoaeeaaieth “Ani?oa”. Iauanoai
o/?aaeaeaii ia iaii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie.
A oiaea ia?ano?ieee iiyaeeanue aiciiaeiinoue nicaeaiey aeoeeiia?iuo
/anoiuo yeniaaeeoi?neeo oe?i. Aeey nicaeaiey oaeeo oe?i o?aaiaaeinue
eeoue iieo/eoue eeoeaiceth, ?ac?aoathuoth caieiaoueny yeniaaeeoi?neie
aeayoaeueiinoueth, i?aaeuyaea ?yae aeieoiaioia.
Iniiaiua ioee/eoaeueiua /a?ou yeniaaeeoi?neeo eiiiaiee (oi?ia
nianoaaiiinoe, acaeii?an/aou, ioaaonoaaiiinoue, io/aoiinoue e o.ae.)
I?aaei?eyoea n aeieaaui o/anoeai eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee a aeaeueiaeoai
eiaioaiia “Iauanoai”, yaeyaony aeoeeiia?iui iauanoaii cae?uoiai oeia.
Iauanoai inouanoaeyao aiaoiayeiiiie/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue ii
iai?aaeaieyi, ia?a/eneaiiui a Onoaaa Iauanoaa e ia i?ioeai?a/auei
aeaenoaothuaio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao Oe?aeiu:
– ioe?uaaao aaieianeee n/ao a eiino?aiiie aaethoa;
– ia?auaaony n cai?inaie ia iieo/aiea eeoeaicee ia yenii?o e eiii?o(anee
oiaa?, yaeythueeny iauaeoii aiaoiaoi?aiaie naeaeee, iiaeeaaeeo
eeoeaice?iaaieth);
– caeeth/aao aiaoiaoi?aiaua eiio?aeou n oe?iaie ca?oaaaeiuo, no?ai e
inouanoaeyao iia?aoeee, naycaiiua n eniieueciaaieai eiino?aiiie aaethou
ia oa??eoi?ee Oe?aeiu e ca ?oaaaeii;
inouanoaeyao yenii?oii-eiii?oiua iia?aoeee;
– i?aaiecoao e o/anoaoao a aeayoaeueiinoe ae?oaeo niaianoiuo
i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoi?aie;
– inouanoaeyao oicyenoaaiioth, a oii /enea eiaanoeoeeiiioth
aeayoaeueiinoue ca ?oaaaeii.
Iauanoai iiaeao o/anoaiaaoue a aeayoaeueiinoe e nicaeaaaoue ca
i?aaeaeaie Oe?aeiu aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa e ae?oaea i?aaei?eyoey n
i?aaaie th?eaee/aneiai eeoea, iiiauaoue aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa a
na?oeoeeaou eiino?aiiuo aaieao e ae?oaea oeaiiua aoiaae, iaoiaeyueany a
ia?auaiee.
Iauanoai iiaeao o/anoaiaaoue a aeayoaeueiinoe e nio?oaeie/aoue a eiie
oi?ia n iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie iauanoaaiiuie e eiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie.
TH?eaee/aneee noaoon iauanoaa
Iauanoai yaeyaony th?eaee/aneei eeoeii ii aeaenoaothuaio
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao Oe?aeiu, eiaao naiinoiyoaeueiue aaeain, e?oaeua
ia/aoe ia oe?aeineii e ae?. ycueao, ?an/aoiue, aaethoiue e eiua
aaieianeea n/aoa, oiaa?iue ciae, yiaeaio, eiaioei e eiua ?aeaeceou.
Iauanoai i?eia?aoaao i?aaa th?eaee/aneiai eeoea n iiiaioa
ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee.
Eciaiaiey e aeiiieiaiey a O/?aaeeoaeueiua aeieoiaiou Iauanoaa aiinyony a
niioaaonoaee n ianoiyuei Onoaaii.
Iauanoai aeey aeinoeaeaiey oeaee naiae aeayoaeueiinoe ai?aaa io naiaai
eiaie niaa?oaoue naeaeee, i?eia?aoaoue eiouanoaaiiua e ee/iua
iaeiouanoaaiiua i?aaa e ianoe iaycaiiinoe, auoue enooeii e ioaao/eeii a
noaea, a?aeo?aaeiii e o?aoaeneii noaea.
Iauanoai yaeyaony nianoaaiieeii i?eiaaeeaaeauaai aio eiouanoaa, aeeth/ay
eiouanoai, ia?aaeaiiia aio Aeoeeiia?aie.
iauanoai inouanoaeyao niaeanii aeaenoaothuaio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao
aeaaeaiea, iieueciaaiea e ?anii?yaeaiea i?iaeoeoeeae, i?iecaaaeaiiie a
?acoeueoaoa oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, iieo/aiiuo aeioiaeia, a oaeaea
eiiai eiouanoaa, iieo/aiiiai ia caeiiiuo iniiaaieyo, a niioaaonoaee n
oeaeyie naiae aeayoaeueiinoe e iacia/aieai eiouanoaa.
Iauanoai ioaa/aao ii naiei iaycaoaeuenoaai anai naiei eiouanoaii, a aai
Aeoeeiia?u ioaa/atho ii iaycaoaeuenoaai Iauanoaa a i?aaeaeao
i?eiaaeeaaeaueo ei aeoeee.
Aeoeeiia?u, ia iieiinoueth iieaoeaoea aeoeee, ianoo ioaaonoaaiiinoue ii
iaycaoaeuenoaai Iauanoaa oaeaea a i?aaeaeao iaauiea/aiiuo noii.
Iauanoai ia ioaa/aao ii iaycaoaeuenoaai ainoaea?noaa e naieo
Aeoeeiia?ia, ?aaii eae e ainoaea?noai ia ioaa/aao ii iaycaoaeuenoaai
Iauanoaa.
Iauanoai iiaeao nicaeaaaoue naiinoiyoaeueii e niaianoii n eiuie
th?eaee/aneeie e oece/aneeie eeoeaie aei/a?iea i?aaei?eyoey n i?aaii
th?eaee/aneiai eeoea, a oaeaea oeeeaeu e i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa ia
oa??eoi?ee Oe?aeiu e ca aa i?aaeaeaie, a oii /enea e a eiino?aiiuo
ainoaea?noaao n niaethaeaieai oneiaee, onoaiiaeaiiuo iaoeeiiaeueiui
oe?aeineei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii, a oaeaea niioaaonoaothuei
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii eiino?aiiuo ainoaea?noa.
Oeeeaeu, i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa e eiua iainiaeaiiua iiae?acaeaeaiey
Iauanoaa .aeaenoaotho a niioaaonoaee n Iieiaeaieai i ieo. Iieiaeaiea i
oeeeaeao, i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaao e eiuo iainiaeaiiuo iiae?acaeaeaieyo
i?eieiathony Iauei nia?aieai Aeoeeiia?ia Iauanoaa.
Oeeeaeu, i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa e iainiaeaiiua iiae?acaeaeaiey eiatho
ioaeaeueiua aaeainu, yaeythueany ninoaaiie /anoueth aaeaina Iauanoaa.
Oeeeaeu, i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa e eiua iainiaeaiiua iiae?acaeaeaiey
ioaa/atho ii iaycaoaeuenoaai Iauanoaa, a Iauanoai – ii eo
iaycaoaeuenoaai.
Iauanoai iiaeao aoiaeeoue a annioeeaoeee, ei?ii?aoeee, eiioea?iu,
iaaeio?aneaaua, ?aaeiiaeueiua e ae?oaea iauaaeeiaiey ia oneiaeyo, ia
i?ioeai?a/aueo aioeiiiiiieueiiio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao Oe?aeiu.
Iauanoai ai?aaa niaa?oaoue eiua aeaenoaey, ia cai?auaiiua aeaenoaothuei
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii Oe?aeiu.
Aiaoaoaeuenoai a aaeieieno?aoeaioth e oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue
Iauanoaa ni noi?iiu ainoaea?noaaiiuo eiio?ieueiuo i?aaiia ia
aeiioneaaony, anee oieueei yoi ia iaoneiaeaii eo i?aaaie ii
inouanoaeaieth eiio?ieueiuo ooieoeee a ioiioaiee Iauanoaa niaeanii
aeaenoaothuaio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao Oe?aeiu. Onoaaiue oiiae Iauanoaa
nicaeaaony ca n/ao aciinia Aeoeeiia?ia Iauanoaa aeaiaaeiuie n?aaenoaaie,
a oii /enea a eiino?aiiie aaethoa, eiouanoaii, iai?oaeiaaieai e ae?oaeie
iaoa?eaeueiuie oeaiiinoyie, oeaiiuie aoiaaaie e ae?oaeie eiouanoaaiiuie
i?aaaie.
Iauanoai auioneaao aeoeee ia noiio Onoaaiiai oiiaea, eioi?ua
iiea/eaathony Aeoeeiia?aie a ea?aiaaioeao, eiino?aiiie aaethoa eee
iooai i?aaeinoaaeaiey eiiai eiouanoaa a nianoaaiiinoue eeai a
iieueciaaiea Iauanoaa. Noieiinoue aeoeee au?aaeaaony a ea?aiaaioeao
iacaaeneii io oi?iu aianaiey aeeaaea.
E iiiaioo ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee aeieaeii auoue iiea/aii ia iaiaa
60% Onoaaiiai oiiaea. A oa/aiea ia?aiai aiaea aeayoaeueiinoe Iauanoaa
aeieaeia auoue iiea/aia inoaaoayny /anoue Onoaaiiai oiiaea.
A neo/aa iaoieaou a onoaiiaeaiiue n?ie Aeoeeiia?, anee eiia ia
i?aaeoniio?aii Onoaaii Iauanoaa, oiea/eaaao ca a?aiy i?in?i/ee 10%
aiaeiauo io noiiu i?in?i/aiiiai ieaoaaea. I?e iaoieaoa a oa/aiea 3-o
ianyoeaa iinea onoaiiaeaiiiai n?iea ieaoaaea Iauanoai eiaao i?aai
?aaeeciaaoue yoe aeoeee a ii?yaeea, onoaiiaeaiiii Onoaaii Iauanoaa.
Onoaaiue oiiae Iauanoaa iiaeao oaaee/eaaoueny oieueei iinea iieiie
iieaou ?aiaa auiouaiiuo aeoeee ii noieiinoe ia ieaea iiieiaeueiie.
Oaaee/aiea Onoaaiiai oiiaea i?iecaiaeeony iooai aeiiieieoaeueiiai
auionea aeoeee ii iiieiaeueiie noieiinoe ia ieaea noieiinoe aeoeee
ia?aiia/aeueiiai auionea, iaiaia iaeeaaoeee ia aeoeee, oaaee/aiey
iiieiaeueiie noieiinoe aeoeee.
Onoaaiue oiiae iiaeao auoue oiaiueoai iin?aaenoaii iiieaeaiey
iiieiaeueiie noieiinoe aeoeee eee iooai nie?auaiey /enea aeoeee e
ecuyoey aeoeee ec iai?ioa n auieaoie ieaoaaeae, i?e/eoathueony
aeaaeaeueoeai ecuyouo aeoeee.
?aoaieai Iauanoaa ia oiaiueoaiee ?acia?a Onoaaiiai oiiaea aeoeee, ia
i?aaenoaaeaiiua e aiioee?iaaieth, i?eciathony iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie, ii
ia ?aiaa /ai /a?ac 6 (oanoue) ianyoeaa iinea aeiaaaeaiey aei naaaeaiey
ia yoii anao Aeoeeiia?ia.
Oiaiueoaiea Onoaaiiai oiiaea i?e iaee/ee aic?aaeaiee e?aaeeoi?ia
Iauanoaa ia aeiioneaaony.
Aeoeeiia? iiaeao n niaeaney Iauaai nia?aiey Aeoeeiia?ia onooieoue naie
aeoeee iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii iaeiiio eee ianeieueeei Aeoeeiia?ai
eee o?aoueei eeoeai. I?e ionoonoaee niaeaney inoaeueiuo Aeoeeiia?ia ia
onooieo aeoeee io/oaeaeaaiua aeoeee ?ani?aaeaeythony iaaeaeo inoaeueiuie
Aeoeeiia?aie i?iii?oeeiiaeueii eo aeieyi a Onoaaiii oiiaea.
Aeoeeiia? iiaeao aac niaeaney ae?oaeo Aeoeeiia?ia aueoe ec Iauanoaa.
A yoii neo/aa Iauanoai iaycaii aueoieoue aeoeee o Aeoeeiia?a, auieaoea
aio ?aaeueioth noieiinoue aeoeee, ii?aaeaeyaioth eae aeaiaaeiia
au?aaeaiea ?acia?a eiouanoaa, i?eoiaeyuaainy ia aueoiaaiua aeoeee, a
oa/aiea 45 aeiae iinea ooaa?aeaeaiey io/aoa ca eaa?oae, a eioi?ii
iiaeaii cayaeaiea i auoiaea.
Ii?yaeie ?ani?aaeaeaiey aeioiaeia, iie?uoea oauoeia e ia?aciaaiea
oiiaeia iauanoaa
Ec iinooieaiee io oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe iinea iie?uoey
ecaea?aeae, ?an/aoia n ainoaea?noaaiiui athaeaeaoii e aianaiey
iaycaoaeueiuo ieaoaaeae ia?acoaony /enoay i?eaueue, eioi?ay inoaaony a
iieiii ?anii?yaeaiee Iauanoaa.
*enoay i?eaueue ?ani?aaeaeyaony Iauanoaii a ?aca?aiue oiiae, oiiae
?acaeoey, oiiae auieaou aeeaeaeaiaeia, a oaeaea a eiua oiiaeu,
nicaeaiiua ii ?aoaieth Iauaai nia?aiey Aeoeeiia?ia Iauanoaa. ?acia?u
io/eneaiee a oeacaiiua oiiaeu ii?aaeaeythony ianoiyuei Onoaaii eeai
?aoaieai Iauaai nia?aiey Aeoeeiia?ia Iauanoaa.
Iie?uoea oauoeia, a oaeaea aiciauaiea aiaieaiiauo cao?ao e oua?aa
Iauanoao inouanoaeyaony ca n/ao ?aca?aiiai oiiaea, nicaeaiiiai a ?acia?a
25% Onoaaiiai oiiaea. Oi?ie?iaaiea ?aca?aiiai oiiaea Iauanoaa
inouanoaeyaony ca n/ao aaeaaiaeiuo io/eneaiee noii io /enoie i?eauee,
ii?aaeaeaiiuo Iauei nia?aieai Aeoeeiia?ia Iauanoaa a ?acia?a ia iaiaa 5%
noiiu /enoie i?eauee. Ii aeinoeaeaiee ?aca?aiui oiiaeii ?acia?a,
iaiai?aiiiai ianoiyuei Onoaaii, iineaaeothuea io/eneaiey i?iecaiaeyony
ia iniiaaiee ?aoaiey Iauaai nia?aiey Aeoeeiia?ia Iauanoaa.
*enoay i?eaueue (aeioiae), inoaaoayny a ?anii?yaeaiee Iauanoaa,
?ani?aaeaeyaony ii ?aoaieth Iauaai nia?aiey Aeoeeiia?ia a oiiaeu,
ia?acoaiua Iauanoaii, a oaeaea eaeao ia auieaoo aeeaeaeaiaeia ii
aeoeeyi.
Oauoee, aicieeoea a ?acoeueoaoa aeayoaeueiinoue Iauanoaa, iiaaoathony ca
n/ao n?aaenoa ?aca?aiiai oiiaea Iauanoaa. Anee n?aaenoa ?aca?aiiai
oiiaea iaaeinoaoi/ii, oi ca n/ao eiuo oiiaeia e n?aaenoa Iauanoaa a
niioaaonoaee n o?aaiaaieyie aeaenoaothuaai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.
I?aaa e iaycaiiinoe aeoeeiia?ia
Aeoeeiia? eiaao i?aai:
– ecae?aoue e auoue eca?aiiui a i?aaiu oi?aaeaiey e a eiio?ieueiua
i?aaiu Iauanoaa;
– iieo/aoue aeieth i?eauee (aeeaeaeaiaeu), iiaeeaaeauoth ?ani?aaeaeaieth
iaaeaeo Aeoeeiia?aie a ii?yaeea, i?aaeoniio?aiiii ianoiyuei Onoaaii;
– i?eieiaoue o/anoea a Canaaeaieyo Iauaai nia?aiey Aeoeeiia?ia Iauanoaa
ee/ii eeai iin?aaenoaii naiaai i?aaenoaaeoaey, ia?aaeaaaoue i?aai aieina
ae?oaiio Aeoeeiia?o eee naiaio i?aaenoaaeoaeth;
– iiecaoue io i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey Iauanoaii iaiaoiaeeioth eioi?iaoeeth ii
anai aii?inao aeayoaeueiinoe Iauanoaa;
– ia?aonooiaoue aeoeee ae?oaei Aeoeeiia?ai e o?aoueei eeoeai,
i?aaeoniio?aiiui ianoiyuei Onoaaii;
– aueoe ec Iauanoaa (aac niaeaney ae?oaeo Aeoeeiia?ia n oaaaeiieaieai ca
o?e ianyoea e n iieo/aieai i?eiaaeeaaeauaai eiouanoaa ia iicaea 45
aeiae n iiiaioa naea/e eaa?oaeueiiai io/aoa).
Aeoeeiia? iaycai:
– niaethaeaoue O/?aaeeoaeueiua aeieoiaiou Iauanoaa e ?aoaiey aai
i?aaiia;
– eniieiyoue naie iaycaoaeuenoaa ia?aae Iauanoaii, noi?ioee?iaaiiua
?oeiaiaeyueie i?aaiaie Iauanoaa;
– a n?ie ia aieaa o?ao ianyoeaa ni aeiy ?aaeno?aoeee Iauanoaa
ii?aaeaeeoue anth noieiinoue iiaeienaiiuo ei aeoeee;
– nio?aiyoue eiioeaeaioeeaeueiinoue ii aii?inai, eanathueiny
aeayoaeueiinoe Iauanoaa;
– ianoe ioaaonoaaiiinoue ii iaycaoaeuenoaai Iauanoaa a i?aaeaeao
noieiinoe i?eiaaeeaaeaueo aio aeoeee;
– inouanoaeyoue eiua iaycaiiinoe, i?aaeoniio?aiiua aeaenoaothuei
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii Oe?aeiu, a oaeaea ?aoaieyie Iauaai nia?aiey
Aeoeeiia?ia, i?eiyouie a niioaaonoaee n aai eiiiaoaioeeae.
Iauaa nia?aiea aeoeeiia?ia iauanoaa
Aunoee i?aai Iauanoaa – Iauaa nia?aiea Aeoeeiia?ia Iauanoaa.
E eneeth/eoaeueiie eiiiaoaioeee Iauaai nia?aiey Aoeoeeiia?ia
Iauanoaa ioiinyony:
– eciaiaiea Onoaaa Iauanoaa e Onoaaiiai oiiaea;
– ii?aaeaeaiea iniiaiuo iai?aaeaiee aeayoaeueiinoe Iauanoaa e aai ieaiia
e io/aoia ia eo auiieiaiee;
– ecae?aiea e iocua /eaiia ?aaeceiiiie eiiennee, ooaa?aeaeaiea aa
io/aoia e caeeth/aiee e ii?aaeaeaiea ii?yaeea aa aeayoaeueiinoe:
– eca?aiea e iocua eniieieoaeueiuo aee?aeoi?ia;
– ooaa?aeaeaiea eaa?oaeueiuo, aiaeiauo ?acoeueoaoia aeayoaeueiinoe
Iauanoaa;
– ii?aaeaeaiea ii?yaeea ?ani?aaeaeaiey i?eauee Iauanoaa, iie?uoey
oauoeia e auieaou aeeaeaeaiaeia;
– nicaeaiea e i?ae?auaiea aeayoaeueiinoe aei/a?ieo i?aaei?eyoee,
oeeeaeia e i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoa, ooaa?aeaeaiea onoaaia e iieiaeaiee i ieo;
– auianaiea ?aoaiee i i?eaea/aiee e eiouanoaaiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe
aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe Iauanoaa;
– ooaa?aeaeaiea i?aaee i?ioeaaeo?u aeieoiaioiiai?ioa Iauanoaa, aai
i?aaiecaoeeiiiie no?oeoo?u;
?oeiaiaenoai iauanoaii
Oaeouaa ?oeiaiaenoai Iauanoaii inouanoaeyao Aaia?aeueiue aee?aeoi?,
ecae?aaiue Iauei nia?aieai Aeoeeiia?ia Iauanoaa n?ieii ia 3 aiaea.
Aaia?aeueiue aee?aeoi?:
– aac aeiaa?aiiinoe inouanoaeyao th?eaee/aneia aeaenoaey io eiaie
Iauanoaa;
– inouanoaeyao ?oeiaiaenoai oaeouae aeayoaeueiinoueth Iauanoaa;
– iaania/eaaao auiieiaiea ?aoaiee Iauaai nia?aiey Aeoeeiia?ia
Iauanoaa;
– ?anii?yaeaaony eiouanoaii Iauanoaa a i?aaeaeao, onoaiiaeaiiuo Iauei
nia?aieai Aeoeeiia?ia;
– i?aaenoaaeyao Iauanoai ai anao o/?aaeaeaieyo, i?aaei?eyoeyo e
i?aaiecaoeeyo eae a Oe?aeia, oae e ca a?aieoeae;
– niaa?oaao anyeiai ?iaea naeaeee e eiua th?eaee/aneea aeou, auaeaao
aeiaa?aiiinoe, ioe?uaaao a aaieao ?an/aoiue, aaethoiue e ae?oaea n/aoa
Iauanoaa.
A ia?eiae eniieiaiey iaycaiiinoae ?oeiaiaeeoaeyi eiiiaine?othony
o?ainii?oiua oneoae e i?i/ea ?anoiaeu, a oaeaea auiea/eaaaony
iaoa?eaeueiia aiciaa?aaeaeaiea, onoaiaaeeaaaiia eiio?aeoii, caeeth/aiiui
n Iauei nia?aieai Aeoeeiia?ia Iauanoaa.
Iauaa nia?aiea Aeoeeiia?ia iacia/aao nae?aoa?y Iauaai nia?aiey
Aeoeeiia?ia, eioi?ue iaania/eaaao aaaeaiea i?ioieieia Canaaeaiee
Iauaai nia?aiey.
Iiaeienaiea aiaoiaoi?aiauo naeaeie io eiaie iauanoaa
Aiaoiaoi?aiaua naeaeee, caeeth/aiiua Iauanoaii, iiaeienuaathony
Aaia?aeueiui aee?aeoi?ii Iauanoaa.
Aaenaey e ae?oaea aeaiaaeiua iaycaoaeuenoaa, auaeaaaaiua Iauanoaii,
aeieaeiu iiaeienuaaoueny Aaia?aeueiui aee?aeoi?ii e aeaaiui
aooaaeoa?ii. Oeacaiiua aaenaey e .ae?oaea aeaiaaeiua iaycaoaeuenoaa
iiaoo auoue oaeaea iiaeienaiu aeaoiy eeoeaie oiieiiii/aiiuie
niaoeeaeueiuie aeiaa?aiiinoyie, iiaeienaiiuie Aaia?aeueiui aee?aeoi?ii
e aeaaiui aooaaeoa?ii. Eiio?ieue ca oeiainiai-oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoueth Iauanoaa inouanoaeyaony ?aaeceiiiie eiienneae a
ninoaaa ia iaiaa o?ao /aeiaae. Ii?yaeie aeayoaeueiinoe ?aaeceiiiie
eiiennee ooaa?aeaeaaony Iauei nia?aieai Aeoeeiia?ia Iauanoaa.
?aaeceiiiay eiienney ecae?aaony Iauei nia?aieai ec /enea Aeoeeiia?ia
eee eo i?aaenoaaeoaeae, ia yaeythueony eniieieoaeueiuie
?oeiaiaeeoaeyie Iauanoaa. I?iaa?ee inouanoaeythony ?aaeceiiiie eiienneae
ii ii?o/aieth Iauaai nia?aiiu, ii nianoaaiiie eieoeeaoeaa eee ii
o?aaiaaieth Aeoeeiia?ia, aeaaeathueo a niaieoiiinoe aieaa /ai 10%
aeoeee.
*eaiu ?aaeceiiiie eiiennee ai?aaa o?aaiaaoue io aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe
Iauanoaa i?aaeinoaaeaiey anao iaiaoiaeeiuo aeieoiaioia eee ee/iuo
iauyniaiee.
I?e ionoonoaee aiaoiaai aoaeeoa eaa?oaeueiue, aiaeiaie io/aou e aaeain
i?aaenoaaeyaony Iauaio nia?aieth Aeoeeiia?ia oieueei n caeeth/aieai
?aaeceiiiie eiiennee.
*eaiu ?aaeceiiiie eiiennee iaycaiu iio?aaiaaoue nicuaa /?acau/aeiiai
Canaaeaiey Iauaai nia?aiey Aeoeeiia?ia, anee aicieeea na?ueaciay oa?ica
eioa?anai Iauanoaa;
– a aeaea i?ai eee e aea?a;
n a ii?yaeea ianeaaeiaaiey
Aeoeee iauanoaa
Aeoeee i?eia?aoathony Aeoeeiia?aie:
– iooai caeoiee eee ianeaaeiaaiey e eiiai i?aaii?aainoaa;
– eiuie niiniaaie, i?aaeoniio?aiiuie aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii.
Aeoeee auaeathony oieueei iinea iieiie iieaou eo noieiinoe.
Iieaoa aeoeee iiaeao i?iecaiaeeoueny:
– aeaiaaeiuie n?aaenoaaie a ethaie aaethoa;
– iniiaiuie oiiaeaie;
– i?aaenoaaeaieai i?aaa iieueciaaiey ?ano?naie e iniiaiuie oiiaeaie:
– ia?aaea/ae eiuo eiouanoaaiiuo e ee/iuo iaeiouanoaaiiuo i?aa
(aeeth/ay eioaeeaeooaeueioth nianoaaiiinoue). I?aai iieueciaaiey,
ia?aaeaiiia a ea/anoaa aciina a Onoaaiue oiiae, ioeaieaaaony ii
aaee/eia a?aiaeiie ieaou ca aanue n?ie iieueciaaiey Iauanoaa yoei
eiouanoaii. Eiouanoai e i?aaa iieueciaaiey ei, aiineiua e Onoaaiue
oiiae a ea/anoaa ieeaaea, ioeaieaathony Iauei nia?aieai Aeoeeiia?ia.
Iauanoai eiaao i?aai auioneaoue neaaeothuea aeaeu aeoeee:
– i?inoua eiaiiua aeoeee;
– i?eaeeaae?iaaiiua eiaiiua aeoeee.
I?inoua aeoeee aeatho i?aai eo aeaaeaeueoeai ia o/anoea a oi?aaeaiee
Iauanoaii, iieo/aiea eo /anoe i?eauee io aai oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe (aeeaeaeaiaea) e iieo/aiea /anoe eiouanoaa Iauanoaa a
neo/aa i?ae?auaiey aai aeayoaeueiinoe.
I?eaeeaae?iaaiiua aeoeee ia aeatho i?aai eo aeaaeaeueoeai ia o/anoea
ia?aaia n ae?oaeie Aeoeeiia?aie a oi?aaeaiee Iauanoaii, ii
i?aaeinoaaeytho i?aai ia ia?aii/a?aaeiia iieo/aiea i?eauee io
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe (aeeaeaeaiaea) Iauanoaa, a oaeaea
ia?aii/a?aaeiia oaeiaeaoai?aiea I?e i?ae?auaiee aeayoaeueiinoe Iauanoaa
a ii?yaeea, ii?aaeaeaiiii Iauei nia?aieai Aeoeeiia?ia.
I?eaeeaae?iaaiiua aeoeee auioneathony ia noiio ia nauoa 10% Onoaaiiai
oiiaea Iauanoaa.
Aeoeee iaaeaeeiu. A neo/ayo, eiaaea iaeia e oa aea aeoeey i?eiaaeeaaeeo
ianeieueeei eeoeai, ana iie ii ioiioaieth e Iauanoao i?eciathony
iaeiei Aeoeeiia?ii e inouanoaeytho naie i?aaa /a?ac iaeiiai ec ieo iee
iauaai i?aaenoaaeoaey. Niaeaaeaeueoeu aeoeee nieeaea?ii ioaa/atho ii
iaycaoaeuenoaai, eaaeauei ia Aeoeeiia?ao.
Iacaaeneii io oi?iu iieaou aeeaaea noieiinoue aeoeee au?aaeaaony a
iaoeeiiaeueiie aaethoa.
Aeoeeiia?o Iauanoaa iiaeao auaeaaaoueny na?oeoeeao, eioi?ue yaeyaony
naeaeaoaeuenoaii aeaaeaiey iieiaiiaaiiiai a iai eeoea ii?aaeaeaiiith
/eneii aeoeee.
Iauanoai aaaeao ?aano? n aeeth/aieai neaaeothueo aeaiiuo: eiee/anoai,
oei aeoeee, aeaoa i?eia?aoaiey, iaeiaiiaaiea (eiy) e aae?an Aeoeeiia?a,
iiieiaeueiay noieiinoue e oeaia i?eia?aoaiey.
Aeoeeiia?u aeieaeiu naiaa?aiaiii niiauaoue ia eciaiaiee
ianoiiaoiaeaeaiey (ianoa aeeoaeuenoaa). Aaie ia ianao ioaaonoaaiiinoe,
anee i oaeii niiauaiee ia auei niiauaii ienueiaiii.
Cai?auaaony auione oeaiiuo aoiaa aeey iie?uoey oauoeia, niecaiiuo n
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth Iauanoaa.
Auione iaeeaaoeee i?iecaiaeeony ii ?aoaieth Iauaai nia?aiey
Aeoeeiia?ia, ii?aaeaeythuaai oeaeue, noiio e n?ie caeia, /enei
auioneaaiuo iaeeaaoeee, iiieiaeueioth noieiinoue e auioneioth oeaio,
?acia? i?ioeaioii e n?iee eo oieaou, n?ie e niinia iiaaoaiey.
Iiieiaeueiay noiia auiouaiiuo Iauanoaii iaeeaaoeee ia iiaeao i?aauoaoue
100% iiea/aiiiai onoaaiiai eaieoaea Iauanoaa.
Ooa?yiiay eiaiiay iaeeaaoeey aiciaiiaeyaony ca ieaoo. Iaeeaaoeeth ia
i?aaeuyaeoaey a neo/aa iioa?e aiciaiiaeytho a ii?yaeea, onoaiiaeaiiii
a?aaeaeainei-i?ioeannoaeueiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii Oe?aeiu aeey
ainnoaiiaeaiey i?aaa ii oo?a/aiiui aeieoiaioai ia i?aaeuyaeoaey.
Aea?aeaoaee iaeeaaoeee eiatho i?aeiouanoaaiiia i?aai ia ?ani?aaeaeyaioth
i?eaueue e aeoeau Iauanoaa i?e eeeaeaeaoeee ii n?aaiaieth n
aeaaeaeueoeaie aeoeee anao oeiia.
Yienney, ?aaeno?aoeey e ia?auaiea iaeeaaoeee ?aaoee?oaony aeaenoaothuei
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii.
Aeeaeaeaiaeii yaeyaony /anoue /enoie i?eauee Iauanoaa, ?ani?aaeaeyaiay
n?aaee Aeoeeiia?ia i?iii?oeeiiaeueii /eneo aeoeee.
Aeeaeaeaiae iiaeao auiea/eaaoueny a n?iee, onoaiaaeeaaaiua Aeoeeiia?aie
(aaeaeaa?oaeueii, ?ac a iieaiaea, ?ac a aiae). Aeeaeaeaiae iauyaeyaony
Iauei nia?aieai Aeoeeiia?ia a ?an/aoa ia iaeio aeoeeth.
Oeene?iaaiiue i?ioeaio ii iaeeaaoeeyi onoaiaaeeaaaony i?e auionea.
Aeeaeaeaiae ia auiea/eaaaony ii aeoeeyi, eioi?ua ia auee auiouaiu a
ia?auaiea eee iaoiaeyony ia aaeaina Iauanoaa.
Aeeaeaeaiae iiaeao auiea/eaaoueny iaee/iuie, a oaeaea aeoeeyie
(eaieoaeecaoeey i?eauee) e (eee) eiuie aeaeaie eiouanoaa, oieueei ii
niaeaniaaieth n Aeoeeiia?ii.
Iauaa nia?aiea Aeoeeiia?ia iauyaeyao ?acia? aeeaeaeaiaea aac au/aoa
iaeiaia.
Ii?yaeie auieaou aeeaeaeaiaeia iaiaa?eaaaony i?e auionea oeaiiuo aoiaa
e eceaaaaony ia ia?aoiie noi?iia aeoeee eee na?oeoeeaoa.
Ii iaauiea/aiiui e iaiieo/aiiui aeeaeaeaiaeai i?ioeaiou ia
ia/eneythony.
Aeeaeaeaiae auiea/eaaaony a niioaaonoaee n aeaenoaothuei
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii /aeii, ieaoaaeiui ii?o/aieai, ii/oiaui ia?aaiaeii a
aaethoa, a eioi?ie auea iieo/aia i?eaueue Iauanoaa a niioaaonoaee n
aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii.
Ia?aaiae eiino?aiiui eiaanoi?ai ca a?aieoeo n?aaenoa a eiino?aiiie
aaethoa a nayce n aeioiaeaie, iieo/aaiuie a Iauanoaa, inouanoaeyaony
a niioaaonoaee n aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii Oe?aeiu.
Eiouanoai Iauanoaa ninoaaeytho iniiaiua oiiaeu e iai?ioiua n?aaenoaa, a
oaeaea eiia eiouanoai, noieiinoue eioi?iai io?aaeaaony ia
naiinoiyoaeueiii aaeaina.
Enoi/ieeaie eiouanoaa Iauanoaa yaeythony nianoaaiiua e i?eaea/aiiua
(caaiiua) n?aaenoaa.
E nianoaaiiui n?aaenoaai Iauanoaa ioiinyony Onoaaiue oiiae, oiiaeu,
nicaeaaaaiua Iauanoaii ec /enoie i?eauee (a oii /enea ?aca?aiue oiiae),
n?aaenoaa, iieo/aiiua a iieaoo i?aaeinoaaeaiiuo ?aaio, oneoa eee eiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, ia cai?auaiiie caeiiii, aeioiaeia io oeaiiuo aoiaa, a
oaeaea aacaiciacaeiuo aeaaioai?eoaeueiuo aciinia.
E i?eaea/aiiui (caaiiui) n?aaenoaai ioiinyony e?aaeeou aaieia e ae?oaeo
i?aaiecaoeee, n?aaenoaa, iieo/aiiua io auionea oeaiiuo aoiaa (ca
eneeth/aieai aeoeee), a oaeaea eiuo ia cai?auaiiuo caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii
enoi/ieeia.
?anoiaeu, naycaiiua n i?eaea/aieai a Iauanoai caaiiuo n?aaenoa,
ioiinyony ia naaanoieiinoue oneoa (?aaio, i?iaeoeoeee).
Iauanoai yaeyaony nianoaaiieeii naiaai eiouanoaa, a oaeaea eiouanoaa
iainiaeaiiuo iiae?acaeaeaiee, i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoa e oeeeaeia e aei/a?ieo
i?aaei?eyoee (anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii eo onoaaiuie aeieoiaioaie).
?aaeecaoeey i?aa Iauanoaa ia eiouanoai iainiaeaiiuo iiae?acaeaeaiee,
oeeeaeia e i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoa i?iecaiaeeony a niioaaonoaee n
aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii, eo o/?aaeeoaeueiuie aeieoiaioaie e
ianoiyuei Onoa?i.
Aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa Iauanoaa oi?ie?othony ca niao:
– nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa;
– caeiia e e?aaeeoia o aaieia e ae?oaeo e?aaeeoi?ia;
– n?aaenoa th?eaee/aneeo eeoe e a?aaeaeai, aaa?aiiuo a ?anii?yaeaiea
Iauanoaa.
Iauanoai i?aaiecoao e iaania/eaaao iinoiyiioth aioiaiinoue naiaa?aiaiii
e iieiinoueth auiieiyoue i?eiyoua ia naay iaycaoaeuenoaa iooai
iiaeaea?aeeaaiey eeeaeaeiie no?oeoo?u naiaai aaeaina e iaania/aiey
niioaaonoaey iaaeaeo o?aaiaaieyie e iaycaoaeuenoaaie Iauanoaa.
O?oaeiaua ioiioaiey ?aaioieeia Iauanoaa ?aaoee?othony aeaenoaothuei ia
Oe?aeia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii i o?oaea.
?aaioieee Iauanoaa caeeth/atho n aaeieieno?aoeeae eiio?aeou, a eioi?uo
iaiaa?eaaaony caueoa eo eioa?ania.
Iauanoai inouanoaeyao nioeeaeueiia e iaaeeoeeineia no?aoiaaiea naieo
?aaioieeia a niioaaonoaee n aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii.
Oeiainiaue aiae, o/ao e io/aoiinoue
Oeiainiaue aiae e io/aoiinoue Iauanoaa niaiaaeaao n eaeaiaea?iui
aiaeii. Ia?aue oeiainiaue aiae caeai/eaaaony 31 aeaeaa?y 1998 a.
?an/aoiua e eiua iia?aoeee Iauanoaa io?aaeathony ia ?an/aoiuo, oaeoueo
e ae?oaeo n/aoao. Iia?aoeaiue, aooaaeoa?neee e noaoenoe/aneee o/ao
io?aaeaaony Iauanoaii a niioaaonoaothueo ?aaeno?ao neioaoe/aneiai e
aiaeeoe/aneiai o/aoa.
Oeiainiaua ?acoeueoaou aeayoaeueiinoe Iauanoaa onoaiaaeeaathony ia
iniiaa aiaeiaiai aooaaeoa?neiai aaeaina.
Oeiainiaua io/aou Iauanoaa ninoaaeythony ia eaaeaeue aiae e io?aaeatho
aeioiaeu e ?anoiaeu Iauanoaa eae a iaoeeiiaeueiie, oae e a eiino?aiiie
aaethoa.
Nienaiea n aaeaina Iauanoaa aaciaaeaaeiie e acuneaieth aeaaeoi?neie
caaeieaeaiiinoe, iaaeinoa/ e iioa?ue oiaa?ii-iaoa?eaeueiuo oeaiiinoae,
i?eiaaeeaaeaueo Iauanoao, ii?aeueii onoa?aaoaai, eciioaiiiai e
iaaiaeiiai aeey aeaeueiaeoaai eniieueciaaiey iai?oaeiaaiey e
o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa, a oaeaea
cao?ao ii i?ae?auaiiui e iainouanoaeaiiui eaieoaeueiui ?aaioai
i?iaiaeeony n ?ac?aoaiey Iauaai nia?aiey Aeoeeiia?ia, anee eiie ii?yaeie
ia i?aaeoniio?ai aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii.
Iauanoai ca naie n/ao iiaeao iaiyoue niaoeeaeece?iaaiiia o/?aaeaeaiea
aeey i?iaa?ee e iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey aiaeiaie oeiainiaie io/aoiinoe (aiaoiee
aoaeeo). Aoaeeo noaaeo naith iiaeienue ia aiaeiaii io/aoa a
iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea aai niioaaonoaey eiathuaeny eioi?iaoeee n ?aaeueiui
iieiaeaieai aeae.
Aioo?aiiee aoaeeo Iauanoaa inouanoaeyaony ?aaeceiiiie eiienneae.
Aiaeec aeayoaeueiinoe “Oe?aeineiai Iao/iiai Oeaio?a yeieiaee ii?y”
Oe?aeineee Iao/iue Oeaio? yeieiaee ii?y yoi i?aaiecaoeey i?ecaaiiay
ia?aiia/aeueii caieiaoueny eco/aieai yeieiae/aneiai ninoiyiey ii?y,
ioeaieie aai caiania, ?ac?aaioeie iiauo iaoiaeee nianaiey ii?y, a
/anoiinoe *??iiai.
I?aaiecaoeey ?aniieaaaao 11 iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneeie noaeaie,
aieueoeie neeaaeneeie ieiuaaeyie, e iaeiiaoe aeaayoe yoaaeiui caeaieai a
ai?iaea Iaeanna ia O?aioeocneii aoeueaa?a 89.
Iaeiaei iai?inoay yeiiiie/aneay neooaoeey a no?aia i?eaaea e oiio, /oi
ia iaoeo ioaiaeeony i/aiue iaei n?aaenoa, a iineaaeiea aeaa aiaea
Ieienoa?noai Yeieiaee e ssaea?iie Aaciianiinoe, eioi?iio nianoaaiii e
i?eiaaeeaaeeo Oe?IOeYI, aiiaua ia auaeaeyao ieeaeeo n?aaenoa. A
neiaeeaoaeny neooaoeee iieiiai ionoonoaey ainoaea?noaaiiiai caeaca
i?iecioei ianniaia cae?uoea eaai?aoi?ee, a noaea noaee ia i?eeie. Aeaeaa
iinea ia?aaiai?ia /anoue noaeia auee ia?aiai?oaeiaaiu a
a?ociiannaaee?neea e naeaiu a oaei /a?oa?. Iiiaea iiiauaiey a
oeaio?aeueiii caeaiee auee oaeaea naeaiu a a?aiaeo iiae ioenu.
A yoi aea a?aiy i?e einoeoooa aue nicaeai ioaeae caieiathueeny
o?ainii?oiie yeniaaeeoeeae oa?ii-ooo/iuo a?ocia. Aai nicaeaiea aeieaeii
auei iineoaeeoue aeaeo nianaiey einoeoooa io iieiiai cae?uoey.
Ooao aeaiiiai ioaeaea iaaaeee – 6 /aeiaae. Iai?oaeiaaiea, iiieii iaaaee
aeeth/aao: 4 eiiiuethoa?a, oaeneieeueiue aiia?ao e aeaa oaeaoiia.
Ioaeae caieiaaony oaeeie aeaeaie aeayoaeueiinoe:
– iaania/aiea i?aaei?eyoee Oe?aeiu iaoa?eaeueiuie ?ano?naie, eiii?oiuie
oiaa?aie e i?iaaaeaiea iin?aaeie/aneeo iia?aoeee ii ?aaeecaoeee yoeo
oiaa?ia,
– inouanoaeaiea neeaaeneeo iia?aoeee, naycaiiuo n caeoieie e
?aaeecaoeeae iaoa?eaeueiuo ?ano?nia, i?aaiecaoeey eiineaiaoeeiiiuo e
oiiaeiauo neeaaeia;
– yenieoaoaoeey aiaeiiai e aaoiiiaeeueiiai o?ainii?oa;
– o?ainii?oiia iin?aaeie/anoai a ianeoaeeaaiee i?aaei?eyoee,
i?aaiecaoeee, th?eaee/aneeo eeoe e a?aaeaeai, ?aiiio o?ainii?oiuo
n?aaenoa;
– ieacaiea eiinaeoeiaiauo, iin?aaeie/aneeo, aaaioneeo, eiineaiaoeeiiiuo,
ia?eaoeiaiauo, aeeea?neeo e eiuo, i?yii ia cai?auaiiuo aeaenoaothuei
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii oneoa caeioa?aniaaiiui eiio?aaaioii ii aii?inai,
yaeythueiny i?aaeiaoii aeayoaeueiinoe Iauanoaa.
– eco/aiea eiiuthieoo?u ?uiea oiaa?ia, ?aaio e oneoa, aeeth/ay
i?iaaaeaiea iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo ?aaio, nioeeaeueiuo ii?inia;
– i?aaiecaoeey e ?acaeoea naoe oi?aiai-nauoiauo iiae?acaeaeaiee (a oii
/enea aac, neeaaeia, o?aieeeu, eioeia, eeineia e o.ae.), inouanoaeythueo
?aaeecaoeeth i?iaeoeoeee, iieo/aiiie a ?acoeueoaoa aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie,
iin?aaeie/aneie e eiie aeayoaeueiinoe;
– auiieiaiea caeacia ia nicaeaiea oiaa?iie i?iaeoeoeee, yaeythuaeny
i?aaeiaoii aeayoaeueiinoe Iauanoaa;
– ?aaeecaoeey eiiieaeniuo i?ia?aii e i?iaeoia nio?oaeie/anoaa n
?inneeneeie e eiino?aiiuie ainoaea?noaaie, eiiia?aoeaiuie e
iauanoaaiiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie, o/?aaeaeaieyie, i?aaei?eyoeyie, iauanoaaie
e ae?oaeie th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie a iaeanoyo aeayoaeueiinoe Iauanoaa;
– niaa?oaiea ethauo aeaeia naeaeie, e?iia i?yii cai?auaiiuo
aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii Oe?aeiu, n ethauie eiio?aaaioaie;
– yenii?o, eiii?o eiaanoeoeee, ia?eaoeia;
– eiiia?/aneia iin?aaeie/anoai e aaaioneay aeayoaeueiinoue;
– inouanoaeaiea oeiainiaiai iin?aaeie/anoaa;
– ieacaiea o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoeeiiiuo oneoa;
– i?iaaaeaiea eeceiaiauo iia?aoeee;
– i?aaeinoaaeaiea oneoa a noa?a i?aaiecaoeee aeaeiaiai i?ioieiea;
Iauanoai inouanoaeyao eeoeaice?oaiua aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe iinea
iieo/aiey eeoeaicee a onoaiiaeaiiii aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii
ii?yaeea.
?acaeae II. Noaiaea?oecaoeey a?ociaie e o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoi?neie
aeieoiaioaoeee, niaa?oainoaiaaiea oaoieee a? ecaioiaeaiey iaoiaeii
iaeiie?aoiie caiene
Aeieoiaioaoeey e aeieoiaioiiai?io. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy a Oe?aeia aieueoia
aieiaiea oaeaeyaony iao/iie i?aaiecaoeee o?oaea eae iaeiiio ec 113
aaaeiuo iai?aaeaiee iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna. A iaeanoe aiaoiae
oi?aiaee e o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoeeiiiiai ianeoaeeaaiey aiaoiaoi?aiaiai
a?ociiai?ioa ia?iiiia cia/aiea i?eia?aoaao ?ac?aaioea aaeeiuo nenoai
eeanneoeeaoeee e eiaee?iaaiey yeiiiie/aneie eioi?iaoeee, a oaeaea
noaiaea?oecaoeee aeieoiaioia, eioi?uie ioi?ieytho oi?aiaua e
o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoeeiiiua iia?aoeee.
Noaiaea?oecaoeey aeieoiaioia (oiaa?iuo, o?ainii?oiuo, ?an/aoiuo),
naycaiiuo n aiaoiaoi?aiauie naeaeeaie, ia/aeanue a 1980 a. Aeey yoie
oeaee a Eiieoaoa ii ?acaeoeth oi?aiaee Yeiiiie/aneie eiiennee aeey
Aa?iiu auea nicaeaia ?aai/ay a?oiia ec i?aaenoaaeoaeae aieaa 20
aa?iiaeneeo no?ai, a oii /enea Oe?aeiu, Aieaa?ee, Aaia?ee, Iieueoe,
*aoineiaaeee, ?oiuiee. Yoie ?aai/ae a?oiiie aue iiaeaioiaeai ia?acaoe
(“Enoiaeiay noaia aeaiea AYE”), eioi?ue i?eiyo eae aaca aeey ?ac?aaioee
noaiaea?oiuo aeieoiaioia. A /anoiinoe, noaia yoiai aeaiea auea iieiaeaia
a iniiao i?iaeoe?iaaiey noaiaea?oiiai eiiinaiaioa “Iiaeaeue A”,
?aeiiaiaeiaaiiiai Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie iaeaoie noaeioiaenoaa a 1962 a.
Aii?in i noaiaea?oecaoeee aeieoiaioia ii yenii?oii-eiii?oiui iia?aoeeyi
?anniao?eaaeny Iinoiyiiie eiienneae NYA ii aiaoiae oi?aiaea a 1965 a. a
I?aaa e ia niaauaiee yenia?oia no?ai-/eaiia NYA. Auei i?eciaii
oeaeaniia?aciui i?iaanoe oieoeeaoeeth ?yaea aeieoiaioia e a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue – ii yenii?oiui iia?aoeeyi. Ia niaauaiee aue niaeaniaai i?iaeo
oi?ioey?a-ia?acoea (/anoi iacuaaaiiai “i?aaeneei”), eioi?ue yaeyaony
iiaeaeueth aeey iino?iaiey oi?i aeaieia ?acee/iuo aeieoiaioia.
Yoie iiaeaeueth i?aaeoniao?eaaaony aeey anae nenoaiu aeieoiaioaoeee
oaeia ?aciauaiea ?aeaeceoia (aeaiiuo), i?e eioi?ii iaeeii/iua aeaiiua
anaaaea aeieaeiu auoue ia iaeiii e oii aea ianoa e caieiaoue
iaeeiaeiaoth ieiuaaeue ia eeoeaaie noi?iia aeaieia ?acee/iuo aeieoiaioia
(oiaa?iuo, yeniaaeeoi?neeo e o?ainii?oiuo). Oaeie i?eioeei noaiaea?oiiai
iino?iaiey anae na?ee aeieoiaioia aeaao aiciiaeiinoue oe?iei i?eiaiyoue
iaoaiecaoeeth eo ecaioiaeaiey oae iacuaaaiui iaoiaeii iaeiie?aoiie
caiene.
Nouiinoue yoiai iaoiaea caeeth/aaony a ecaioiaeaiee ia ieoouae iaoeiea
iao?eoeu n iaeneioiii aeaiiuo, iiaoi?ythueony a eiiieaeoa aeieoiaioia,
eioi?uie ioi?ieytho aeaiioth yenii?oioth iia?aoeeth, n iineaaeothuei
ia?aianaieai yoeo aeaiiuo n iao?eoeu ia aeaiee ae?oaeo iaiaoiaeeiuo
noaiaea?oeciaaiiuo aeieoiaioia (ii?o/aiea ia ioa?oceo, niaoeeoeeaoeeth,
eiiinaiaio) i?e iiiiue aiia?aoia iiiaeeoaeueiie oaoieee.
A i?ioeanna ecaioiaeaiey n iao?eoeu oiai eee eiiai aeieoiaioa ec iaa
eneeth/atho naaaeaiey, iaioaeiua aeey aeaiiiai aeieoiaioa. Yoi
aeinoeaaaony i?e iiiiue nenoaiu o?aoa?aoia (ec noeueoeoiie aoiaae,
ieanoiannu eee oiieie aethieieaaie oieueae), eioi?uie cae?uaatho ia
iao?eoea ana iaioaeiua aeaiiua. Aeey ecaioiaeaiey aeieoiaioia iaoiaeii
iaeiie?aoiie caiene iaeaieaa yooaeoeaii i?eiaiaiea iiiaeeoaeueiiai
aiia?aoa “?aie-Ena?ien”.
Ecaioiaeaiea eiiieaeoia noaiaea?oiuo aeieoiaioia iaoiaeii iaeiie?aoiie
caiene cia/eoaeueii yeiiiieo a?aiy, iaeaa/aao o?oae e nieaeaao ?anoiaeu.
Yoio iaoiae eiaao ?yae e ae?oaeo i?aeiouanoa: any na?ey aeieoiaioia
ecaioiaeyaony n iaeiie iao?eoeu, e iioiio ia o?aaoaony eo i?iaa?ea;
eneeth/aaony aiciiaeiinoue ioeaie, eioi?ua ii/oe ia ono?aieiu i?e
ia/aoue i?e ianeieueeeo “caeeaaeeao” ia iaueiiaaiiuo ieooueo iaieoeao,
ana iaiaoiaeeiua aeieoiaiou iiaeaioaaeeaathony naiaa?aiaiii aei iooiaea
NOAeIA, /oi eneeth/aao eo iai?iecaiaeeoaeueiua i?inoie a iaeeaeaiee
ioi?ieaiey aeieoiaioia.
A iaeioi?uo nioeeaeenoe/aneeo no?aiao iaeiieai cia/eoaeueiue iiuo
noaiaea?oecaoeee o?ainii?oiuo aeieoiaioia e ecaioiaeaiey eo iaoiaeii
iaeiie?aoiie caiene. A /anoiinoe, a Iieueoa noaiaea?oiay aeieoiaioaoeey
aeey yenii?oiuo iia?aoeee aia?aua auea i?eiaiaia a 1961 a. ia
i?aaei?eyoeyo ii?neie yeniaaeeoeee “Oe. Oa?oaea” a ii?oao Aaeuiy,
Aaeaiuene e Uaoeei. Aanue eiiieaeo noaiaea?oiuo aeieoiaioia caeanue
ecaioiaeyaony i?e iiiiue nie?oiaiai ?ioaoi?a “Aaiaea”.
A Oe?aeia iai?a?uaiue ?ino iauaiia ia?aaicie a?ocia, ianniainoue eo
ioi?aaie nicaeaee i?aaeiinueee aeey oieoeeaoeee a?ociaie aeieoiaioaoeee
e iaoaiecaoeee o?oaea ii na ninoaaeaieth e ?aciiiaeaieth. Yoi iiaeii
i?ieeethno?e?iaaoue neaaeothuei i?eia?ii. Ia noaeia, ia?aaicyuai
aaia?aeueiua a?ocu, eiee/anoai eiiinaiaioiuo ia?oee yoeo a?ocia iiaeao
aeinoeaaoue 400 e aieaa. Ia eaaeaeoth ia?oeth a?oca o?aaoaony ioi?ieoue
aei 12 eiiinaiaioia (a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo e aieueoa), Neaaeiaaoaeueii,
iauaa eiee/anoai yecaiiey?ia eiiinaiaioia, eioi?ua aeieaeiu auoue
auienaiu aei iooiaea noaeia, iiaeao ninoaaeyoue 4800 e aieaa.
Iiaeaioiaea oaeiai aieueoiai eiee/anoaa eiiinaiaioia ia/aoaieai ia
iaueiiaaiiuo ieooueo iaoeieao o?aaoao ia?iiiuo cao?ao o?oaea, n?aaenoa e
a?aiaie e i?eaiaeeo eiiaaea e caaea?aeea noaeia. E?iia oiai, i?e
caiieiaiee aeaieia eiiinaiaioia iiaoo auoue aeiiouaiu ioeaee, iineieueeo
ia/aoatho eo a ianeieueei i?eaiia (“caeeaaeie”), e iooenee ia iiiaeo
yecaiiey?ao iieo/athony ia/aoeeie, /oi cao?oaeiyao iieueciaaiea eie.
Ieienoa?noai ii?neiai oeioa a 1966 a. i?eiyei ?aoaiea i i?iaaaeaiee a
Eaieia?aaeneii ii?neii ii?oo iiuoiiai iaoaiece?iaaiiiai ecaioiaeaiey
aeieoiaioia ia yenii?oiua a?ocu iaoiaeii iaeiie?aoiie caiene, a caoai
yoio iiuo a aeaeueiaeoai aue ?ani?ino?aiai ia ana iniiaiua ii?ou IIO,
ia?aaaouaathuea yenii?oiua a?ocu.
Nouanoaothuay aeieoiaioaoeey ii eiii?oiui a?ocai (ioa?oci/iua ecaauaiey,
iaeeaaeiua), a naith i/a?aaeue, ia eneeth/aao aiciiaeiinoe
eniieueciaaiey iaoiaea iaeiie?aoiie caiene i?e aa ioi?ieaiee. I?e yoii
neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi aianoi i?aaeiae i?ioi?iu eiiinaiaioa EE-61
a 1975 a. auee aaaaeaiu a aeaenoaea iiaua, ooaa?aeaeaiiua IIO
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua eiiinaiaiou aeey ioi?ieaiey ia?aaicie a?ocia ia
noaeao ?aeniaiai (o?aiiiaiai) ieaaaiey – oi?ia EY-2.4.O e ia noaeao
eeiaeiiai ieaaaiey – oi?ia EY-2.4.E, /oi oaeaea niinianoaoao i?eiaiaieth
oeacaiiiai iaoiaea ecaioiaeaiey o?ainii?oiuo aeieoiaioia ii yenii?oiui
a?ocai.
A 1975 a. Ieienoa?noai ii?neiai oeioa ooaa?aeeei iiaua i?aaeea
ioi?ieaiey a?ociauo aeieoiaioia i?e ia?aaiceao a?ocia ii?neei
o?ainii?oii a eaaioaaeiii (iaaeii?oiaia e i?yiia niaoaiiia
aeaeaciiaei?iaeii-aiaeiia niiauaiey) e a caa?aie/iii ieaaaiee (yenii?o,
eiii?o). ?acaeae 3 yoeo I?aaee caiaiee niaie ?aiaa aeaenoaiaaaooth
Eino?oeoeeth i ii?yaeea ioi?ieaiey yenii?oiuo a?ocia a ii?oao IIO. Yoe
i?aaeea o/eouaatho nenoaio ioi?ieaiey aeieoiaioaoeee
o?ainii?oii-yeniaaeeoeeiiiuo iia?aoeee iaoiaeii iaeiie?aoiie caiene.
Aeieoiaiou ia i?eai yenii?oiuo a?ocia. Yenii?oiua a?ocu i?eieiathony
ii?neei ii?oii ii iaeeaaeiie (aeaeaciie aei?iae), oiaa?ii-o?ainii?oiie
iaeeaaeiie (aaoiiiaeeueiiai o?ainii?oa), eiiinaiaioo (ii?neiai oeioa a
eaaioaaea), eiiinaiaioo eee noaeiaie iaeeaaeiie (?a/iiai oeioa).
OYE ii?oa ?ane?aaeeoiauaaao i?eauaoea ia noaioeeth aeaeaciie aei?iae
aeieoiaiou ia yenii?oiua a?ocu e iieo/aao io iaa iaeeaaeioth e
i?eeiaeaiey e iae (na?oeoeeaou, oaoie/aneay aeieoiaioaoeey, oiaa?iua
niaoeeoeeaoeee).
AEaeaciiaei?iaeiue oeeeae aeeniao/a?neie ii?oa ioi?ieyao ii i?eaaaeaiiie
ieaea oi?ia EY-1,1 ea?oi/eo o/aoa yenii?oiiai a?oca a iyoe yecaiiey?ao,
aeaa ec eioi?uo neoaeao ecaauaieai yenii?oa?o (aai aaaioo) i i?eauoee
yenii?oiiai a?oca. I?e i?aaeuyaeaiee aeaeaciiaei?iaeiie noaioeeae ii?oo
iaeeaaeiuo ia i?eauaoee a?oc caiieiytho a?aou caaieiaee e ?acaeae
“*eneeony ii aeieoiaioai”. Ea?oi/eo caiieiytho ia eiaooae iaoeiea,
ouaoaeueii, aac iiia?ie; 4 yecaiiey?a aa iai?aaeytho ia neeaae, iaeei
inoaaony a oeeeaea .
Neeaae i?e i?eaia a?oca i?iaa?yao niioaaonoaea iaeiaiiaaiey, ia?ee?iaee,
eiee/anoaa, ninoiyiey a?oca aeaiiui, oeacaiiui a o?ainii?oiii
aeieoiaioa, caiieiyao a?aou “*enei iano” e “Ianna, iauai” ?acaeaea
“Oaeoe/anee i?eiyoi”, iiaeienuaaao ea?oi/eo o/aoa yenii?oiiai a?oca e
iai?aaeyao a OYE o?e yecaiiey?a, iaeei inoaaony ia neeaaea eae ia?ae/iue
o/aoiue aeieoiaio.
I?e ?anoiaeaeaiee oaeoe/aneiai ninoiyiey e eiee/anoaa a?oca ii
n?aaiaieth n iauyaeaiiuie ia?aaici/iuo aeieoiaioao niaiiue iiiiuiee
caaaaeothuaai neeaaeii e i?eaiinaeao/ee aeaeaciiaei?iaeiie noaioeee
ioi?ieytho ni?aaeo (?aii?o) ia ninoaaeaiea eiiia?/aneiai aeoa a aeaoo
yecaiiey?ao, iaeei ec eioi?uo i?aaeiacia/ai aeey ii?oa, ae?oaie – aeey
aeaeaciie aei?iae. Eiiia?/aneea aeou e aeou iauae oi?iu ninoaaeytho ii
i?aaeeai, aeaenoaothuei ia eaaeaeii aeaea o?ainii?oa.
OYE, i?iaa?ea i?aaeeueiinoue ninoaaeaiey ea?oi/ee o/aoa yenii?oiiai
a?oca e iieo/ea, anee yoi iaiaoiaeeii, ia aeaeaciiaei?iaeiie noaioeee
eiiia?/aneee aeo, iiaeae?aao aeieoiaiou: aeaeaciiaei?iaeioth
iaeeaaeioth, aeaa yecaiiey?a ea?oi/ee o/aoa yenii?oiiai a?oca,
i?eeiaeaiey e 11 aeo., eiiia?/aneee aeo – e iai?aaeyao eo a ianoioth
eiioi?o A/I “Oe?aiaoo?ain”. A OYE inoaaony iaeei yecaiiey? ea?oi/ee
o/aoa yenii?oiiai a?oca.
Aeieoiaiou ia a?ocu, aeinoaaeaiiua a ii?o ?a/iui eee aaoiiiaeeueiui
o?ainii?oii, i?aaenoaaeythony a OYE ii?oa e ioi?ieythony oae aea, ia
aeaieao oao aea aeieoiaioia, /oi e i?e i?eaia a?ocia io aeaeaciie
aei?iae.
Aeieoiaiou ia ioi?aaeo yenii?oiuo a?ocia. Ii?o ioa?oaeaao yenii?oiua
a?ocu ia ii?aaeaeaiiia noaeii ii ii?o/aieth ianoiie eiioi?u A/I
“Oe?aiaoo?ain”. Eiiieaeo aeieoiaioia ninoieo ec i?aaenoaaeaiiuo ianoiie
eiioi?ie A/I “Oe?aiaoo?ain” ii?o/aiey ia ioa?oceo yenii?oiuo a?ocia e
a?ociaiai nienea, ioi?ieaiiiai OYE eiiinaiaioa n i?eeiaeaieyie e
iaieoanoa, a oaeaea etheiaie caienee e eniieieoaeueiiai a?ociaiai ieaia.
Ii?o/aiea ia ioa?oceo yenii?oiuo oiaa?ia ii oi?ia EY-2,1 n
.i?eeiaeaieyie i?aaenoaaeyaony, ianoiie eiioi?ie A/I “Oe?aiaoo?ain” a
OYE ca 48 / aei ia/aea iia?ocee noaeia. I?e o?aiaiee a?ocia ia
ianeieueeeo neeaaeao i?aaenoaaeyaony aeiiieieoaeueii ii iaeiiio
yecaiiey?o ii?o/aiey aeey eaaeaeiai neeaaea. *aou?a yecaiiey?a
ii?o/aiey, i?aaenoaaeaiiua a OYE, eniieuecothony eae iia?oci/iua
i?aea?a. Aeaa ec ieo iai?aaeytho neeaaeo eae iniiaaiea aeey auionea
a?oca. Iinea ioa?ocee ia?oee a?oca iaeei yecaiiey? ni neeaaea
aica?auatho a OYE Aeey nienaiey a?oca n ea?oi/ae o/aoa EY-1,1 A
Eeuee/aaneii ii?oo neeaaeo iai?aaeytho iaeei yecaiiey? ii?o/aiey,
eioi?ue inoaaony ia neeaaea, a aeey nienaiey n o/aoa ioa?oaeaiiuo a?ocia
neeaae iai?aaeyao a OYE ia?a/aiue ioa?oaeaiiuo a?ocia n oeacaieai
iiia?ia ii?o/aiee “Oe?aiaoo?ain”, iaeei yecaiiey? inoaaony a OYE e
o?aieony a ia?ioiaeiii aeaea.
Eiiinaiaio ii oi?ia EY-2,4.O eee EY-2,4.E ioi?ieytho ia iniiaaiee
ooo?iaineie ?anienee a eiiinaiaioiie a?oiia OYE a /enea yecaiiey?ia,
oeacaiiuo a ii?o/aiee. Yecaiiey?u eiiinaiaioa ?ani?aaeaeytho, eae
oeacaii a ii?o/aiee ia ioa?oceo yenii?oiuo a?ocia, e ii oeacaieyi
ia?aaic/eea. Iaeei yecaiiey? inoaaony a OYE. I?eeiaeaiey e eiiinaiaioo
i?aaenoaaeythony OYEo ianoiie eiioi?ie A/I “Oe?aiaoo?ain” a niioaaonoaee
n aeaenoaothueie i?aaeeaie iaeiia?aiaiii n ii?o/aieai ia ioa?oceo
yenii?oiuo a?ocia. OYE i?eeaaaao e eiiinaiaioo ana i?aaenoaaeaiiua
eiioi?ie A/I “Oe?aiaoo?ain” aeieoiaiou e aeaeaao a iai niioaaonoaothuea
ioiaoee.), inoaeueiua o?e yecaiiey?a iai?aaeytho noeaeaei?o aeey i?eaia
a?ocia io neeaaea e i?aaiecaoeee eo iia?ocee. Iaeei yecaiiey? a?o/atho
aaeieieno?aoeee noaeia, a iaeei n ?anieneie ooo?iaia a i?eaia a?ocia
iai?aaeytho a eiiinaiaioioth a?oiio OYE aeey ioi?ieaiey eiiinaiaioa e
iaieoanoa.
A?ociaie nienie ii onoaiiaeaiiie oi?ia i?aaenoaaeyaony a OYE
iaeiia?aiaiii n ii?o/aieyie eiioi?ie A/I “Oe?aiaoo?ain” a o?ao
yecaiiey?ao. Iaeei yecaiiey? neoaeeo aeey ninoaaeaiey i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai
a?ociaiai ieaia, iaeei iai?aaeyaony a iia?oci/ii-?aca?oci/iue ?aeii aeey
i?aaiecaoeee iia?ocee, iaeei a?o/aaony aaeieieno?aoeee noaeia. Ii?o/aiey
a a?ociaii nienea a?oiie?othony ii ananithciui iauaaeeiaieyi –
yenii?oa?ai n caienueth eoiaia ii iauaaeeiaieyi e nieneo a oeaeii.
Ninoaaeaiiue ia iniiaaiee a?ociaiai nienea e ii?o/aiey i?aaeaa?eoaeueiue
a?ociaie ieai i?aaenoaaeyaony eaieoaio noaeia ia ooaa?aeaeaiea. A?ociaie
ieai ii iaeiiio yecaiiey?o ia?aaeatho aaeieieno?aoeee noaeia,
iia?oci/iiio ?aeiio, a aeeniao/a?neoth ii?oa, a eiioi?o A/I
“Oe?aiaoo?ain”, iaeei yecaiiey? inoaaony a OYE. Ii ieii/aiee iia?ocee
noaeia ii?o ninoaaeyao eniieieoaeueiue a?ociaie ieai aeey ii?oa
iacia/aiey, noaeia, ianoiie eiioi?u A/I
Ii aaia?aeueiiio niaeaoaieth i?aaeoniio?aii 4 yecaiiey?a ii?o/aiey, ii a
i?aeoeea ?aaiou ii?oia aiciiaeiu aa?eaoeee /enea yecaiiey?ia: iai?eia?,
a Eeuee/aaneii ii?oo i?eiyoi 5 yecaiiey?ia, a Iaeanneii – 6 – 7..
Iaieoano ii onoaiiaeaiiie oi?ia ninoaaeyaony OYE ia iniiaaiee
eiiinaiaioia a /enea yecaiiey?ia, iaiai?aiiii a o?ainii?oiii ii?o/aiee.
Iaieoano a?o/atho aaeieieno?aoeee noaeia, oaiiaeia e ianoiie eiioi?a A/I
“Oe?aiaoo?ain”, iaeei yecaiiey? inoaaony a OYE. Etheiaoth caieneo
ninoaaeytho oaeaea a iaiaoiaeeiii /enea yecaiiey?ia.
Aeieoiaiou ia i?eai eiii?oiuo a?ocia. ?acaeae 4 iiauo i?aaee ioi?ieaiey
a?ociauo aeieoiaioia caiaiee niaie aeaenoaiaaaooth ?aiaa (aei 1975 a.)
E?aoeoth eino?oeoeeth ii ia?ae/iie aeieoiaioaoeee e o/aoo eiii?oiuo
a?ocia a ii?oao IIO.
Eiii?oiua a?ocu ii?o i?eieiaao ii eiiinaiaioai e iaieoanoai. Etheiaua
caienee e a?ociaie ieai yaeythony i?e yoii aniiiiaaoaeueiuie
oaoiieiae/aneeie aeieoiaioaie. A iaiaoiaeeiuo neo/ayo neaaeoao
iieueciaaoueny oaeaea aeieoiaioaie, i?eeiaeaiiuie ioi?aaeoaeai e
eiiinaiaioo.
Oaeueiaineay ?anienea ii oi?ia EY-3.1 – yoi ia?ae/iue o/aoiue aeieoiaio
i?eaia e naea/e a?ocia noaeiii e ii?oii, ia eioi?ii oaeueiaiu aaaeoo
caienue eiee/anoaa a?ocia ca iaithaeiuie iiaeienyie. Ii ieii/aiee niaiu
eee ?aaiou ia noaeia oaeueiai ii?oa naeaao caiieiaiiue (n iiaeaaaeaiiuie
ii eiiinaiaioai ca ?aai/oth niaio eoiaaie) yecaiiey? oaeueiaineie
?anienee neeaaeo.
Iooaaie eeno ii onoaiiaeaiiie oi?ia (EY-10) neoaeeo aeey ioi?ieaiey
ia?aaicie a?oca aioo?e ii?oa e auienuaaaony naeathuae noi?iiie
(oaeueiaiii o ai?oa noaeia – i?e ia?aaicea a?ocia io ai?oa noaeia e
oaeaeaiiiio neeaaeo) a o?ao yecaiiey?ao ia eaaeaeue ?aen aaoiiiaeey; ec
ieo aeaa yecaiiey?a a?o/atho iiae ?anieneo eeoeo, nii?iaiaeaeathuaio
a?oc, iaeei yecaiiey? inoaaony o naeathuae noi?iiu. I?eieiathuay noi?iia
iinea naa?ee ioi?ieaiiiai eiee/anoaa a?oca n oaeoe/anee aeinoaaeaiiui
iiaeienuaaao iaa yecaiiey?a iooaaiai eenoa; eeoei, nii?iaiaeaeathuaa
a?oc, aica?auaao iaeei ec ieo naeaaoae noi?iia.
I?eai a?ocia ia neeaae ioi?ieyaony oaeueiaineie ?anieneie n
iineaaeothuei aianaieai eiee/anoaa i?eiyoiai ia neeaae a?oca a
caaeneiinoe io oiai, ia eaeii noaeia ioi?aaeyaony a?oc- o?aiiiaii eee
eeiaeiii aaaeiiinoue o/aoa eiii?oiiai a?oca ii oi?ia EY-3,1,
ninoaaeyaiie a o?ao yecaiiey?ao, iaeei ec eioi?uo ia?aaeaaony oaiiaeia,
iaeei – a OYE, a iaeei inoaaony ia neeaaea.
I?e ?anoiaeaeaiee aeaiiuo i eiee/anoaa e ninoiyiee a?oca ii n?aaiaieth n
oeacaiiuie a eiiinaiaioa ninoaaeyaony aeo-ecaauaiea ii oi?ia EC-3.4 a
oanoe yecaiiey?ao, iaeei ec eioi?uo iai?aaeytho a oaiiaeith, iaeei
a?o/atho aaeieieno?aoeee noaeia, iaeie – OYE, aeaa – ianoiie eiioi?a
A/I “Oe?aiaoo?ain”, iaeei – neeaaeneie a?oiia iia?oci/iiai ?aeiia ii?oa.
Eoiae aua?ocee a oeaeii ii noaeio oeene?othony aaia?aeueiui aeoii ii
oi?ia EY-C.C, eioi?ue ninoaaeyaony ia iniiaaiee aaaeiiinoe o/aoa
eiii?oiiai a?oca (EC-3.1) a oanoe yecaiiey?ao e iiaeienuaaaony
i?aaenoaaeoaeyie ii?oa, noaeia, oaiiaeie. Iaeei yecaiiey? iai?aaeytho a
oaiiaeith, iaeei – OYE, aeaa – a ianoioth eiioi?o A/I “Oe?aiaoo?ain”,
iaeei a?o/aaony aaeieieno?aoeee noaeia, iaeei – a?oiia o/aoa a?ociaiai
?aeiia.
Aeieoiaiou ia ioi?aaeo eiii?oiuo a?ocia. Ii?o ioi?aaeyao eiii?oiua a?ocu
ii ?acia?yaeeao ianoiie eiioi?u A/I “Oe?aeaoo?ain”. Eiiieaeo aeieoiaioia
ninoieo ec ?acia?yaeee ia ioa?oceo eiii?oiuo a?ocia, ecaauaiey
a?ociaeaaeaeueoeo (eiii?oa?o), iaeeaaeiie onoaiiaeaiiie oi?iu, ioaana e,
a iaiaoiaeeiuo neo/ayo, niaoeeoeeaoeee.
?acia?yaeea ia ioa?oceo eiii?oiuo a?ocia ii oi?ia EC-4.1 n i?eeiaeaieyie
a aeaoo yecaiiey?ao i?aaenoaaeyaony ianoiie eiioi?ie A/I “Oe?aiaoo?ain”
OYE ii?oa ca 48 / aei i?eauoey noaeia a ii?o, a i?e iaee/ee ia iai
nei?iii?oyueony a?ocia – niioaaonoaaiii ca 72 /. Iaeei yecaiiey?
?acia?yaeee iai?aaeytho ia neeaae eae iniiaaiea aeey ioi?aaee a?oca,
iaeei inoaaony a OYE.
Ioaan ii oi?ia EY-9 ninoaaeyao oaeueiai a i?ioeanna caa?ocee
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo aaaiiia ia eaaeaeoth ioi?aaeo a aeaoo yecaiiey?ao,
iaeei ec eioi?uo i?aaeiacia/ai ianoiie eiioi?a A/I “Oe?aiaoo?ain”, a
iaeei inoaaony ia neeaaea. OYE ia iniiaaiee ?acia?yaeee auienuaaao
aeaeaciiaei?iaeioth (eee ae?oaiai aeaea o?ainii?oa) iaeeaaeioth
(iaeeaaeiua) ii onoaiiaeaiiie oi?ia e iai?aaeyao aa ia neeaae.
Iinea iieo/aiey io aeaeaciie aei?iae eaeoaioeee iaeeaaeiie OYE
auienuaaao ecaauaiea a?ociaeaaeaeueoeo (eiii?oa?o) ia ioi?aaea a?oca ii
oi?ia EC-4.2 a /aou?ao yecaiiey?ao, iaeei ec eioi?uo inoaaony a OYE,
aeaa n eaeoaioeeae aeaeaciiaei?iaeiie iaeeaaeiie ia?aaeatho eiioi?a A/I
“Oe?aiaoo?ain”, iaeei – neeaaeo.
Auaea/a eiii?oiuo a?ocia ia ianoa. Auaea/o eiii?oiiai a?oca ianoiiio
a?ociiieo/aoaeth ioi?ieytho neaaeothuei ia?acii.
?acia?yaeea ii oi?ia EC-5.1 n i?eeiaeaieyie ia auaea/o eiii?oiuo a?ocia
ianoiiio a?ociiieo/aoaeth i?aaenoaaeyaony anee iaiaoiaeeii eiaoue
?ac?aoaiea ea?aioeiiie einiaeoeee, auienuaatho aeiiieieoaeueiue
yecaiiey? aeey aece?iaaiey a yoie einiaeoeee.
Caeeth/aiea
A eoiaa i?ioiaeaeaiey i?aeoeee a yeniaaeeoi?neie eiioi?a y iieo/ee
i?aeoe/aneea ciaiey ii iiae niaoeeaeueiinoe.
I?e ?aaioa a iiae?acaeaeaiee iiith auee eco/aiu ooieoeee e no?oeoo?a,
ooao neoaeaueo, ?ani?aaeaeaiea ooieoeee iaaeaeo ieie, aeieaeiinoiua
eino?oeoeee, ooieoeeiiaeueiua nayce n ae?oaeie iiae?acaeaeaieyie. Iniaia
aieiaiea auei oaeaeaii iaoiaeai, niiniaai e oaoiieiaee auiieiaiey
iniiaiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iia?aoeee, a oaeaea eniieuecoaiui nenoaiai
nayce e niiniaai ecaioiaeaiey aeieoiaioia.
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