Iaeaaeaiea :
?AIOAAAEUeIINOUe NO?IEOAEUeIIE I?AAIECEOeEE
E OAEOI?U AA II?AAeAEssTHUEA
eniieueciaaiiay eeoa?aoo?a:
“Yeiiiieea no?ieoaeuenoaa”
Aaeeeia E.A.
“Yeiiiieea no?ieoaeuenoaa”
Eiian A.ss.
?AIOAAAEUeIINOUe NO?IEOAEUeIIE I?AAIECAOeEE E OAEOI?U AA
II?AAeAEssTHUEA
Iaeiei ec aaaeiaeoeo iaiauathueo iieacaoaeae,
oa?aeoa?ecothueo yeiiiie/aneoth yooaeoeaiinoue ?aaiou no?ieoaeueiuo
i?aaiecaoeee, yaeyaony ?aioaaaeueiinoueth. O?iaaiue ?aioaaaeueiinoe a
no?ieoaeuenoaa ia ooaa?aeaeaaony a ainoaea?noaaiiii ieaia
yeiiiie/aneiai e nioeeaeueiiai ?acaeoey. Ii i?eiaiyaony a ea/anoaa
?an/aoii-aiaeeoe/aneiai iieacaoaey a oeaeyo oaeoaeaiiiai aiaeeca
yooaeoeaiinoe ?aaiou i?aaiecaoeee e eo iiae?acaeaeaiee, a oaeaea i?e
aeeooa?aioeeaoeee ieaia ii i?eauee no?ieoaeueiuo iiae?acaeaeaiee,
auiieiythueo ?aciioa?aeoa?iua ?aaiou.
A i?iiuoeaiiinoe o?iaaiue ?aioaaaeueiinoe iau/ii
ii?aaeaeyaony ioiioaieai i?eauee e n?aaeiaaiaeiaie noieiinoe iniiaiuo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oiiaeia e ii?ie?oaiuo iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa. ?ann/eoaiiue
oaeei ia?acii iieacaoaeue ?aioaaaeueiinoe caeioa?aniauaaao i?aaiecaoeee
a iaeeo/oai eniieueciaaiee auaeaeaiiuo a aa ?anii?yaeaiea iniiaiuo
oiiaeia e iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa.
A i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiie i?aeoeea no?ieoaeueiuo
i?aaiecaoeee ?acee/atho ianeieueei aeaeia iieacaoaey i?eauee.
I?eaueueth iacuaatho oo /anoue /enoiai aeioiaea iauanoaa,
eioi?ay nicaeaaony ia aeaiiii i?aaei?eyoee e iaiin?aaenoaaiii caaeneo io
o?iaiy aai i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Eiuie
neiaaie, i?eaueue – yoi aeaiaaeiia au?aaeaiea /anoe noieiinoe
i?eaaai/iiai i?iaeoeoa, nicaeaaaaiiai a io?aneyo iaoa?eaeueiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa, eioi?ay i?eieiaao oi?io /enoiai aeioiaea.
Ii?iaoeaiay i?eaueue, aeeth/aaiay a ninoaa oeaiu e iacuaaaiay
a no?ieoaeuenoaa ieaiiaui iaeiieaieai, – yoi ieieiaeueiue ?acia?
i?eauee: iaiaoiaeeiue aeey oniaoiiai inouanoaeaiey oic?an/aoiie
aeayoaeueiinoe.
Ieaiiaay i?eaueue io auiieiaiey no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiuo ?aaio
oanii naycaia n aaee/eiie ieaiiaie naaanoieiinoe. Iia ia?acoaony eae
?acieoea iaaeaeo niaoiie noieiinoueth e ieaiiaie naaanoieiinoueth
no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiuo ?aaio.
Naa?oieaiiaay i?eaueue ia?acoaony i?e iieo/aiee i?eauee a
?acia?a, i?aauoathuai ieaiiaoth.
Ia?aaeeciaaiiay i?eaueue iaeaieeaaaony a iacaaa?oaiiii
no?ieoaeuenoaa, io?aaeathuainy ia aaeaina iiae?yaeiie no?ieoaeueiie
i?aaiecaoeee aei iiiaioa iieaou, o.a. i?aa?auaiey iacaaa?oaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa n iauaeo ?aaeecaoeee.
Oaeoe/aneay i?eaueue io auiieiaiey no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiuo
?aaio – yoi ?acoeueoao oaeoe/aneeo ecaea?aeae (oaeoe/aneie
naaanoieiinoe) e ii?aaeaeyaony eae ?acieoea iaaeaeo niaoiie noieiinoueth
e oaeoe/aneie naaanoieiinoueth.
Aeey oa?aeoa?enoeee i?eaueueiinoe eee ?aioaaaeueiinoe no?ieoaeueiuo
i?aaiecaoeee eniieuecotho ia oieueei aaniethoioth aaee/eio i?eauee, ii e
aa ioiineoaeueioth aaee/eio, o.a. ioiioaiea noiiu i?eauee e
naaanoieiinoe eee e niaoiie noieiinoe .Oaeie iieacaoaeue iacuaatho
o?iaiai ?aioaaaeueiinoe.
Iaeiaei a no?ieoaeuenoaa iieacaoaeue ?aioaaaeueiinoe
oiiaeia iiaeao auoue eniieueciaai oieueei a i?aaiecaoeeyo naiaeiiai
o?iaiy oi?aaeaiey, oeia aeaaiiai i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey,
ieienoa?noaa, eiathueo ia naiai aaeaina iniiaiua i?iecaiaenoaaiiua
oiiaeu – n?aaenoaa iaoaiecaoeee i o?ainii?o. N ?acaeoeai niaoeeaeecaoeee
ooieoeeiiaeueiuo neoaea no?ieoaeueiuo i?aaiecaoeee iniiaiua
no?ieoaeueiua iaoeiu e iaoaieciu nin?aaeioi/aiu a oi?aaeaieyo (o?anoao)
iaoaiecaoeee, aaoio?ainii?oiuo i?aaei?eyoeyo, auaeaeythueo oaoieeo,
iaiaoiaeeioth aeey i?iecaiaenoaa no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiuo ?aaio ii
cayaeai no?ieoaeae. Ia aaeaina no?ieoaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee iaoiaeyony
eeoue iaoeiu e iaoaieciu iianaaeiaaiiai eniieueciaaiey, noieiinoue
eioi?uo ia io?aaeaao anae iannu o/anoaothueo a no?ieoaeuenoaa
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oiiaeia. Iiyoiio ii?aaeaeaiea ?aioaaaeueiinoe oaeeo
i?aaiecaoeee ii i?eaaaeaiiiio iaoiaeo ia io?aaeaao aeaenoaeoaeueiie
yooaeoeaiinoe eniieueciaaiey iniiaiuo oiiaeia, o/anoaothueo a
i?iecaiaenoaa.
Iaeaieaa /anoi ?aioaaaeueiinoue ? a no?ieoaeuenoaa
ii?aaeaeyaony ioiioaieai i?eauee I e naaanoieiinoe eeai niaoiie
noieiinoe auiieiaiiuo no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiuo ?aaio N
?= I/N* 100%
A yoii neo/aa iieacaoaeue ?aioaaaeueiinoe io?aaeaao
yooaeoeaiinoue cao?ao i?aaiecaoeeae iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneeo, o?oaeiauo
e oeiainiauo ?ano?nia. N aaaaeaieai a no?ieoaeuenoaa o/aoa cao?ao ii
yeaiaioai e auaeaeaieai a ea/anoaa iaeiiai ec ieo ?anoiaeia ia
ca?aaioioth ieaoo a no?ieoaeuenoaa iiyaeeanue aiciiaeiinoue
ii?aaeaeaiey ?aioaaaeueiinoe ioiioaieai i?eauee e ca?aaioiie ieaoa
?aaioieeia i?aaei?eyoey – ?aioaaaeueiinoe o?oaea. Oaeie iieacaoaeue
oa?aeoa?ecoao yooaeoeaiinoue eniieueciaaiey i?aaiecaoeeae o?oaeiauo
?ano?nia.
Aeey no?ieoaeueiuo i?aaiecaoeee, ia?aoaaeoeo ia oi?io
oicyenoaaiiiai ?an/aoa, iniiaaiioth ia ii?iaoeaiii iaoiaea
?ani?aaeaeaiey aeioiaea, a oaeaea ia?aaaaeaiiuo ia a?aiaeiue iiae?yae,
?aioaaaeueiinoue iiaeao auoue ii?aaeaeaia ioiioaieai aeioiaea Ae e
naaanoieiinoe eeai niaoiie noieiinoe auiieiaiiuo no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiuo
?a6io
? = D/N *100%
No?ieoaeuenoai a oeaeii yaeyaony ?aioaaaeueiie io?aneueth ia?iaeiiai
oicyenoaa. O?iaaiue ?aioaaaeueiinoe (ioiioaiea i?eauee io naea/e ?aaio
caeac/eeai e naaanoieiinoe iiae?yaeiuo ?aaio) ca 1984 – 1987 aa.
i?aaenoaaeai ieaea:
1984 a. – 13,2 1985 a. – 14,7 1986 a. – 15,9 1987 a. – 18,4
Ii aeaiiui Ainno?iy NNN? a 1987 a. ieiei o?aoe i?aaiecaoeee ia auiieieee
ieaiu ii i?eauee, a aieaa 10 % aeiionoeee i?aauoaiea oaeoe/aneeo cao?ao
i?ioea niaoiie noieiinoe, o.a. yaeythony oauoi/iuie. A 1988 a. ii
n?aaiaieth n i?aaeuaeouei aiaeii eiee/anoai oauoi/iuo i?aaiecaoeee a
no?ieoaeueiii eiiieaena nie?aoeeinue 6ieaa, /ai a 2 ?aca e ninoaaeei
ieiei 4%.
Ia?aoiae no?ieoaeueiuo i?aaiecaoeee ia iieiue
oicyenoaaiiue ?an/ao e naiioeiaine?iaaiea i?aaeiieaaaao iieo/aiea eie
i?eauee, aeinoaoi/iie aeey aianaiey onoaiiaeaiiuo ieaoaaeae a athaeaeao,
?an/aoia n aaieii e auoanoiyuae i?aaiecaoeeae, a oaeaea oaeiaeaoai?aiea
iio?aaiinoae i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai e nioeeaeueiiai ?acaeoey i?aaei?eyoey,
iaoa?eaeueiiai iiiu?aiey aai ?aaioieeia. I?aaiecaoeee, o eioi?uo
i?eauee iaaeinoaoi/ii aeey aianaiey ieaoaaeae ii i?ioeaioai ca e?aaeeou
aaieia e ia?aciaaiey yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey, ioiinyony e
iaei?aioaaaeueiui (ieieiaeueii iaiaoiaeeiue aeey ?aaiou a oneiaeyo
iieiiai oicyenoaaiiiai ?an/aoa o?iaaiue ?aioaaaeueiinoe ninoaaeyao 12
%).
?acoeueoaoii i?iaiaeeiie a no?ieoaeuenoaa ?aaiou ii iiauoaieth
?aioaaaeueiinoe yaeeinue nieaeaiea oaeaeueiiai aana i?aaiecaoeee,
iaiiaeaioiaeaiiuo e ?aaioa a oneiaeyo iieiiai oic?an/aoa. Oae, anee a
1987 a. aieaa 700 o?anoia eiaei ?aioaaaeueiinoue iaiaa 12 %, oi a
1988 a. eo /enei ninoaaeei iaiiiaei aieaa 500 eee ieiei 40% io eo iauaai
eiee/anoaa. Iaeiaei, a ioaeaeueiuo ieienoa?noaao /enei ieaiiai-oauoi/iuo
e iaei?aioaaaeueiuo i?aaiecaoeee aeinoeaaao 90 %.
Iiauoaiea o?iaiy ?aioaaaeueiinoe o?aaoao iiaeeecaoeee aioo?aiieo
?aca?aia i?iecaiaenoaa, iineaaeiaaoaeueiiai i?iaaaeaiey ?aaiou,
iai?aaeaiiie ia oeo/oaiea eniieueciaaiey anao aeaeia ?ano?nia,
nieaeaiey ca n/ao yoiai naaanoieiinoe auiieiaiiuo ?aaio, oaaee/aiey
iannu iieo/aiiie i?eauee.
A eaaeaeie no?ieoaeueiie i?aaiecaoeee iaiaoiaeeii noi?ie?iaaoue oeaeaaua
i?ia?aiiu, iai?aaeaiiua ia iiauoaiea ?aioaaaeueiinoe i?iecaiaenoaa. A
ieo aeieaeiu auoue i?aaeoniio?aiu eiie?aoiua ia?u ii nie?auaieth cao?ao
ia i?iecaiaenoai, aiaae?aieth ?ano?ni-naa?aaathuae oaoieee e oaoiieiaee
auiieiaiey ?aaio, oeo/oaieth i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa e o?oaea, aieaa
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiiio eniieueciaaieth o?ainii?oa e iaoaieciia, iiauoaieth
niaiiinoe ?aaiou iaeaieaa i?iecaiaeeoaeueiie oaoieee, yeiiiiiiio
?anoiaeo iaoa?eaeia.
Naaanoieiinoue icia/aao, ai /oi iaoiaeeony nicaeaiea
i?iaeoeoeee “naaa”, naiiio i?aaei?eyoeth. Naaanoieiinoue no?ieoaeueiie
i?iaeoeoeee oa?aeoa?ecoao cao?aou no?ieoaeueiie i?aaiecaoeee ia
i?iecaiaenoai no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiuo ?aaio.
Aeey auiieiaiey no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiuo ?aaio no?ieoaeueiay i?aaiecaoeey
ianao aeaiaaeiua cao?aou ia i?eia?aoaiea no?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia,
yenieoaoaoeeth no?ieoaeueiuo iaoei, iieaoo o?oaea ?aai/eo. Iauay
aaee/eia cao?ao ii?aaeaeyaony i?yiui ?an/aoii – oiiiaeaieai aaee/eiu
?anoiaea eaaeaeie noaouee aeey auiieiaiey ioaeaeueiiai aeaea ?aaio ia
aeaenoaothuea oeaiu eee ?anoeaiee n iineaaeothuei noiie?iaaieai yoeo
i?iecaaaeaiee.
Aiciiaeiinoue i?yii iiaen/eoaoue yoe cao?aou e ii?aaeaeeei eo iacaaiey –
i?yiua cao?aou. Iaeiaei i?yiuie cao?aoaie ia en/a?iuaathony cao?aou
no?ieoaeueiie i?aaiecaoeee ii nicaeaieth no?ieoaeueiie i?iaeoeoeee.
No?ieoaeueiay i?aaiecaoeey ianao ?yae iaueo cao?ao, eioi?ua ia iiaoo
auoue ioianaiu ia eaeie-eeai eiie?aoiue aeae ?aaio, iai?eia?, cao?aou ia
a?aiaiiua iaoeooeueiua caeaiey e nii?oaeaiey eee cao?aou ia iieaoo
o?oaea eiaeaia?ia, ?oeiaiaeeoaeae no?ieee. Aaee/eia yoeo cao?ao
ii?aaeaeyaony ia i?yiui, a einaaiiui iooai: a i?ioeaioao io i?yiuo
cao?ao eeai io iniiaiie ca?aaioiie ieaou ?aai/eo. Yoe cao?aou iinyo
iacaaiea iaeeaaeiuo ?anoiaeia. Noiia i?yiuo cao?ao e iaeeaaeiuo
?anoiaeia ia?acoao naaanoieiinoue no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiuo ?aaio.
Neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi aaee/eio naaanoieiinoe
no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiuo ?aaio ia/eiatho n/eoaoue aua ia noaaeee
i?iaeoe?iaaiey, o.a. i?e ii?aaeaeaiee niaoiie noieiinoe no?ieoaeuenoaa.
Iiyoiio niaoiay aaee/eia i?yiuo cao?ao e niaoiay ii?ia iaeeaaeiuo
?anoiaeia ia?acotho niaoioth (i?iaeoioth) naaanoieiinoue
no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiuo ?aaio.
Eaaeaeay no?ieoaeueiay i?aaiecaoeey, i?enooiay e inouanoaeaieth i?iaeoa
caeaiey eee nii?oaeaiey, eco/aao naie aiciiaeiinoe ii nieaeaieth niaoiie
naaanoieiinoe e ?ac?aaaouaaao eiie?aoiua ia?ii?eyoey ii nieaeaieth
niaoiuo cao?ao, o. a. ii?aaeaeyao ieaiiaoth naaanoieiinoue. Ieaiiaay
naaanoieiinoue iaiueoa niaoiie naaanoieiinoe ia aaee/eio yeiiiiee,
eioi?oth iaia/aao iieo/eoue no?ieoaeueiay i?aaiecaoeey io aiaae?aiey
caieaie?iaaiiuo ia?ii?eyoee. Aianoa n oai ieaiiaay naaanoieiinoue iiaeao
auoue aieueoa niaoiie naaanoieiinoe, anee ca ia?eiae iaaeaeo
i?iaeoe?iaaieai e inouanoaeaieai no?ieoaeuenoaa i?iecioee eaeea-eeai
eciaiaiey a ii?yaeea oi?ie?iaaiey niaoiuo cao?ao, iai?eia?, eciaieeenue
oeaiu ia iaoa?eaeu, oa?eou ia o?ainii?o eee yia?aeth, oa?eoiua noaaee
ca?aaioiie ieaou. Yoe cao?aou, ia aioaaeoea a niaoioth naaanoieiinoue,
iacuaatho eiiiainaoeeyie. Iie auiea/eaathony iiae?yaeiui no?ieoaeueiui
i?aaiecaoeeyi naa?o niaoiie noieiinoe.
Oaeoe/aneay naaanoieiinoue i?aaenoaaeyao niaie noiio aeaiaaeiuo
n?aaenoa, oaeoe/anee cao?a/aiiuo no?ieoaeueiie i?aaiecaoeeae ia
no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiua ?aaiou ii nii?oaeaieth iauaeoia.
Anee oaeoe/aneay naaanoieiinoue ieaea ieaiiaie, yoi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i
ia?aauiieiaiee ieaia ii nieaeaieth naaanoieiinoe e iieo/aiee
naa?oieaiiaie i?eauee. Anee oaeoe/aneay naaanoieiinoue auoa ieaiiaie, oi
ieai ii nieaeaieth naaanoieiinoe e i?eauee ia auiieiai. A neo/aa
i?aauoaiey oaeoe/aneie naaanoieiinoe iaae niaoiie no?ieoaeueiay
i?aaiecaoeey cao?aoeea ia i?iecaiaenoai no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiuo ?aaio
/anoue eee anth ii?iaoeaioth i?eaueue (ieaiiaua iaeiieaiey),
i?aaeiacia/aiioth ia ieaoo ca i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oiiaeu e o?oaeiaua
?ano?nu, ia iieaoo i?ioeaioia ca aaieianeee e?aaeeo, nicaeaiea oiiaeia
yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey, io/eneaiey a athaeaeao e ae?oaea oeaee.
Oaeie ?acoeueoao i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe io?eoeaoaeueii
io?aaeaaony ia oieueei ia oeiainiaii iieiaeaiee no?ieoaeueiie
i?aaiecaoeee, ii e ia o?iaia iaoa?eaeueiiai e nioeeaeueiiai iaania/aiey
o?oaeyueony yoie i?aaiecaoeee. Caoyioaoaany iiaeiaiia iieiaeaiea iiaeao
i?eaanoe e aaie?ionoao oaeiai i?aaei?eyoey.
?ieue i?eauee a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo oicyenoaiaaiey i?eia?aoaao iniai
aaaeiia cia/aiea, eai i?eaueue noaiiaeony aeaaiui enoi/ieeii
aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey i?aaei?eyoey, aai iao/ii-oaoie/aneie e
nioeeaeueiie iniauaiiinoe, enoi/ieeii ?inoa iaoa?eaeueiiai
aeaaininoiyiey ?aaioieeia i?aaei?eyoey.
Neaaeothuay caaea/a oic?an/aoiiai i?aaei?eyoey i?e ?ani?aaeaeaiee
i?eauee (aeioiaea) – ?ann/eoaoueny n aaieaie ca e?aoein?i/iua e?aaeeou,
o. a. auieaoeoue i?ioeaiou ca i?aaeinoaaeyaiua aaieii i?aaei?eyoeth
nnoaeu.
Inoaaoayny iinea auieaou ia?aii/a?aaeiuo ieaoaaeae noiia n?aaenoa,
iacuaaaiay ?an/aoiie i?eaueueth (eee ?an/aoiui aeioiaeii), iiaeeaaeeo
?ani?aaeaeaieth iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaaiiui athaeaeaoii e i?aaei?eyoeai,
i?e/ai aieueoay /anoue inoaaony o i?aaei?eyoey e neoaeeo aeaaiui
enoi/ieeii oeiaine?iaaiey aai aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey eee enoi/ieeii
naiioeiaine?iaaiey. A ainoaea?noaaiiue athaeaeao (a oii /enea ianoiue)
io/eneaiey i?iecaiaeyony ii, onoaiiaeaiiui ia aeaiiue ia?eiae
ii?iaoeaai, en/eneyaiui a i?ioeaioao ?an/aoiie i?eauee (?an/aoiiai
aeioiaea).
Iaiaoiaeeii eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi iauay niaieoiiay i?eaueue no?ieoaeueiuo
i?aaiecaoeee ia ia?aie/eaaaony i?eaueueth io naea/e caeac/eeai
no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiuo ?aaio ia oaoiieiae/aneeo yoaiao e iauaeoao
no?ieoaeuenoaa. Iia aeeth/aao a naay oaeaea i?eaueue io aeayoaeueiinoe
iiaeni6iuo i?iecaiaenoa e oicyenoa, iaoiaeyueony ia aaeaina o?anoa eee
iauaaeeiaiey, io ?aaeecaoeee ia noi?iio eo i?iaeoeoeee oneoa. A iauoth
i?eaueue aeeth/athony oaeaea aeioiaeu a ?acoeueoaoa acuneaiey n ae?oaeo
i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee, ia?ooeaoeo aeiaiai?iua iaycaoaeuenoaa,
oo?aoia, iaie e ae?oaeo ieaoaaeae, o. a. oae iacuaaaiay
aia?aaeecaoeeiiiay i?eaueue (aia?aaeecaoeeiiiua aeioiaeu e ?anoiaeu).
Oaeei ia?acii, i?eaueue no?ieoaeueiuo i?aaiecaoeee io naea/e caeac/eeai
no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiuo ?aaio ia oaoiieiae/aneeo yoaiao e iauaeoao,
i?eaueue iiaeniaiuo i?iecaiaenoa e oicyenoa yoeo i?aaiecaoeee e
aia?aaeecaoeeiiiay i?eaueue ia?acotho iauoth, eee aaeainiaoth i?eaueue.
Aaeainiaay i?eaueue eiaao eae ieaiiaoth, oae e oaeoe/aneoth aaee/eio,
iniiaaiioth ia ieaiiauo e oaeoe/aneeo aaee/eiao aa ninoaaeythueo.
Eaaeaeia i?aaei?eyoea a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo oicyenoaiaaiey aeoeaii
caeioa?aniaaii a oaaee/aiee i?eauee. Oaaee/aiea i?eauee no?ieoaeueiuie
o?anoaie e iauaaeeiaieyie iiaeao auoue aeinoeaiooi ii aeaoi
iai?aaeaieyi:
ca n/ao oaaee/aiey iauaia no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiuo ?aaio, ?aaeecoaiuo a
aeaea oaoiieiae/anee caeii/aiiuo yoaiia eee iauaeoia. Yoi yenoaineaiue
iooue iiauoaiey i?eauee eee ?aioaaaeueiinoe;
ca n/ao oeo/oaiey ea/anoaaiiuo iieacaoaeae i?iecaiaenoaa: ?inoa
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea, nieaeaiey iaoa?eaeiaieinoe
i?iecaiaenoaa, nie?auaiey n?ieia no?ieoaeuenoaa e ae?oaeo iieacaoaeae,
niinianoaothueo a eiia/iii eoiaa nieaeaieth naaanoieiinoe
no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiuo ?aaio. Yoi eioaineaiue iooue ?inoa i?eauee.
Caaea/a ? 1
?ann/eoaoue noieiinoiua e iaoo?aeueiua iieacaoaee i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe
o?oaea ii aeiiino?ieoaeueiiio eiiaeiaoo. (a?aiy – 1 aiae)
1. Iauai ?aaio auiieiaiiuo ii aaiiiae?yaeo 3 631 iei. ?oa. (Nni?.aai.)
2. Iauai ?aaio auiieiaiiuo nianoaaiiuie neeaie 3 221 iei. ?oa.
(Nni?.noa.)
3. *enei ?aaioieeia anaai 1 131 /ae. (*?aaioieeia),
a o. /. ?aai/eo 897 /ae. (*?aai/eo).
4. Iauai ecaioiaeaiiuo aeaoaeae EIAe 83 oun. i3 (Veiae noa.)
5. Aaaaeaii aeeeuey 33 oun. i2 (Saai.)
?aoaiea
Nni?.aai. = 3 631 iei.?oa.|
Nni?.noa. = 3 221 iei.?oa.|
*?aaioieeia = 1 131 /ae. |
*?aai/eo = 897 /ae. |
Veiae noa. = 83 000 i3 |
Saai. = 33 000 i2 |
——————————————–
A – ? (au?aaioea)
O – ? (o?oaeicao?aou)
Au?aaioea (A) yoi eiee/anoai aeia?iea/anoaaiiie
i?iaeoeoeee i?iecaaaeaiiie
?aai/ei aeaiiie eaaeeoeeaoeee ca ii?aaeaeaiiia a?aiy. ?ann/eouaaaony
aeaoiy iaoiaeaie:
noieiinoiie iaoiae
Nni?
A= ———- ?oa
* * t
iaoo?aeueiue iaoiae
V
A= ———– i3, i2
* * t
O?oaeiaieinoue (O) – oa?aeoa?ecoao eaeia eiee/anoai o?oaea
cao?a/aii ia ecaioiaeaiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai aeaea i?iaeoeoeee, e
?ann/eouaaaony ii oi?ioea:
* * t
O= ———- /ae./an, /ae.aeie
V
?ANN*EOUAAAI NOIEIINOIUA IIEACAOAEE I?IECAIAeEOAEUeIINOE O?OAeA ii
AeNE
?ann/eoaai au?aaioeo ii aaiiiae?yaeo ia 1 ?aaioieea:
Nni?.aai. 3
631
Aaai. = ———————– iei. ?oa. = ———– = 3.2
iei.?oa. ia 1 /ae.
*?aaioieeia * t 1 131 * 1
?ann/eouaaai au?aaioeo ii aaiiiae?yaeo ia 1 ?aai/aai:
Nni?.aai. 3 631
Aaai.= —————– iei.?oa. = ——— = 4.04 iei.?oa. ia
1 /ae.
*?aai/eo * t 897 * 1
?ann/eoaai au?aaioeo ii noaiiae?yaeo ia 1 ?aaioieea:
Nni?.noa. 3 221
Anoa.= ——————— = ———– = 2.85 iei.?oa. ia 1
/ae.
*?aaioieeia * t 1 131 * 1
?ann/eoaai au?aaioeo ii noaiiae?yaeo ia 1 ?aai/aai:
Nni?.noa. 3 221
Anoa.= ——————- = ———- = 3.59 iei.?oa. ia 1 /ae.
*?aai/eo * t 897 * 1
Ii?aaeaeyai o?oaeiaieinoue ?aaio ii aaiiiae?yaeo ia 1 ?aai/aai (1 aiae
– 240 ?aai/eo aeiae)
*?aai/eo * t 897 * 240
Oaai.= ——————- = ————— = 6.52 /ae.aeiae
Saai. 33 000
Ii?aaeaeyai o?oaeiaieinoue ?aaio ii noaiiae?yaeo ia 1 ?aai/aai (1 aiae
– 240 ?aai/eo aeiae)
*?aai/eo * t 897 * 240
Oaai.= ——————— = ———— = 2.59 /ae.aeiae
Veiae noa. 83 000
?ANN*EOUAAAI IAOO?AEUeIUA IIEACAOAEE I?IECAIAeEOAEUeIINOE O?OAeA
ii AeNE
S 33 000
Aaai.= ——————- = ———— = 36.79 i2
*?aai/eo * t 897 * 1
V 83 000
Anoa. = ——————- = ———— = 92.53 i3
*?aai/eo * t 897 * 1
Caaea/a ? 2
Ii?aaeaeeoue i?yioth naeaeueioth ?anoeaieo ia aaeeieoeo i?iaeoeoeee,
naeaeueiue ca?aaioie, eiyooeoeeaio naeaeueiiai i?e?aaioea. Iieaoa o?oaea
i?iecaiaeeony ii i?yiie naeaeueiie nenoaia.
1. ?ac?yae ?aai/aai IV (?)
2. *aniaay oa?eoiay noaaea 147.59 ?oa. (No./.)
3. Ii?ia a?aiaie ia iaeio aeaoaeue 0.45 ii?ii-/ (Ia?.)
4. Io?aaioaiiia a?aiy ca ianyoe 170 /an (t)
5. Eiee/anoai ecaioiaeaiiuo aeaoaeae 398 oo. (Vaeao.)
?aoaiea
? = IV |
No./. = 147.59 ?oa. |
Ia?. = 0.45 i-/ |
t = 170 /an. |
Vaeao. = 398 oo. |
—————————- |
?nae. – ? (?anoeaiea naeaeueiay)
Cnae. – ? (ca?aaioie naeaeueiue)
Ei?e?aaioea – ? (eiyooeoeeaio i?e?aaioea)
Naeaeueiay ?anoeaiea (?nae.) yoi iieaoa o?oaea ?aai/aai
niioaaonoaothuaai ?ac?yaea ca ecaioiaeaiea aaeieoeu aeia?iea/anoaaiiie
i?iaeoeoeee.
?nae. = No./. * Ia?. = 147.59 * 0.45 = 66.42 ?oa.
Ca?aaioie naeaeueiue (Cnae.) – iieaoa o?oaea ?aai/aai
niioaaonoaothuae eaaeeoeeaoeee ca auiieiaiiue iauai ?aaio.
Cnae.= ?nae. * Vaeao. = 66.42 * 398 = 26 435.16 ?oa.
Ciia. – ca?aaioie iia?aiaiiue
Ciia. = No./. * t = 147.59 * 170 = 25 090.3 ?oa.
Ciia. 25 090.3
Ei?e?aaioea = ——- = ————– = 0.95
Cnae. 26 435.16
Caaea/a ? 3
Ii aeiiino?ieoaeueiiio eiiaeiaoo ?ann/eoaoue iieacaoaee oiiaeiioaea/e,
oiiaeiaieinoe, oiiaei – e iaoaiiaii?oaeaiiinoe o?oaea.
1. Iauai no?ieoaeueii – iiioaaeiuo ?aaio, auiieiaiiuo nianoaaiiuie
neeaie 3153 iei.?oa. (Nni?.)
2. N?aaeiaaiaeiaay noieiinoue iniiaiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oiiaeia 568
iei.?oa. (On?.aiae.)
3. N?aaeianieni/iay /eneaiinoue ?aaioieeia 1250 /ae. (*n?.)
4. Noieiinoue no?ieoaeueiuo iaoei e iaoaieciia 395 iei.?oa. (N ia?ea
iaoei)
?aoaiea
Nni?. = 3 153 iei.?oa. |
On?.aiae. = 568 iei.?oa. |
*n?. = 1 250 /ae. |
N ia?ea iaoei = 395 iei.?oa. |
———————————————
Oioae. – ? (oiiaeiioaea/a)
Oaie. – ? (oiiaeiaieinoue)
Oaii?. – ? (oiiaeiaii?oaeaiiinoue)
Iaii?. – ? (iaoaiiaii?oaeaiiinoue)
Eiyooeoeeaio oiiaeiioaea/e (Oioae.) iieacuaaao neieueei
?oaeae eee iie. ?oaeae noieiioe auiieiaiiuo ?aaio i?eoiaeeony ia 1
?oaeue iniiaiuo oiiaeia.
Nni?. 3 153
Oioae. = ———— = ———– = 5.55 iei.?oa.
On?.aiae. 568
Oiiaeiaieinoue (Oaie.) – iieacaoaeue ia?aoiue
oiiaeiioaea/a. Iieacuaaao ia eaeoth noiio ioaeii iniiaiuo oiiaeia, /oiau
auiieieoue aaeeieoeo no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiuo ?aaio.
On?.aiae. 568
Oaie. = ————– = ———- = 0.18 iei.?oa.
Nni?. 3 153
Oiiaeiaii?oaeaiiinoue (Oaii?.) – iieacuaaao neieueei
iniiaiuo oiiaeia i?eoiaeeony ia 1 ?aai/aai.
On?.aiae. 568
Oaii?. = ————- = ——- = 0.45 iei.?oa.//ae.
*n?. 1 250
Iaoaiiaii?oaeaiiinoue (Iaii?.) o?oaea oa?aeoa?ecoao
iaania/aiiinoue oaoieeie ?aai/eo.
N ia?ea iaoei 395
Iaii?. = ———————– = ——— = 0.32
iei.?oa.//ae.
*n?. 1 250
Caaea/a ? 4
?ann/eoaoue aaee/eio iaeiaa ia i?eaueue no?ieoaeueiie i?aaiecaoeee a
1993 aiaeo.
1. Noieiinoue oiaa?iie i?iaeoeoeee a oeaiao 1 100 iei.?oa. (Nni?.)
2. Naaanoieiinoue oiaa?iie i?iaeoeoeee 902 iei.?oa. (N)
?aoaiea
Nni?. = 1 100 iei.?oa. |
N = 902 iei.?oa. |
——————————-
I? – ? (i?eaueue)
Ii?eaueue – ? (iaeia ia i?eaueue)
Iaeia ia i?eaueue ioiineony e oaaea?aeueiiio athaeaeaoo e
en/eneyaony ii ii?iaoeao io iieo/aiiie i?eauee. I?eieiaaony a ?acia?a 35
%.
I?eaueue yoi ?acieoea iaaeaeo noieiinoueth oiaa?iie
i?iaeoeoeee e naaanoieiinoueth.
I?. = Nni?. – N = 1 100 – 902 = 198 iei.?oa.
I?. * ii?iaoea 198 * 35
Ii?eaueue = ————————- = ————– = 69.3
iei.?oa.
100 100
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