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Бизнес-план малого предприятия: методика и расчет реального проекта

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Ieienoa?noai aunoaai e i?ioanneiiaeueiiai ia?aciaaiey ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee

O?aeueneee ainoaea?noaaiiue oaoie/aneee oieaa?neoao

Ieaeiaoaaeeueneee oeeeae

Eaoaae?a yeiiiieee e oi?aaeaiey

Eo?niaay ?aaioa

?AC?AAIOEA AECIAN-IEAIA I?AAIECAOeEE IAEIAI I?AAeI?EssOEss:

IAOIAeEEA E ?AN*AO ?AAEUeIIAI I?IAEOA

I?aiiaeaaaoaeue: A.A.Aiaeaiei

Nooaeaio: I.E.Iiiia

a?. 497

Ieaeiee Oaaee, 1997

NIAeA?AEAIEA

TOC \o “1-3” 1. IAOIAeEEA ?AC?AAIOEE AECIAN-IEAIA GOTOBUTTON
_Toc407272791 PAGEREF _Toc407272791 3

1.1 Aaaaeaiea a aecian-ieaie?iaaiea GOTOBUTTON _Toc407272792
PAGEREF _Toc407272792 3

1.2 Yoaiu ninoaaeaiey aecian-ieaia GOTOBUTTON _Toc407272793 PAGEREF
_Toc407272793 9

1.2.1 E?aoeia niaea?aeaiea GOTOBUTTON _Toc407272794 PAGEREF
_Toc407272794 9

1.2.2 Io?aneue, nicaeaaaaiay eiiiaiey e aa i?iaeoeo eee oneoaa
GOTOBUTTON _Toc407272795 PAGEREF _Toc407272795 10

1.2.3 Enneaaeiaaiey e aiaeec ?uiea GOTOBUTTON _Toc407272796 PAGEREF
_Toc407272796 12

1.2.4 Yeiiiieea i?aaei?eyoey GOTOBUTTON _Toc407272797 PAGEREF
_Toc407272797 15

1.2.5 Ieai ia?eaoeiaa GOTOBUTTON _Toc407272798 PAGEREF
_Toc407272798 15

1.2.6 Ieai oaoie/aneie aei?aaioee i?iaeoeoa GOTOBUTTON _Toc407272799
PAGEREF _Toc407272799 18

1.2.7 Ieai i?iecaiaenoaa GOTOBUTTON _Toc407272800 PAGEREF
_Toc407272800 19

1.2.8 Oi?aaeai/aneay eiiaiaea GOTOBUTTON _Toc407272801 PAGEREF
_Toc407272801 20

1.2.9 Iauaa ?anienaiea ii nicaeaieth i?aaei?eyoey GOTOBUTTON
_Toc407272802 PAGEREF _Toc407272802 21

1.2.10 Ioeaiea ?enea GOTOBUTTON _Toc407272803 PAGEREF _Toc407272803
22

1.2.11 Oeiainiaue ieai GOTOBUTTON _Toc407272804 PAGEREF
_Toc407272804 23

1.2.12 I?aaeeiaeaiey ii o?iaith oeiaine?iaaiey GOTOBUTTON
_Toc407272805 PAGEREF _Toc407272805 25

1.3 Auaiaeu GOTOBUTTON _Toc407272806 PAGEREF _Toc407272806 26

2. ?AN*AO ?AAEUeIIAI I?IAEOA I?AAIECAOeEE I?AAeI?EssOEss GOTOBUTTON
_Toc407272807 PAGEREF _Toc407272807 27

2.1 ?acaeae 1. E?aoeia niaea?aeaiea GOTOBUTTON _Toc407272808
PAGEREF _Toc407272808 27

2.2 ?acaeae 2. Iienaiea io?anee e nicaeaaaaiiai i?aaei?eyoey
GOTOBUTTON _Toc407272809 PAGEREF _Toc407272809 28

2.3 ?acaeae 3. Enneaaeiaaiey e aiaeec ?uiea GOTOBUTTON _Toc407272810
PAGEREF _Toc407272810 29

2.4 ?acaeae 4. Ieai i?iecaiaenoaa GOTOBUTTON _Toc407272811 PAGEREF
_Toc407272811 32

2.5 ?acaeae 5. I?iecaiaenoaaiiua ?anoiaeu e i?eaueue GOTOBUTTON
_Toc407272812 PAGEREF _Toc407272812 34

2.6 ?acaeae 6. Ieai ia?eaoeiaa GOTOBUTTON _Toc407272813 PAGEREF
_Toc407272813 35

2.7 ?acaeae 7. Aiciiaeiua ?enee i?iaeoa GOTOBUTTON _Toc407272814
PAGEREF _Toc407272814 38

2.8 ?acaeae 8. Oeiaine?iaaiea i?aaei?eyoey GOTOBUTTON _Toc407272815
PAGEREF _Toc407272815 38

3. AEAEEIA?AOE*ANEEE NIENIE GOTOBUTTON _Toc407272816 PAGEREF
_Toc407272816 39

IAOIAeEEA ?AC?AAIOEE AECIAN-IEAIA

Aaaaeaiea a aecian-ieaie?iaaiea

Ieaie?iaaiea yaeyaony iaiouaieaiie /anoueth aeayoaeueiinoe ethaiai
aeaeiaiai i?aaei?eyoey iacaaeneii io oiai aieueoia iii eee iao.
Aecian-ieai – yoi ieaie?othuee aeieoiaio, eioi?ue iaiauaao aiaeec
aiciiaeiinoae aeey ia/aea eee ?anoe?aiey aeciana a eaeie-eeai eiie?aoiie
neooaoeee e aeaao /aoeia i?aaenoaaeaiea i oii, eaeei ia?acii
oi?aaeai/aneee aiia?ao aeaiiie eiiiaiee iaia?ai eniieueciaaoue yoe
aiciiaeiinoe.

Iinoaiaiii i?ioiaeyo a?aiaia yeoi?ee ii iiaiaeo iiaaaeu ?uii/iiai
oeeaaea yeiiiieee iaae iaiiai?ioeeainoueth ieaiiaiai oicyenoaa e ianoi
naiaiaeiiai acaeioa niaiyao caeiiiia?iue aii?in: «*oi aeaeaoue
aeaeueoa?» Iinoaiaiii i?eoiaeyo e ioaaou, a iioiio ieaie?iaaiea,
aaeaioe?iaaiiia e ?uii/iui oneiaeyi, i?i/ii aoiaeeo a iianaaeiaaioth
i?aeoeeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Iaaei i?eciaoue, eiia/ii,
/oi ninoaaeaiea aecian-ieaiia, yaeythuaany i?aaeiaoii aeaiiie ?aaiou,
iniiaiia naia i?eiaiaiea iaoiaeeo i?e o/anoee i?aaei?eieiaoaeae a
eiaanoeoeeiiiuo eiieo?nao e iieo/aiee aaieianeiai e?aaeeoa, ii e a
oeaeii a iaiaoiaeeiinoe ieaie?iaaiey oaaaeaeaiu aieueoeinoai
aecianiaiia.

Iaeiaei, ii iiaio iiaieth, aieaa iiae?iaiue aiaeec ninoiyiey
aecian-ieaie?iaaiey iiaeao iaia?oaeeoue, /oi a caaeneiinoe io ?aciaoa
aeciana nouanoaotho cia/eiua ?acee/ey a iiaeoiaeao e ninoaaeaieth
ieaiia. Aeey n?aaiaiey iiaeii i?eaanoe neaaeothuea niia?aaeaiey. E?oiiua
i?aaei?eyoey iiiaiiiao i?eniinaaeeaathony e ?uii/iui oneiaeyi
oicyenoaiaaiey e ninoaaeaiea aecian-ieaiia /aua anaai o ieo eiaao ianoi
i?e i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo i?aia?aciaaieyo (iai?eia?, a aeoeeiia?iia
iauanoai), niaia nianoaaiieea eee ?oeiaiaeeoaey, i?e
aioo?ei?aaiecaoeeiiiii ieaie?iaaiee. Aieueoeinoai iaeuo i?aaei?eyoee
/a?an/o? iiaeeueiu, /oiau io?aaeaoue a eaeeo-eeai ieaiao oaeouaa
ninoiyiea naieo aeae, oae /oi e ninoaaeaieth aecian-ieaiia iie
i?eaaaatho, a iniiaiii, aeey iieo/aiey e?aaeeoia, iienea eiaanoi?ia, i?e
o/anoee a eiaanoeoeeiiiuo eiieo?nao e i?eaaoecaoeeiiiuo i?iaeoao.

Aecian-ieai – yoi iiae?iaiue, /aoei no?oeoo?e?iaaiiue e ouaoaeueii
iiaeaioiaeaiiue aeieoiaio, iienuaathuee, e /aio no?aieony oe?ia, eae iia
i?aaeiieaaaao aeiaeoueny iinoaaeaiiuo oeaeae e eae aoaeao auaeyaeaoue
iinea eo aeinoeaeaiey. Yoi oaeiaiay, iauai?eiyoay oi?ia iciaeiieaiey
iioaioeeaeueiuo eiaanoi?ia n i?iaeoii, a eioi?ii ei i?aaeeaaaaony
i?eiyoue o/anoea.

?anniio?ei, nia/aea, naii nouanoai aecian-ieaie?iaaiey e auyniei, a /ai
aai iaiaoiaeeiinoue. I?aaei?eieiay ia?aua oaae a aeciana i?aaenoaaeoaee
iaeiai aeciana noaeeeaathony, ai-ia?auo, n iaoaaoeie oeiainiauo
n?aaenoa, ai-aoi?uo – n iiiaeanoaii iai?aaeaeaeaiiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa,
eioi?ua iiaoo oaanoe aaoa i?aaei?eyoea a noi?iio io aua?aiiiai eo?na.
*oiau yoiai ecaaaeaoue, iaiaoiaeeii i?aaeaa?eoaeueii eceiaeeoue naie
oeaee, ioeaiee e i?iaiicu ia aoiaaa, oi anoue ninoaaeoue aecian-ieai.

Nouanoaotho aeaa aaaeiaeoea i?e/eiu aeey iiaeaioiaee aecian-ieaia:

oaaaeeoue iinoi?iiieo eiaanoi?ia a oeaeaniia?aciinoe aeeaaeuaaiey aeaiaa
a aao aecian eee i?aaeinoaaeaiey e?aaeeoa;

iiii/ue nio?aiyoue eca?aiiue eo?n e ia iicaieeoue neo/aeiui
ianoiyoaeuenoaai ioeeiieoue aan io aua?aiiie oeaee.

Iaeiaei yoi ia icia/aao, /oi ana iaia/aiiia a ieaia aoaeao iai?aiaiii
auiieiaii: oeaee e caaea/e aoaeoo ei??aeoe?iaaoueny ii ia?a iinooieaiey
aeiiieieoaeueiie eioi?iaoeee e i?eia?aoaiey i?aeoe/aneiai iiuoa.
Aecian-ieai ia aa?aioe?oao ecaaaeaiey io i?iaeai, ii iniciaiiue,
i?iaeoiaiiue ieai iicaieyao iaiaaeaea?o eo/oa i?aaeaeaeaoue e?eceniua
neooaoeee e eaa/a ia?aaeeoue eo. Ca/anooth aeaoeoeeo a?aiaie, iaeeea
oaeoueo caaio ia inoaaeytho a?aiaie aeey ieaie?iaaiey e canoaaeytho
aeaenoaiaaoue aneaioth eee eniieueciaaoue «?aaeoeaiue noeeue»
oi?aaeaiey. Yooaeoeaiinoue oi?aaeaiey a yoii neo/aa, eae i?aaeei,
ai?acaei ieaea.

Iniiaiay oeaeue aecian-ieaia – aeinoeaeaiea ?acoiiiai e auiieieiiai
eiii?iienna iaaeaeo oai, /oi oe?ia oi/ao e /oi iiaeao aeinoe/ue. Ieai
i?ecaai iieacaoue ?aaioieeai e iioaioeeaeueiui eiaanoi?ai oeaeinoiinoue
i?aaeeaaaaiiai eo?na, i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaoue, eae iaeii auoaeaao ec
ae?oaiai.

Aecian-ieai i?ecaai ioaaoeoue ia o?e eeth/aauo aii?ina (ni. ?en. 1.):

Eaeiai oaeouaa ninoiyiea aeciana?

Eaeiai aeaeaaiia ninoiyiea?

Eae iaeaieaa yooaeoeaii aeinoe/ue aeaeaaiiai ninoiyiey?

?en. 1. Eiioo?u aecian-ieaia

Aecian-ieai aeieaeai iieacaoue, eae yooaeoeaii ia?aeoe ec iuiaoiaai
ninoiyiey a aeaeaaiia, io?aceoue eae oaeouea caaea/e, oae e caaea/e ia
n?aaeia- e aeieain?i/iue ia?eiae.

Ioia/o, /oi aecian-ieai – yoi ?aai/ee eino?oiaio i?aaei?eieiaoaey, ii
eiaao aieaa aaaeiia cia/aiea aeey iaeie e ?acaeaathuaeny oe?iu, /ai aeey
aieaa e?oiiie e c?aeie.

Aecian-aiaeec aiaoiae n?aaeu e oaeouaai ninoiyiey i?aaei?eyoey yaeyaony
iaiaoiaeeiie i?aaeiinueeie ?ac?aaioee yooaeoeaiiai ieaia. Ii iaoeaeai ia
iieo/aiea e iaiauaiea iauaeoeaiie eioi?iaoeee i ninoiyiee i?aaei?eyoey,
aai niioaaonoaey o?aaiaaieyi aiaoiae n?aaeu e aioo?aiiae i?aaiecaoeee.
No?oeoo?a aecian-aiaeeca i?aaenoaaeaia a oaaeeoea 1.

Oaaeeoea 1

No?oeoo?a aecian-aiaeeca

Aiaoiyy n?aaea Aioo?aiiyy n?aaea

Ia?niaeoeau ?acaeoey io?anee e i?iaeoeoeee Ia?eaoeia

Ninoiyiea eiieo?aioeee Oeiainu

Iio?aaeoaee i?iaeoeoeee I?iecaiaenoaaiiay aeayoaeueiinoue

Nauoiaay aeayoaeueiinoue *aeiaa/aneea ?ano?nu

Oaiaeaioeee ?acaeoey iae?in?aaeu Aaeieieno?aoeaiay aeayoaeueiinoue

Aiaeec aiaoiae n?aaeu i?aaenoaaeyao niaie i?ioeann, iin?aaenoaii
eioi?iai i?aaei?eieiaoaeue eee iaiaaeaea? ioeaieaaao aiaoiea iianiinoe e
aiciiaeiinoe, eioi?ua iiaoo cao?oaeieoue eee iiii/ue aeinoeaeaieth
iinoaaeaiiuo oeaeae.

Naiiaiaeec i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iaoiaee/ioth ioeaieo anao noa?
aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey. Ii iai?aaeai ia auyaeaiea neeueiuo e neaauo
noi?ii i?aaei?eyoey, i?ecaai iiii/ue auyaeoue oa noa?u, eioi?ua o?aaotho
aieaa aeaoaeueiiai ?anniio?aiey eee niaa?oainoaiaaiey, a caiaeii
iiniio?aoue, eaeea caaea/e noaaeeenue a i?aaeuaeouee ia?eiae a?aiaie e
auee ee iie auiieiaiu, eaeiau auee i?e/eiu iaoaea/.

Iau/ii i?e naiiaiaeeca ?aeiiaiaeoaony enneaaeiaaoue iyoue iniiaiuo
ooieoeee oi?aaeaiey: ia?eaoeia, oeiainu, i?iecaiaenoai, oi?aaeaiea
ia?niiaeii e aaeieieno?aoeaioth aeayoaeueiinoueth.

Aiaeec iaiaoiaeei ia oieueei i?e ninoaaeaiee aecian-ieaia, ii iieacai e
a oaeouae aeayoaeueiinoe. Iiiaea caiaaeiua oe?iu ?aaoey?ii (1-2 ?aca a
aiae) i?iaiaeyo aiaeec naieo iiceoeee ia ?uiea ia ii?aaeaeaiioth aeaoo
(«iiiaioaeueiue nieiie oe?iu»).

Aeey oe?iu, iaoiaeyuaeny ia ?aiiae noaaeee ?acaeoey, aecian-ieai ai
iiiaeo ioiioaieyo i?aaenoaaeyao ia?aoth iiiuoeo no?aoaae/aneiai
ieaie?iaaiey. Ieai eniieuecoaony aeey onoaiiaeaiey i?eaioe?ia ?acaeoey
ia aeeaeaeoea ianeieueei eao. I?aaeiieaaaaiia iai?aaeaiea ?acaeoey
aeieaeii auoue yniui e oi/iui, iiiyoiui nio?oaeieeai oe?iu e
iioaioeeaeueiui e?aaeeoi?ai e eiaanoi?ai.

Ia?eiae a?aiaie, ia eioi?ue ?ac?aaaouaaaony aecian-ieai, iiaeao auoue
naiui ?aciui, ii caaeneo io niaoeeoeee aeciana e oiaa?a. Iiuo
iieacuaaao, /oi neeoeii i?iaeieaeeoaeueiue ieaiiaue ai?eciio i?eaiaeeo
oieueei e iaanniuneeaaieth anao ?an/aoia. Iau/ii ieai ninoaaeyaony ia
aeaa-o?e aiaea n aeaoaeueiie i?i?aaioeie ia?aiai aiaea e oe?oiiaiiui
i?iaiicii ia neaaeothuee ia?eiae. Oioy ieai iiaeao auoue ninoaaeai e ia
iyoue eao, e ia iaeei aiae.

Aecian-ieai i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iauoth no?aoaaeth aeayoaeueiinoe oe?iu
ia ii?aaeaeaiiii oiaa?iii ?uiea. Oaoiieiaey ?ac?aaioee aecian-ieaia
i?aaenoaaeaia ia ?en. 2. Aecian-ieai aeey oaea nouanoaothuae oe?iu eiaao
iiae niaie iaaeaaeiia iainiiaaiea a aeaea ?acoeueoaoia i?aaeuaeouae
aeayoaeueiinoe. Ieai iiaee?aieyaony nouanoaothueie oeiainiauie
aeieoiaioaie, enoi?eae oe?iu, iienaieai aa iiuoa e ioeaie.

?en. 2. Oaoiieiaey ?ac?aaioee aecian-ieaia

Aiiaue nicaeaaaaiay oe?ia ia eiaao oaeie aacu, iiyoiio iniiaie
ninoaaeaiey aecian-ieaia a yoii neo/aa yaeythony enneaaeiaaiey ?uiea.

Ea/anoai ieaia nouanoaaiii caaeneo io oiai, eoi aai ?ac?aaaouaaao.
Nouanoaotho ?aciua iiaiey ii iiaiaeo oiai, eoi aeieaeai ?ac?aaaouaaoue
aecian-ieai. Iaeie n/eoatho, /oi yoi aeaei ?oeiaiaeeoaey, eioi?iio iiaoo
iiii/ue niaoeeaeenou i?aaei?eyoey e eiinoeueoaiou. Ae?oaie acaeyae –
iaaei eae iiaeii oe?a i?eaeaeaoue e ninoaaeaieth aecian-ieaia ?aaioieeia
i?aaei?eyoey, eniieuecoy ?acee/iua iaoiaeu a?oiiiaie ?aaiou. A yoii
neo/aa aaia?e?oaony aieueoa eaeae, iaiueoa aa?iyoiinoue i?eiyoey
caaaaeiii iaauiieieiuo ?aoaiee, eaa/a aoaeao ?aaeeciauaaoue ieai ii
i?eioeeio: naie ninoaaeyai – naie auiieiyai.

Eiie?aoiue iooue ninoaaeaiey ieaia caaeneo io iinoaaeaiiuo oeaeae,
ia?eiaea ieaie?iaaiey, ee/iinoe ?oeiaiaeeoaey, eiiiaoaioeee ?aaioieeia
i?aaei?eyoey, eo iiuoa, ciaiee e iiiaeo ae?oaeo oaeoi?ia.

Anee i?aaei?eieiaoaeue oi?ioi ciaao naia aeaei, naie i?iaeo, aeaaeaaoa
eioi?iaoeeae, oi iaienaoue aecian-ieai ia neiaeii. Iaeiaei ii?aaeaeeoue
n?aaieoaeueioth oeaiiinoue nouanoaothuae eioi?iaoeee i?aaenoaaeyao
iaiaeua o?oaeiinoe. Iauaeoeaiue acaeyae i?ioanneiiaea iiaeao iiiaia
oeo/oeoue a ?ac?aaioaiiii aecian-ieaia. Iau/ii i?ioanneiiaeu, ia
o/anoaothuea a aeaiiii i?iaeoa, iiiiaatho ?aaeueii ioeaieoue iieiaeaiea
aeae, caaeaaay aii?inu, eioi?ua aeey i?aaei?eieiaoaey eaaeoony
i/aaeaeiuie, eeai ii i ieo i?inoi ia iiaeoiae, oionoee ec aeaea.

Ii iiaieth aaoi?ia ?aaiou, eaeaaeueiui yaeyaony aa?eaio, eiaaea
aecian-ieai ninoaaeyao i?aaei?eieiaoaeue eee niaoeeaeenou i?aaei?eyoey n
i?eaea/aieai eiinoeueoaioia. Eiinoeueoaiou iiiiaatho i?aaeeueii
?annoaaeoue aeoeaiou e i?eaeaoue «oiaa?iue» aeae aecian-ieaio. Iau/ii
aaaeia ?ieue eiinoeueoaioia i?e ninoaaeaiee oeiainiaiai ieaia e ioeaiee
?uiea nauoa i?iaeoeoeee.

Aieueoeinoai iaiaaeaea?ia ?anniao?eaatho aecian-ieai eae iaiaoiaeeiue
aeieoiaio aeey iieo/aiey aeaiaa a aaiea eee o ae?oaiai eiaanoi?a,
e?aaeeoi?a. Ii yoie i?e/eia i?aaei?eyoey, eioi?ui ia o?aaoaony
aeiiieieoaeueiue eaieoae, ia ninoaaeytho aecian-ieai, ia aei eiioea
iiieiay i?ioeann aecian-ieaie?iaaiey, aai auaiaeu e i?aeiouanoaa.

Aecian-ieai iiaeao auoue eniieueciaai a ?acee/iuo neooaoeeyo e n
auaiaeie aeey ?acee/iuo ethaeae – iaiaaeaea?ia, nianoaaiieeia,
eiaanoi?ia.

Eoae, aecian-ieai iaiaoiaeei a neaaeothueo neooaoeeyo:

oe?ia o?aaoaony eaieoae aeey aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey. Oi?iu i?eaea/aiey
eaieoaea iiaoo auoue ?acee/iuie. *aua anaai yoi yaeyaony aeaaiui
aeiaiaeii aeey ninoaaeaiey aecian-ieaia.

nicaeaaony iiaay oe?ia eee iaiyaony nianoaaiiee, iiyoiio ?ac?aaaouaaaony
no?aoaaey ?acaeoey.

aecian-ieai ?ac?aaaouaaaony ai a?aiy cia/eoaeueiuo eciaiaiee

(?aeiino?oeoeey, iieoiea iai?oaeiaaiey, ia?aoiae ia auione iiaie
i?iaeoeoeee e o.ae.).

Anee i?aaei?eyoea iaia?aii eniieueciaaoue aecian-ieai aeey i?eaea/aiey
aeiiieieoaeueiiai eaieoaea, oi iaiaoiaeeii:

iieacaoue, /oi oainu aica?aoa aeaiaa (ieoiaaiinoue eiaanoeoeee) i/aiue
aaeeee;

aiooeoue aeiaa?ea ioiineoaeueii aaoeo oi?aaeai/aneeo niiniaiinoae, a
oaeaea yooaeoeaiinoe aaoae eiiaiaeu;

iieacaoue, /oi eiaaony oi?ioee ?uiie nauoa aeey aaoaai oiaa?a eee
oneoae.

*oiau aeinoeaiooue naieo oeaeae e iieo/eoue n?aaenoaa, iaiaoiaeeii
niiaueoue /oi-oi eio?eaothuaa i ia?niaeoeaao aeaiiiai aeciana a
eiiaeiaoeee n oi?ioi iiaeaioiaeaiiui i?aaenoaaeaieai oeeo? e
enneaaeiaaiee. Eaeay aeieaeia auoue ia oieueei oi?ioa naia ii naaa, ii e
oi?ioi iiaeaia.

O?e oeia ethaeae caeioa?aniaaiu a aecian-ieaia: iaiaaeaea?u,
nianoaaiieee, e?aaeeoi?u. Iaiaaeaea?u yaeythony, eae i?aaeei,
nicaeaoaeyie e eniieieoaeyie aecian-ieaia. *anoi caauaatho, /oi
iaiaaeaea?u iiaoo iieo/eoue aaaeiua i?aeiouanoaa io naiiai i?ioeanna
ieaie?iaaiey, a ia oieueei io ieaia. Nianoaaiieee caeioa?aniaaiu a
ninoaaeaiee aecian-ieaia n oi/ee c?aiey ia?niaeoea ?acaeoey oe?iu. A
iaeuo oe?iao iaiaaeaea? iiaeao auoue iaeiia?aiaiii e nianoaaiieeii, oi
anoue aunooiaoue a ?aciuo ?ieyo: eae nicaeaoaeue ieaia, aai eniieieoaeue
e eiio?iee?othuee i?aai.

O?aaeeoeeiiii aecian-ieai ?ac?aaaouaaaony aeey aaieia – e?aaeeoi?ia. A
aieueoeinoaa caiaaeiuo aaieia, a nae/an e a iaoeo ?inneeneeo aaieao,
i?aaeinoaaeaiea aecian-ieaia yaeyaony iaycaoaeueiui, ii ia aeinoaoi/iui
oneiaeai iieo/aiey e?aaeeoa. E?aaeeoi?u ?anniao?eaatho aecian-ieai eae
aeiiieieoaeueiue enoi/iee eioi?iaoeee i?e i?eiyoee ?aoaiee i auaeaeaiee
e?aaeeoia. Ii e?aaeeo auaeatho eiie?aoiui ethaeyi.

Aeey anao o?ao oeacaiiuo a?oii (iaiaaeaea?u, nianoaaiieee, e?aaeeoi?u)
anoue iauea auaiaeu ninoaaeaiey aecian-ieaia:

Ioeaiea aiciiaeiinoae i?iaeoa eee oe?iu. Aoaeao ee i?iaeo ?aaioaoue,
i?eianao ee eiiia?/aneee e oeiainiaue oniao? Ana caeioa?aniaaiu a oii,
/oiau «ioeaeoueny ia aoiaaa», aeiioaoe/anee i?iaa?eoue aiciiaeiinoe aeie
ia/aea ?aaeueiiai aeaea.

Onoaiiaeaiea oeaeae aeayoaeueiinoe oe?iu e athaeaeaoia. Eaeiai iauaa
iai?aaeaiea ?acaeoey oe?iu e oeiainiaua caaea/e? Nouanoaoao ee yniia
iiieiaiea athaeaeaoa, oi anoue no?oeoo?u e a?aiaie iinooieaiey aeioiaeia
e ?anoiaeia?

Ii?aaeaeaiea o?aaoaiiai eiee/anoaa aeaiaa. Neieueei e eaeeo n?aaenoa
o?aaoaony aeey auiieiaiey ieaia?

I?iaiic iioiea iaee/iinoe – iniiaa i?aaeeueiiai ii?aaeaeaiey caaiiiai
eaieoaea.

Auaiaeu, eioi?ua iieo/atho iaiaaeaea?u i?e ninoaaeaiee aecian-ieaia:

Oyniaiea eaeae. Aecian-ieai – eoiaiaue aeieoiaio, niaaeeiyy aianoa
?acoeueoaou aiaeeca, eaeae e neo/aeiua iunee, ii i?ecaai aeaoue aieaa
yniia i?aaenoaaeaiea i aeaeaaiii iieiaeaiee aeae e i oii, eae aai
aeinoe/ue;

Nicaeaiea eiiaiaeu. O/anoea a ?ac?aaioea ieaia iiaeao oneeeoue /oanoai
nii?e/anoiinoe e iauaio aeaeo, niinianoaiaaoue nicaeaieth eiiaiaeu
aaeeiiiuoeaiieeia;

I?aeoeea a i?iaaaeaiee aiaeeca e i?acaioaoeee. Enneaaeiaaiey e aiaeec,
i?enouea aecian-ieaie?iaaieth, oaeaea eae eiee/anoaaiiue i?iaiic
i?eauee, oauoeia e iaee/iinoe, oe?iei eniieuecothony ia caiaaea eae
eino?oiaio iao/aiey iaiaaeaea?ia. Aeey iaeioi?uo aoaeoueo e ianoiyueo
iaiaaeaea?ia i?ioeann ninoaaeaiey aecian-ieaia yaeyaony eo ia?aui iiuoii
?uii/iuo enneaaeiaaiee e athaeaeaoiiai ieaie?iaaiey. A i?acaioaoeey
aecian-ieaia aeey iieo/aiey n?aaenoa io aaieia eee ae?oaeo eiaanoi?ia
?anniao?eaaaony eae oi?ioee iiuo i?iaeaaee naieo oiaa?ia/oneoa;

Iiiiuue a iieo/aiee aeaiaa. Oi?ioi ninoaaeaiiue aecian-ieai ia
aa?aioe?oao, ii iiiiaaao iieo/eoue aeaiueae.

E?aaeeoi?u ?anniao?eaatho aecian-ieai eae enoi/iee eioi?iaoeee, ia
iniiaa eioi?iai iie iiaoo ioeaieoue:

Noaiaiue eeeaeaeiinoe e ?enea i?iaeoa;

Ea/anoai oi?aaeaiey. Ea/anoai oi?aaeaiey ca/anooth yaeyaony aieaa
aaaeiui oaeoi?ii aa?aioee e?aaeeoa, /ai inycaaiua (iaoa?eaeueiua) aeoeau
oe?iu.

*anoi ia oieueei niaea?aeaiea ieaia, ii e oi eae ii ioi?ieai e
i?aaenoaaeai iiaeao eiaoue cia/aiea i?e i?eiyoee ?aoaiey i auaeaeaiee
aeaiaa.

Ninoaaeyy aecian-ieai, iaiaoiaeeii enoiaeeoue ec oiai, /oi e?aaeeoi?ai
i?aaeinoaaeyaony iiiai aiaeiae/iuo ieaiia, e /oi au aeieaeiu n?aco
caoaaoeoue aieiaiea e?aaeeoi?ia, canoaaeoue aai i?iniio?aoue ieai aei
eiioea, a ia ioa?ineoue n?aco, ia aeieaey aei ?anniio?aiey ouaoaeueii
iiaeaioiaeaiiuo oeeo?.

Yoaiu ninoaaeaiey aecian-ieaia

A ianoiyuaa a?aiy aecian-ieaie?iaaiea oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaii e iiiaeanoai
enoi/ieeia aeatho ?aciiia?aciua i?eia?u iaoiaeee ninoaaeaiey
aecian-ieaiia. Yoe iaoiaeeee, ai?i/ai, ia eiatho cia/eoaeueiuo ioee/ee
ae?oa io ae?oaa, a ioee/athony eeoue noaiaiueth aeaoaeecaoeee iienaiey
?acee/iuo ninoaaeythueo. I?eieiay ai aieiaiea aeaiiia ianoiyoaeuenoai a
aeaiiie ?aaioa ii aiciiaeiinoe i?aaeoniio?aii ni/aoaiea aeinoieinoa anao
eiathueony a ?anii?yaeaiee enoi/ieeia.

E?aoeia niaea?aeaiea

Ia?aui ?acaeaeii aecian-ieaia yaeyaony aai e?aoeia niaea?aeaiea. Ia
eneeth/aii, /oi iioaioeeaeueiue ia?oia? iieo/eo iiiaeanoai i?aaeeiaeaiee
i nio?oaeie/anoaa io ?acee/iuo i?aaiecaoeee. Iiyoiio ia?aia, /oi ii
i?i/oao, aoaeao e?aoeia niaea?aeaiea aecian-ieaia. Ia Caiaaea, e
i?eia?o, aai/o?iua eaieoaeenou, aaiee?u, iaiaaeaea?u iieo/atho aeanyoee
aecian-ieaiia, iiyoiio oeaeue ia?aiai ?acaeaea – aeaoue naeaoue,
ei?ioeee (1-2 no?aieoeu) iaci? aeaeiaiai i?aaeeiaeaiey, niiniaiue
i?eaea/ue aieiaiea eiaanoi?a e noeioee?iaaoue aai e aeaeueiaeoaio
?anniio?aieth aeieoiaioa.

E?aoeia niaea?aeaiea eiaao e naiinoiyoaeueiia cia/aiea. Ia?aaeei eiaiii
yoio ei?ioeee aeieoiaio eniieuecoaony i?e i?aaeinoaaeaiee cayaee a aaie
eee oiiae ia aeiiieieoaeueiia eee ia/aeueiia oeiaine?iaaiea.

Eae i?aaeei, a yoii ?acaeaea aeieaeii auoue /aoei neacaii, eaeay
aiciiaeiinoue aeey aeciana ioe?uaaaony, a /ai aai i?eaeaeaoaeueiinoue,
eoi aoaeao ai aeaaa yoiai iiaiai aeciana e eaeiau aai aeinoieinoaa, eae
iiaay oe?ia i?iieeiao ia ?uiie e eaeiau eiathueany caeanue ia?niaeoeau e
o.i. Iau/ii aeaiiue ?acaeae ieaia aioiaeony iinea oiai, eae i?iaaaeaia
?aaioa iaae anaie inoaeueiuie ?acaeaeaie, e oiaaea iaeii – aeaa
i?aaeeiaeaiey ec eaaeaeiai ?acaeaea, ianeieueei iaeaieaa y?eeo oeeo?
iiaoi?ythony a e?aoeii niaea?aeaiee aecian-ieaia. Anaai iiaeii
auaeaeeoue neaaeothuea iiceoeee aeaiiiai ?acaeaea ieaia:

Oeaee a aeciana. Caeanue neaaeoao iienaoue, eaeei aecianii au
niae?aaoanue caieiaoueny. Iaycaoaeueii oeacuaaaony, eaeei ia?acii
i?iaeoeo eee oneoaa aoaeoo niinianoaiaaoue oaeiaeaoai?aieth eeeaioia.
Ei?ioei i?aaenoaaeyaony eioi?iaoeey i oaoiieiaee, oi?aiauo nae?aoao eee
oieeaeueiuo oa?aeoa?enoeeao, eioi?ua iicaieyo aeinoe/ue eeaea?noaa a
aua?aiiie iaeanoe aeayoaeueiinoe. Yoa /anoue aeieaeia caieiaoue 25 neia
eee iaiaa;

Aiciiaeiinoe aeey aeciana e no?aoaaey eo ?aaeecaoeee. Ei?ioei
iienuaaaony, eaeea aiciiaeiinoe aeey aeciana nouanoaotho, eaeei ia?acii
eo iiaeii eniieueciaaoue, i?aaenoaaeyaony ieaie?oaiay no?aoaaey auoiaea
ia ?uiie. Yoa eioi?iaoeey iiaeao auoue i?aaenoaaeaia, eae ia?a/aiue
eeth/aauo oaeoia, oneiaee, neaauo iano a aeaenoaeyo eiieo?aioia (oaeeo,
eae eia?oiinoue, ieioie na?aen e o.i.), oaiaeaioeee a ?acaeoee io?anee e
ae?oaeo aeiaiaeia a iieueco eiathueony aiciiaeiinoae aeey iaeaaeeaaiey
aeciana;

Iaia/aaiua ?uiee nauoa e i?iaiic. E?aoei iienuaaaony io?aneue e ?uiie
nauoa, auaeaeyaony e?oa eeoe, yaeythueony iniiaiuie iio?aaeoaeyie,
i?aaeeaaaaony niinia iiaea/e oiaa?a iio?aaeoaeyi. A aeaiiue ?acaeae
aeeth/aaony eioi?iaoeey i no?oeoo?a ?uiea, ?acia?a e oaiiao ?inoa
naaiaioia ?uiea, eioi?ua aeieaeai caiieieoue i?aaeeaaaaiue aecian,
ioeaiea iauaia i?iaeaae a iaoo?aeueiii e noieiinoiii au?aaeaieyo,
i?aaeiieaaaaiay aeiey ?uiea, ia?eiae ieoiaaiinoe cao?ao e oeaiiaoth
no?aoaaeth (aeeth/ay iauyniaiea, ia /oi aoaeao aeaeaoueny oii? _ ia
aeinooiioth oeaio, aunieia ea/anoai eee oieeaeueiinoue naienoa);

Eiieo?aioiua i?aeiouanoaa. Iaiaoiaeeii ?anniio?aoue, ianeieueei
cia/eoaeueii eiieo?aioiia i?aeiouanoai, eioi?ia nicaeaao i?aaeeaaaaiue
i?iaeo, eae ?acoeueoao iiaaoi?neiai i?iaeoeoa, oneoae e no?aoaaee,
eeaea?noaa ii a?aiaie iinoaaee, neaainoe eiieo?aioia e ae?oaeo oneiaee
aeaiiie io?anee;

I?iaiice?oaiua oeiainiaua ?acoeueoaou. Iaiauaaony yeiiiie/aneay e
oeiainiaay noi?iiu aeayoaeueiinoe (iai?eia?, aaeiaay /enoay i?eaueue,
aeieain?i/iinoue i?eaueueiinoe aeciana); a?aiy, iaiaoiaeeiia aeey
aeinoeaeaiey ?aaainoaa aeioiaeia e ?anoiaeia, a oaeaea onoie/eaiai
iioiea iaee/iuo n?aaenoa; iaeeaeaaioth ?aioaaaeueiinoue e o.i. Yoe
?aciuoeaiey iaycaoaeueii iniiauaathony ia iienaiee i?eia?iuo iaoiaeia
aiaeeca, iaeaieaa aaniiuo oaeoi?ia, eioi?ua aoaeoo aeeyoue ia eiia/iua
?acoeueoaou e oeeeea iai?ioa iaee/iinoe;

Eiiiaoaioeey e i?ioanneiiaeeci oi?aaeai/aneie eiiaiaeu. Aaaeii
?anniio?aoue eiiiaoaioeey e i?ioanneiiaeeci aoaeouaai ?oeiaiaeeoaey e
anao /eaiia aai eiiaiaeu, ioiaoea i?aaeuaeouea aeinoeaeaiey, iniaaiii a
oii, /oi eanaaony i?eiyoey ioaaonoaaiiuo ?aoaiee a aeciana, e iiuo a
?oeiaiaenoaa i?aaei?eyoeyie e oi?aaeaiee ethaeueie;

O?aaoaiay noiia eiaanoeoeee. A eiioea oeacuaaaony aeieea?iaay ioeaiea
iaiaoiaeeiiai oeiaine?iaaiey, eaeei ia?acii eaieoae aoaeao iio?a/ai, a
eaeie oi?ia ia?oia? (eee e?aaeeoi?) iieo/eo aeaeaaioth ioaea/o io
aeiaeaiiuo n?aaenoa.

Io?aneue, nicaeaaaaiay eiiiaiey e aa i?iaeoeo eee oneoaa

A aeaiiii ?acaeaea iaiaoiaeeii iienaoue nicaeaaaaioth eiiiaieth, aa
i?iaeoeou eee oneoae ai acaeiiaeaenoaee n nouanoaothuae io?aneueth. Oi
anoue iaiaoiaeeii i?aaenoaaeoue eioi?iaoeeth eae i naiie eiiiaiee, aa
i?iaeoeoao eee oneoaao, eo aeinoieinoaao e i?aeiouanoaao, oae e i
ae?oaeo i?iecaiaeeoaeyo iiaeiaiuo oiaa?ia e oneoa, aeaoue iienaiea oiai,
eae au niae?aaoanue auoiaeeoue ia ?uiie e ia?aueaaoue iauaiu ?aaeecaoeee
naiae i?iaeoeoeee:

Iienaiea io?anee. Neaaeoao aeaoue ea?oeio nia?aiaiiiai ninoiyiey e
ia?niaeoeau ?acaeoey io?anee i?iiuoeaiiinoe, a eioi?ie aoaeao
iia?e?iaaoue i?aaeeaaaaiue i?iaeo. Iaiaoiaeeii ?anniio?aoue aa
no?oeoo?o. Ei?ioei iienaoue aieinoue ?uiea nauoa, oaiaeaioeee aai ?inoa
e iniiaiuo eiieo?aioia. I?e/ai ana ioeaiee aeieaeiu auoue eae iiaeii
aieaa eiie?aoiu. Aeaaony ioeaiea aa?iyoiinoe iiyaeaiey iiauo
iio?aaeoaeae aaoaai i?iaeoeoa, caeiiia e eino?oeoeee, eiieo?aioia eee,
iaiai?io, en/aciiaaiey iineaaeieo, ei?i/a aiai?y, ethauo ae?oaeo
oaiaeaioeee e oaeoi?ia, eioi?ua iiaoo iiceoeaii eee iaaaoeaii iiaeeyoue
ia aecian;

Nicaeaaaaiay eiiiaiey. Caiaaeiua oe?iu i?e oa?aeoa?enoeea naiaai aeciana
iau/ii oiio?aaeytho oaeia iiiyoea, eae eiioeaioeey aeciana. Iiae iae
iiieiaaony iauaa i?aaenoaaeaiea i iaia/aaiii aeciana e oao oeaeyo,
eioi?ua noaaeo ia?aae niaie i?aaei?eieiaoaeue, ia/eiay naia
i?aaei?eyoea. Iai?eia?, i?iecaiaeeoaeue ieyaeiuo nieia/iuo oaioia
neaaeothuei ia?acii ii?aaeaeye eiioeaioeeth naiaai aeciana: «noaoue
eeaea?ii a iinoaaea aunieiea/anoaaiiuo i?iaeoeoia aeey ioaeuoa ia
ioe?uoii aicaeooa», o.a. a eiioeaioeee i?aaeoniao?eaaaony aiciiaeiinoue
?anoe?aiey iiiaieeaoo?u auioneaaiuo ecaeaeee («oiaa?ia aeey ioaeuoa ia
ioe?uoii aicaeooa»), iinoaaea oeaee («noaoue eeaea?ii») e ii?aaeaeaiiua
ia?aie/aiey («iinoaaeyoue aunieiea/anoaaiiue i?iaeoeo»).

Iiyoiio a aeaiiii ?acaeaea aecian-ieaia neaaeoao iienaoue iauoth
eiioeaioeeth i?aaeiieaaaaiiai aeciana; eaeea i?iaeoeou eee oneoae
eiiiaiey aoaeao i?aaeeaaaoue; eoi aoaeao aa iniiaiuie iio?aaeoaeyie.

Iaiaoiaeeii aeaoue enoi?eth oe?iu, eae iiyaeeanue eaeay aa nicaeaiey.

I?e yoii neaaeoao ioa?aeoa?eciaaoue iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey aeayoaeueiinoe
oe?iu, i?aaeinoaaeoue eioi?iaoeeth i aa oeiainiauo ?acoeueoaoao
(i?eaueueiinoue e ?acia?u i?iaeaae). Anee i?aaiecaoeey eiaea iioa?e a
i?aaeuaeouea aiaeu, i?eaaaeeoa i?e/eiu yoeo iioa?ue e iaia/aiiua
ia?ii?eyoey ii oeo/oaieth aa oeiainiaiai ninoiyiey:

Iaia/aaiua e i?iecaiaenoao i?iaeoeou e oneoae. I?eaiaeyony ana i?iaeoeou
e oneoae, eioi?ua aoaeoo i?aaeeiaeaiu aeey i?iaeaaee e ii?annoaeaeaeoa
ia eo i?eiaiaiee iieueciaaoaeyie, i?e yoii ioaeii iienaoue eae iniiaiua,
oae e aoi?inoaiaiiua iaeanoe eo i?eiaiaiey. Neaaeoao iiae/a?eiooue
ioee/eoaeueiua /a?ou i?iaeoeoa eee oneoae e oi, eae yoi aeaeaao eo aieaa
oeaiiuie aeey eeeaioia; iniai ioia/athony ethaua ?acee/ey iaaeaeo oai,
/oi i?aaenoaaeaii ia ?uiea nae/an; e oai, /oi aoaeao i?aaeeiaeaii i?e
?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoa, eae ana yoi aoaeao niinianoaiaaoue i?iieeiiaaieth
ia ?uiie. Iaiaoiaeeii iienaoue, ca n/ao /aai e eaeei ia?acii oe?ia
aeiaueaony oieeaeueiinoe i?iaeoeoa, ca neieueei ianyoeaa iio?aaeoaeyie
aoaeoo iie?uou cao?aou ia aai i?eia?aoaiea (a ?acoeueoaoa ?inoa
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe, nieaeaiey naaanoieiinoe e o.i.).

Ia neaaeoao caoaaeeaaoue naie i?iaeoeo, oae eae ana eiaao naie
aeeciaiiue oeeee, iiyoiio iaiaoiaeeii oeacaoue e ana eiathueany
iaaeinoaoee (aeeth/ay ii?aeueiia onoa?aaaiea) i?iaeoeoia e oneoa. Anee
i?aaeiieaaaaiue e i?iecaiaenoao i?iaeoeo iaoiaeeony ia noaaeee IEIE?,
neaaeoao neacaoue ia yoii niaa?oaiii ii?aaeaeaiii, aeeth/ay e oi,
neieueei a?aiaie e aeaiaa iio?aaoaony aei iieiiai caaa?oaiey ?ac?aaioee,
eniuoaiee e i?aaenoaaeaiey i?iaeoeoa ia ?uiie. Aanueia aeaeaoaeai
ia?a/aiue ooieoeeiiaeueiuo iniaaiiinoae i?iaeoeoa, anee aiciiaeii, aai
oioia?aoee.

Iienuaathony ia?aiia/aeueiua ?uii/iua i?aeiouanoaa, eioi?ua iicaieyo
aeinoe/ue auaiaeiiai e neeueiiai iieiaeaiey a io?anee, oeacuaathony ana
iniaaiiinoe i?iaeoeoa eee oneoa, eioi?ua aeatho i?aeiouanoaa iaae
eiieo?aioaie, aeeth/ay iaoaiou, oi?aiaua nae?aou e o.ae., ?anniio?eoa
aiciiaeiinoe aeey ?anoe?aiey i?iecaiaenoaa i?aaeiieaaaaiiai i?iaeoeoa e
?ac?aaioee naycaiiuo n iei i?iaeoeoia eee oneoa;

No?aoaaey auoiaea ia ?uiie e ?inoa i?iecaiaenoaa e iauaiia i?iaeaae.
Auaeaeythony eeth/aaua oaeoi?u oniaoa a i?aaeeaaaaiii ieaia ia?eaoeiaa
(iai?eia?, iiaue aeey ?uiea i?iaeoeo, i?aeiouanoai ai a?aiaie auoiaea ia
?uiie e o.i.), ?anneaaeeoa i aaoai iiaeoiaea e oeaiai, niiniaai
i?iaeaaee e ?aeeaiu i?iaeoeoa.

Nicaeaiea i?aaei?eyoey i?aaeiieaaaao aai aeeeoaeueiia ooieoeeiie?iaaiea,
iiyoiio neaaeoao neacaoue e i oii, eae auno?i aoaeao aeinoeaiooi
aeaeaaiia iieiaeaiea; neaaeoao oiiiyiooue e ieaiu aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey
aeciana n oi/ee c?aiey ia?niaeoeaiuo (ioee/iuo io i?aaeeaaaaiuo caeanue)
i?iaeoeoia e oneoa. Neaaeoao iiae/a?eiooue, /oi no?aoaaey auoiaea ia
?uiie e ?inoa iauaiia i?iecaiaenoaa e i?iaeaae auoaeaao ec
aiciiaeiinoae, eioi?uie iaeaaeaao oe?ia, oieeaeueiuo naienoaao i?iaeoeoa
e ae?oaeo aeiiieieoaeueiuo eiieo?aioiuo i?aeiouanoa, oaeeo, eae iai?eia?
neaainoue eiieo?aioia.

Enneaaeiaaiey e aiaeec ?uiea

Ec-ca iniaie aaaeiinoe aiaeeca ?uiea e neeueiie caaeneiinoe ae?oaeo
/anoae ieaia io yoie eioi?iaoeee, i?aaeeaaaaony ia/aoue iiaeaioiaeo
aecian-ieaia n yoiai ?acaeaea. Iaiaoiaeeii, /oiau eioi?iaoeey a yoie
naeoeee iiaee?aieyea ooaa?aeaeaiea i oii, /oi i?aaei?eyoea niiaeao
?ann/eouaaoue ia nouanoaaiiue ?uiie a auno?i ?acaeaathuaeny io?anee a
oneiaeyo eiieo?aioeee. Yoio ?acaeae aecian-ieaia yaeyaony iaeaieaa
o?oaeiui, ii e iaeiei ec iaeaieaa aaaeiuo. Ae?oaea ?acaeaeu caaenyo io
aiaeeca ?uiea, i?aaenoaaeaiiiai caeanue. Iai?eia? i?aaeneacuaaaiue
o?iaaiue i?iaeaae i?yii aeeyao ia oaeea ?acaeaeu, eae ?acia?
i?iecaiaenoaa, ieai ia?eaoeiaa, aaee/eio e?aaeeoa eee eiaanoeoeee
ca?oaaaeiiai ia?oia?a a i?aaei?eyoea, eioi?ay aoaeao iaiaoiaeeia aeey
aai ii?iaeueiiai ooieoeeiie?iaaiey. Iaiaoiaeeii ?anniio?aoue
neaaeothuaa:

Iio?aaeoaee i?iaeoeoa eee oneoae. Iaiaoiaeeii ii?aaeaeeoue, eoi yaeyaony
iio?aaeoaeai i?aaeeaaaaiuo i?iaeoeoia/oneoa eee eoi iiaeao noaoue ei a
aoaeouai. I?e yoii iioaioeeaeueiua iio?aaeoaee aeieaeiu auoue
eeanneoeoee?iaaiu ii ioiineoaeueii iaeii?iaeiui a?oiiai a niioaaonoaee n
iaueie eaeaioeoeoee?iaaiiuie oa?aeoa?enoeeaie (iai?eia?, ia iniiaa
naaiaioia ?uiea). Oae, aeaoaee aaoiiiaeey iiaoo iieoiaoue aai
i?iecaiaeeoaee e ?aiiioieee. Niioaaonoaaiii ?a/ue aeieaeia eaeoe ia yoeo
aeaoo naaiaioao ?uiea. Iaiaoiaeeii iieacaoue, eoi e aaea yaeyaony
iniiaiui iieoiaoaeai oiaa?a a eaaeaeii naaiaioa.

Ioaeii iieacaoue, eaaei ee aueoe ia iio?aaeoaeae, eae iie aoaeoo
iieoiaoue (/a?ac iioiaeeia, a ?icieoeo, /a?ac ae?aeo e o.i.), eoi eiaiii
i?eieiaao ?aoaiea i iieoiea a eo i?aaiecaoeeyo e neieueei ia yoi ooiaeeo
a?aiaie. Iienuaathony iniaaiiinoe i?ioeanna iieoiee iieoiaoaeyie,
aeeth/ay oi, /oi yaeyaony aeey ieo aeaaiui i?e iieoiea (oeaia, ea/anoai,
a?aiy iinoaaee, iineai?iaeaaeiia ianeoaeeaaiea, ee/iua eiioaeou eee
iieeoe/aneia aeaaeaiea) e ii/aio iio?aaeoaee iiaoo eciaieoue naiei
o?aaeeoeeiiiui i?iaeaaoeai.

I?eaiaeyony ethaua caeacu ia i?iaeoeo, eiioaeou eee ienueiaiiua
iaycaoaeuenoaa, eioi?ua oaea anoue ia ?oeao. Yoi iaeaieaa neeueiay
eioi?iaoeey aeey i?eaea/aiey e?aaeeoi?a eee ia?oia?a aeey i?aaei?eyoey.
Oaeaea iaiaoiaeeii ia?a/eneeoue anao iioaioeeaeueiuo iio?aaeoaeae, oaea
au?aceaoeo caeioa?aniaaiiinoue a i?iaeoeoa/oneoaa, e iauynieoue ii/aio
i?iaeoeo eo caeioa?aniaae; iacaaoue oaeaea iioaioeeaeueiuo iio?aaeoaeae,
ia i?iyaeaoeo iiea caeioa?aniaaiiinoe a i?aaeeiaeaiiii i?iaeoeoa/oneoaa,
iauynieoue, eaeea ia?u aoaeoo i?eiyou aeey eo caaiaaaiey. Iiaeii aeaoue
i?iaiic auno?iou ooaa?aeaeaiey oiaa?a ia ?uiea.

Anee aecian oaea ooieoeeiie?oao, iiaeii ia?a/eneeoue iniiaiuo
iio?aaeoaeae ia naaiaeiy e iaiaoeoue ia?niaeoeau i?iaeaae i?iaeoeoa a
aoaeouai;

?acia? ?uiea e aiciiaeiua oaiaeaioeee aai ?acaeoey. Ioeaieaaaony ia
iyoue eao ?acia? ?uiea e aeieth i?aaeeaaaaiiai i?iaeoeoa a iai ii
ioaeaeueiui naaiaioai ?uiea a ?aaeiiaeueiii eee no?aiiaii ?ac?aca, a
oooeao, a ?oaeyo e aeieea?ao, iieacuaaaony iioaioeeaeueioth
i?eaueueiinoue. I?eaanoe aeaiiua aiciiaeiiai aaeaaiaeiiai ?inoa ?uiea
i?iaeoeoa eee oneoae ii e?aeiae ia?a aeey o?ao eao ii eaaeaeie ec
iniiaiuo a?oii iio?aaeoaeae, anee aiciiaeii – a ?aaeiiaeueiii eee
no?aiiaii ?ac?aca. Iienaoue iniiaiua oaeoi?u, aeeythuea ia ?ino ?uiea
(iai?eia?, oaiaeaioeee ?acaeoey io?anee, nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneea
oaiaeaioeee, i?aaeoaeuenoaaiioth iieeoeeo e eciaiaiey a aeaiia?aoe/aneii
ninoaaa no?aiu), e aeaoue iaci? i?aaeoanoaothueo oaiaeaioeee ?acaeoey
?uiea. Ethaua ?acee/ey iaaeaeo i?ioeui e i?iaeoe?oaiuie oaiaeaioeeyie
oaiiia ?inoa ?uiea iaiaoiaeeii iauynieoue;

Eiieo?aioeey e eiieo?aioiia i?aeiouanoai. Iaaei naeaeaoue ?aaeenoe/ioth
ioeaieo neeu e neaainoe eiieo?aioia. Ioeaieoue caiauathuea e
aeueoa?iaoeaiua i?iaeoeou e oneoae e ia?a/eneeoue eae aioo?aiiea, oae e
aiaoiea oe?iu, iinoaaeythuea eo.

Neaaeothuee ia?a/aiue iaeaa/eo aiaeec ?acee/iuo yeaiaioia, eioi?ua
?anniao?eaaao iieoiaoaeue, eiaaea ?aoaao, aoaeao ee ii iieoiaoue
i?iaeoeo/oneoao o aan eee aaoaai eiieo?aioa: ea/anoai, yeneethceaiinoue
ianeoaeeaaiey, aieaa ieceea oeaiu, anni?oeiaio, iaaeaaeiinoue i?iaeoeoa,
naiaa?aiaiiinoue a iinoaaea, oaeianoai a ianoiiieiaeaiee i?iaeaaoea,
aeinooiiinoue i?iaeoeoa, aa?aioey a iineai?iaeaaeiii ianeoaeeaaiee,
iiiiuue a eniieueciaaiee i?iaeoeoa, aeiiieiythuea i?iaeoeou, aaaeeeaia
ia?auaiea.

N?aaieoue eiieo?e?othuea e caiauathuea i?iaeoeou e oneoae n oi/ee c?aiey
aeiee ?uiea, ea/anoaa, oeaiu, oa?aeoa?enoee, iaaeaaeiinoe, n?ieia
iinoaaie, iineai?iaeaaeiiai ianeoaeeaaiey, aa?aioee e ae?oaeo
iniaaiiinoae. N?aaieoue aeiiieieoaeueiua auaiaeu aeey eeeaioia,
iaania/eaaaiua i?aaeeaaaaiui i?iaeoeoii/oneoaie n oai, /oi iie eiatho io
eiieo?e?othueo i?iaeoeoia e oneoa. Oeacaoue aeinoieinoaa e iaaeinoaoee
iineaaeieo e oeaaeeoa, ii/aio iie ia oaeiaeaoai?ytho ioaeaeai
iio?aaeoaeae;

Ioeaiea ?uiea e iauaia i?iaeaae. Iaiaueoue iniaua oa?aeoa?enoeee
i?aaeeaaaaiuo i?iaeoeoia/oneoa, eioi?ua aeaeatho eo eiieo?aioiniiniaiuie
a ianoiyuai e a aoaeouai. Ia?a/eneeoue iio?aaeoaeae, eioi?ua aioiau
caeeth/eoue eee oaea caeeth/eee aeiaiai?u i caeoieao, ii/aio iie yoi
naeaeaee; eoi ec iio?aaeoaeae iia au naeaeaoue e?oiiua caeoiee a
aoaeouai. Iniiauaaynue ia ioeaiea i?aeiouanoaa i?iaeoeoa, ?acia?a e
oaiaeaioeee ?acaeoey ?uiea, iio?aaeoaeae, eiieo?aioia e eo i?iaeoeoia e
i?iaeaae a i?aaeuaeouea aiaeu, ioeaieoue aeieth ?uiea e iauai i?iaeaae
i?iaeoeoa a oooeao e aeieea?ao a eaaeaeii ec o?ao iineaaeothueo eao.
Oeacaoue, eaeea aeiiouaiey i ?uiea au i?e yoii naeaeaiu.

Iieaaeeoa, eae ?ino i?iaeaae a oooeao e ioeaieaaaiay aeiey ?uiea naycaiu
n ?acaeoeai naiie io?anee e ?inoii ni?ina iio?aaeoaeae, neeie e
neaainoueth eiieo?aioia. Anee i?aaei?eyoea oaea aeaenoaoao, i?eaanoe
aeaiiua ia iauai iauaia ?uiea, aeiea e iauaia i?iaeaae ca iineaaeiea
aeaa aiaea;

Aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea ?uiea. Aeaoue i?iaiic aoaeoueo ?uieia nauoa,
i?eieiay ai aieiaiea iaiaoiaeeiinoue oaeiaeaoai?youe ?anoouea
iio?aaiinoe iio?aaeoaeae, i?iaiaeeoue iinoiyiiia oeo/oaiea i?iaeoeoia e
oneoa e ?ac?aaaouaaoue iiaua i?iaeoeou, i?iaiaeeoue ?anoe?aiea aaoeo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiuiinoae.

Yeiiiieea i?aaei?eyoey

Yeiiiie/aneea e oeiainiaua oa?aeoa?enoeee aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey,
aeeth/ay aaniethoioth aaee/eio aeioiaea e iieo/aaiie i?eauee,
iaiaoiaeeiu aeey iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey i?eaeaeaoaeueiinoe i?iaeoeoa aeey
aeaiiiai ?uiea. Ciaoue nei?inoue iai?ioa n?aaenoa, i?eaueueiinoue
aeciana iaiaoiaeeiiai aeey ieaie?iaaiey no?aoaaee i?iecaiaenoaa e
?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoa. ?acaeae yeiiiieee i?aaei?eyoey aeeth/aao:

Aaeiaay e iia?aoeeiiiay i?eaueue. Ii?aaeaeeoue aaee/eio aaeiaie i?eauee
(i?iaeaaeiay oeaia ieion ia?aiaiiua ecaea?aeee) e iia?aoeeiiioth
i?eaueue aeey eaaeaeiai i?iaeoeoa e/eee oneoae, eioi?ua i?aaeeaaaaony
i?iaeaaaoue a naiae ?uii/iie ieoa;

Iioaioeeae e onoie/eainoue i?eauee. Ii?aaeaeeoue aaee/eio e iaeeaeaaioth
onoie/eainoue iioiea i?eauee (aei e iinea oieaou iaeiaia) e io?aceoue
niioaaonoaothuea o?iaie ii io?anee e eiieo?aioai. Iieacaoue, eaeay
oaiaeaioeey aoaeao i?aiaeaaeaoue: onoie/eaue eee i?a?uaenoue iioie
i?eauee, e ii/aio. Eae iiaeii iiaeeyoue ia yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai, a eaeie
noaiaie iii aoaeao i?aiyonoaiaaoue auoiaeo ia ?uiie ae?oaeo oe?i, eae
yoi io?aceony ia aeeeoaeueiinoe oaoiieiae/aneiai eee ?uii/iiai
eeaea?noaa;

Iinoiyiiua e ia?aiaiiua cao?aou. Aeaoue iiae?iaiue ia?a/aiue iinoiyiiuo
e ia?aiaiiuo cao?ao a aeaiaaeiii au?aaeaiee e a i?ioeaioao io iaueo
cao?ao ia i?iaeoeou eee oneoae, eioi?ua i?aaeeaaathony ?uieo. Iieacaoue,
eae yoe cao?aou caaenyo io aaee/eiu iauaia i?iaeaae e caeoiie i?iaeoeoia
e oneoa. I?eaanoe niioaaonoaothuea io?aneaaua ii?iaoeau;

Ia?eiae aeinoeaeaiey aacoauoi/iinoe. Enoiaey ec no?aoaaee auoiaea ia
?uiie, ieaia ii ia?eaoeiao e i?aaeiieaaaaiiai oeiaine?iaaiey, iieacaoue,
/a?ac neieueei a?aiaie e i?e eaeie aaee/eia iauaia i?iaeaae ?anoiaeu
aoaeoo ?aaiu aeioiaeai. Iieacaoue, ianeieueei oaaee/eony a?aiy
aeinoeaeaiey ?aaainoaa aeioiaeia e ?anoiaeia i?e iiiuoeao ?anoe?eoue
i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iiuiinoe;

Ia?eiae aeinoeaeaiey iiceoeaiie eanniaie iaee/iinoe. Iieacaoue, enoiaey
ec i?eaaaeaiiuo auoa no?aoaaee e aeiiouaiee i ?uiea, eiaaea i?aaei?eyoea
aeinoeaiao iiceoeaiie eanniaie iaee/iinoe. Ioiaoeoue, i?e eaeeo oneiaeyo
e eiaaea i?eaeaony ia?aoeoueny ca iiiiuueth e aaieo. Ioiaoeoue ethaua
caiaoiua eciaiaiey a eanniaie iaee/iinoe ii ia?a ?inoa e oaaee/aiey
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiuiinoae i?aaei?eyoey.

Ieai ia?eaoeiaa

Yoio ?acaeae ieaia aeieaeai oaaaeeoue iioaioeeaeueiiai ia?oia?a a oii,
/oi au iiieiaaoa, eae ?uiie aeaeeony ia naaiaiou, e /oi au niiniaiu
aeiaanoe naie i?iaeoeo aei iio?aaeoaey. Ieai ia?eaoeiaa iienuaaao, eae
aoaeao aeinoeaioo iaia/aaiue o?iaaiue i?iaeaae. Iaiaoiaeeii, /oiau yoio
ieai aeaoaeueii iienuaae iauoth ?uii/ioth no?aoaaeth, eioi?ay aoaeao
eniieueciaaoue eiieo?aioiua i?aeiouanoaa. Aeeth/eoue oaeaea iienaiea
iieeoeee ii ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoa, iiaeoiae e oeaiiia?aciaaieth, eaiaeia
?ani?aaeaeaiey, no?aoaaee ?aeeaiu. Iiae?iaiue ninoaa ?acaeaea,
iienuaathuee ieai ia?eaoeiaa, aeeth/aao:

Iauay no?aoaaey ia?eaoeiaa. Iienuaaaony ?uii/iay oeeinioey e no?aoaaey
eiiiaiee, enoiaey ec iniaaiiinoae i?iaeoeoa e eaiaeia ?aaeecaoeee a
ii?aaeaeaiiie ieoa ?uiea. Aeeth/eoue, iai?eia?, iienaiea iio?aaeoaeae,
eioi?ua oaea yaeythony eeeaioaie oe?iu eee ia eioi?uo aoaeoo iai?aaeaiu
ia?aiia/aeueiua oneeey ii i?iaeaaeai, a oaeaea oao, ia eii aieiaiea
aoaeao neiioeaio?e?iaaii ianeieueei iicaeiaa. Oeacaoue, eae
iioaioeeaeueiua iio?aaeoaee a yoeo a?oiiao aoaeoo auyniaiu e eae ia ieo
neaaeoao aueoe; eaeea iniaaiiinoe i?iaeoeoia e oneoa (aunieieeanniue
na?aen, ea/anoai, aeinooiiay oeaia, naiaa?aiaiiay iinoaaea, aa?aioey eee
iiaeaioiaea ia?niiaea iieoiaoaey) aoaeoo eniieueciaaiu aeey
noeioee?iaaiey i?iaeaae; aoaeoo ee i?eiaiaiu iiaaoi?neea ia?eaoeiaiaua
eiioeaioeee, eioi?ua aoaeoo niinianoaiaaoue ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoa
(a?aiaea, aiciiaeiinoue aanieaoii eniieueciaaoue i?iaeoeo ia?aie/aiiue
ia?eiae a?aiaie e o.i.).

Oeacaoue, eae aoaeoo ?aaeeciauaaoueny i?iaeoeou eee oneoae ia ia/aeueiii
yoaia (ia ie?iaii, iaoeeiiaeueiii eee oieueei ?aaeiiaeueiii ?uieao) e
iauynieoue ii/aio; i?eaanoe ieaiu aeey ?anoe?aiey i?iaeaae a aoaeouai.
Auyaeoue naciiiua eieaaaiey a i?iaeaaeao, iaiaoeoue, /oi iiaeao auoue
naeaeaii aeey i?iaeaae i?iaeoeoa aia naciia. Anee aiciiaeii, iienaoue
ieaiu iieo/aiey i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo eiio?aeoia, eae niiniaa iie?uoey
iaeeaaeiuo ?anoiaeia ia ?acaeoea i?iaeoeoa;

Oeaiiia?aciaaiea. Iienaoue no?aoaaeth a iaeanoe oeai e n?aaieoue aa n
oeaiiaie iieeoeeie iniiaiuo eiieo?aioia, aeeth/ay ieoiaaiinoue cao?ao
iio?aaeoaeae. Aeaoue ioeaieo aaeiaie i?eauee e iieacaoue, aoaeao ee iia
aeinoaoi/ia, /oiau iicaieeoue naaa cao?aou ia ?aaeecaoeeth i?iaeoeoeee,
aa?aioeth iio?aaeoaeyi, anee iaiaoiaeeii, iiaeaioiaeo aai ia?niiaea,
oeaiiaoth eiieo?aioeeth e o.ae. Iiynieoue, a eaeie noaiaie oeaiu
iiiiaoo: i?iieeiooue ia ?uiie, nio?aiyoue e oaaee/eaaoue aeieth ?uiea a
oneiaeyo eiieo?aioeee, iieo/aoue aeinoaoi/ioth i?eaueue.

Iieacaoue i?aaeeueiinoue oeaiiaie no?aoaaee e ?acee/ee iaaeaeo aaoeie
oeaiaie e oeaiaie eiieo?e?othueo eee caiauathueo i?iaeoeoia eee oneoa n
oi/ee c?aiey i?eia?aoaiey iio?aaeoaeyie iaeioi?uo aeiiieieoaeueiuo
oeaiiinoae a aeaea iiaeciu, ea/anoaa, aa?aioee, aniiiiaaoaeueiiai
ianeoaeeaaiey, nieaeaiey naaanoieiinoe e o.i. Iienaoue oeaiiaoth
iieeoeeo n oi/ee c?aiey acaeiinayce oeaiu, aeiee ?uiea e i?eauee.
Iai?eia?, aieaa aunieay oeaia iiaeao oiaiueoaoue iauaiu i?iaeaae, ii
aeaaaoue a ?acoeueoaoa aieaa aunieoth i?eaueue.

Anee oeaia i?iaeoeoa ieaea oeaiu eiieo?aioia, iauynieoue, eae i?e yoii
aoaeao nio?aiaia i?eaueueiinoue i?iecaiaenoaa (n iiiiuueth aieueoaai
iauaia i?iaeaae, aeaaiaea?y aunieie yooaeoeaiinoe i?iecaiaenoaa, ieceie
noieiinoe o?oaea e iaoa?eaeia, iaaunieei iaeeaaeiui ?anoiaeai e o.i.).
Oeacaoue ethaua neeaeee n oeai, iicaieythuea noeioee?iaaoue ?aaeecaoeeth
i?iaeoeoa eee oneoae;

Oaeoeea ii ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee. Iienaoue iaoiaeu ?aaeecaoeee
(nianoaaiiay oi?aiaay naoue, oi?aiaua i?aaenoaaeoaee, iin?aaeieee),
eioi?ua iiaee au auoue eniieueciaaiu a aeeaeaeoaa a?aiy, e a
aeieain?i/iie ia?niaeoeaa. Aeeth/eoue iienaiea ethauo niaoeeaeueiuo
o?aaiaaiee aeey ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee (iaiaoiaeeiinoue ?ao?eaea?aoi?ia
e o.i.). I?iaiaeece?iaaoue n?aaieoaeueioth yooaeoeaiinoue ?acee/iuo
iaoiaeia ?aaeecaoeee, aeeth/ay niaoeeaeueioth iieeoeeo, eanathuothny
neeaeie, eneeth/eoaeueiuo i?aa ia ?ani?aaeaeaiea e ae?., a n?aaiaiee n
oaeoeeie eiieo?aioia a yoie iaeanoe. Iienaoue, eae iin?aaeieee e
oi?aiaua i?aaenoaaeoaee, anee iie aoaeoo eniieueciaaiu, aoaeoo aua?aiu,
eiaaea iie ia/ioo naith aeayoaeueiinoue, ?aaeiiu, aaea iie aoaeoo
aeaenoaiaaoue, ?ino eo /enea iiiany/ii e iaeeaeaaiue iauai i?iaeaae
eaaeaeiai ec ieo. Anee eniieuecoaony nianoaaiiay oi?aiaay naoue,
iieaaeeoa aa no?oeoo?o, oeacaoue, caiaieo ee iia oi?aiauo
i?aaenoaaeoaeae e anee aea, oi eiaaea e eae yoi i?iecieaeao. Iieacaoue
eaeie iauai i?iaeaae aoaeao i?eoiaeeoueny ia iaeiiai i?iaeaaoea au aiae
e eaeea eiienneiiiua eee ca?ieaoo ii aoaeao iieo/aoue: n?aaieoue yoe
oeeo?u ni n?aaeiei ii io?anee.

Iiaeaioiaeoue a?aoee ?aaiou nauoiaiai iiae?acaeaeaiey, ninoaaeoue niaoo
cao?ao ia ?aaeecaoeeth i?iaeoeoeee;

Iieeoeea ii iineai?iaeaaeiiio e i?aaeinoaaeaieth aa?aioee. Anee
i?aaei?eyoea aoaeao i?aaeeaaaoue i?iaeoeo, eioi?ue o?aaoao
iineai?iaeaaeiiai ianeoaeeaaiey, i?aaeinoaaeaiey aa?aioee eee iao/aiey
ia?niiaea iieoiaoaey, ioeaieaaaony noaiaiue eo aaaeiinoe aeey iieoiaoaey
e i?aaeeaaathony iooe ?aoaiey yoeo i?iaeai.

I?aaeeaaaaony iienaiea i?aaeeaaaaiuo aa?aioee – aoaeao ee ianeoaeeaaiea
i?iaiaeeoueny ?aaioieeaie i?aaei?eyoey ia ianoa eee ?aiiioiuie
ianoa?neeie, eee i?iaeoeoeey aoaeao aica?auaoueny ia caaiae. I?eaiaeyony
i?aaeiieaaaaiua oeaiu ca iineai?iaeaaeiia ianeoaeeaaiea e ii?aaeaeyaony
aai i?eaueueiinoue. Aeey eeethno?aoeee iiaeii n?aaieoue i?aaeeaaaaiua
oneoae n oneoaaie iniiaiuo eiieo?aioia;

?aeeaia e i?iaeaeaeaiea i?iaeoeoa ia ?uiie. Ioaeii iieacaoue, eae aoaeao
i?eaea/aii aieiaiea iioaioeeaeueiuo iieoiaoaeae, aeey /aai
?anneacuaaaony i iaoiaeao aaaeaiey ?aeeaiiuo eaiiaiee i?aaeeaaaaiiai
oiaa?a. I?iecaiaeeoaee i?iiuoeaiiiai iai?oaeiaaiey aeieaeiu ?anneacaoue
i ieaiao o/anoey a oi?aiauo y?ia?eao e aunoaaeao, ?aciauaiey ?aeeaiu a
aacaoao e aeo?iaeao, iiaeaioiaee ?aeeaiiuo aoeeaoia e eenoiaie.
I?iecaiaeeoaee oiaa?ia ia?iaeiiai iio?aaeaiey aeieaeiu oeacaoue, eaeie
oei ?aeeaiiie eaiiaiee ei aieueoa iiaeoiaeeo, a eaeeo y?ia?eao e
aunoaaeao iie niae?athony o/anoaiaaoue e aaea aoaeoo ?aciauaoue
?aeeaiiua iauyaeaiey e ueou. Neaaeoao ninoaaeoue ?anienaiea ?aeeaiiie
eaiiaiee e ii?aaeaeeoue aaee/eio ?anoiaeia ia ?aeeaio e i?iaeaeaeaiea
oiaa?ia ia ?uiie;

?aaeecaoeey i?iaeoeoa. Iienaiea iaoiaeia e eaiaeia ?aaeecaoeee, eioi?ua
aoaeoo eniieueciaaiu. Iaaeyaeiinoue aeiaaaeo au/eneaiea o?ainii?oiuo
?anoiaeia, eae i?ioeaioa io oeaiu.

Ieai oaoie/aneie aei?aaioee i?iaeoeoa

Iaiaoiaeeii aeinoaoi/ii iiae?iaii ?anniio?aoue aii?inu, naycaiiua n
oaoie/aneie aei?aaioeie i?iaeoeoa. Ia?aaeei neo/aaony oae, /oi o?aaoaiua
aeey yoiai aeaiueae e a?aiy iaaeiioeaieaathony. Aeey aei?aaioee
i?iaeoeoa iiaoo eniieueciaaoueny: eiaeaia?iua ?aaiou, iaiaoiaeeiua aeey
i?aa?auaiey eaai?aoi?iiai i?ioioeia a eiia/iue i?iaeoeo; ?ac?aaioea
niaoeeaeueiiai iai?oaeiaaiey; ?aaiou ii aeecaeio, /oiau naeaeaoue
i?iaeoeo iaeaieaa i?eaeaeaoaeueiui aeey iio?aaeoaey, e o.i.

A oeaeii aeaiiue ?acaeae ?anniao?eaaao:

Oaeouaa ninoiyiea. Neaaeoao iienaoue oaeouaa ninoiyiea eaaeaeiai
i?iaeoeoa eee oneoae e iiynieoue, /oi aua iaiaoiaeeii naeaeaoue aeey eo
auoiaea ia ?uiie. Iieacii oeacaoue, eaeea iaauee eiaao eee aeieaeii
eiaoue i?aaei?eyoea aeey auiieiaiey yoeo caaea/. Anee anoue
aiciiaeiinoue, neaaeoao ia?a/eneeoue iio?aaeoaeae eee eiia/iuo
iieueciaaoaeae, eioi?ua o/anoaotho a ?ac?aaioea e eniuoaieyo i?iaeoeoia
e oneoa. Iaiaoiaeeii aeaoue oaeouea ?acoeueoaou eniuoaiee e oi, eiaaea
iaeeaeaaony iieo/aiea iiaiai i?iaeoeoa;

I?iaeaiu e ?ene. Auaeaeythony ethaua i?aaeiieaaaaiua i?iaeaiu a
eiino?oeoeee ?ac?aaaouaaaiiai i?iaeoeoa e iiaeoiaeu e eo ?aoaieth.
Iaoiaeeea ?an/aoa ?eneia i?eaaaeaia a i?eeiaeaiee 3;

Oeo/oaiea ecaeaeee e iiaua i?iaeoeou. E?iia iienaiey ?ac?aaioie e
enoiaeiuo i?iaeoeoia, oeacuaathony ?aaiou ii eo niaa?oainoaiaaieth,
ieaie?oaiua aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey eo eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe, e ?aaiou ii
?ac?aaioea iiauo i?iaeoeoia e oneoa, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue i?aaeeiaeaiu
oie aea a?oiia iio?aaeoaeae. Oeacuaathony iio?aaeoaee, o/anoaothuea a
yoeo ?ac?aaioeao e eo iiaiea i ia?niaeoeaiinoe iineaaeieo;

Cao?aou. I?aaenoaaueoa niaoo ?anoiaeia ia IEIE?, aeeth/ay ca?aaioioth
ieaoo, ?anoiaeu ia iaoa?eaeu e o.i. Ioaeii o/anoue, /oi iaaeiioeaiea
yoie niaou iiaeao iiaeeyoue ia iaeeaeaaioth i?eaueueiinoue, niecea aa ia
15-30%;

Aii?inu nianoaaiiinoe. Oeacuaathony ethaua iaoaiou, oi?aiaua ia?ee,
i?aaa eiie?iaaiey, eioi?uie ?aniieaaaao i?aaei?eyoea eee niae?aaony
i?eia?anoe. Iienuaathony ethaua eiio?aeou eee niaeaoaiey, aeathuea i?aaa
yeneethceaiinoe eee nianoaaiiinoe ia ?ac?aaioee eee ecia?aoaiey.

Ieai i?iecaiaenoaa

A ieai i?iecaiaenoaa iaiaoiaeeii aeeth/eoue oaeea naaaeaiey, eae
ianoiiieiaeaiea i?aaei?eyoey, aeae o?aaoaiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
iiuiinoae, iaiaoiaeeiua i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iiiauaiey, iio?aaiinoue a
iniiaiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oiiaeao e ?aai/ae neea. Aeey i?iaeoa a
ia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe iaiaoiaeeii aeeth/eoue a ieai iieeoeeo
oi?aaeaiey caianaie, niaaaeaieai, i?iecaiaenoaii, ii?aaeaeeoue ia?a/aiue
eiiieaeoothueo, eioi?ua aoaeoo i?iecaaaeaiu naiinoiyoaeueii, a eaeea
caeoieaiu ia noi?iia. Aecian a na?aena o?aaoao iniaiai aieiaiey e
ianoi?aniieiaeaieth. Ninoaa aii?inia, ?anniao?eaaaiuo a ?acaeaea:

I?iecaiaenoaaiiue oeeee. Aeaoue a?aoe/aneoth oa?aeoa?enoeeo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai oeeeea iaoaai aeciana. Oeacaoue, iaoiaeu ?aaae?iaaiey
ia naciiiua eieaaaiey caa?ocee i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiuiinoae (ca n/ao
nicaeaiey caiania e eo eniieueciaaiey a ieeiaua ia?eiaeu);

Aaia?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiea. Iienaoue e i?iaiaeece?iaaoue iieiaeeoaeueiua
e io?eoeaoaeueiua noi?iiu ieaie?oaiiai ?aciauaiey i?aaei?eyoey. Aiaeec
i?iaanoe n oi/ee c?aiey oaeeo oaeoi?ia, eae o?oaeiaua ?ano?nu (aeeth/ay
eo aeinooiiinoue, eaaeeoeeaoeeth, i?ioeaio iauaaeeiaiey a i?ionithcu, a
oaeaea ianoiua noaiaea?ou o?iaiy aeecie e naycaiiiai n iei o?iaiy
ca?ieaou), aeecinoue e eeeaioai e/eee iinoaaueeai, o?ainii?oiua
?anoiaeu, ainoaea?noaaiiua e ianoiua iaeiae e caeiiu (aeeth/ay
?aaeiiaeueiia ?aaoee?iaaiea), aeinooiiinoue e ?acaeoinoue yia?aaoe/aneeo
?ano?nia, i?iiuoeaiiie e nioeeaeueiie eio?ano?oeoo?u e o.i;

I?iecaiaenoaaiiua iiuiinoe e ?acaeoea. Aeey oaea nouanoaothuaai aeciana
iienaoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iiuiinoe, aeeth/ay i?iecaiaenoaaiiua e
aaeieieno?aoeaiua iiiauaiey, neeaaeu e ieiuaaeee, niaoeeaeueiia
iai?oaeiaaiea, iaoaieciu e ae?oaea i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oiiaeu, eiathueany
ia oe?ia. I?iaiaeece?iaaoue, aeinoaoi/iua ee yoe oiiaeu aeey aiiaue
nicaeaaaaiuo i?aaei?eyoee, oeacaoue, eae e eiaaea aoaeoo i?eia?aoaiu
iiuiinoe, iaiaoiaeeiua aeey ia/aea i?iecaiaenoaa. Ioiaoeoue, niae?aaony
ee nicaeaaaaiia i?aaei?eyoea eoieoue eee a?aiaeiaaoue iai?oaeiaaiea e
iiiauaiey. Neieueei yoi aoaeao noieoue, eiaaea iaia?aiu yoi naeaeaoue e
eaeay aeiey n?aaenoa, iieo/aiiuo io caiaaeiiai ia?oia?a, iieaeao ia yoe
oeaee. Oeacaoue iio?aaiinoe a iai?oaeiaaiee ia aeeaeaeoea o?e aiaea.
Iiynieoue, eae e eiaaea a iineaaeothuea o?e aiaea ieaie?oaony ?anoe?youe
iiiauaiey e ia?aueaaoue iai?oaeiaaiea aeey oaaee/aiey iauaiia i?iaeaae.
Neieueei ana yoi aoaeao noieoue;

No?aoaaey niaaaeaiey e i?iecaiaenoaaiiue ieai. Iienaoue
i?iecaiaenoaaiiue i?ioeann, ?aoaiey ii noaeiio?aeoai ia eiiieaeoothuea e
eiiiiiaiou. Iiaeoaa?aeeoue i?aaeeueiinoue yoeo ?aoaiee n oi/ee c?aiey
?anoiaeia ia iiaeaea?aeaiea caiania, eaaeeoeeaoeeth ?aai/ae neeu,
?acia?a ia?oee i?iaeoeoa e o.i. Oeacaoue iaeaieaa aa?iyoiuo
noaiiae?yae/eeia e iinoaaueeia e ioa?aeoa?eciaaoue noaiaiue eo
iaaeaaeiinoe.

Iiaeaioiaeoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiua ieaiu n eioi?iaoeeae, oa?aeoa?ecothuae
caaeneiinoue cao?ao io iauaia i?iecaiaenoaa aeey o?iaiae i?iaeaae n
?acaeaeie ii i?eiaiyaiui iaoa?eaeai, o?oaeo, caeoiaaiui eiiiiiaioai e
iaeeaaeiui ?anoiaeai i?iecaiaenoaa; iieacaoue o?aaoaiue o?iaaiue caiania
eae ooieoeeth ?acee/iuo o?iaiae i?iaeaae. Iienaoue iiaeoiae e eiio?ieth
ea/anoaa, oi?aaeaieth i?iecaiaenoaii e caianaie; iiynieoue, eae
einiaeoeeiiiua i?ioeaaeo?u e nenoaia eiio?iey ea/anoaa iicaieyao naanoe
e ieieioio o?iaaiue a?aea;

Ainoaea?noaaiiia e i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea. Oeacaoue caeanue ethaua
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua, ianoiua eee ca?oaaaeiua ii?iaoeaiua aeou,
eanathueany i?aaeeaaaaiiai aeciana, aeeth/ay caeiiu, eeoeaicee,
i?iioneiie ?aaeei a cai?aoiuo ciiao, o?aaiaaiey ?aaeno?aoeee a ianoiuo
eee oeaio?aeueiuo i?aaiao aeanoe e o.i. Ioiaoeoue ethaua ii?iaoeaiua
aeou, eioi?ua iiaoo aeeyoue ia oa?aeoa? e n?iee ioe?uoey e
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey i?aaei?eyoey.

Oi?aaeai/aneay eiiaiaea

Yoio ?acaeae aecian-ieaia aeeth/aao iienaiea oiai, eaeiaa aoaeao
no?oeoo?a oi?aaeaiey i?aaei?eyoeai, eae aoaeoo ?ani?aaeaeaiu ?iee
iaaeaeo iniiaiuie /eaiaie oi?aaeai/aneie eiiaiaeu e eae iie
acaeiiaeiiieiytho ae?oa ae?oaa. Caeanue iaiaoiaeeii i?eaanoe noaio
i?aaiecaoeeiiiie no?oeoo?u eiiiaiee. Eiaanoi?u, ca?oaaaeiua ia?oia?u
oioaee au aeaeaoue oi?aaeai/aneoth eiiaiaeo, a eioi?ie auee au ia ?aaiuo
i?aaenoaaeaiu eae aaeieieno?aoeaiua iaauee, oae e iaauee a oi?aaeaiee
oeiainaie, ia?eaoeiaii, i?iecaiaenoaii. Oae, aeaiiue ?acaeae
?anniao?eaaao:

I?aaiecaoeeiiiay no?oeoo?a. Ia?a/eneeoue eeth/aaua oi?aaeai/aneea
aeieaeiinoe a i?aaei?eyoee e iacaaoue ethaeae, eioi?ua eo caeioo.
Iieaciui yaeyaony i?aaenoaaeaiea noaiu i?aaiecaoeeiiiie no?oeoo?u. Anee
iaaiciiaeii caiieieoue ana aeieaeiinoe iinoiyiiuie nio?oaeieeaie aac
/?acia?iiai oaaee/aiey iaeeaaeiuo ?anoiaeia, iiynieoue, eae eo ooieoeee
aoaeoo auiieiyoueny (n eniieueciaaieai ?aaioieeia-niaianoeoaoae,
eiinoeueoaioia eee iooai niaiauaiey ooieoeee), eoi aoaeao eo auiieiyoue
e eiaaea yoe aeieaeiinoe aoaeoo caiyou iinoiyiiuie nio?oaeieeaie. Aeaoue
i?eia?u oniaoiie niaianoiie ?aaiou aeaaiuo aeaenoaothueo eeoe
oi?aaeai/aneie eiiaiaeu, /oiau iie iiaee i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaoue, eae
iaauee e iiuo eaaeaeiai aeiiieiyao e nicaeaao yooaeoeaioth
oi?aaeai/aneoth eiiaiaeo;

Aeaaiua ?oeiaiaeeoaee i?aaei?eyoey. Iienaoue oi/iua i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe
eaaeaeiai /eaia eiiaiaeu oi?aaeaiey. Ia eaaeaeiai ?oeiaiaeeoaey
ninoaaeyaony iiae?iaiay oa?aeoa?enoeea, iaiaoiaeeiay eae eeethno?aoeey
aeaeiauo ea/anoa e aeinoeaioouo ?acoeueoaoia a oi?aaeaiee. A iae
aeieaeiu auoue i?eaaaeaiu aeia?aoe/aneea aeaiiua, i?aaeoanoaothuee iiuo
?aaiou, aeinoeaeaiey a i?ioeii, eioi?ua naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i niiniaiinoe
eaiaeeaeaoa ni?aaeyoueny ni naieie aoaeoueie iaycaiiinoyie;

Eiiiainaoeey ?oeiaiaenoaa e aii?inu nianoaaiiinoe. Oeacaoue aaee/eio
ca?aaioiie ieaou eaaeaeiai /eaia oi?aaeai/aneie eiiaiaeu, n?aaiea aa n
oai, /oi iie iieo/eee ia iineaaeiai ianoa ?aaiou. Iauay i?aeoeea ia
Caiaaea ninoieo a oii, /oi ia ia/aeueiii yoaia ooieoeeiie?iaaiey
?eneiaaiiiai i?aaei?eyoey, e eioi?ui ioiineony i?aaei?eyoea, aai
?oeiaiaeeoaee aeiaieuenoaothony ne?iiiui o?iaiai aiciaa?aaeaeaiey – ia
o?iaia ca?ieaou ia i?aaeuaeouai ianoa ?aaiou eee ieaea.

Anee i?aaei?eyoea ieaie?oaony eae aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai, iaiaoiaeeii
ioiaoeoue, neieueei aeoeee iaoiaeeony a nianoaaiiinoe aai
?oeiaiaeeoaeae, eaeie nianoaaiiue eaieoae iie aeiaeeee a aeaei;

Ae?oaea eiaanoi?u. Anee oaeea nouanoaotho, iienaoue ae?oaeo eiaanoi?ia
i?aaei?eyoey, /enei e aeieth aeoeee, i?eiaaeeaaeaueo ei, aeaoo
i?eia?aoaiey e noieiinoe aeoeee;

Iaai, ae?oaea niaeaoaiey, iioeeiiu e i?aieaeueiua ieaiu. Iienaoue
nouanoaothuea eee i?aaeiieaaaaiua oneiaey iaeia eeth/aauo nio?oaeieeia.
Oeacaoue ethaua ia?aie/aiey ia i?eia?aoaiea aeoeee e aeiaeaiea eaieoaea,
eioi?ua iiaeeytho ia ?ani?aaeaeaiea nianoaaiiinoe. Neaaeoao iaiaueoue
ana iiaeoiaeu e ?ani?aaeaeaieth aeoeeiia?iiai eaieoaea, nouanoaothuea e
ieaie?oaiua, eioi?ua aaaeiu aeey eeth/aaiai ia?niiaea e nio?oaeieeia.
Iienaoue iaia/aaioth nenoaio iioeeiiia e i?aieaeueiuo auieao;

Niaao aee?aeoi?ia. Iienaoue iiaeoiae i?aaei?eyoey eanaoaeueii ?acia?ia e
no?oeoo?u niaaoa aee?aeoi?ia. Ia?a/eneeoue i?aaeiieaaaaiuo /eaiia niaaoa
e a aeaoo no?i/eao ?anneacaoue, /oi iie niiaoo aeaoue oe?ia;

Ae?oaea aea?aeaoaee aeoeee. Ia?a/eneeoue inoaeueiuo aea?aeaoaeae aeoeee,
eo i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe, ienueiaiiua aa?aioee;

Niaea?aeaiea i?ioanneiiaeueiuo niaaoieeia e oneoae. Iacaaoue eiaia e
i?aaiecaoeee niaaoieeia-i?ioanneiiaeia ii aoaeeoi?noao, ?aeeaia, i?aao e
aaieianeei iia?aoeeyi.

Iauaa ?anienaiea ii nicaeaieth i?aaei?eyoey

?anienaiea, iieacuaathuaa acaeiinaycue aeaaiuo niauoee a nicaeaiee
i?aaei?eyoey, yaeyaony iaeiei ec aaaeiaeoeo ?acaeaeia aecian-ieaia.
A?aiioii ninoaaeaiiia ?anienaiea iiieii anaai i?i/aai aeaiiino?e?oao
ia?oia?o i?ioanneiiaeeci oi?aaeai/aneie eiiaiaeu. I?aaei?eieiaoaee
eiatho neeiiiinoue iaaeiioeaieaaoue a?aiy, o?aaoaiia aeey auiieiaiey
?acee/iuo caaea/, iiyoiio iaiaoiaeeii auoue ?aaeenoe/iui.

Ia a?aoeea iieacaoue ?aoathuea aeey oniaoa aeciana niauoey: nicaeaiea
i?aaei?eyoey, ieii/aiea IEIE?, nicaeaiea i?ioioeia, aeinoeaeaiea
aeiaiai?aiiinoae n oi?aiauie i?aaenoaaeoaeyie, auoiae ia oi?aiaua
iieacu, iiaeienaiea niaeaoaiee n iioiaeeaie, caeac iaoa?eaeia a
iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey i?iecaiaenoaa ia?auo ia?oee eiee/anoaao, ia/aei
i?iecaiaenoaa, iieo/aiea ia?auo caeacia, iinoaaea ia?auo ia?oee oiaa?a,
iieo/aiea ia?auo ieaoaaeae e iinooieaiee ia n/ao.

Ia ioaeaeueiii a?aoeea iieacuaaaony, neieueei a?aiaie i?ioiaeeo io
iiiaioa i?eia?aoaiey nu?uey aei iieo/aiey aeaiaaeiie au?o/ee ii
eaaeaeiio auioneaaiiio i?iaeoeoo eee oneoaa.

Iieacaoue ia a?aoeea, eae eciaiyaony /eneaiiinoue oi?aaeai/aneiai e
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai ia?niiaea, eaeao i?ioeann i?eia?aoaiey eee
no?ieoaeuenoaa caeaiee, nii?oaeaiee e iai?oaeiaaiey ii ia?a ?acaeoey
aeciana.

Ioeaiea ?enea

Nicaeaiea oe?iu, eae e ia/aei ethaiai aeaeiaiai i?aaei?eyoey aea/ao ca
niaie ii?aaeaeaiiue ?ene, eioi?ue naycai n iaii?aaeaeaiiinoueth
aoaeouaai. I?e ninoaaeaiee aecian-ieaia iaecaaaeii eniieueciaaiea
i?iaiiciuo ioeaiie, eioi?ua eanathony iauaia i?iaeaae, noaiaie
caeioa?aniaaiiinoe iio?aaeoaeae a aaoeo i?iaeoeoao e oneoaao, aoaeouae
aeiee ?uiea, a aiai?y i aieaa aaniiuo aauao, aeaeathony ii?aaeaeaiiua
i?aaeiieiaeaiey i ?acaeoee io?anee e aeaaea no?aiu. Ana iniiaaiey aeey
i?iaiiciuo ioeaiie aeieaeiu auoue /aoei iaicia/aiu a aecian-ieaia.
Neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi iinea i?i/oaiey e?aoeiai niaea?aeaiey
caiaaeiua aecianiaiu nia/aea /eoatho naeoeeth, iinayuaiioth oi?aaeaieth,
a caoai yoo, no?aiynue ninoaaeoue iaeaieaa iieiia i?aaenoaaeaiea i
noaiaie ?eneiaaiiinoe aoaeouaai i?aaei?eyoey. I?e yoii neaaeoao eiaoue a
aeaeo, /oi ioe?uoia e /anoiia ianoaeaeaiea yoiai aii?ina a aecian-ieaia,
ai-ia?auo, oa?aeoa?ecoao ninoaaeoaey n oi?ioae noi?iiu, eae
i?aaei?eieiaoaey e, ai-aoi?uo, iieacuaaao, /oi ii i?iyaeyao
ii?aaeaeaiioth caaioo i oao n?aaenoaao, eioi?ua niae?aaony iieo/eoue io
naiaai ia?oia?a. Aieaa eiie?aoii neaaeoao:

Iainiiaaoue ana aeiiouaiey, eioi?ua naeaeaiu, i?e ?ac?aaioea
aecian-ieaia, e ?ene, eioi?ue a ieo caeiaeai;

I?eaanoe aiaeec aiciiaeiuo i?iaeai, eae ?ene eno?aoeoue anth iaee/iinoue
aei iieo/aiey caeaca ia i?iaeoeo, ?ene nieaeaiey oeai ec-ca aeaenoaee
eiieo?aioia, aiciiaeiua oaiaeaioeee a ?acaeoee io?anee, ?ene i?aauoaiey
caieaie?iaaiiuo o?iaiae cao?ao ?ac?aaioee e i?iecaiaenoaa i?iaeoeoa,
iaauoiae ia iaia/aiiue iauai i?iaeaae, n?ua a?aoeea ?ac?aaioee
i?iaeoeoa, o?oaeiinoe a iinoaaeao nu?uey e eiiieaeoothueo, o?oaeiinoe a
iieo/aiee aaieianeiai e?aaeeoa, ?ene ieacaoueny aac iaee/iinoe iinea
ianniaiai iinooieaiey caeacia;

Ioiaoeoue, eaeea ec iioaioeeaeueiuo i?iaeai yaeythony e?eoe/aneeie aeey
oniaoa i?aaei?eyoey, e iienaoue aaoe ieaiu ii ieieiecaoeee aeeyiey
iaaeaaii?eyoiuo oaeoi?ia;

Ioeaieoue iianiinoue oiai, /oi iinoaaeaiiua oeaee iiaoo auoue /anoe/ii
eee iieiinoueth ia aeinoeaioou. Ioeaiea i?iaiaeeony ii noaaeeyi i?iaeoa,
iiaeaioiaeoaeueiie, no?ieoaeuenoaa e ooieoeeiie?iaaiey.

Oaaeeoea 2

?enee i?iaeoa

Noaaeee Aeiey Enoiaeiay ioeaiea Ooi/iaiiay ioeaiea

Iiaeaioiaeoaeueiay

No?ieoaeueiay

Ooieoeeiie?iaaiey

a oii /enea iiaenoaaeee:

oeiainiai-yeiiiie/aneay

nioeeaeueiay

oaoie/aneay

yeieiae/aneay

Anaai 1.0

Ana ?an/aou auiieiythony aeaaaeaeu: ia iiiaio ninoaaeaiey i?iaeoa e
iinea auyaeaiey iaeaieaa iianiuo aai yeaiaioia. A iineaaeiai neo/aa
?ac?aaaouaaaony ia?a/aiue ia?, ?aaeecaoeey eioi?uo iicaieyao oiaiueoeoue
noaiaiue ?enea.

Iauee ?ene i?iaeoa ii?aaeaeyaony eae ninoaaiie ii anai noaaeeyi:
iiaeaioiaeoaeueiie, no?ieoaeueiie e ooieoeeiie?iaaiey. ?acoeueoaou
ioi?ieythony a oaaeeoea (ni. oaae. 2). Iaiaoiaeeii oaaaeeoue eiaanoi?a a
oii, /oi ?enee i?iaeoa ioeaiaiu ananoi?iiia e iauaeoeaii.

Ec oaaeeoe, ninoaaeaiiuo aeey i?inouo ?eneia, auae?athony ana cia/aiey,
i?aauoathuea 10, o.a. Wi * Vi > 10. Aeey eaaeaeiai ec ieo oeacuaathony
ia?ii?eyoey ii i?ioeaiaeaenoaeth. ?acoeueoaou ioi?ieythony a oaaeeoea
(ni. oaae. 3).

Iooe nieaeaiey ?eneia Oaaeeoea 3

I?inoie ?ene Ia?ii?eyoey, nieaeathuea io?eoeaoaeueiia aicaeaenoaea ?enea

Oeiainiaue ieai

Oeaeue oeiainiaiai ieaia – iieacaoue iioaioeeae oe?iu e i?aaenoaaeoue
a?aiaiiue a?aoee aeinoeaeaiey oeiainiaie aeecianiiniaiinoe. A
iineaaeothuai ii oaeaea iiaeao eniieueciaaoueny aeey ii?aaeaeaiey
iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey oeiainaie eiiiaiee.

*oi eanaaony e?aaeeoiniiniaiinoe, oi aanueia aeaeaoaeueii, /oiau aue
i?aaenoaaeai io/ao i i?eaueyo e oauoeao, a oaeaea aaeainiaue io/ao oe?iu
ca oaeouee aiae (i?iaiic) e ca 2-3 i?aaeoanoaothueo aiaea, anee oe?ia
oaea ooieoeeiie?oao. Oeiainiaue ieai aeeth/aao:

Ecaea?aeee ii iiaeaioiaea e ia/aeo iia?aoeee oe?iu. E?aaeeoi? aoaeao
o?aaiaaoue aeaoaeueiiai ia?a/iy ecaea?aeae, naycaiiuo n iiaeaioiaeie e
ia/aeii iia?aoeee, aianoa n iieiuie yenieoaoaoeeiiiuie ?anoiaeaie ia 1-3
ianyoea. A yoe ecaea?aeee, eae i?aaeei, aeeth/athony eae aaeeiia?aiaiiua
?anoiaeu (iai?oaeiaaiea, iaoeiu, aeaeaeeiia eiouanoai, noieiinoue
onoaiiaee iai?oaeiaaiey, aeaaiono?ienoai oa??eoi?ee e ?aeiino?oeoeey
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiiauaiee, ia/aeueiua caianu nu?uey e iaoa?eaeia.
?acee/iiai ?iaea caeiae e aaeeiia?aiaiiua auieaou, ieaoa ca eeoeaicee e
aeiionee, ?aaeno?aoeey e i?acaioaoeey e iaee/iinoue aeey iaiaeeaeaiiuo
?anoiaeia), oae e oaeouea (iiaoi?ythueany) ?anoiaeu ca o?e ianyoea (any
ca?ieaoa e aiciaa?aaeaeaiey, a?aiaea, ?aeeaia, o?ainii?oiua ?anoiaeu,
yenieoaoaoeeiiiua ?anoiaeu, no?aoiaaiea anao oeiia),iaeiae
(ainoaea?noaaiiua e ianoiua), auieaoa i?ioeaioia ii caeiai e e?aaeeoai,
?aiiio e i?ioeeaeoeea, ?anoiaeu ii iiaeaioiaea ia?niiaea, a oaeaea
iaiaeeaeaiiua ?anoiaeu;

Noaiaea?oiue io/ao i i?eaueyo e oauoeao iieacuaaao oeiainiaoth
inouanoaeiinoue iiaiai i?aaei?eyoey. Eniieuecoy i?iaiic i?iaeaae e
niioaaonoaothuea aio i?iecaiaenoaaiiua cao?aou, iiaeaioiaeoue
noaiaea?oiue io/ao i i?eaueyo e oauoeao ii e?aeiae ia?a aeey ia?auo o?ao
eao. I?e yoii i?eaiaeeony iieiue ia?a/aiue aeiiouaiee, naeaeaiiuo i?e
iiaeaioiaea noaiaea?oiiai io/aoa i i?eaueyo e oauoeao. A ?acaeae 10
aecian-ieaia aiinyony ana iniiaiua iiiaiou, eioi?ua iiaoo aeaoue
nieaeaiea i?iaeaae a 20% io i?iaeoe?oaiiai o?iaiy e /oanoaeoaeueiinoue
i?eauee e yoei iiiaioai.

A iaeaieaa iauai aeaea Noaiaea?oiue io/ao i i?eaueyo e oauoeao
aeeth/aao: noieiinoue ?aaeeciaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee, naaanoieiinoue,
aaeiaoth i?eaueue, i?iecaiaenoaaiiua cao?aou, /enoue aeioiae eee oauoee;

Aaeainiaay aaaeiiinoue. Iniiaiia ioee/ea a ninoaaeaiee aaeainiauo
io/aoia ia Caiaaea e a auaoai NNN? ninoiyei a oii, /oi, ai-ia?auo, a
aeoeaiie /anoe ia io?aaeaeenue «iainycaaiua» aeoeau (eie iiaoo auoue:
iaeaaeaiea iaoaioaie, oi?aiauie ia?eaie, ?aiooaoeey oe?iu, oi?ioea
ioiioaiey n ainoaea?noaaiiuie i?aaiaie, eioi?ua iaania/ao ?aaeei
iaeaieueoaai aeaaii?eyonoaiaaiey a aeciana, iiiiiieueiia iieiaeaiea ia
?uiea e o.i.), ai-aoi?uo, a ianneaao a iaoae no?aia ?aiaa ia
i?eaiaeeeanue no?oeoo?a nianoaaiiinoe oe?iu. Nicaeaiea aeoeeiia?iia
iauanoai eee ia?oia?noai, yaeythuaany nianoaaiiinoueth ianeieueeeo eeoe,
o?aaoao aaaaeaiey a aaeain ?acaeaea, io?aaeathuaai no?oeoo?o
nianoaaiiinoe.

Aaeainiaay aaaeiiinoue i?aaenoaaeyao oeiainiaua oneiaey eiiiaiee e
ii?aaeaeaiiie aeaoa. Iia aeaoaeueii iienuaaao yeaiaiou nianoaaiiinoe
eiiiaiee (aeoeau) e aaee/eio iaycaoaeuenoa (iannea). Iia oaeaea
iieacuaaao /enooth noieiinoue eiiiaiee e aa eeeaeaeiinoue
(i?aa?auaaiinoue a iaee/iua aeaiueae). Yoio aeieoiaio iaiaoiaeeii
ninoaaeyoue ia 3-4 aiaea aia?aae;

Aiaeec eanniaiai ieaia. Iaiaoiaeeii aeaoue i?iaiic aeaeaeaiey eanniaie
iaee/iinoe iiiany/ii aeey ia?aiai aiaea iia?aoeee e iieaa?oaeueii, ii
e?aeiae ia?a aeey aeaoo eao, aeaoaeueii auaeaeea aaee/eio e a?aiy
iaeeaeaaiuo i?eoiaea e ?anoiaea iaee/iinoe; ii?aaeaeeoue iio?aaiinoe e
n?iee aeiiieieoaeueiiai oeiaine?iaaiey e oeacaoue iaeneioi iio?aaiinoe a
iai?ioiii eaieoaea; iieacaoue, eaeei ia?acii aeieaeii auoue iieo/aii
aeiiieieoaeueiia oeiaine?iaaiea (/a?ac aeoeeiia?iia oeiaine?iaaiea,
aaieianeea caeiu, ii eeiee e?aoein?i/iiai aaieianeiai e?aaeeoa), ia
eaeeo oneiaeyo, eae aeieaeiu auiea/eaaoueny caaiiua n?aaenoaa.

Oeacuaathony aeiiouaiey ia oneiaeyo ieaoaaeae e?aaeeoi?ai, i ieaie?oaiii
aic?anoaiee ca?ieaou e aiciaa?aaeaeaiee, i i?aaeiieaaaaiii oaaee/aiee
i?i/eo iia?aoeeiiiuo ?anoiaeia, i aeeyiee naciiiuo oa?aeoa?enoee aeciana
ia o?aaiaaiey ii caianai, iai?io caiania a aiae, caeoiee eaieoaeueiiai
iai?oaeiaaiey e o.ae;

Aiaeec aacoauoi/iinoe. Oe?ia e aa ia?oia?o iaiaoiaeeii oi/ii
ii?aaeaeeoue, eaeea cao?aou yaeythony iinoiyiiuie, a eaeea eciaiythony n
eciaiaieai aaee/eiu aeciana. Iiaeii eniieueciaaoue i?inooth oi?ioeo,
aeey ii?aaeaeaiey oi/ee aacoauoi/iinoe:

Oeiainiaua iieacaoaee aeayoaeueiinoe oe?iu. A caeeth/aiea aeaiiiai
?acaeaea neaaeoao aeaoue ioeaieo ii iniiaiui oeiainiaui iieacaoaeyi
aeayoaeueiinoe oe?iu:

*enoue aeioiae e i?iaeaaeai. Yoio iieacaoaeue iieo/aaony aeaeaieai aaoae
i?eauee iinea oieaou iaeiaia ia iauai i?iaeaae ca aiae;

Oaeouee eiyooeoeeaio ninoiyiey aeoeaia e ianneaia oe?iu. Yoi oaeouea
aeoeau aeaeaiiua ia oaeouea iaycaoaeuenoaa. Aieueoeinoai oe?i
?anniao?eaathony eae oeiainiai caei?iaua, eiaaea yoio iieacaoaeue ?aaai
eee auoa 2;

?aioaaaeueiinoue – yoi /enoay i?eaueue, aeaeaiiay ia eiaanoeoeeiiiue
eaieoae).

Caeanue neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi aeey caiaaeiiai ia?oia?a
aeeaaeuaaiea eaieoaea a ?inneeneoth yeiiiieeo yaeyaony ?eneiaaiiui
i?aaei?eyoeai. Ia Caiaaea oaeiai ?iaea aeiaeaiey inouanoaeythony, anee
aica?ao ia eaieoae aoaeao ia iaiueoa 40-60%.

I?aaeeiaeaiey ii o?iaith oeiaine?iaaiey

Yoio ?acaeae aecian-ieaia aeieaeai io?aaeaoue: eiee/anoai aeaiaa,
eioi?ia iio?aaoaony; a?aiy, eiaaea aicieeiao iaiaoiaeeiinoue a ieo, e
eae iie aoaeoo eniieueciaaiu. Iniiauaaynue ia i?iaeoe?oaiii eanniaii
ieaia e ioeaiea oiai, neieueei iio?aaoaony aeaiaa a ia?eiae io 3-o aei
5-oe eao aeey i?iaaaeaiey ?acaeoey eee ?anoe?aiey aeciana, iienuaaaony,
neieueei ec ieo aoaeao iieo/aii io ia?oia?a eee eiaanoi?a e neieueei
aoaeao iieo/aii /a?ac caeiu o ae?oaeo i?aaiecaoeee.

Eiaanoi?u caoioyo ociaoue, eae aoaeao iio?a/ai eaieoae. A /anoiinoe,
eaeia eiee/anoai n?aaenoa aoaeao eniieueciaaii ia IEIE?, iai?oaeiaaiea,
ia?eaoeia e ia iiiieiaiea iai?ioiiai eaieoaea. I?eaaaeeoa ieaiu ?an/aoia
n eiaanoi?aie. Iiiaea ec ieo i/aiue iieiaeeoaeueii ioiinyony e ieaiai
ia?aaiaea I?AAeI?EssOEss a aeoeeiia?iia i?aaei?eyoea, aeoeee eioi?iai
naiaiaeii i?iaeathony e iieoiathony ia oiiaeiaie ae?aea. Yoio ia?aoiae
iiaeao ieaie?iaaoueny /a?ac 5-7 eao.

Auaiaeu

A caeeth/aiea ioaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi i?eaaaeaiiua ?aeiiaiaeaoeee ii
iino?iaieth ?acaeaeia aecian-ieaia ioiinyony e aeinoaoi/ii neiaeiiio
neo/ath eiiiaiee, eioi?ay iaia?aia i?iecaiaeeoue iiaue i?iaeoeo e euao
oeiaine?iaaiey eee ia?oia?ia iiae naie i?iaeo. A ?aaeueiinoe aecian-ieai
oi?aiauo, iin?aaeie/aneeo e iiaeiaiuo ei eiiiaiee e i?iaeoia
ieacuaathony iaiiiai i?iua. A yoeo neo/ayo ia ioaeiu oaeaea ?acaeaeu,
eae ieai i?iecaiaenoaa e aei?aaioea i?iaeoeoa. E?iia oiai, oi?iuaaony e
enneaaeiaaiea, iinayuaiiia aiaeeco ?uiea, e nieaeaaony naycaiiue n yoei
?ene.

A iineaaeiea aiaeu iiyaeeenue eiiiuethoa?iua i?ia?aiiu, eioi?ua
iiiiaatho e ia/eiathuei, e oaea iiuoiui ?oeiaiaeeoaeyi, ninoaaeyoue
aeinoaoi/ii oaaaeeoaeueiua aecian-ieaiu.

A aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa nicaeaiea eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiiai aecian-ieaia iiae
neeo eeoue eiiaiaea i?ioanneiiaeia – eaaeaeiai a naiae iaeanoe
(oi?aaeaiee, oeiainao, ia?eaoeiaa). Ia Caiaea i?e ninoaaeaiee
aecian-ieaiia aeaaea iaaieueoea oe?iu ia?auathony e iei ca
eiinoeueoaoeeae, ?ac?aaioea aea iiaeiaiuo aeieoiaioia a e?oiiuo
eiiiaieyo eaeao oeaeuie ooaaaie, ninoaaeaiiuie ec iiuoiuo niaoeeaeenoia.
Iiuo iieacuaaao, /oi ?anieaoa ca iaea/anoaaiiue aecian-ieai neeoeii
auniea e ia ii?aaaeuaaao nyeiiiieaiiuo i?e aai ninoaaeaiee n?aaenoa.

?AN*AO ?AAEUeIIAI I?IAEOA I?AAIECAOeEE I?AAeI?EssOEss

AECIAN-IEAI

ii i?aaiecaoeee a 1995 aiaeo aeiiieieoaeueiuo ?aai/eo iano aeey
i?iecaiaenoaa oeaaa aunoeo ni?oia

iauanoai n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth

i?iecaiaenoaaiiia i?aaei?eyoea “Noaeea?”

622000, a. Ieaeiee Oaaee, oe. Ia?oiiaiei, 241

?acaeae 1. E?aoeia niaea?aeaiea

1. Iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey aeciana. I?iecaiaenoai e i?iaeaaea oeaaa aunoeo
ni?oia a iee?i?aeiia “THiinoue”. Nicaeaiea auoiaie eio?ano?oeoo?u iiauo
“niaeueiuo” ?aeiiia eaeao iau/ii iaaeeaiiaa eo no?ieoaeuenoaa. Iiyoiio
eniieueciaaiea ano?iaiii-i?eno?iaiiiai iiiauaiey ii oe. Aiaeiaa, 2 aeey
auia/ee e ?aaeecaoeee oeaaa ii oaoiieiaee oe?iu “Aeiea” aoaeao oaeiaiui
e auaiaeiui aeey aeeoaeae iee?i?aeiia. I?aeiouanoaa ianoiiieiaeaiey
iaaaceia aeaeaao iao aecian i?eaueueiui e ia?niaeoeaiui.

2. Iiyaeaiea aua iaeiiai, oioy e n?aaieoaeueii iaaieueoiai,
i?iecaiaeeoaey oeaaa iicaieeo a iaeioi?ie ia?a oeo/oeoue niaaaeaiea
aeeoaeae Aeca?aeeineiai ?aeiia aeaiiui aeaeii i?iaeoeoeee. Iieiaeaiea,
neiaeeaoaany ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue, oa?aeoa?ecoaony eae
iaoaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiia.

E?iia i?iaeai niaaaeaiey eae oaeiauo, a i?aaeaeao Aeca?aeeineiai ?aeiia
nouanoaoao na?ueaciay ia?aaiiia?iinoue a ?aniieiaeaiee i?iaeoeoiauo
iaaaceiia, oi?aothueo oeaaii. AEeoaeyi iee?i?aeiia “THiinoue”
i?eoiaeeony o?aoeoue ianno a?aiaie ia iieoieo i?iaeoeoia a ioaeaeaiiuo
oi?aiauo oi/eao. Ii?aaeaeaiea aieinoe ?uiea iieacuaaao, /oi ?aaeecaoeey
oeaaa a iauaia, caieaie?iaaiiii aecian-ieaiii, ia ninoaaeo o?oaea.

3. Enneaaeiaaiey e aiaeec ?uiea iieacuaatho, /oi iniiaiuie iioeaaie
iieoiee oeaaa aunoaai ni?oa yaeythony ea/anoai, no?aieaiea ethaeae e
caei?iaiio ia?aco aeecie e oaeianoai ?aniieiaeaiey iaaaceia. Ana yoi
iiaeao i?aaeeiaeeoue aeeoaeyi iee?i?aeiia “THiinoue” nicaeaaaaiia
i?aaei?eyoea ii auioneo e ?aaeecaoeee oeaaa aunoaai ni?oa, ia/aei
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey eioi?iai iaia/aaony ia ieoya?ue 1995 aiaea.
I?iaaaeaiea i?eaeiaeueiie ?aeeaiiie eaiiaiee yaeyaony caeiaii oniaoiiai
auoiaea ia ?uiie, auno?ie eioi?ie?iaaiiinoe iieoiaoaeae e onoie/eaiai
ni?ina.

4. Iauay noiia cao?ao ii aeaiiiio i?iaeoo ninoaaeo 133560 oun. ?oaeae.
I?e yoii i?eaeaeaaiua a ea/anoaa oeiainiaie iiiiue oeaio?a caiyoinoe ia
aacaica?aoiie iniiaa – 52800 oun.?oa. ia i?eia?aoaiea iieiiai eiiieaena
iai?oaeiaaiey aeey nicaeaiey 10 ?aai/eo iano ninoaayo 35% anaai iauaia
eiaanoeoeee. Inoaeueiua 80860 oun.?oa., ninoaaeythuea 65% cao?ao aoaeoo
caaeaenoaiaaiu ec nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa i?aaei?eyoey “Noaeea?”. ?an/aou
iieacuatho aunieoth ?aioaaaeueiinoue i?iaeoa, n?ie ieoiaaiinoe eioi?iai
ninoaaeo 20 ianyoeaa.

5. Inouanoaeaiea aeaiiiai aecian-ieaia iicaieeo i?aaieciaaoue 10 iiauo
?aai/eo iano aeey o?oaeiono?ienoaa ii iai?aaeaieyi oeaio?a caiyoinoe
aac?aaioiuo ii eaoaai?eyi eiaaeeaeia, aeaiuei, auioaeaeaiiuo
ia?anaeaioeaa e iieiaeaaee aei 18 eao.

?acaeae 2. Iienaiea io?anee e nicaeaaaaiiai i?aaei?eyoey

1. Iienaiea io?anee. Iaeiie ec oaeeo oa?aeoa?iuo iniaaiiinoae
Aeca?aeeineiai ?aeiia yaeythony /anoua ia?aaie a niaaaeaiee
oeaai-aoei/iuie ecaeaeeyie. A iaiiiai/eneaiiuo iaaaceiao oeaa
?aneoiaaony iiiaioaeueii, aai i?inoi iaaiciiaeii eoieoue a /anu iee, oi
anoue a oi a?aiy, eiaaea aieueoeinoai ethaeae aica?auaaony n ?aaiou.

Aeca?aeeineee ?aeii ian/eouaaao 4 niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo oeaaiuo iaaaceia e
16 oeaaiuo ioaeaeia a i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiuo iaaaceiao. Iinoaaea oeaaa
eaeao n oeaaicaaiaea ?5 ia Aaaiiea, a oeaaiaoei/iua ecaeaeey a
anni?oeiaioa iinooiatho ec ai?iaea n oeaaicaaiaea ?3.

2. Nicaeaaaaiia i?aaei?eyoea. Aecian-ieai i?aaeoniao?eaaao ?aciauaiea a
iaeiiyoaaeiii ano?iaiii-i?eno?iaiiii iiiauaiee n iauae ieiuaaeueth 162.4
ea.i. caeii/aiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa oeaaa aunoeo ni?oia ii oaoiieiaee e n
eniieueciaaieai iai?oaeiaaiey oe?iu “Aeiea”. Oai aea aoaeao iaeaaeaia
?aaeecaoeey ai?y/aai oeaaa iieoiaoaeyi, e?iia oiai iiaeii aoaeao
iai?aaeyoue aai a ae?oaea iaaaceiu ?aeiia.

Iaaa?iyea aeey aeeoaeae iee?i?aeiia “THiinoue” aoaeao i/aiue oaeiaiui
iieoiaoue oeaa a iaiin?aaenoaaiiie aeecinoe io naieo aeiiia, a oi a?aiy
eae ?aiueoa ei i?eoiaeeeinue o?aoeoue ia aai iieoieo ianno a?aiaie.
Iiyaeaiea iiaiai iaaaceia a naiii oeaio?a aonoicanaeaiiiai ?aeiia ia
inoaiaony iacaia/aiiui e iaaeinoaoea a iieoiaoaeyo ia i?aaeaeaeeony.

E?iia iainii?eiie auaiaeu iieiaeaiey iaaaceia ae?oaei i/aiue
nouanoaaiiui aeinoieinoaii yaeyaony ea/anoai naiiai oeaaa. A nia?aiaiiii
iauanoaa i/aiue neeueiu iioeau yeieiae/aneie aaciianiinoe, iio?aaeoaee
ioaeatho naie i?aaeii/oaiey iaoo?aeueiui i?iaeoeoai, i?e yoii ea/anoai
iaoaai oeaaa eae iaeuecy eo/oa niioaaonoaoao iiaeiaiui iano?iaieyi.
I?aeoe/anee ethaie /aeiaae, no?aiyueeny e caei?iaiio ia?aco aeecie,
i?aaeii/oao oeaa aunoaai ea/anoaa aeaaea i?e aieaa aunieie oeaia.

Ii ioeaieai naieo iieoiaoaeae, iauai iio?aaeaiey oeaaa ?anoao a
caaeneiinoe io aai ea/anoaa. Anee naiuey ec o?ao /aeiaae iieoiaea a
iaaeaeth a n?aaeiai 5-6 aooaiie oeaaa iau/iiai ea/anoaa, oi oeaaa
aunoaai ni?oa ae iaiaoiaeeii 9-10 aooaiie. Iauynieoue yoi iiaeii,
iai?eia?, oai, /oi oeaa aunoaai ea/anoaa oi?ioi iiaeoiaeeo eae aeey
ia?auo aethae, oae e aeey /aaieoey.

3. No?aoaaey auoiaea ia ?uiie e ?inoa iauaiia i?iaeaae. Eeth/aauie
oaeoi?aie oniaoa i?aaeeaaaaiiai i?iaeoa yaeythony:

Oaeiaiia ianoiiieiaeaiea a oeaio?a aonoicanaeaiiiai iee?i?aeiia.

I?e yoii a ?aeiia i?iaeieaeaaony no?ieoaeuenoai aeeeuo aeiiia, /oi
aeaeaao ?acaeoea eio?ano?oeoo?u ia?niaeoeaiui aeaeii. ?ino iio?aaiinoe
aoaeao nii?iaiaeaeaoueny ?inoii iauaia i?iecaiaenoaa e i?iaeaaee.

Aunieia ea/anoai i?iaeoeoeee. Ethaee, iieoiaaoea ?aiaa iau/iua ni?oa
oeaaa, i?e aiciiaeiinoe auaa?oo oeaa aunoaai ni?oa e noaioo iaoeie
iinoiyiiuie iieoiaoaeyie.

Iaaunieay ?acieoea a oeaia a n?aaiaiee n oeaaii iau/iiai ea/anoaa,
eioi?ay ia aoaeao i?aauoaoue 15 i?ioeaioia;

Oe?ieay ecaanoiinoue ia?ee «Aeiea», eioi?ay iaania/eaaaony ?aeeaiie ii
oeaio?aeueiiio oaeaaeaeaieth;

Oceay iai?aaeaiiinoue ?aeeaiiie eaiiaiee, ?ann/eoaiiay a iniiaiii ia
aeeoaeae iee?i?aeiia «THiinoue» e, a ianeieueei iaiueoae noaiaie, ia
inoaeueiuo aeeoaeae Aaaiiee. Eiaao naie i?aeiouanoaa e iaaeinoaoee.
I?aeiouanoai – iauaiea n oceei e?oaii iioaioeeaeueiuo iio?aaeoaeae ia
iio?aaoao cia/eoaeueiuo cao?ao. Iaaeinoaoie – ia?aoeeiiaeueiinoue, a
iioiio iaaiciiaeiinoue eniieueciaaiey n?aaenoa ianniaie eioi?iaoeee i?e
iauaiee n oceei e?oaii iio?aaeoaeae;

Ieaie?oaony ?anoe?aiea oneoa iaaaceia aeey i?eaea/aiey aieueoaai iauaia
iinaoeoaeae. A oii aea iiiauaiee iiaeii ?acianoeoue ieoeoea?eth, a
oaeaea ?anoe?eoue anni?oeiaio i?aaeeaaaaiuo oiaa?ia.

?acaeae 3. Enneaaeiaaiey e aiaeec ?uiea

I?aaei?eyoea, e niaeaeaieth, ia ?aniieaaaao ?acoeueoaoaie eaeeo-eeai
eiiieaeniuo ia?eaoeiaiauo enneaaeiaaiee ii aeaiiie i?iaeaia. Oaeei
ia?acii, aiaeec ?uiea aoaeao iino?iai ia iniiaa neaaeothueo iaoiaeia:

Iaoiae yenia?oiuo ioeaiie. A ea/anoaa yenia?oia aunooiatho ?aaioieee
i?aaei?eyoee ii oi?aiaea oeaaii;

Iaoiae iaaethaeaiey. Iaaethaeaiey ca i?ioeannii iieoiie;

Iaoi?iaeeciaaiiua eioa?aueth n iieoiaoaeyie oeaaa aunoaai ni?oa;

Iaoiae n?aaiaiey. N?aaiaiea oaiaeaioeee iauaia i?iecaiaenoaa
oeaaicaaiaea e aeeiaieee eciaiaiey ianaeaiey ?aeiia.

Iaoiae aiaeeca a?aiaiiuo ?yaeia. N?aaiaiea aeeiaieee ?inoa oeai ia oeaa,
naaanoieiinoe, i?eauee, ?inoa ianaeaiey Aeca?aeeineiai ?aeiia e iauaia
auionea oeaaa ia aaaiineii oeaaicaaiaea.

Aeey aiaeeca aoaeao eniieueciaaoueny aoi?e/iay eioi?iaoeey, iieo/aiiay
ia oeaaicaaiaea ?5, a ai?iaeneii noaoenoe/aneii oi?aaeaiee,
aaeieieno?aoeee Aeca?aeeineiai ?aeiia.

1. Oa?aeoa?enoeea iio?aaeoaeae. N?aaiaiea iaaethaeaiee ca i?ioeannii
iieoiie iau/iiai oeaaa e oeaaa aunoaai ni?oa eeethno?e?otho neaaeothuea
oaeou:

Iieoiaoaeyie oeaaa aunoaai ni?oa ia yaeythony eneeth/eoaeueii
aunieiiaania/aiiua ethaee. Iai?ioea, n?aaee iieoiaoaeae iiiai ethaeae
iaineiiiiai aic?anoa. Ii auneacuaaieyi i?iaeaaoeia, iiaeeeua ethaee,
iaeiaaeaeu ia?aeeth/eaoenue ia iieoieo oeaaa aunoaai ni?oa noa?athony
aeaeaoue ?aaoey?iua iieoiee a oii aea ianoa;

Iieoiee oeaaa aunoaai ni?oa o ethaeae iieiaeiai e n?aaeiaai aic?a-oa
/aua anaai iinyo eiioeueniue oa?aeoa?, iie ianeieueei ?aaea

noaiiayony iinoiyiiuie iieoiaoaeyie, ii eo yia?aey, n?aaenoaa e
niioaaonoaothuaa naiaeiia iieiaeaiea iicaieytho aeaeaoue aieaa
cia/eoaeueiua iieoiee;

N?aaee iieoiaoaeae oeaaa aunoaai ni?oa e?aeia ?aaeei ano?a/athony
ia?yoeeaua ethaee, aiaoiee aeae eioi?uo aiai?eo i cia/eoaeueiii iiuoa
oiio?aaeaiey nie?oiuo iaieoeia. I/aaeaeii, /oi aeey yoie eaoaai?ee
iieoiaoaeae ea/anoai oeaaa aunoaai ni?oa ia yaeyaony ?aoathuae
ninoaaeythuae o?aiacu.

?acaiai?u n iieoiaoaeyie oeaaa aunoaai ni?oa iicaieytho auaeaeeoue
ianeieueei iniiaiuo a?oii iioeaia iieoiie:

aunieia ea/anoai – ioia/atho i?eia?ii 60 i?ioeaioia iieoiaoaeae;

oaeianoai niaa?oaiey iieoiee (ii iooe aeiiie, ?yaeii n aeiiii eee
?aaioie) – neoaeeo iioeaii i?eia?ii aeey 30 i?ioeaioia iieoiaoaeae oeaaa
aunoaai ni?oa;

neo/aeiay iieoiea (oae ieii, oaeaeae, eoiee) e ae?oaea i?e/eiu –
ioia/atho inoaeueiua 10 i?ioeaioia.

2. Ninoiyiea ?uiea e oaiaeaioeee ?acaeoey. Eae oaea oeacuaaeinue auoa,
iinoaaea oeaaa a Aeca?aeeineee ?aeii i?iecaiaeeony n oeaaicaaiaea ?5.
?anniio?ei oi, eae oniaoii oaeiaeaoai?ythony o?aaiaaiey iieoiaoaeae.

?enoiie 3 ?anniao?eaaao niioiioaiea aeeiaieee iauaia i?iecaiaenoaa ia
oeaaicaaiaea ?5. ?enoiie 4 iieacuaaao aeeiaieeo eciaiaiey /eneaiiinoe
ianaeaiey Aeca?aeeineiai ?aeiia e iee?i?aeiia «THiinoue». Aeaeii, /oi
oaiaeaioeey nieaeaiey iauaia i?iecaiaenoaa a oeaeii niioaaonoaoao oaiiai
nieaeaiey ianaeaiey Aeca?aeeineiai ?aeiia, iaeiaei ?ino ianaeaiey
iee?i?aeiia «THiinoue» iicaieyao aeaeaoue auaiaeu i ianiioaaonoaee
iauaia auionea oeaaa e iauaia iio?aaiinoe. Oaeei ia?acii, i/aaeaeiay
ia?aaiiia?iinoue iiaeao auoue eni?aaeaia iooai nicaeaiey a oeaio?a
iee?i?aeiia «THiinoue» i?aaei?eyoey ii oi?aiaea oeaaii «Aeiea».

Ia?eiae Aiaeiaie iauai auionea oeaaa, oiii

1991 21345,2

1992 20132,1

1993 19779,8

1994 19225,6

?en. 3.Aeeiaieea iauaia i?iecaiaenoaa oeaaa ia oeaaicaaiaea N5

Ia?eiae Eciaiaiea /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey Aeca?aeeineiai ?aeiia, oun. /ae
Eciaiaiea /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey iee?i?aeiia «THiinoue», oun. /ae

01,1991 147,2 17

01,1992 143,5 23

01,1993 141,3 31

01,1994 137,6 37

?en. 4. Aeeiaieea eciaiaiey /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey

Aiaeec aaia?aoe/aneiai ?aniieiaeaiey oi?aiauo oi/ae iieacuaaao, /oi
oa??eoi?ey a naiii oeaio?a iee?i?aeiia “THiinoue” ia caiyoa ae?oaeie
i?iaeaaoeaie oeaaa, eiieo?aioeeth iiaeao ninoaaeoue oieueei iaaacei
“Oieaa?nai” ?aniieiaeaiiue ?yaeii n aannaeiii.

3. Ioeaiea ?uiea e iauaia i?iaeaae. A ea/anoaa ioeaiee ?uiea ?anniio?ei
iio?aaiinoue a oeaaa aeey iee?i?aeiia “THiinoue”. Anaai ca nooee
oeaaicaaiae ?5 Aeca?aeeineiai ?aeiia auioneaao ca nooee 14 oiii oeaaa, a
oii /enea 6 oiii aaeiai e 8 oiii /a?iiai. Auione oeaaa ae?oaeie
i?icaiaeeoaeyie (iaea?ie, noieiaua, eaoa e i?i/ea) ioeaieaaaony i?eia?ii
2 oiiiaie a aeaiue. E?iia yoiai, 1.5 oiiiu oeaaiaoei/iuo ecaeaeee a
anni?oeiaioa iinooiaao ec ai?iaeneiai oeaaicaaiaea ?3. Oaeei ia?acii, ia
iaeiiai ec 137600 aeeoaeae Aeca?aeeineiai ?aeiia a aeaiue i?eoiaeeony
neaaeothuaa eiee/anoai oeaaa, a eeeia?aiiao:

17500/137600=0.127

Ia o?aaoaony n?aaiaiey n iaaeeoeeineie ii?iie iio?aaeaiey, /oiau
naeaeaoue auaiae i yaiii ionoaaaiee i?iecaiaenoaa io iio?aaiinoae.
I/aaeaeii, /oi aeaiiua, eioi?uie iu ?aniieaaaai aeey aiaeeca ia
io?aaeatho anae iieiiou ea?oeiu, ii iaaeinoaoie oeaaa a Aeca?aeeineii
?aeiia inoaaony oaeoii.

Ainiieuecoainy aeaeaa iieo/aiiui iieacaoaeai e auyniei iio?aaiinoue a
oeaaa aeey aeeoaeae iee?i?aeiia “THiinoue”, /eneaiiinoue eioi?uo ia
01.95 ninoaaeyea 37000 /aeiaae:

37000*0.127=4699

Oaeei ia?acii, aaeaaeiaaiay iio?aaiinoue a oeaaa iee?i?aeiia “THiinoue”
ninoaaeea i?eia?ii 4.7 oiiiu. N?aaiei yoi n iaia/aaiui i?iecaiaenoaii
oeaaa ii aeaiiiio aecian-ieaio. I?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue eeiee “Aeiea”
ninoaaeyao 84 ea a /an, /oi i?e 12 /anao aaeaaeiaaii ninoaaeo 1.008
oiiiu oeaaa. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, aieinoue ?uiea a /aou?a ?aca aieueoa
iauaia i?iecaiaenoaa, /oi yaeyaony iniiaaieai aeey oniaoiiai nauoa
i?iaeoeoeee.

Ia iniiaaiee iaoa?eaea, ?anniio?aiiiai a aeaiiii ?acaeaea, iiaeii
naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi ?aaeecaoeey oeaaa ia i?eianao cao?oaeiaiee. A oi
aea a?aiy inoaaony aiciiaeiui ?ino iauaia i?iecaiaenoaa ca n/ao
oaaee/aiey a?aiaie ?aaiou iai?oaeiaaiey e niaiiie ?aaiou ia?niiaea.

?acaeae 4. Ieai i?iecaiaenoaa

E iiiaioo ?ac?aaioee i?iaeoa auiieiaiu ooiaeaiaiou e inouanoaeaii
aicaaaeaiea ei?iaee caeaiey. I?aaei?eyoea «Noaeea?» ia eiieo?niie iniiaa
/a?ac eiieoao ii oi?aaeaieth eiouanoaii ai?iaea i?eaaoece?iaaei
iacaaa?oaiiue no?ieoaeuenoaii iauaeo n iieaoie noieiinoe a ?acia?a
11.500.000 ?oaeae.

A oeaeyo inouanoaeaiey i?iaeoa i?aaeiieaaaaony ioei??aeoe?iaaoue ?aai/ea
/a?oaaee, caeii/eoue no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiua ?aaiou, auiieieoue
ioaeaei/iua ?aaiou e aeaaiono?ienoai oa??eoi?ee, i?eia?anoe iaiaoiaeeiia
oaoiieiae/aneia iai?oaeiaaiea, onoaiiaeoue aai, i?iecaanoe iaeaaeeo,
oeiiieaeoiaaoue ooaou e i?aaieciaaoue i?iecaiaenoai e ?aaeecaoeeth oeaaa
a aeaiiii iiiauaiee e ae?oaeo oi?aiauo oi/eao Aeca?aeeineiai ?aeiia.

1. Eaieoaeueiua cao?aou e n?iee auiieiaiey ?aaio. ?aaeecaoeey aeaiiiai
aecian-ieaia aiciiaeia a neaaeothuea n?iee:

ei??aeoe?iaea «Oaaeea?oi?iaeo» i?iaeoii-niaoiie aeieoiaioaoeee niaeanii
aeiaiai?a N424/7I-132 io 7 aeaeaa?y 1994 aiaea – aeaeaa?ue 1994
aiaea-oaa?aeue 1995 aiaea;

ieii/aiea no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiuo, auiieiaiea ioaeaei/iuo e
aea-aiono?ieoaeueiuo ?aaio – ia?o-naioya?ue 1995 aiaea (aeiaiai? n AeNE
iiaeao auoue ioi?ieai iinea iieo/aiey i?iaeoiie aeieoiaioaoeee);

i?eia?aoaiea eiiieaeoa iai?oaeiaaiey a aeoeeiia?iii iauanoaa
«Aei-ea-oeaa» a. Oieueyooe n iinoaaeie a I eaa?oaea 1995 aiaea (i?e
auaeaeaiee n?aaenoa ii aecian-ieaio);

ia/aei auia/ee e i?iaeaaee oeaaa – ieoya?ue 1995 aiaea.

Eaieoaeueiua cao?aou ia nicaeaiea ieie-iaea?ie n iiauie ?aai/eie
ianoaie neeaaeuaathony ec neaaeothuaai:

– iieaoa “Oaaeea?oi?iaeoo” ca ?aai/ea /a?oaaee – 11070000 ?oa.

– iieaoa i?eaaoece?oaiiai iaaeino?iaiiiai iiiauaiey – 11500000 ?oa.

– iieaoa eiiieaeoa oaoiieiae/aneiai iai?oaeiaaiey AI “Aeiea-oeaa” –
52800000 ?oa.

– noieiinoue no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiuo e ioaeaei/iuo

?aaio ii iiiauaieth (aeino?ieee) – 53330000 ?oa.

– i?eia?aoaiea eeoeaicee e ?aeeaiiie ao?eaooeee AI “Aeiea-oeaa” –
4960000 ?oa.

Iauea cao?aou ii aecian-ieaio ninoaayo – 133660000 ?oa.

2. Oaoiieiaey i?iecaiaenoaa e iai?oaeiaaiea. Eiiieaeo iniiaiiai
iai?oaeiaaiey aeey ieie-iaea?ie oe?iu “Aeiea-oeaa” iaania/eaaao
auiieiaiea iieiiai eiiieaena oaoiieiae/aneeo iia?aoeee ii i?iecaiaenoao
oeaaa aunoeo ni?oia a aooaieao ii 750 a?aii.

A ninoaa eiiieaeoa iai?oaeiaaiey eeiee aoiaeyo:

Ia/ue oeaaiiaea?iay aeaooiiaeoeueiay, iiuiinoue iaeiiai iiaeoey – 19
eAo//an – 1 oo

Oeao ?anoia/iue aeaoonaeoeeiiiue, iiuiinoue – 2 eAo//an – 1 oo

Oanoiianeeueiay iaoeia – 1 oo

I?inaeaaoaeue ioee, i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue 1500 ea//an – 1 oo

Oi?iu ?7 aeey auia/ee oeaaa – 224 oo

Oe?iaiiua oi?iu – 24 eannaou ii 6 oi?i – 1 oo

Eenou aeey iiaeiauo ecaeaeee (aeaieiie eiiieaeo) – 16 oo

Oaeaaeea ?annoia/iay – 2 oo

Aeaaee – 2 oo

Oaeaaeea aeey iaoeia – 1 oo

Noie i?iecaiaenoaaiiue – 1 oo

Eioee aeey aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee (eiiieaeo – 14 oo) – 1 oo

Iiaenoaaea iiae ia/ue – 1 oo

Ciio auoyaeiie – 1 oo

Ueo ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiue – 1 oo

Ianei ?aniueeoaeue – 1 oo

Noieiinoue i?eia?aoaiey eeiee ii i?iecaiaenoao oeaaa a AI “Aeiea-oeaa”
a. Oieueyooe ninoaaeyao 52.800.000 ?oaeae. Aeey iaania/aiey
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey i?iecaiaenoaa iaiaoiaeeii i?eiaiaiea o?oaea 10
/aeiaae. Aoaeao nicaeaii 5 ?aai/ee iano ii niaoeeaeueiinoe iaea?y, 1
?aai/aa ianoi ii niaoeeaeueiinoe i?iaeaaoea-eanne?a, 1 aiaeeoaey iaoeiu
e 3 a?oc/eeia.

I?e i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe eeiee a /an ii 84 ea oeaaa iio?aaiinoue a
enoiaeiuo i?iaeoeoao ninoaaeo:

ioea aunoeo ni?oia ioaie/iay 61.25 ea//an

ae?iaeaee i?anniaaiiua 0.92 ea//an

nieue 0.84 ea//an

aiaea ieoueaaay 36.10 e//an

ianei ?anoeoaeueiia 0.10 e//an

oeo/oeoaeue AEE 0.43 ea//an

Ana yoe i?iaeoeou iauaaeinooiiu aeey i?eia?aoaiey a ?acia?ao, o?aaoaiuo
aeey iai?a?uaiie ?aaiou ieie-iaea?ie.

?acaeae 5. I?iecaiaenoaaiiua ?anoiaeu e i?eaueue

1. ?an/ao i?eauee. ?an/ao i?eaaaeai ia 1 /an ?aaiou eeiee i?e iany/iii
/aniaii oiiaea ?aaiou iai?oaeiaaiey, ?aaiii 360 /ania (30 aeiae ii 12
/ania):

– Noieiinoue ?anoiaea yeaeo?iyia?aee ca 1 /an 40 eAo * 64 ?oa 2600 ?oa

– Iaoa?eaeueiua cao?aou:

ioea a/n ioaie/iay 36750 ?oa

ae?iaeaee i?anniaaiiua 3220 ?oa

nieue 420 ?oa

aiaea ieoueaaay 97 ?oa

ianei ?anoeoaeueiia 260 ?oa

oeo/oeoaeue AEE 1940 ?oa

– Oiiae iieaou o?oaea 10 /ae. ca 1 /an 14400 ?oa

– Io/eneaiey ia nioeeaeueiia no?aoiaaiea (40% io OIO) 5760 ?oa

– ?anoiaeu ia o?ainii?o 1000 ?oa

EOIAI i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ?anoiaeia 67865 ?oa

Naaanoieiinoue iaeiie aooaiee oeaaa aunoaai ni?oa 750 a i?e auionea ca
/an 112 oo ninoaaeo: 67865/112=606 ?oaeae

Ia iniiaa yoeo aeaiiuo i?iecaaaeai ?an/ao i?eauee:

ieaiiaay i?eaueue 40% 242 ?oa

?icie/iay oeaia 1 aooaiee n o/aoii IAeN 10% 932 ?oa

i?eaueue ca 1 /an ?aaiou eeiee 27104 ?oa

io/eneaiey a athaeaeao n iaeiaa ia i?eaueue 36% 9486 ?oa

/enoay i?eaueue ca 1 /an ?aaiou 17618 ?oa

i?eaueue ca 12-/aniaoth niaio 211416 ?oa

aiaeiaay i?eaueue 76109760 ?oa

2. ?an/ao ?aioaaaeueiinoe. Ii?aaeaeei ?aioaaaeueiinoue eae ioiioaiea
aiaeiaie i?eauee e ?acia?o eaieoaeueiuo cao?ao:

76109760/133660000=0.56

N?ie ieoiaaiinoe eiaanoeoeee ninoaaeo, a aiaeao:

133660000/76109760=1.7

Oaeei ia?acii, ?aioaaaeueiinoue nicaeaaaaiiai i?aaei?eyoey ninoaaeo
56%, a n?ie ieoiaaiinoe eiaanoeoeee ieiei 20 ianyoeaa. Iaaei ioiaoeoue,
/oi ?aioaaaeueiinoue oeaaicaaiaea ?5 ninoaaeyao 15%, eioi?ay iaia?aiii
ia?aie/eaaaony iin?aaenoaii ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. A iaoai
neo/aa iieiaeeoaeueiui oaeoi?ii yaeyaony ionoonoaea iin?aaeieea a eeoea
oi?aiauo i?aaiecaoeee, /a?ac eioi?ua iau/ii eaeao i?iaeaaea oeaaa.

?acaeae 6. Ieai ia?eaoeiaa

1. Iauay no?aoaaey ia?eaoeiaa. ?anniio?aiea aii?inia ia?eaoeiaa,
naycaiiuo n ooieoeeiie?iaaieai ieie-iaea?ie ia/iai n iienaiey oiaa?a.

Eeanne/aneay noaia o?ao o?iaiae oiaa?a, i?aaenoaaeythuay n?aaiaiea iaoa
ai oiaa?a e oiaa?a eiieo?aioia iieacaia ia ?enoieao 5 e 6.

?en. 5.Oiaa? ieie-iaea?ie

?en. 6.Oiaa? eiieo?aioia

N?aaiaiea oiaa?ia iieacuaaao iaee/ea i?aeiouanoa ieie-iaea?ie
«Aeiea-oeaa», eae a naieo oa?aeoa?enoeeao oeaaa, oae e a iaee/ee
aeiiieieoaeueiuo auaiae.

?anniio?ei aeaeaa naaiaioe?iaaiea ?uiea ii oa?aeoa?enoeeai
oeaia-ea/anoai, eioi?ua i?eaaaeaiu ia ?enoiea 7. Aeaiiue ?enoiie
iieacuaaao iaee/ea naiaiaeiiai naaiaioa oeaaa aunieiai ea/anoaa, eioi?ue
ianeieueei aei?iaea iau/iiai oeaaa e i?eia?ii ?aaai oeaia oeaaiaoei/iuo
ecaeaeee a anni?oeiaioa.

?en. 7. Noaia naaiaioe?iaaiey ?uiea oeaaiie i?iaeoeoeee

Oaeei ia?acii, iauoth no?aoaaeth ia?eaoeiaa nicaeaaaaiiai i?aaei?eyoey
iiaeii noi?ioee?iaaoue eae aiaae?aiea ia ?uiie n oeaeueth
oaeiaeaoai?aiey iio?aaiinoae iieoiaoaeae a aunieiea/anoaaiiie oeaaiie
i?iaeoeoeee a iaiin?aaenoaaiiie aeecinoe io iano eo i?iaeeaaiey.

2. No?aoaaey oeaiiia?aciaaiey. No?aoaaey oeaiiia?aciaaiey ia
auioneaaioth i?iaeoeoeeth ii?aaeaeyaony eae ecaea?aeee iethn i?eaueue.
?anniio?ei ii?yaeie en/eneaiey oeai a n?aaiaiee n oeaaicaaiaeii ?5 ec
?an/aoa ia oiiio oeaaa a oeaiao ia ai?aeue ianyoe. N?aaiaiea
oeaiiia?aciaaiey i?eaaaeaii a oaaeeoea 4.

Oaaeeoea 4

N?aaiaiea no?aoaaee oeaiiia?aciaaiey

Yoai oeaiiia?aciaaiey Oeaaicaaiae N5, ?oaeae Ieie-iaea?iy, ?oaeae

Cao?aou ia i?iecaiaenoai 1054474.0 1143553.0

I?eaueue 158171.1 457421.2

IAeN e niaoeiaeia (11.5%) 139454.2 184112.0

Iae?ooea iaaaceia (25%) 338024.8 —

I?iaeaaeiay oeaia 1690124.1 1785086.2

?icie/iay oeaia 1 aooaiee oeaaa (a caaeneiinoe io noieiinoe ioee) 1200 –
1300 1300 – 1400

Neeueiua noi?iiu oiaa?a Aeaaii?eyoiua oaeoi?u neooaoeee

– aunieia ea/anoai, eioi?ia a aeinoaoi/iie noaiaie iie?uaaao ?acieoeo a
oeaia;

– oeaa anaaaea ai?y/ee e naaaeee;

– caaioa i caei?iauea iieoiaoaeae;

– oi?ioay ecaanoiinoue ia?ee «Aeiea».

– oaeiaiia ?aniieiaeaiea;

– iiaue auno?i?anoouee ?aeii;

– o?oaeiinoe a niaaaeaiee oeaaii;

– naiaiaeiue ?uii/iue naaiaio;

– oceay iai?aaeaiiinoue iauaiey iaoneaaeeaaao ieceoth noieiinoue.

Neaaua noi?iiu oiaa?a Iaaeaaii?eyoiua oaeoi?u neooaoeee

– oeaia ianeieueei auoa, /ai ia oeaa iau/iiai ea/anoaa;

– iiaecia oiaa?a o?aaoao nia/aea i?eaea/aiey i?enoaeueiiai aieiaiey
iieoiaoaeae. – ia?aie/aiiinoue aeeyiey NIE a ?aeiia,

– oceay iai?aaeaiiinoue iauaiey;

– aunieay /oanoaeoaeueiinoue iio?aaeoaeae e oeaiai.

?en. 8. Noaia SWOT-aiaeeca neooaoeee

I?e ?ani?ino?aiaiee i?iaeoeoeee oeaaicaaiaea /anoue eiia/iie oeaiu
oi?ie?oaony eae oi?aiaay iaaeaaaea iaaaceia, e?iia oiai ainoaea?noaaiiia
?aaoee?iaaiea iaoneaaeeaaao ieceoth ?aioaaaeueiinoue oeaaicaaiaea,
ninoaaeythuoth 15 i?ioeaioia. Ionoonoaea iin?aaeieea i?e oi?aiaea oeaaii
ieie-iaea?ie aeaeaao aiciiaeiui iieo/aiea aunieie i?eauee e
?aioaaaeueiinoue ninoaaeo 40 i?ioeaioia.

3. Oaeoeea ii ?aaeecaoeee. I?iaeaaea ai?y/aai oeaaa iieoiaoaeyi aoaeao
i?iecaiaeeoueny a oii aea iiiauaiee, aaea iaoiaeeony iaea?iy. Yoi aoaeao
iaaeyaeiui iiaeoaa?aeaeaieai ea/anoaa i?iaeoeoeee e ia iio?aaoao
aeiiieieoaeueiuo cao?ao ia ?acaic oeaaa ii ae?oaei oi?aiaui oi/eai. A
neo/aa, anee iauai i?iaeaae aoaeao cia/eoaeueii ieaea i?iecaiaenoaa, oi
iiaeii iai?aaeyoue oeaa aeey ?aaeecaoeee a iaaaceiu Aeca?aeeineiai
?aeiia.

4. ?aeeaia e i?iaeaeaeaiea. Aeey i?eaea/aiey e iaoaio iaaaceio
iioaioeeaeueiuo iieoiaoaeae i?aaeeaaaaony ?aaeecaoeey neaaeothuaai
eiiioieeaoeaiiai ieaia.

Aiaeec neooaoeee. ?enoiie 8 noaiaoe/ii oa?aeoa?ecoao nouanoaothuoth
neooaoeeth a iiceoeee neeueiuo e neaauo noi?ii i?aaeeaaaaiiai oiaa?a,
aeaaii?eyoiuo e iaaeaaii?eyoiuo oaeoi?ia.

Ii?aaeaeaiea ia?eaoeiaiauo oeaeae. A ea/anoaa oeaee ia ia?aua iieaiaea
?aaiou iaea?ie ii?aaeaeei onoie/eaue nauo anae i?iaeoeoeee a ?acia?ao,
ii?aaeaeaiiuo ?acaeaeii 4 ianoiyuaai ieaia, o.a. 1008 ea oeaaa a aeaiue.
E?iia yoiai iaiaoiaeeii i?aeoe/anee ioeaieoue aiciiaeiinoe ?anoe?aiey
aeciana;

Oeaeaaay aoaeeoi?ey e aa?eaiou iaeeaeaaiiai iiaaaeaiey. Oneoae iaea?ie
i?eaioe?iaaiu, a iniiaiii, ia aeeoaeae iee?i?aeiia «THiinoue».
?aaeecaoeey ieaia iauaiey iai?aaeaia ia niaa?oaiea ?aaoey?iuo iieoiie
oeaaa aunoaai ni?oa a iaoai iaaaceia e ioeac io i?aaeieo iano iieoiie;

Auai? n?aaenoa iauaiey. Iniiaiie e?eoa?eai n?aaenoaa iauaiey aeieaeia
auoue aai aeecinoue e iioaioeeaeueiui iieoiaoaeyi. Iaoaa?aiiue i?eai
ia?aaea/ ianoiiai oaeaaeaeaiey e aunieay noieiinoue aacao yaeyaony
i?e/eiie n?aaieoaeueii iaaieueoiai eo o/anoey a ?aeeaiiie eaiiaiee
iaea?ie. Iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiie aoaeao ?aciauaiea iauyaeaiee a o?aiaayo e
aaoiaonao, ?aaioathueo a Aeca?aeeineii ?aeiia e ia?oaeiie ueoiaie
?aeeaiu;

?ac?aaioea ieaia iauaiey. A?aoee ieaia iauaiey i?eaaaeai ia ?enoiea 9.

Ueoiaay ?aeeaia ieoya?ue – ia?o auaanea iaaaceia, ?aee. ueo ia
inoaiiaea o?aiaay 300

Anaai cao?ao ia iauaiea

1110

?en 9. A?aoee ieaia iauaiey

Oaeei ia?acii, iieo/aiiue athaeaeao iauaiey ninoaaee 1110 aeieea?ia NOA,
/oi a ianoiyuaa a?aiy yeaeaaeaioii noiia ieiei 6,8 iei. ?oaeae. I?e
iaiaoiaeeiinoe aeaiiay noiia iiaeao auoue oiaiueoaia ca n/ao
oaeaaeaeaiey, aacao e ?aciauaiey iauyaeaiee a o?aiaayo, caieaie?iaaiiuo
ia oaa?aeue-ia?o, eee oaaee/aia a yoeo aea iai?aaeaieyo.

?acaeae 7. Aiciiaeiua ?enee i?iaeoa

?anniio?ei aiciiaeiua ?enee ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoa (ni. oaae. 5):

Oaaeeoea 5

?enee i?iaeoa

?ene Io?eoeaoaeueiia aeeyiea ia i?eaueue

Ioeac a oeiaine?iaaiee oeaio?a caiyoinoe I?eaea/aiea caaiiuo n?aaenoa

Iai?aaeaeaeaiiua cao?aou, a oii /enea ec-ca eioeyoeee Oaaee/aiea iauaia
caaiiuo n?aaenoa

Ianaiaa?aiaiiay iinoaaea iai?oaeiaaiey Oaaee/aiea n?iea caionea
i?iecaiaenoaa

Eaaeeoeeaoeey eaae?ia Cao?aou ia iao/aiea, aaa?ee, a?ae

Iaaeia?iniaanoiinoue iiae?yae/eea Oaaee/aiea n?ieia no?ieoaeuenoaa

Iaaeinoaoee i?iaeoii-ecuneaoaeueneeo ?aaio ?ino noieiinoe
no?ieoaeuenoaa, caoyaeea n aaiaeii iiuiinoae

Iaonoie/eainoue ni?ina Iaaeaiea ni?ina n ?inoii oeai

Iiyaeaiea iiauo eiieo?aioia Nieaeaiea ni?ina

Nieaeaiea oeai eiieo?aioaie Nieaeaiea oeaiu

Oaaee/aiea i?iecaiaenoaa o eiieo?aioia Iaaeaiea i?iaeaae eee nieaeaiea
oeai

O?oaeiinoe a niaaaeaiee nu?ueai Oaaee/aiea naaanoieiinoe

?ino iaeiaia Oiaiueoaiea /enoie i?eauee

?ino oeai ia nu?uea, ia?aaicee Nieaeaiea i?eauee ec-ca ?inoa oeai

Iaaeinoaoie iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa Oaaee/aiea e?aaeeoia

Ionoonoaea ?aca?aa iiuiinoe O?oaeiinoue iie?uoey ieeiaiai ni?ina

?acaeae 8. Oeiaine?iaaiea i?aaei?eyoey

Eaieoaeueiua cao?aou, iaiaoiaeeiua aeey nicaeaiey ieie-iaea?ie ia 10
?aai/eo iano ninoaaeytho 13366 oun.?oa., eee 1336.6 oun.?oa. aeey
iaeiiai ?aai/aai ianoa. Enoi/ieee iie?uoey eaieoaeueiuo cao?ao:

nianoaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey «Noaeea?» – 80860 oun.?oa., /oi ninoaaeyao io
iauae noiiu eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee – 65%, a ia iaeii ?aai/aa ianoi
nianoaaiiuo cao?ao i?aaei?eyoey i?eoiaeeony 8086 oun.?oa.;

i?eaeaeaaiua a ea/anoaa oeiainiaie iiiiue oeaio?a caiyoinoe ia
aacaica?aoiie iniiaa – 52800 oun.?oa. ia i?eia?aoaiea iieiiai eiiieaena
iai?oaeiaaiey aeey nicaeaiey 10 ?aai/eo iano n cao?aoaie ia eaaeaeia
ianoi 5280 oun.?oa.

Inouanoaeaiea aeaiiiai aecian-ieaia iicaieeo i?aaieciaaoue 10 iiauo
?aai/eo iano aeey o?oaeiono?ienoaa ii iai?aaeaieyi oeaio?a caiyoinoe.

AEAEEIA?AOE*ANEEE NIENIE

Nicaeaiea iaeuo i?aaei?eyoee. Iaoiaee/aneia iiniaea aeey
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae (Nino. A.A. Iaaeia)/ Iaeue aecian a ?NON?. Aui.
1. I.:II IEAA, 1991.-112n.

Eiiieaeo aeieoiaioia e iaoa?eaeia ii nicaeaieth iaeiai
i?aaei?eyoey./Y.I.Ieeeoei, E.Ae.Aeaeca?, E.I.Ooaeia, I.E.Einai/oe; II
?NON?. ?EIE?I. I., 1991. -44 n.

Eaouiia O.Ae. Eae ninoaaeoue aecian-ieai: ?aeiiaiaeaoeee ?inneeneiio
i?aaei?eieiaoaeth.//NOA: yeiiiieea, iieeoeea, eaeaieiaey. 1993. ?6. N.
88-102.

Ia?eiaa A.Ae., E?aa/aiei I.A. Aecian-ieaie?iaaiea. I?aeoe/aneia
iiniaea/Iiaineae?ne.: “Yei?”. 1994.

Iaoiaeeea iiaeaioiaee aecian-ieaiia eiaanoeoeeiiiuo i?iaeoia
(?ac?aaioea Eiaanoeoeeiiiie oeiainiaie a?oiiu e ?inneeneie oeiainiaie
ei?ii?aoeee).//?inneeneee yeiiiie/aneee aeo?iae. 1994. ?4. N. 49-63.

Eae ?ac?aaioaoue aecian-ieai. Iaoiaee/aneia iiniaea. I.: EIO?A-I,
1993, -56 n.

PAGE

PAGE 2

oeaia

Oeaai-aoei/iua ecaeaeey a anni?oeiaioa, oeaaicaaiae ?3

I?iaeoeoeey

ieie-iaea?ie «Aeiea»

I?iaeoeoeey oeaaicaaiaea ?5

ea/anoai

Oiaa? n iiaee?aieaieai

ioaeaeaiiinoue io iieoiaoaeae

Oiaa? a ?aaeueiii eniieiaiee

n?aaeiee o?iaaiue ea/anoaa

ionoonoaea oe?iaiiiai noeey

o?aaeeoeeiiiinoue oiaa?a

i?iaeaaea oeaaa ii ia?a iinooieaiey

iiaeoiaeeo a iniiaiii aeey ia?auo aethae

Oiaa? ii caiuneo

Oeaa – iaiaoiaeeiue i?iaeoeo ieuaaiai ?aoeeiia

Oiaa? n iiaee?aieaieai

oaeiaiia ?aniieiaeaiea

Oiaa? a ?aaeueiii eniieiaiee

aunieia ea/anoai

iaee/ea oe?iaiiiai noeey

iiaecia oiaa?a

i?iaeaaea ai?y/aai oeaaa

iiaeoiaeeo ia oieueei aeey ia?auo aethae, ii e aeey /aaieoey

Oiaa? ii caiuneo

Oeaa – iaiaoiaeeiue i?iaeoeo ieuaaiai ?aoeeiia

Ieai e athaeaeao

No?aoaaey

Ooi/iaiea oeaeae e caaea/

Eiieo?aioiua i?aeiouanoaa

Ienney, oeaee aeciana

Aiaeec aiaoiae n?aaeu

Aioo?aiiee aiaeec

Eaeiai aeaeaaiia ninoiyiea?

Ia?eaoeia

Oi?aaeaiea

Aeaiueae

Eae iaeaieaa yooaeoeaii aeinoe/ue aeaeaaiiai ninoiyiey?

AECIAN – IEAI

Aioo?aiiyy ioeaiea aeciana

Ioeaiea aiaoiae n?aaeu

Eiieo?aioiua i?aeiouanoaa

Oeaee, caaea/e

Ienney

Eaeiai oaeouaa ninoiyiea aeciana?

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