Сущность тоталитаризма в сравнении фашистской Италии и нацистской Германии

?AOA?AO

“Nouiinoue oioaeeoa?ecia a n?aaiaiee oaoenoneie Eoaeee e iaoeenoneie
Aa?iaiee”

?oeiaiaeeoaeue: Oaoei A.O.

Aaoi? Iaeueiee I.A.

1999 a.

Ieai

no?.

1. I?e/eiu ca?iaeaeaiey oioaeeoa?ecia a Eoaeee e Aa?iaiee

1.1 Iao/iia iainiiaaiea iiyaeaiey oaoecia

1.2 ?ieue Aeoea?a e Ionnieeie a onoaiiaeaiee ?aaeeiia

2. I?iyaeaiea oa?aeoa?iuo aeey oioaeeoa?ecia i?eciaeia a Eoaeee e
Aa?iaiee

2.1 Oe?ieia eniieueciaaiea Aeoea?ii e Ionnieeie oaoenoneie eaeae

2.2 I?ia?aiia, i?aayuae a Eoaeee e Aa?iaiee ia?oee, ii?aaeaeythuay
aioo?aiithth e aiaoithth iieeoeeo ainoaea?noa

2.3 I?eiaiaiea oa??i?a aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe

2.4 Iiiiiieey eaaeaeiai ainoaea?noaa ia ana n?aaenoaa aii?oaeaiiie
ai?ueau, ia i?oaeea

2.5 AEanoei oeaio?aeeciaaiiay nenoaia oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie e aa
aeeyiea ia nioeeaeueiue o?iaaiue aeecie

3. I?eciaee ia/aea eiioea oioaeeoa?iie nenoaiu

3.1 “E?ecen oioaeeoa?iie nenoaiu” a iaoea

3.2 E?ecen oaoenoneeo ?aaeeiia a Eoaeee e Aa?iaiee

Caeeth/aiea

I?eeiaeaiea

Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u

A eiioea OO aaea iiiaea ethaee ?acee/iuo no?ai caaiai?eee i
aic?iaeaeaiee oaeiai no?iy eae oioaeeoa?eci. Ii/oe a eaaeaeii
ainoaea?noaa nouanoaotho iaoeenoneea i?aaiecaoeee, eioi?ua aaaeoo
i?iiaaaiaeo n?aaee aeeoaeae ca aic?iaeaeaiea yoiai ?aaeeia. Iiiaea
ainoaea?noaa oieueei oi?iaeueii yaeythony aeaiie?aoe/aneeie, a ia naiii
aeaea aaaeoo aeeeoaoi?neoth iieeoeeo. Iaeiei ec oaeeo ainoaea?noa
yaeyaony THaineaaey, aaea n i?eoiaeii e aeanoe Neiaiaeaia Ieeioaae/a
ia/aeenue ianooieaiea e oie/oiaeaiea na?aaie aeaaioeaa. Ia naaiaeiyoiee
aeaiue yoio eiioeeeo ia?a?in a iaaeaeoia?iaeiue, ?acoeueoaoii eioi?ie
noaea IAOIaneay aa?anney ii ioiioaieth e THaineaaee. Iiiaea enoi?eee,
iie?aynue ia iiuo ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu, neeiiythony e iiaieth, /oi yoi
iiaeao iineoaeeoue ia/aeo o?aoueae ie?iaie aieiu. A oaeia a?aiy
iaoeenoneea i?aaiecaoeee aua aieaa oneeeaatho naia aeeyiea, i?ecuaay e
onoaiiaeaieth oioaeeoa?iuo ?aaeeiia ia/aea OO aaea.

A OO aaea oaeie iieeoe/aneee ?aaeei, eae oioaeeoa?eci iieo/aao oe?ieia
?ani?ino?aiaiea, iniaaiii ai aoi?ie iieiaeia noieaoey. Oa?iei
“oioaeeoa?eci” ?aciua o/aiua ii?aaeaeyee ii-?aciiio. Iai?eia?, o/aiue
Eeueei n/eoae, /oi oioaeeoa?eci – yoi iieeoe/aneee no?ie, eioi?ue
aiaoeaaaony a aeeciue a?aaeaeai, aeeth/aao anth eo aeayoaeueiinoue a
iauai naiaai oi?aaeaiey e i?eioaeeoaeueiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. Nouanoaotho e
ae?oaea ii?aaeaeaiey iiiyoey “oioaeeoa?eci”. Naaiaeiy iiae
oioaeeoa?eciii iiieiatho iieeoe/aneoth i?aeoeeo, i?e eioi?ie
?oeiaiaenoai no?aiu iuoaaony iiae/eieoue aanue oeeaae aeecie ethaeae
iaeiie aac?acaeaeueii ainiiaenoaothuae eaeaa e i?aaieciaaoue nenoaio
iieeoe/aneie aeanoe oae, /oiau iia niinianoaiaaea ?aaeecaoeee yoie
eaeae. I?e oioaeeoa?ecia a iauanoaa ainiiaenoaoao, eae i?aaeei iaeia
ooiie/aneay eaeaieiaey, eioi?ay niiniaia ia eiie?aoiii enoi?e/aneii
io?acea a?aiaie noaoue oeaiaioe?othuae neeie e i?eaanoe a aeaeaeaiea
oeaeua ia?iaeu. Yoa eaeay caoaaouaaao ana noi?iiu auoey e i?aoaiaeoao ia
aeanoue aeaaea iiae /anoiie noa?ie aeecie ee/iinoe. XX aae aeae
iiiaeanoai ia?acoeia oioaeeoa?iuo ?eoiia. A ?aciuo no?aiao o
oioaeeoa?iuo ?aaeeiia anoue iiiai iauaai, oi anoue e nouanoaaiiua
?acee/ey. Iiyoiio iau/ii oioaeeoa?eci ?acaeaeytho ia i?aaue e eaaue.
I?aaue oioaeeoa?eci iau/ii iacuaatho oaoeciii, eaaue – nioeeaeenoe/aneee
(eiiioienoe/aneee) ?aaeei. Iaaeaeo i?aaui e eaaui aa?eaioaie
oioaeeoa?ecia anoue nouanoaaiiua ?acee/ey. Anee a eiiioienoe/aneea eaeae
i?ei?eoao ioaeaaony ?aai/aio eeanno, o?oaeyueiny, aeeaouei ca n/ao
nianoaaiiiai o?oaea, oi a oaoenoeie – iaoee e ?ana. Eiiioieci
e??aoeeiiaeai, oaoeci aeiaiaeeo aei aano?aea iaoeeiiaeueioth eaeath e
i?iaicaeaoaao nioeeaeueiue ie? aioo?e no?aiu ia iniiaa aeooiaiiai
aaeeinoaa iaoee. A iniiaa eiiioienoe/aneie eaeae eaaeeo eaeay
nioeeaeueiiai ?aaainoaa, oaoenoneay iniiauaaaony ia i?aaeinoaaeaiee i
anoanoaaiiii ia?aaainoaa ia oieueei ioaeaeueiuo ethaeae, ii e oeaeuo
ia?iaeia. Niioaaonoaaiii eiiioieci aeaeeo naith oeaeue a nicaeaiee
aaneeanniaiai iauanoaa; oaoeci – a ?aaaioa a?eeoeaa iaae “ieceeie
?anaie”, iiae eioi?uie ia a iineaaeithth i/a?aaeue eiaeenue a aeaeo
neaayia e aa?ae.

Oaoeci i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iaaaeaeaaoioth ?aaeoeeth iauanoaa XX aaea ia
io?iaa e?eceniua i?ioeannu. ?ac?ooathuea onoiyaoeany yeiiiie/aneea,
nioeeaeenoe/aneea, iieeoe/aneea e eaeaieiae/aneea no?oeoo?u. Oaoeci
-i?aaieiina?aaoeaiue ?aaiethoeeiieci, iuoathueeny, ia n/eoaynue n
aea?oaaie, n nioeeaeueiie oeaiie, nayoue ?aaeueiua i?ioeai?a/ey
iauanoaa, ?ac?ooea ana oi, /oi aini?eieiaaony ei eae i?aiiiu e
nie?auaieth e aic?iaeaeaieth niaoeeoe/anee iiieiaaiuo ecaa/iuo iniia
auoey.

1.1. Oaoeci, eae ia?oey, aeaeaeaiey e ?aaeei, yaeyaony aeinoeaeaieai
ino?uo i?eciaeia, nio?ynathueo iauanoai. *ai aeoaaea e anaiauaiethuee
e?ecen, oai ieoaoaeueiae ii/aa aeey oaoeci. Niyoue aai oa?ico iiaeii
ieii/aoaeueii eeoue a oii neo/aa, anee e?eceniia ?acaeoea iaeaeao
aaeaeaaoiia, ?aoeeaeeaiia ?ac?aoaiea. Naycue iaaeaeo oaoeciii e e?ecenii
iauanoaa eiaao naie iniaaiiinoe. Ieiaeioai?ioth ii/ao aeey oaoecia
nicaeaao ia ethaie e?ecen. Aeey iaai iaiaoiaeeii, /oiau e?ecen
i?iaeieaeaeny aeieai, /oiau ii ia i?inoi cao?iioe, ii a cia/eoaeueiie
ia?a iio?yn nioeeaeueioth no?oeoo?o iauanoaa, aai ii?aeueiua onoie, aa
?acaeoeth ia?ooee oiae yeiiiie/aneeo i?ioeannia, i?eaae e
aeene?aaeeoaoeee i?aaenoaaeoaeueiuo e eniieieoaeueiuo einoeoooia aeanoe,
neiii?iiaoe?iaae ae?oaea, iaoaoenoneea iieeoe/aneea neeu, aucaae
anaiauaa ?aci/a?iaaiea a aeiieie?iaaaoeo aei oao ii? eaeaieiae/aneeo
iinooeaoao. Oae aea niinianoaoao aicieeiiaaieth oaoecia iaee/ea oae
iacuaaaiie ianniaie aeaiie?aoee, i?e eioi?ie noaiiaeoueny iieeoe/anee
aeoeaiuie e iieo/atho eaiaeu aeey au?aaeaiey naiae aiee ieeeeiiu
ethaeae. aeaiie?aoe/aneay nenoaia i?aaeinoaaeyao neiai anaai o/anoieeai
iieeoe/aneiai i?ioeanna, a oii /enea naiei nianoaaiiui i?ioeaieeai. E
anee a niieieiie neooaoeee iiiiceoeey, eae i?aaeei, iaoiaeeony ia
iai/eia iauanoaaiiie aeecie e ia niiniaia nie?ooeoue ainiiaenoaothuee
no?ie, oi, eiaaea ia?iiiua iannu ia?iaea ?acae?aaeaiu, aeaii?aeeciaaiu e
aioiau iiaa?eoue ethaiio iaauaieth oeo/oaiey aeecie, ec /ueeo au ono iii
ia enoiaeeei, oiaaea iieeoe/aneay ?ieue aeoeaece?othueony
?aaiethoeeiia?ia iiaeao au?anoe iiiaie?aoii, iniaaiii anee a noi?iia iao
aeoaiei oei?aieaoeony aeaiie?aoe/aneeo o?aaeeoeee e i?aainiciaiey. I?e
yoii ia?iae iiaeao i?eaanoe e aeanoe noi?iiieeia oaoecia caeiiiui,
ia?eaiaioneei iooai, ioaeaa ei naie aieina ia auai?ao. Ai-aoi?uo,
onoaiiaeaieth oaoecia niinianoaoao oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea oaoieee a
iauanoaaiiie aeecie e auoo, /oi iicaieyao aeano/a eiio?iee?iaaoue
iieeoe/aneea i?ioeannu e iaieioee?iaaoue niaea?aeaieai ethaeae, i?iieeay
a noa?o eo iianaaeiaaiuo eioa?ania. A-o?aoueeo, iaiaeoth ?ieue ea?aao
aunieay noaiaiue eiioeaio?aoeee i?iecaiaenoaa, anae yeiiiie/aneie aeecie
no?aiu, /oi iicaieyao ainoaea?noao oeaeeeii iiae/eieoue eo naiae aeanoe,
aanoe o/ao, ieaie?iaaoue ?acaeoea ainoaea?noaa aieioue aei iaei/ae. A
oaeeo oneiaeyo oo?a/eaaaony aaca aeey nouanoaiaaiey a?aaeaeaineiai
iauanoaa e i?aaiaiai ainoaea?noaa n eo aa?aioeyie i?aa e naiaiae,
iineieueeo aaniethoiay, ie/ai ?aaeueii ia ia?aie/aiiay, anaioaaouaathuay
aeanoue aiaeaey, ia?oee, ainoaea?noaa eeoaao a?aaeaeaineiai iauanoai
naiinoiyoaeueiui.

Iniaiai ?acai?a caneoaeeaatho oa oeaiiinoe, eioi?ua caeinoaoao oaoeci o
eiina?aaoecia o?aaeeoeeiiiiai oieea. Ia?aay – aunieiia?ii iaaaoeaiia
ioiioaiea e /aeiaa/aneie ee/iinoe eae nouanoao, iiaeoaa?aeaeaiiiio
any/aneeie ii?ieai, ioaeaeathuainy aeey ii?iaeueiiai nouanoaiaaiey a
iinoiyiii ocaea e oaa?aeie iai?aaeythua ?oea.

Aoi?ay – iaaaoeaiia aini?eyoea ?acoia eae iai?aaiia?ii i?iyaeaiey
/aeiaa/aneie ai?aeuie, aanueia ianiaa?oaiiiai eino?oiaioa iiciaiey ie?a,
enoi/ieeii caaeoaeaeaiee e ?aci/a?iaaiee. *?acia?iia oiiaaiea ia ?acoi
i?iaicaeaoaaony aeaaiui enoi/ieeii aaaenoaee, io eioi?ie no?aaeaao eae
ee/iinoue, oae e /aeiaa/anoai a oeaeii.

O?aouey – ioeaiea iaoee, eae ii?aaeaeythuaai, iaeciaiiiai, aioo?aiiea
i?ioeai?a/ey yeaiaioa enoi?ee /aeiaa/anoaa, aaeeinoaaiiiai
noaeueaiiiniiai oaeoi?a. Niaeanii yoie o?aeoiaea, ana noi?iiu
iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeoey a ?aoathuae noaiaie aeaoa?ieie?othony
acaeiiioiioaieyie iaaeaeo iaoeeyie, eo iiaeuaiii eee oiaaeeii,
niiniaiinoue nie?aoeoue, ia?aueaaoue eee ?ano?a/eaaoue naie aeeciaiiue
iioaioeeae. I?aiaa?aaeeoaeueiia ioiioaiea e ee/iinoe noaei iainiiaaieai
nenoaiu aeanoeiai eiio?iey iaae iauanoaii ni noi?iiu oie aai /anoe,
eioi?ay, ii iiaieth oaoenoneeo oai?aoeeia, noiaao, aeaaiaea?y
aeieiae/aneie ianeaaenoaaiiinoe e naiioniaa?oainoaiaaieth, iiaeaeeoueny
iaae iau/iui /aeiaa/aneei o?iaiai. Iaiaoiaeeiinoue eiio?iey iaae
iauanoaii aunooiaao eae iainiiaaiea nicaeaiey eino?oiaioia, niiniaiuo
eiio?iee?iaaoue ee/iinoue, aanoe aa a i?aaeeueiii iai?aaeaiee. *oiau
aeayoaeueiinoue yoeo eino?oiaioia auea yooaeoeaiie, o?aaoaony
eii?aeeiaoeey, eioi?ay iiaeao auoue inouanoaeaia eeoue aaeeiie aiee.
Ionthaea – anoanoaaiiay iio?aaiinoue a aiaeaea, ?aaeecothuai yoo aieth.
Aa ineaaeaiea a ?acoeueoaoa eiioeuenia, iinooiathueo nieco e
io?aaeathueo yaieci e a?aoiaiinoue i?inoiai ethaea, iaecaaaeii aaaeao e
aia?oee e aaccaeiieth, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, e ?aniaaeo iauanoaa. yoi
aeaeaao ii?aaaeaiiui e?aeiea ia?u ianeeey,. A oii /enea ?aaae?othueo ia
oieueei ia aeaenoaey, ii e ia iaia?aiey. Io?eoeaiea yoiai – eeai
au?aaeaiea aanneeey aeanoe, eeai niciaoaeueiay iiiuoea ni?iaioee?iaaoue
eaoano?ioo.

Neacaiiia iicaieyao i?aaenoaaeoue naaa iaiauaiioth naiioa?aeoa?enoeeo
oaoecia, io?aaeathuoth aai eaeaieiae/aneea e i?aeoe/anee – iieeoe/aneea
onoaiiaee. Aai oeaeue – aic?iaeaeaiea e icaei?iaeaiea a naiae no?aia
iaoee, ?anniao?eaaaiie eae yoe/anei-aeieiae/aneia aaeeinoai, onei?aiea a
iae ecia/aeueiuo, eneiiiuo oeaiiinoae, i?eaeaiea ae aaeeinoaaiii
yooaeoeaiie oi?iu iauanoaaiiie i?aaiecaoeee, iniiaaiiie ia i?ei?eoaoa
ainoaea?noaaiiuo eioa?ania e ia oanii no?oeoo?e?iaaiiie nenoaia
oi?aaeaiey, caiueathuaeny ia ee/iinoe aaeeiiaeanoiiai aiaeaey,
eneeth/aiea ethauo /oaea?iaeiuo aeeyiee e ?aoaiee ia yoie iniiaa anao
i?enoaeaeaiiuo i?iaeai, io eioi?uo no?aaeaao ia?iaeiay iauanoaaiiinoue.
Iaoiaeu oaoecia – i?aaiecaoeey ianniaiai aeaeaeaiey, aai iieiaeioai?aiea
iaoeeiiaeueiui aeooii, ?ac?ooaiea nouanoaothueo aeanoiuo no?oeoo?,
oieoeeaoeey iauanoaaiiie aeecie, iiaeaaeaiea ethauo oi?i
i?ioeaiaeaenoaey n i?eiaiaieai, a neo/aa iaiaoiaeeiinoe, naiuo e?aeieo
n?aaenoa. Aai a?aae aioo?e no?aiu – iaoeeiiaeueiua iaiueoeinoaa i?aaeaea
anaai eiiea?aiou, eaaua (io eiiioienoia aei nioeeae-aeaiie?aoia) e
ae?oaea iieeoe/aneea ia?oee, ionoaeaathuea e i?aaiaiai ainoaea?noaa.

1.2. Aieueooth ?ieue a noaiiaeaiee oaoecia a Eoaeee e Aa?iaiee nua?aee
?oeiaiaeeoaee, aiaeaee i?aayueo ia?oee. Cia/aiea iiuiinoe a enoi?ee
eaaeaeie no?aiu aaeeei.

Iao, iiaeaeoe, ie iaeiie ?aaiou i Aoi?ie ie?iaie aieia, aaea au eiy
Aeoea?a ia oiiieiaeinue iiiai, iiiai ?ac. Aeoea? aue oai iieeoe/aneei e
ainoaea?noaaiiui aeayoaeai, eioi?ue aieueoa anao niinianoaiaae
?acaycuaaieth aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu, yaeeny aa eieoeeaoi?ii. A aiaeo
aieiu ii aicaeaaeye naioth iiuioth aiaiioth iaoeio oaoenoneie eiaeeoeee,
ii?aaeaeyy no?aoaaeth Aa?iaiee. N oi/ee c?aiey ianooaaa e aaaeiinoe
eciaiaiee, eioi?ua i?iecaae Aeoea? ca 12 eao e 3 ianyoea naiaai
iaoiaeaeaiey o aeanoe a Aa?iaiee, ii inoaaee a enoi?ee iaecaeaaeeiue
neaae. Ii yaeeny iaeiei ec naiuo ceiaaueo aeeeoaoi?ia, i?eianoeo
/aeiaa/anoao eneeth/eoaeueii iiiai no?aaeaiey e ai?y. Aeoea? i?iaeee 56
eao. I?e/ai ia?aua 30 eao naiae aeecie ii aue ieeiio ia ecaanoiie
ee/iinoueth. Iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai ethaeae noaei aai aini?eieiaoue
eae naiiai e?oiiiai i?anooiieea. Iniaaiii iaiaaenoai Aeoea? noae
niaaoneei ethaeyi. Ii aai oeacaieth aa?iaineea aienea iaiaee ia NNN? e
i?eianee n niaie nia?oue e ?ac?ooaiey. Iaiaaeaiea noieei Niaaoneiio
Nithco aieaa 20 ieeeeiiia aeeciae. 5 ieeeeiiia a?aaeaeai NNN? auee
ianeeuenoaaiii auaacaiu a Aa?iaieth a ea/anoaa ?aaia. Oai, aaea i?ioee
aeoea?ianeea caoaao/eee, inoaaaeinue auaeaeaiiay e iaacethaeaaoay caiey.
Ii a oi aea a?aiy eiaeinue iaiaei ethaeae, aiaioai?eaoeo Aeoea?a,
aeaeaaoeo a iai naie eaeaae. Ii iieo/ee ii/oe anaiauoth iiaeaea?aeeo aai
noi?iiu ianaeaiey Aa?iaiee. Iii iaeia?yei i?iaiaeeioth iieeoeeo,
iiaeaea?aeeaathuoth onoaiiaeaiiue ei oioaeeoa?iue ?aaeei, aeaeaei a iai
caueoieeia naieo eioa?ania, oei ia ii?aaeaeaiiua aea?oau a aiaeu aieiu
?aaee i?iaicaeaoaiiuo oth?a?ii oeaeae. *oiau iiiyoue, ii/aio oae
i?ienoiaeeei, neaaeoao ioaaoeoue ia aii?in, /oi i?aaeinoaaeye niaie
Aeoea? eae /aeiaae e eae iieeoe/aneee e aiaiiue aeayoaeue. Neeueiia
aicaeaenoaea ia iaai ieacaee aeaeeanne?iaaiiua yeaiaiou, n eioi?uo ii
auioaeaeai aue iauaoueny iinea nia?oe iaoa?e a 1908a. Ii eniuoae
iaoaeiaeaoai?aiiinoue yoei ie?ii e aioia aue aai eciaieoue.
Aeaeeanne?iaaiiay, iaaeiaieueiay naiei iieiaeaieai i?ineieea a
aa?iaineii iauanoaa n aiiaeooaaeaieai i?eaaonoaiaaea ia/aei ia?aie
ie?iaie aieiu. Iinea aa ieii/aiey Aa?iaiey ia?aaeeaaea aeoaieee
iieeoe/aneee e?ecen. Aaeeei auei iaaeiaieuenoai iaioeaa aeiaaeueiuie
aeey ieo oneiaeyie Aa?naeueneiai aeiaiai?a. aioo?e no?aiu aaeanue
iaeanoi/aiiay ai?ueaa iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie ia?oeyie, nithcaie e
a?oiie?iaeaie. A yoeo neiaeiuo oneiaeyo Aeoea?, ia iaeaaeaaoee ia
iaeaeoei i?aaeiinueeie aeey ethaiai oeaeaniia?aciie aeayoaeueiinoe, noae
“aeiaa?aiiui eeoeii” a?oiiee ?aaeoeeiiiuo ioeoea?ia, ai?iaoeony n eaauie
yeaiaioaie n?aaee nieaeaoneie iannu. Auiieiee caaeaiey, Aeoea? a
naioya?a 1919a neo/aeii iiiae ia nia?aiea Aa?iaineie ?aai/ae ia?oee, o
eioi?ie ia auei ie i?ia?aiiu, ie onoaaa. Iaiaa /ai /a?ac aeaa aiaea ii
noae ?oeiaiaeeoaeai ia?oee n aeeeoaoi?neeie iieiiii/eyie.

Aianoi eieeaaeaeueiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa a ia?oee aue aaaaeai i?eioeei
oth?a?noaa. Ia?oey noaea iacuaaoueny Iaoeeiiae-nioeeaeenoe/aneie
aa?iaineie ?aai/ae ia?oeae (INAeAI) e i?aa?aoeeanue a ee/iia i?oaeea
Aeoea?a aeey aeinoeaeaiey aeanoe. Iinea iaoaea/iie iiiuoee i?eeoe e
aeanoe n iiiiuueth aii?oaeaiiiai ioo/a a Aaaa?ee a 1923a INAeAI auea
Aeoea?ii ?ai?aaieciaaia e ia/aea nenoaiaoe/aneoth ?aaioo ii caaiaaaieth
ecae?aoaeae ia naith noi?iio. 30 yiaa?y 1933a Aeoea? eae ?oeiaiaeeoaeue
naiie e?oiiie o?aeoeee a ?aeonoaaa aue iacia/ai eaioeea?ii Aa?iaiee. Oae
iaoeenou ie?iui ia?eaiaioneei iooai i?eoee e aeanoe, eioi?ay auea
eniieueciaaia eie, /oiau iiaeaioiaeoue e ?acaayoue naioth
e?iaii?ieeoioth e ?ac?ooeoaeueioth a enoi?ee /aeiaa/anoaa /aeiaa/aneoth
aieio.

Ae?oaei aeeeoaoi?ai, eeaea?ii aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu, eioi?oth onoaiiaee a
Eoaeee oaoenoneee ?aaeei, aue Aaieoi Ionnieeie. Auoiaeaoe ec
iaeeiao?aeoaciie n?aaeu, ii n aeaonoaa eniuouaae ia naaa
caai?aaeeaathuaa aeeyiea aia?oi-neiaeeiaeenoe/aneeo eaeae Ia?eeii,
Aaeoeeia, Eaoia?i. Eaeae e aeieo?eiu eiaee aeey iaai noaoai i?eeeaaeiia
cia/aiea. Ii n eaaeinoueth i?ieaii?e?iaae neiaaie e oai?eyie,
ioeacuaaeny io iaeieo e i?eieiae ae?oaea, iaiyy eo a caaeneiinoe io
ianoiyoaeuenoa ianoa e a?aiaie. eioa?anu Eoaeee, aeaaininoiyiea ia?iaea,
?aaiethoeey, nioeeaeeci, aaee/ea iaoeee ana yoi auee eeoue neiaieu,
eniieueciaaaoeany ii ia?a iaaeiaiinoe. Aai nianoaaiiay ii?aeue, a
ii?aeueiui ii n/eoae eeoue oi, /oi niinianoaiaaei ee/iiio oniaoo e
nie?auaieth aeanoe, eae ueoii cae?uaaea aeoaa io ie?oaeathuaai ie?a. Ii
aue /aeiaaeii aeaenoaey, oeaieaoee eeoue eiia/iue ?acoeueoao,
aeinoeaiooue ethaui iooai, – i?aaiaoeci, aeiaaaeaiiue aei aano?aea e
auaaoeeny a ieioue e e?iaue. Eiaiii yoei iauyniyaony aai iiaaaeaiea a
iaeei ec ?aoathueo iiiaioia eoaeueyineie enoi?ee a eaioi anooieaiey a
ia?aoth ie?iaoth aieio. Aii?aee aioeieeeoa?enoneie iiceoeee ENI
Ionnieeie iiaeaea?aeae aieio e aue eneeth/ai eo nioeeaeenoe/aneie
ia?oee. ii aue i?ecaai e aiaaae ia o?iioa, a ii aica?auaieth oaeoe/anee
noae aeaoaoaai eioa?ania oao iaeeiao?aeoaciuo neiaa ianaeaiey, a
iniaaiiinoe auaoeo o?iioiaeeia, eioi?ua a aeaeueiaeoai ninoaaeee
ianniaoth aaco oaoecia. A 20-o aiaeao oaoenoneia aeaeaeaiea noaei iiuiui
oaeoi?ii iieeoe/aneie aeecie, e a ieoya?a 1922ath oaoenou niaa?oeee
ainoaea?noaaiiue ia?aai?io, a ?acoeueoaoa eioi?iai eo aiaeaeue Aaieoi
Ionnieeie noae aeaaie i?aaeoaeuenoaa. Aua ianeieueei eao aio
iiiaaeiaeoueny aeey oiai, /oiau oe?aieoueny o aeanoe, iiaeaaeoue
aioeoaoenoneia aeaeaeaiea e onoaiiaeoue a no?aia oioaeeoa?iue ?aaeei.
Auee eeeaeaee?iaaiu aeaiie?aoe/aneea naiaiaeu, ouny/e /aeiaae inoaeaeaiu
Iniaui o?eaoiaeii, a oae aea niaeaniu ia ino?iaa aac noaea. Oioy
nnueueiua eiaee aiciiaeiinoue ia?aienuaaoueny n ?iaeiuie e aeeceeie,
ca?aaaouaaoue ia ieoaiea, nicaeaaaoue naiaia?aciua iieeo oeieu, eo
aeeciue aiana ia auea “neaaeeie e aoiaiiie”, eae aiai?eee Ionnieeie, ii
e iia ia iioiaeeea ia oio aae, eioi?ue ieeoeaoai?yee aeoea?ianeea e
noaeeineea eiioeeaaa?y. A aio a /ai aeo/a iu a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe
eiieo?e?iaaee n ethaui ec oe?aiia XX aaea, oae yoi a iaaiaoaiee
nianoaaiiiai eoeueoa. Ionnieeie i?aaenoaaae aaoi?ii anao aaeeeeo
aeinoeaeaiee iaoeee, aa ainoaea?noaa e neiaieii. Ionnieeie i?i/ii onaiee
i?eau/eo iai anai, aoaeue oi oaoenoneay ieeeoeey, ainoaea?noai, a?iey ee
?aai/aa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, aiai?eoue “iia” eee “nicaeaiiia iiith”.
N?aaee iieeoe/aneeo aeayoaeae XX aaea aeo/a – aannii?iue /aiieii ii
eieaeianoao caieiaaiuo ainoaea?noaaiiuo iinoia. A 1929 aiaeo ii aue
iaeiia?aiaiii aeaaie i?aaeoaeuenoaa, Aieueoiai oaoenoneiai niaaoa,
oaoenoneie ieeeoeee, ieieno?ii aioo?aiieo aeae, aiaiiui, aiaiii-ii?neei,
ay?iiaaoeee e ei?ii?aoeee. Oaoeci a iaa a iianaaeiaaioth aeeciue
eoaeueyioeaa oeaeoth na?eth ?eooaeia, oneiaii iauaaeeiaiiuo iiiyoeai
“oaoenoneee noeeue”.

2.1. Oaoenoneoth eaeath Aeoea? e Ionnieeie iiaeii oneiaii iacuaaoue
aa?iiaeneei nioeeaeeciii. Aa?iiieoaaea?aoeaiua i?eiyoea eo noi?iiu
aeiiieeoe/anee i?eaioe?iaaiiie “eiia?ee” ?acaia?aa. Ie?iaicc?ai/aneea
nii?u iaaeaeo i?aaiaoeeaie e i?oiaeienaie a iaoeeiiae-nioeeaeecia
i?iaeieaeaeenue aieioue aei ieii/aiey aieiu, cao?aaeaay eae
oai?aoe/aneee o?iaaiue, oae e iaoiaeieiae/aneea i?iaeaiu. Naie
aeiiieeoeee ?acee/aee ii iaiueoae ia?a o?e a?oiiu aa?iiaenoia, o?e
iiaeoiaea a ?ai?aaiecaoeee eiioeiaioa, ?aaeueii nouanoaothueo a ?aeoa.
Aeey ia?aie a?oiiu Aa?iia, i?aa?aoeaoenue ec /enoiai aaia?aoe/aneiai
iiiyoey a iiiyoea aaiiieeoe/aneia, i?aaenoaaeyao niaie “i?ino?ainoaaiiia
aaeeinoai, io eioi?iai enoiaeyo ii?aaeaeaiiua iieeoe/anee oi?ie?othuea
neeu”. A i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue eeaa?aeueiiio o/aieth, io?eoeathuaio
“anoanoaaiiua” nayce ia?iaeiie iauanoaaiiinoe n i?ino?ainoaii e ?anie,
aaiiieeoeee ooaa?aeaeatho, /oi nio?oaeie/anoai iaaeaeo ninaaeieie
ia?iaeaie iaoneiaeaii niaianoiui i?ino?ainoaii, eioi?ia ?anniao?eaaaony
a ea/anoaa aeaaiie i?e/eiu aaeeeii?ino?ainoaaiiuo ia?aciaaiee. Ii aoi?ie
a?oiia aa?iiaenoia i?e/eneyee oao, /ae iiaeoiae e “iiaiio ii?yaeeo”
ii?aaeaeyaony eneeth/eoaeueii niia?aaeaieyie oeaeaniia?aciinoe, eoi
i?ecaae e nio?oaeie/anoao oieueei aeey caueou io i?ino?ainoaaiii
/oaeaeuo nee. Yoi auee i?eaa?aeaioeu naiaai ?iaea aa?iiaeneie
eiinoeoooeee ia iniiaa aa?iiaeneiai i?aaiaiai aeiaiai?a – oeia Eeae
Iaoeee. Aa?iia i?aaenoaaeyeanue ei niiauanoaii aac anyeie i?aanoaaiiie
eaeae, nicaeaaaaiui eeoue a ecaanoiuo iieeoe/aneeo oeaeyo. Niaa?oaiii
eia/a ecia?aaeaea “iiaoth Aa?iio” o?aouey “iiea aua iaiiiai/eneaiiay
a?oiia aeaenoaeoaeueiuo aa?iiaenoia”, eioi?ua aeaeaee a Aa?iia “aeaiioth
aiaii aeeiaie/aneoth oeaeinoiinoue”, “i?aanoaaiioth eaeath”,
“aeieiae/aneee oaeo”, “n?aaieoaeueioth – ioiineoaeueii ae?oaeo naiae
ia?iaeia – aeieiae/aneoth noanoaioeeth”. “aeaenoaeoaeueiuie
aa?iiaenoaie” auee aeiiieeoeee. Aaiiieeoe/aneea e i?aaiaua eiioeaioeee
ioeaieaaeenue eae ia eiathuea ie/aai iauaai n iiaeeeiiuie eioa?anaie
aa?iiaeneie naiuee ia?iaeia. Aeiiieeoeee n/eoaee aaniethoii
aanniuneaiiuie ?annoaeaeaieyie i oii, a eaeie oi?ia aeieaeii
eiino?oe?iaaoueny niiauanoai aa?iiaeneeo ia?iaeia. No?iaay e?eoeea
oeeooianeeo eaeae aeaaaeanue Etheai a iiae?iaiii ?acai?a noaouee “Iiaia
iaaeaeoia?iaeiia i?aai” i?ioanni?a Ooaa?a. A Aaeeeie i?ino?ainoaa ii
oniao?eaae iaeoth oeaeinoiinoue, a eioi?ie iaeei aaeeeee ia?iae,
yaeythueeny aa aeooiaiui, yeiiiie/aneei e iieeoe/aneei oeaio?ii,
iauaaeeiyao ae?oaea ia?iaeu “aeey niaianoiiai o?oaea e niaianoiie
iai?iiu”. Iniiaiuie i?eciaeaie aaeeeiai i?ino?ainoaa auee aeey iaai
iniiaaiiay ia ?acaeaeaiee o?oaea yeiiiieee, iaania/eaathuay aaoa?eoeth,
e aiciiaeiinoue i?aiyonoaiaaoue aiaoaoaeuenoao i?ino?ainoaaiii /oaeuo
nee. Oi?ie?iaaieai i?ia?aiiu aa?iiaeneiai nioeeaeecia caieiaeinue
eiiaiaea Aeaeoea iiae iaaethaeaieai e iiaeaea?aeea ?icaiaa?aa. A
eiiaiaeo Aeaeoea aoiaeeee nio?oaeieee ioaeaea ii ?aoaieth niaoeeaeueiuo
caaea/ ai aiaoiaiieeoe/aneii ath?i INAeAI, a oaeaea Iauanoa aa?iiaeneiai
yeiiiie/aneiai ieaie?iaaiey e aaeeeii?ino?ainoaaiiie yeiiiieee e
iniaaiii Oeaio?aeueiiai enneaaeiaaoaeueneiai einoeoooa i?aaiecaoeee
iaoeeiiaeueiie yeiiiieee e yeiiiieee aaeeeiai i?ino?ainoaa. Iiae
aa?iiaeneei nioeeaeeciii iiieiaee iaoneiaeaiiua aeiiieeoe/aneeie
caeiiaie iiaeeeiiiai aeeciaiiiai i?ino?ainoaa nioeeaeueiua ioiioaiey
aioo?e aa?iiaeneie neeu ia?iaeia, eioi?ua auee noi?ioee?iaaiu Aeaeoeii,
e ninoaaeye oaia?ue ie?iaicc?ai/aneia iniiaaiea eiioeaioeee aa?iiaeneiai
nioeeaeecia. Oie?ioai?eoue Aa?iio, ooaa?aeaeae Aeaeoe, a ninoiyiee eeoue
ia?iaeu, i?aaieciaaiiua a niioaaonoaee n caeiiaie aeecie. Anoue eeoue
o?e anoanoaaiiua i?aaiecaoeee /aeiaa/aneie aeecie – ioaeaeueiay naiuey,
naiuey iaeiiai ia?iaea, naiuey ia?iaeia iaeiie ?anu. Oieueei a ieo
ethaee ?iaeaeathony, e iieeioo eo iiaeii oieueei oeaiie aeecie. Oieueei
a ieo oi?ie?othony iiaeeeiiua nioeeaeueiua ioiioaiey iaaeaeo ethaeueie.
Ana inoaeueiua oi?iu i?aaiecaoeee ethaeae aoi?e/iu, aoi?inoaiaiiu e,
neaaeiaaoaeueii, ianioeeaeenoe/iu. A aeeeiiie oeaii/ea aeaeoeaaneeo
caeiiia aeecie, aaaeoueo e aa?iiaeneiio nioeeaeecio, iineaaeiei caaiii
aue aa?iiaeneee i?aanoaaiiue caeii, aac iiieiaiey eioi?iai inoaiaony
iaeaiie noaia nioeeaeueiuo ioiioaiee aioo?e aa?iiaeneie naiuee ia?iaeia.
Aeiiieeoeee enoiaeeee ec oiai, /oi naycue /aeiaaea ni naiae naiueae e
nianoaaiiui ia?iaeii i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ieiaeioai?ioth iiey?iinoue,
onoaiiaeaiioth naiie i?e?iaeie. Ii ia?iaeu aa?iiaeneiai eiioeiaioa – ia
eciee?iaaiiua iauiinoe, nouanoaothuea naie ii naaa. Ana aianoa iie
ninoaaeytho aeiiieeoe/aneoth iauiinoue aunoaai oeia, a eioi?ie aea, eae
e a ioaeaeueiuo eee ia?iaeiie naiuea, nouanoaoao ieiaeioai?iia
iai?yaeaiea iaaeaeo ioaeaeueiuie ia?iaeaie e naiueyie ia?iaeia eae
oeaeui.

Iaeieie eaeayie aeaei ia ia?aie/eaaeinue. A 1943-1944 aa. Aeaeoeo
i?aaei?eiye i?aeoe/anee oaae a aeeciue naiae aa?inioeeaeenoe/aneie
eiioeaioeee. Noa?a aai eioa?ania ?ani?ino?aiyeanue ia anth Aa?iio, eae
ia ainoi/ioth, oae e ia Caiaaeioth. A oeaeyo ?aaeecaoeee
aa?inioeeaeenoe/aneeo eaeae a ainoi/iiaa?iiaeneii i?ino?ainoaa Aeaeoeo
aiciaia?eeny ia?aciaaoue oae iacuaaaiue Niaoeeaeueiue ioaeae Ainoie.
Aeaeoeo aeaaea ninoaaee i?iaeo ?anii?yaeaiey ?icaiaa?aa ia yoio n/ao, ii
niaeaney ia ia?aciaaiea ioaeaea, iaoaioa, ia iieo/ee. A oi a?aiy ia
?ieue iiiiiieenoa a ainoi/iuo aeaeao i?aoaiaeiaae iia?aoeaiue ooaa aeey
ieeoie?iaaiiuo oa??eoi?ee, ?oeiaiaeeoaey eioi?iai a oi aea a?aiy oanii
nio?oaeie/aee n Aeaeoeii a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia. Ana aieaa io/aoeeaaa
i?iyaeyeinue ?acaeaeaiea o?oaea – iia?aoeaiue ooaa iiaeae
i?aeiouanoaaiii ainoi/ioth /anoue eiioeiaioa, a eiiaiaea Aeaeoea –
caiaaeioth. Aio ii/aio a Aieeaiaeee, Aaeueaee e iniaaiii ai O?aioeee
aeayoaeueiinoue i?iiiaaaeieeia aa?iiaeneiai nioeeaeecia ieacaeinue aieaa
?acoeueoaoeaiie. 12 ieoya?y 1944 a ?icaiaa?a iai?aaee Aeoea?o
iaaieueooth iaiyoioth caieneo “i?aaeeiaeaiea ia o?aaoee?iaaiee ainoi/iie
iieeoeee” n iaoe?iuie eiiiaioa?eyie e iae. Ii ?acei auneacaeny a iae
i?ioea iai?iaeoiaiiie ainoi/iie iieeoeee iaeioi?uo eiia?neeo
ioeoeeaeueiuo i?aaiia, ia oieueei ia niaeaniaaiiuo n ieienoa?noaii ii
aeaeai ieeoie?iaaiiuo ainoi/iuo iaeanoae, ii e iauaeoeaii eeoathuae
anyeiai niunea ai?ueao ainoi/iuo eaaeiiia, iiaeaaiuo ?icaiaa?aii. Aeoea?
ioaaoee iie/aieai. Noaiiaeeinue ynii, /oi ieeaeeo i?a?iaaoea a noa?a
eaeaieiae/aneiai iaania/aiey iiaiai aa?iiaeneiai ii?yaeea ?icaiaa?ao ia
iieo/eoue. Neeaaeuaaeinue iiaay aiaiii-iieeoe/aneay neooaoeey – iiae
iaii?ii a?iee aioeaeoea?ianeie eiaeeoeee a?aieoeu iiaeaeanoiie aa?iaiee
aa?iiaeneie oa??eoi?ee iaieioaii naeeiaeenue, e oaea i?eaeaeioeenue e
oa??eoi?ee naiiai ?aeoa. Aiciee aii?in, eae i?e oaeeo ianoiyoaeuenoaao
ia iioa?youe iaiiiaeo aua inoaaoeony nithcieeia. Iiyaeeanue iio?aaiinoue
nianoeoue aeoeaiou a eaeaieiaee e i?iiaaaiaea “iiaie Aa?iiu”,
i?eniiniaeoue eo e ioaeaeai iineaaeieo ianyoeaa aieiu. Caeanue eae
iaeuecy aieaa oianoiuie ?icaiaa?ao iieacaeinue niaaou Aeaeoea. Iiieiay,
/oi a neiaeeaoeony oneiaeyo ?icaiaa?a a?yae ee iieo/eo ?ino iiia/eoaey
“iiaie Aa?iiu”, e enoiaey ec ?aaeee aieiu, Aeaeoeo ?aeiiaiaeiaae
iaiiaeoue iaoiaeu aa?iaineie iieeoeee ia eiioeiaioa ii i?ecuaae
aa?iooueny e oaeoeea aeaaaeoeaouo aiaeia, eiaaea INAeAI aua ia
iaoiaeeeanue o aeanoe e ia iiaea iie?aoueny ia neeo ainoaea?noaaiiiai
aiia?aoa i?e inouanoaeaiee naieo oeaeae. Ii iiaieth Aeaeoea, aiaeiae/iay
neooaoeey neiaeeeanue e oaia?ue, ii oieueei a aa?iiaeneii ianooaaa,
iinea oiai eae ?aeo iioa?ye aiciiaeiinoue i?yiiai aicaeaenoaey ia iiiaea
no?aiu a ea/anoaa ieeoie?othuae aea?aeaau. Eoae, ioaeii i?eiaieoue oaeea
iaoiaeu ?aoaiey aa?iiaeneie i?iaeaiu, eaeeie iieueciaaeanue iaoeenoneay
ia?oey, ?aoay i?iaeaio aeanoe a Aa?iaiee aei 30 yiaa?y 1933a. *oi aea
yoi ca iaoiaeu? “i?iiiaaaeue e i?anna”, – ioaa/ae Aeaeoe, caaua i
i?aaiaii oa??i?a e i?i/ai eino?oiaioa?ee iaoeenoneie iieeoeee aaeia?neeo
a?aiai. Ii i?aaeeaaae aei i?aaeaea acaeioeoue eaeaieiae/aneoth e
i?iiaaaiaeenoneoth aieio ia iniiaa eiioeaioeee aa?inioeeoia e
iiaeeeth/eoue e i?iaaaeaieth yoie aieiu aeo?iaeenoia e aeayoaeae
eieeaai?aoeeiienoe/aneeo aeaeaeaiee, iaoaaeoe iineaaeiaa oaaaeeua a
?aeoa. Eaeay Aeaeoea caeeth/aeanue a oii, /oiau i?aia?aciaaoue
iaoiaeeaoeeny iiae aai iiaeie ae?acaeaineee Einoeooo Aa?iiu a
naiaia?aciue oeaio? eaeaieiae/aneie ia?aiiaeaioiaee eieeaai?aoeeiienoia
anao ianoae. A oii aea einoeoooa Aeaio i?aaeeaaae o/?aaeeoue iinoiyiiue
eiieoao, ninoiyuee ec iaiaoeeeo e ca?oaaaeiuo aeo?iaeenoia. A neo/aa
i?eiyoey iiaeiaiiai ieaia any aa?iiaeneay eaeaieiaey e i?iiaaaiaea iiaea
nin?aaeioi/eoueny a ?oeao Aeaeoea.

Oaeiau auee iniiaiua iieiaeaiey aa?inioeeaeecia e niiniau onoaiiaeaiey
ainiiaenoaa yoie eaeae. Ana inoaeueiua ioieou ainiiaenoaothuae a Eoaeee
e Aa?iaiee eaeae eaaee a iniiao i?ia?aii aioo?aiiae e aiaoiae iieeoeee
ainoaea?noaa.

2.2. A i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue ia?enecio, niaeanii eioi?ie any enoi?ey anoue
enoi?ey ai?ueau eeannia, aeey Aeoea?a any enoi?ey auea enoi?eae ai?ueau
iaoeee ca aeeciaiiia i?ino?ainoai. Ii naiaeee iauanoaaiiua
caeiiiia?iinoe e aeieiae/aneei. Ai?ueaa ca nouanoaiaaiea
?anniao?eaaeanue ei eae aa/iue e iaeciaiiue caeii ia oieueei i?e?iaeu,
ii e /aeiaa/aneiai iauanoaa. ia?iae, no?aiyueeny auaeeoue e
ooaa?aeeoueny, nio?aieoue naith oece/aneoth e ineoieiae/aneoth
iaeii?iaeiinoue, aeieaeai, ii Aeoea?o, iinoiyiii ca yoi ai?ioueny, a
oio, eioi?ue ia aeaeaao ca yoiai aeaeaoue, ia caneoaeeaaao
nouanoaiaaiey. Ninoiyiea aieiu aeey ia?iaea – yoi ii?ia, a ie? – yaeaiea
a?aiaiiia, iaiaoiaeeiia, /oiau iiaeaioiaeoue e iiaie aieia. Caaea/a
aiaoiae iieeoeee, niaeanii acaeyaeai Aeoea?a, caeeth/aaony a iaania/aiee
ia?iaeo aeinoaoi/iiai a eiee/anoaaiiii e ea/anoaaiiii ioiioaiee
aeeciaiiiai i?ino?ainoaa, a aioo?aiiyy iieeoeea aeieaeia i?aaeinoaaeoue
ia?iaeo neeu, iaiaoiaeeiua aeey aaaeaiey ai?ueau ca aeeciaiiia
i?ino?ainoai. Aa?iaineee ia?iae aue oieaeai iiaaaeeoaeai ia?aie ie?iaie
aieiu e a aicieeoeo iinea aieiu oneiaeyo ia iia, ii oai?ee Aeoea?a,
oniaoii ?acaeaaoueny e auiieiyoue i?aaeienaiioth aio enoi?eae ienneth.
Aeey ?acaeoey iaoeeiiaeueiie eoeueoo?u e oaaee/aiey enoi/ieeia iiue ii
ioaeaeaeny a i?eia?aoaiee aeiiieieoaeueiiai aeeciaiiiai i?ino?ainoaa. A
oae eae naiaiaeiuo caiaeue oaea ia auei, oi eo neaaeiaaei acyoue oai,
aaea ieioiinoue ianaeaiey iaaieueoay e caiee eniieuecothony
ia?aoeeiiaeueii. Oaeay aiciiaeiinoue aeey aa?iaineie iaoeee eiaeanue
oieueei ia ainoiea, ca n/ao oa??eoi?ee, canaeaiiuo iaiaa iieiioeaiiuie a
?aniaii ioiioaiee, /ai iaioeu, ia?iaeaie, i?aaeaea anaai neaayiaie.
Iiyoiio, iieaaae Aeoea?, aanue aa?iaineee ia?iae aeieaeai aeeth/eoueny a
iiaeaioiaeo aieiu, a caoai neeie aeieacaoue naith aaaeouoth ?ieue a
ie?a. Caoaao iiaiai aeeciaiiiai i?ino?ainoaa ia ainoiea e ii?aaiuaiea
i?iaeeaathueo oai ia?iaeia ?anniao?eaaeinue ei a ea/anoaa i?aaeiinueee e
enoiaeiie aacu aeey ai?ueau ca ie?iaia ainiiaenoai.

Oaeiau ae?aooea i?ia?aiiiua iieiaeaiey, eioi?ie ?oeiaiaenoaiaaeny Aeoea?
a naiae iieeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe. E iei aua i?eniaaeeiyeenue ?aneci e
aioenaieoeci. Yoe iieiaeaiey /anoe/ii auee eceiaeaiu Aeoea?ii ioe?uoi a
eieaa “Iaei eaiio”, iaienaiiie a 1924-1925aa., e ?yaea aunooieaiee, a i
iaeioi?uo aniaeoao naiae i?ia?aiiu ii aiai?ee oieueei a oceii e?oao
aaeeiiiuoeaiieeia e oi eeoue a oa iiiaiou, eiaaea ianooiaei a?aiy
i?enooiaoue e eo i?aeoe/aneiio inouanoaeaieth. Iieiinoueth naieo
caiuneia ii caaeaaia?aiaiii ia ?ane?uaae. Iinoaaea ca niaie aeaeaei
eaeouea oeaee, Aeoea? i?aaei?eiye naiua ?aoeoaeueiua ia?u aeey eo
aeinoeaeaiey. N?aco iinea i?eoiaea e aeanoe ii a naiua ei?ioeea n?iee
oe?aiee iiceoeee naiae ia?oee aioo?e no?aiu. Iaiaa /ai caa iaeei aiae a
Aa?iaiee auee cai?auaiu ana iieeoe/aneea ia?oee, e?iia iaoeenoneie,
eeeaeaee?iaaiu aeaiie?aoe/aneea einoeooou, nouanoaiaaaoea a ia?eiae
Aaeia?neie ?anioaeeee, ?aniouaiu i?ionithcu e ae?oaea iauanoaaiiua
i?aaiecaoeee, a aianoi ieo nicaeaiu iaoeeiiae-nioeeaeenoe/aneea nithcu,
aeaenoaiaaaoea iiae no?iaei eiio?ieai INAe?I. Caoai ia/aeny ia?aaiae
yeiiiieee ia aiaiiua ?aeuenu e auno?ia ia?aueaaiea /eneaiiinoe
aii?oaeaiiuo nee. Aeaeaeinue ana aiciiaeiia aeey iiaeaioiaee Aa?iaiee e
aieia. Aa?iaineeie aiaiiuie einoaioeeyie noaee ?ac?aaaouaaoueny
eiie?aoiua ieaiu caaiaaaiee. Iniiauaaeenue ia neiaeeaoaeny o Aeoea?a aua
e na?aaeeia 20-o aiaeia aiaoiaiieeoe/aneie i?ia?aiia. A niioaaonoaee n
iae aeaaiui i?ioeaieeii Aa?iaiee yaeyaony ?inney. Eiaiii ii?aaiuaiea
yoie ia?iiiie no?aiu aeaaaei aiciiaeiinoue i?aa?aoeoue aa a aeeciaiiia
i?ino?ainoai aeey iaioeaa.

Ii ?inney auea ainoaea?noaii aaeeeei e iiao/ei, n?aco ?ani?aaeoueny n
iae auei iaaiciiaeii. Iaiaoiaeeii auei i?eia?anoe aeiiieieoaeueiua neeu
iooai iiae/eiaiey aieaa neaauo no?ai. Iiyoiio aei ia/aea aieiu i?ioea
?innee oth?a? ?aoee i?aa?aoeoue Aa?iaieth a ainiiaenoaothuoth neeo a
Aa?iia, i?aaei?eiya aeey yoiai oeaeue ?yae iineaaeiaaoaeueiuo
caaiaaaiee, eaaeaeia ec eioi?uo iinoaiaiii oaaee/eaaei au aiaiioth e
yeiiiie/aneoth iiuue Aa?iaiee. Ii ?an/aoai iaoeenoneiai oth?a?a Eoaeey
e Aiaeey aeieaeiu auee noaoue nithcieeaie Aa?iaiee, eee ii e?aeiae ia?a
caieiaoue iaeo?aeueioth iiceoeeth. ?yae iaaieueoeo aa?iiaeneeo
ainoaea?noa aeieaeiu auee iiianoue a caaeneiinoue io Aa?iaiee e
iiaeaea?aeeaaoue aa yeiiiie/anee. Iieueoo, i?aaeoaeuenoai eioi?ie
a?aaeaeaaii ioiineeinue e NNN?, Aeoea? iaaeayeny oaeaea i?eaea/ue ia
naith noi?iio. O?aioeeth e ,iaoiaeeaoothny n iae a nithca *aoineiaaeeth,
ii ?anniao?eaae eae i?ioeaieeia, eioi?uo neaaeiaaei ?aca?iieoue aiaiiui
iooai aei aii?oaeaiiiai noieeiiaaiey n ?inneae. Oaeiau auee
no?aoaae/aneea ieaiu. Iaeiaei i?e eo inouanoaeaiee oaea ia ia?aii yoaia
noaee aicieeaoue ina/ee. Caoi?yieeanue Iieueoa. Iaaeaynue ia aiaiioth
iiaeaea?aeeo Aiaeee e O?aioeee, iia ia oioaea onooiaoue aa?iaineiio
iaaeeio. Oiaaea Aeoea? ?aoee auno?i n iae ?ani?aaeoueny. Ii
i?eoiaeeeinue n/eoaoueny n iaee/eai oa?icu NNN?, eioi?ue a yoi a?aiy aae
ia?aaiai?u n O?aioeeae e Aiaeeae i caeeth/aiee nithca, iai?aaeaiiiai
i?ioea Aa?iaiee. *oiau iaeo?aeeciaaoue yoo oa?ico, ii ?aoee
aeiaiai?eoueny ni Noaeeiui, iieaey ?aaee yoiai ia ?yae onooiie. Oae
iaiaeeaeaiii aue caeeth/ai niaaonei-aa?iaineee aeiaiai? i iaiaiaaeaiee
io 23 aaaonoa 1939 aiaea. Niaeaoaiea ni Noaeeiui ioaeii auei Aeoea?o
aeey oniaoiiai caaa?oaiey iieueneie eaiiaiee. Iinea ?aca?iia O?aioeee e
iiei?aiey ii/oe anae Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu ii oaea aieueoa ia ioaeaeaeny a
oaeii niaeaoaiee. Ia ano?a/a n Ionnieeie a ia?oa 1940 a. (?en. 1) Aeoea?
neacae, /oi Iaeo n NNN? neaaeoao ?anniao?eaaoue ia eae
«iniiaiiieaaathuee nithc, a eeoue eae «oaeoe/aneee iaiaa?», iaiaoiaeeiue
Aa?iaiee aei oao ii?, iiea, «ia?aoaiea naiaiaeu ?oe ia caiaaea ia
iicaieeo aiciaiiaeoue ai?ueao i?ioea aieueoaaecia ia ainoiea» a ?aieao
aai ainoi/iie i?ia?aiiu.

Ia ii?aaaeuaaeenue ?an/aou Aeoea?a a ioiioaiee Aiaeee, iia noaea
aiththuei i?ioeaieeii Aa?iaiee. Auno?ue ?aca?ii O?aioeee aic?iaeee o
iaai iaaeaaeaeo ia aiciiaeiinoue aeinoeaeaiey eiii?iienna n Aiaeeae. Ii
iaiaeiie?aoii aeaaae iiiyoue Eiiaeiio, /oi ia no?aieony oie/oiaeeoue
Aiaeeth e aa eiia?eth, aioia caeeth/eoue n iae ie?, anee iia
i?aaeinoaaeo Aa?iaiee naiaiaeo aeaenoaee a Aa?iia. Iaeiaei Eiiaeii ia
iiaeaeaeny iaaeeio Aa?eeia. Aei neo ii? a ie?iia a?aiy Aeoea?
iaea?aeeaae naie iiaaaeu, eniieuecoy aeao e onooi/eainoue naieo
iieeoe/aneeo i?ioeaieeia, a ai a?aiy aieiu eiae aeaei n i?ioeaieeaie,
eioi?ua onooiaee iaioeai a iaoa?eaeueiii e ii?aeueiii ioiioaiee eee auee
aoeaaeueii ia?aeeciaaiu no?aoii ia?aae aa?iaineie aiaiiie iiuueth.
Aiaeeth iaeuecy auei iiaaaeeoue ie iooai iieieaiiniie aieiu, ie
iin?aaenoaii i?eiaiaiey no?aoaae/aneie aiacaiiinoe. E eaoo 1940 a.
Aa?iaiey a ?acoeueoaoa iieieaiiniuo iiaaae aa?iaooa oaeoe/anee noaea
ainiiaenoaothuae neeie a Aa?iia. Aa aiaiiay e yeiiiie/aneay iiuue
iaiiiai aic?inee. Aeoea? iino/eoae, /oi oaea eiaeenue ana i?aaeiinueee,
/oiau i?enooieoue e ?aoaieth naiae aeaaiie no?aoaae/aneie caaea/e –
caaiaaaiea aeeciaiiiai i?ino?ainoaa ia ainoiea. Aaeeinoaaiiia, /oi aai
o?aaiaeeei, – yoi aieia n Aiaeeae. Oioy n aa noi?iiu ia iaeeaeaeinue
eaeeo-eeai aeoeaiuo aeaenoaee, ii naii aa nouanoaiaaiea iaiiieiaei
Aeoea?o i ia?aie ie?iaie aieia, eiaaea Aa?iaiey n?aaeaeanue ia aeaa
o?iioa e iioa?iaea ii?aaeaiea. Oaeie aieiu ii oioae au ecaaaeaoue. Ii
a?aiy aai oi?iieei. E iinea aeieaeo ?acaeoiee ii ana aea ?aoee
i?aaei?eiyoue ainoi/iue iioiae a ianoaiiaea ninoiyiey aieiu n Aiaeeae.
*ai ii?aaeaeyeinue oaeia ?aoaiea? Ai-ia?auo, iinea oniaoiuo iieieaiiniuo
eaiiaiee i?ioea Iieueoe e O?aioeee Aeoea? e aai aaia?aeu oaa?iaaee, /oi
aieia i?ioea Niaaoneiai Nithca caaa?oeony oaeaea auno?i e iiaaaeiiinii.
Ai-aoi?uo, eaeoe ia ii?aaeaeaiiue ?ene – i?aaei?eiyoue aieio i?ioea
NNN?, eiaaea Aiaeey ia auea ieii/aoaeueii iiaa?aeaia, – Aeoea?a
canoaaeye oaeoi? a?aiaie. «A?aiy ?aaioaei i?ioea Aeoea?a. Eaoii 1940 a.
Aa?iaiey iaoiaeeeanue a ?anoeaaoa aiaiiiai iiaouanoaa. Ca yoi a?aiy, /oi
ae iio?aaoaony aeey iieiiai ?aca?iia Aiaeee, oaeea aa iioaioeeaeueiua
i?ioeaieee, eae NNN? e NOA, iiaoo cia/eoaeueii iiauneoue naie aiaiiue e
yeiiiie/aneee iioaioeeae. Iiyoiio aeey Aa?iaiee eneeth/eoaeueii aaaeii,
n/eoae Aeoea?, ia/aoue ainoi/iue iioiae eae iiaeii auno?aa e eae iiaeii
auno?aa caaa?oeoue aai. Caiaaeiua enoi?eee e ioaeeoeenou ?anniao?eaatho
?aoaiea Aeoea?a i?aaei?eiyoue ie/ai ia ni?iaioee?iaaiiia iaiaaeaiea ia
Niaaoneee Nithc eae naioth aieueooth ioeaeo, i?aaeii?aaeaeeaooth enoiae
aieiu. I?iecioei yoi ec-ca iaaeiioeaiee aiciiaeiinoe NNN?, aai a?iee e
ia?iaea. Aeoea? o?acai ioeaieaae neaainoe Niaaoneeo Aii?oaeaiiuo Nee,
naycaiiua n ianniaui oie/oiaeaieai eo i?ioanneiiaeueiuo eaae?ia, n
iaoaea/iuie aeaenoaeyie ai a?aiy niaaonei-oeieyiaeneie aieiu, n
?acee/iuie i?aaiecaoeeiiiuie iaiieaaeeaie e aeeni?iii?oeeyie. Ii aio ia
oaeaeinue i?aaeeueii ioeaieoue iauee iioaioeeae no?aiu e ia?iaeu,
n?aaeathuaainy i?ioea eiicaiiuo caoaao/eeia, ianoueo n niaith nia?oue e
?aanoai. ?yae ca?oaaaeiuo enneaaeiaaoaeae ooaa?aeaeatho, /oi eaoii 1940
a. Aeoea? iia aianoi ainoi/iiai iioiaea eca?aoue ae?oaie iooue, eioi?ue
ia i?eaae au aai e eaoano?ioa, a aeae au aiciiaeiinoue cae?aieoue
aeinoeaiooua oniao. Oaeei iooai iiaei au noaoue i?ae?auaiea aieiu e
caeeth/aiea ie?iuo aeiaiai?ia n O?aioeeae e ae?. iioa?iaaoeie ii?aaeaiea
ainoaea?noaaie. Oiaaea au a Aa?iia aioea?eeny ie?. Aeoea? ii yoiio iooe
ia iioae, aea e ia iia iieoe, oae eae yoi i?ioeai?a/eei anaio aai
nouanoao, ia niioaaonoaiaaei aai iieeoe/aneie i?ia?aiia. Aeey iaai
aeaaiui aue ia ie?, a aieia, ii?aaiuaiea ia?iaeia, a ia iaeaaeeaaiea
nio?oaeie/anoaa iaaeaeo ieie. Anee au a Aa?iia onoaiiaeeny ie?, oi
iaoeenoai iio?aaiaaeinue au eeeaeaee?iaaoue eiioeeaaa?y, i?ae?aoeoue
oie/oiaeaiea aa?aaa, oeuaai e ae?oaeo «iaiieiioeaiiuo» ia?iaeia. Oiaaea
a Aa?iia ia auei au «iiaiai ii?yaeea», ia aaca eioi?ie Aeoea?ii
nicaeaaaeanue ouny/aeaoiyy Aaeeeay Aa?iaiey. Io yoiai ioeacaoueny ii ia
iia.

I?ia?aiia Ionnieeie auea noiaea n i?ia?aiiie Aeoea?a. A aa iniiaa oaeaea
eaaeaea oaoenoneay eaeay. A ethea 1938 a. Ionnieeie iaia?iaeiaae
aioenaieoneoth eiiiaieth, i?iaicaeaoaiioth a «?aniaii iaieoanoa». Eae
auynieeinue aiineaaenoaee, cia/eoaeueiay /anoue iaieoanoa auea
ninoaaeaia ee/ii Ionnieeie. A iieiaeinoe aeo/a ia no?aaeae yoei
«iaaeoaii». Ia?aua naiaia aioenaieoecia iia iinayoue a aai niciaiee
Ieoeoa. Iciaeiieaoenue n «?aniaui iaieoanoii», eoaeueyioeu n iaiaeui
oaeeaeaieai ociaee, /oi a aieueoeinoaa naiai i?eiaaeeaaeao e «a?eeneie
?ana» e /oi nouanoaoao «/enoay eoaeueyineay ?ana», eioi?oth neaaeoao
any/anee iaa?aaaoue io niaoaiey n ae?oaeie. A Eoaeee i?iaeeaaei a oa
aiaeu ieiei 50 oun. aa?aaa. Ii ioeoeeaeueiie noaoenoeea, i?eia?ii
eaaeaeue /aoaa?oue ec ieo aue iiaeaa?aioo ?ai?anneyi. Iineieueeo,
iaeiaei, aioenaieoeci ia eiae ei?iae a ianniaii niciaiee eoaeueyioeaa e
aue aaniethoii /oaeae eo iaoeeiiaeueiie o?aaeeoeee, ?aniaua caeiiu,
iaeia?aiiua ia?eaiaioii inaiueth 1938 a. ia oieueei ia iieueciaaeenue
iiaeaea?aeeie iann, ii ?iaeaeaee e oneeeaaee /oanoai iai?eycie e
oaoenoneiio ?aaeeio. Eiaiii a yoi a?aiy, inaiueth 1938 a. iieeoe/aneea
aeoeee Ionnieeie ia a?aiy iiaeiyeenue a oeaia, eai aio i?eoeinue
i?aaenoaoue a i?aiea ie?ioai?oea e aa?oeoaey noaeaa Aa?iiu. 28 naioya?y
aiaeeeneee iinie a ?eia ia?aaeae i?inueao a?eoaineiai i?aiuea?a i
aiaoaoaeuenoaa Ionnieeie a «noaeaoneee e?ecen» n oeaeueth nianaiey ie?a.
Aeey Ionnieeie yoi aue ianoiyuee iiaea?ie, eai ii oaea aeaaii eneae
iiaiae, /oiau niaieoue iiceoeeth iaaethaeaoaey ia ?ieue aeoeaiiai
aeaenoaothuaai eeoea a niauoeyo ie?iaiai ianooaaa. Aeoea? i?aaeeiaeee
Eoaeee caeeth/eoue aeaoonoi?iiiee nithc. Ionnieeie ia?aaeiaaeny yoiio
i?aaeeiaeaieth, oniio?aa a iai aeaieioth auaiaeo: ai-ia?auo auoue a
eo?na iaia?aiee oth?a?a e niaeaniauaaoue iiceoeee, ai-aoi?uo iieo/eoue
ia iniiaa aeiaiai?a iuooeioth iaoa?eaeueioth e aiaiioth iiiiuue. Aeo/a
e?oiii i?in/eoaeny: ii ia o/ae iianiinoe auoue iaiaaeeaiii aoyiooui a
ethaie aii?oaeaiiue eiioeeeo ia noi?iia Aa?iaiee. A aeieoiaioa,
iiaeienaiiii 22 iay a Aa?eeia e iieo/eaoai iacaaiea «Noaeueiie iaeo»,
auea ioa?ioaia anyeay ?eoi?eea i ie?a. Iaa ainoaea?noaa a?aee ia naay
iaycaoaeuenoaa aunooieoue ia noi?iia ae?oa ae?oaa a neo/aa ethaiai
aii?oaeaiiiai eiioeeeoa. Ie/aai iiaeiaiiai aeeieiiaoe/aneay i?aeoeea OO
aaea ia ciaea. Aeo/a aue i/aiue aeiaieai e niieiai. Ia neaaeothuee
aeaiue iinea iiaeienaiey iaeoa Aeoea? i?iaae nae?aoiia niaauaiea n
aunoeie aiaiiuie /eiaie ?aeoa e cayaee ei, /oi Eoaeey e ssiiiey ia
aeieaeiu auoue a eo?na caaea/ Aa?iaiee. Oaeei ia?acii, «Noaeueiie iaeo»,
i?ee?uoue ?acaiai?aie i ie?iie ia?aaeuoea, aue aeey Eoaeee eiaooeie.
Ionnieeie iiee naay oeo?ui e aeaeueiiaeaeiui iieeoeeii, ii a eiaa?noaa e
oeo?inoe aei Aeoea?a aio auei aeaeaei. Neacaiiia aiana ia icia/aao, /oi
eaoii 1939 a. aeo/a iuoaeny oaea?aeaoue oth?a?a io aa?annee. I?inoi ii
ia ciae, /oi aieia aeaenoaeoaeueii noiyea ia ii?iaa. Aeo/a caiaoaeny. Ii
a?inaeny ec iaeiie e?aeiinoe a ae?oaoth e oyioe a?aiy. Aai aeooa
ia?aiieiyeanue i?ioeai?a/eauie ii?uaaie: ceiaa ia Aeoea?a onooiaea ianoi
?aoeiinoe aunooieoue ia aai noi?iia, no?ao ca aiciiaeiua iineaaenoaey
aaaioth?u /a?aaeiaaeny n aiyciueth auaeyaeaoue o?onii e i?aaeaoaeai,
aeaaeaea ia oionoeoue naia iaoaeeeaaeanue ia iiieiaiea neaainoe
eoaeueyineie aiaiiie iaoeiu. Ionnieeie niciaaae, /oi iiiae a neiaeiia,
oieceoaeueiia iieiaeaiea. 25 aaaonoa a Eoaeee i?eaue iinie oth?a?a n
iineaieai, a eioi?ii Aeoea? oaaaeiieye aeo/a i aioiaiinoe ia/aoue
aiaiiua aeaenoaey i?ioea Iieueoe e i?inee eeoue iiieiaiey n eoaeueyineie
noi?iiu. A ioaaoiii iineaiee Ionnieeie au?aaeae aioiaiinoue aunooieoue
iaiaaeeaiii, anee Aa?iaiey i?aaeinoaaeo iaiaoiaeeiua aeey yoiai aiaiiua
n?aaenoaa e nu?uea. Aeoea? i?ae?anii iiiye naiaai nithcieea e
ia?aie/eeny eeoue o?aaiaaieai ia ?acaeaoaoue ?aiueoa n?iea ?aoaiea i
iaeo?aeeoaoa e iineaoue a Aa?iaieth i?iiuoeaiiuo ?aai/eo. 18 ia?oa 1940
aiaea ia ano?a/a n Ionnieeie Aeoea? iaaeaoniuneaiii iaiaeioe, /oi
Aa?iaiey iiaeao iaieoenue e naieie neeaie, e oioy iaa noi?iiu naycuaatho
enoi?e/aneea noaeueau, aeiey Eoaeee aoaeao i?iii?oeeiiaeueia aa auoiaeo
a aieio. Aeo/a onei?ee iiaeaioiaeo e aunooieaieth e ninoaaee iaii?aiaeoi
ei?ieth, a eioi?ii aeieacuaae iaiaoiaeeiinoue ia?aeeaeueiie n Aa?iaiee
aieiu. Oaia?ue ?annoaeaeaiey i aiaiiie neaainoe e ionoonoaee aieineiai
iuea ii aini?eieiae /ooue ee ia eae ee/ioth iaeaeo. 18 eao aeo/a iuoaeny
iiaeaioiaeoue eoaeueyioeaa e naiiiiaea?oaiaaieth e oaia?ue ioe?iaaiii
ceeeny, aeaey, /oi naeaeaoue yoiai ia oaeaeinue. Iiiai/eneaiiua
iieeoeaeneea aaaiou aeiiineee, /oi a ianna eoaeueyioeaa i?aiaeaaeae
aioeaiaiiue e aioeaa?iaineee iano?ie, /oi ?aaeueiinoue oa?icu ?iaeaeaea
ia aieineee iue, a ?anoa?yiiinoue e no?ao. N i?ecuaii ia niaa?oaoue
?ieiaiai oaaa e Ionnieeie ia?auaeenue iii/a?aaeii iai Iee XII,
?ocaaeueo, *a?/eeue. Ii aeo/a neuoae oieueei oi, /oi oioae neuoaoue:
eyca aonaieoe e ia?iue oiiio aa?iaineeo naiia ii Aa?iia. E aania 1940 a.
aeaaea iano?iaiiue aioeaa?iainee *eaii noae ana /aua caaeoiuaaoueny iaae
aii?inii anooieaiey a aieio ia noi?iia iaoeenoia. E yoiio aea auaiaeo
neeiieeny ei?ieue e aai ie?oaeaiea. Aeane /oaeeo iiaaae caneiiee ?aaeee
eoaeueyineie aeecie. Neaaeoy ieaio «ia?aeeaeueiie aieiu» e no?anoii
ia/oay iaianoe naie oaea? e caoaaoeoue naith aeiau/o, Ionnieeie aac
aaaeiia e niaeaney Aeoea?a ioaeae i?eeac i aoi?aeaiee a A?aoeeth.
Iaeiaei aii?aee iaeeaeaieyi, a?aee io/ayiii nii?ioeaeyeenue, e ca /aou?a
aeiy aiaa oaoenoneea aeeaecee iaiaiiiai i?iaeaeioeenue aaeoaue a?a/aneie
oa??eoi?ee. A?a/aneea aienea ia?aoee a eiio?ianooieaiea e i?iaiaee
aa?anni?ia n caoaa/aiiie oa??eoi?ee. Aeoea? iaienae ienueii naiaio
nithcieeo, iiieiay, /oi Eoaeey noaea iaocie Aa?iaiee, ia niiniaiay
naiinoiyoaeueii inouanoaeyoue iia?aoeee aeaaea iaaieueoiai ianooaaa.

Eae aeaeii, aiaoiyy iieeoeea Eoaeee iieiinoueth eiio?iee?iaaeanue
Aa?iaieae, oioy nai aeo/a ia yoii aeieai ia iiaeic?aaae. Ii n/eoae naay
aa?oeoaeai noaeaa Aa?iiu, ianoaaieeii oth?a?a e ia iia nie?eoueny, /oi
Aeoea? oaea aeaaii ia aai o/aiee. Aeoea? aae naith iieeoeeo, ia
caaeoiuaaynue ia eioa?anao aeo/a.

Iieeoeea iieeoe/aneeo ?aaeeiia Eoaeee e Aa?iaiee iiaeaea?aeeaaeanue e
eiio?iee?iaaeanue oa??i?ii. I?e/ai, oa??i?ii ia oieueei i?ioea
ii?aaeaeaiiuo eeannia, ii i?ioea oeaeuo iaoeee. N 1942 a. iniiaiua
oneeey Aeoea?a auee nin?aaeioi/aiu ia oii, /oiau i?iaea?aeaoueny eae
iiaeii aeieueoa e eniieueciaaoue eiaaoothny o ieo aeanoue aeey
i?aoai?aiey a aeeciue oao caiuneia, eioi?ua iiaeii auei inouanoaeoue a
nicaeaaoeony oneiaeyo, oioy yoi ia?aaeei auei ai a?aae aeaaea iaiaoeeiio
ia?iaeo, a eioa?anao eioi?iai ii yeiau aeaenoaiaae. Iniaaiii ii niaoee n
i?anooieaieyie i?ioea /aeiaa/anoaa, no?aiynue aei naiaai ii?aaeaiey
oie/oiaeeoue iiaieueoa ethaeae, eioi?ua, ii aai acaeyaeai, ia ianoi ia
caiea. Aeoea? niaa?oae i?anooieaiey ia oieueei ii iieeoe/aneei e aiaiiui
iioeaai, ii e ec ee/iuo iiaoaeaeaiee, iiaeiaii iau/iiio oaieiaieeo.
?acieoea auea ia a iioeaao, a a ianooaaao. Anee aea?oaaie iau/iiai
i?anooiieea noaiiaeeenue aaeeieoeu e aeanyoee ethaeae, oi aea?oau
Aeoea?a en/eneyeenue ieeeeiiaie. Ii aai oeacaieth auea nicaeaia oeaeay
nenoaia eno?aaeaiey, naiaia?aciue eiiaaea? ii oaeenoao ethaeae,
eeeaeaeaoeee e ooeeecaoeee eo inoaieia. Ii aue aeiiaai a ianniaii
eno?aaeaiee ethaeae ii yoie/aneei, ?aniaui, nioeeaeueiui e ae?oaei
i?eciaeai, /oi eaaeeoeoee?oaony th?enoaie eae i?anooieaiey i?ioea
/aeiaa/anoaa. Yoei ii ioee/aeny io ae?oaeo e?iaiaeaaeiuo aeeeoaoi?ia.
Iiiaea i?anooieaiey Aeoea?a ia naycaiu n caueoie iaoeeiiaeueiuo
eioa?ania Aa?iaiee e iaiaoeeiai ia?iaea, ia aucuaaeenue aiaiiie
iaiaoiaeeiinoueth Iai?ioea, iie a eaeie-oi noaiaie aeaaea iiae?uaaee
aiaiioth iiuue Aa?iaiee. Oae, aeey inouanoaeaiey ianniauo oaeenoa a
nicaeaiiuo iaoeenoaie eaaa?yo nia?oe Aeoea? aea?aeae a oueo aeanyoee
ouny/ ynyniaoeaa. A yoi auee aiaeiua e aiaiiie neoaeaa eeoea, caei?iaua
e iieiaeua. I naieo i?anooieaieyo i?ioea /aeiaa/anoaa Aeoea?, ciay i
aiciouaiee eie ie?iaie iauanoaaiiinoe, no?aieeny ia inoaaeyoue ieeaeeo
neaaeia. Aaeeinoaaiiui iiaeienaiiui ei aeieoiaioii oaeiai ?iaea aue
i?eeac io 1 naioya?y 1939 a. ia oia?uaeaiee a Aa?iaiee o?iie/aneeo
aieueiuo e eiaaeeaeia, noaaoeo yeiau iaocie aeey iauanoaa. A
aeaeueiaeoai ?anii?yaeaiey ia oie/oiaeaiee ethaeae ii yoie/aneei e
nioeeaeueiui i?eciaeai ioaeaaaeenue ei oieueei a onoiie oi?ia aac
naeaeaoaeae /a?ac Aeiiea?a, aicaeaaeyaoaai NN. Anee ii ia?aiio
iiaeienaiiiio Aeoea?ii i?eeaco a Aa?iaiee a oa/aiea aeaoo iaaeaeue auei
oia?uaeaii 100 oun. «aaniieaciuo aaeieia», oi aea?oaaie aai
iineaaeothueo onoiuo ?anii?yaeaiee noaee ieeeeiiu aacaeiiuo ethaeae eae
a naiie Aa?iaiee, oae e aua a aieueoae noaiaie ia ieeoie?iaaiiuo
oa??eoi?eyo. Ia/aaoeany n naioya?y 1939 a. aeoea?iaoeaie aiiaiey i?ioea
oeuaai noieee aeecie ii/oe 500 oun. /aeiaae. Nia/aea eo caaea?aeeaaee e
iai?aaeyee a eiioeeaaa?y, a a 1941 e 1943 aa. i?iecaaee ianniaua
oie/oiaeaiey. N ieoya?y 1939 a. ynyniaoeu ii oeacaieth Aeoea?a
i?enooieee e eeeaeaeaoeee iieueneie eioaeeeaaioeee e ?oeiaiaeyueo neiaa
iieueneiai iauanoaa, eioi?ay i?iaeieaeaeanue 5 eao. Ii i?eaeeceoaeueiui
iiaen/aoai aea?oaaie yoie aeoeee noaee 1 iei. ethaeae. Iiaeiaioth aea
iieeoeeo oie/oiaeaiey a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue eeoe, caieiaaoeo ?oeiaiaeyuaa
iieiaeaiea a niaaoneii iauanoaa, aeoea?iaoeu n ethiy 1941 a. ia/aee
i?iaiaeeoue ia ieeoie?iaaiiie oa??eoi?ee NNN?. E 1 ai?aey 1942 a.
niaoeeaeueiuie aieineeie io?yaeaie, aeaenoaiaaaoeie a oueo a?oii a?iee
«Naaa?», «Oeaio?» e «THa», auei oie/oiaeaii 560 oun. niaaoneeo
a?aaeaeai. Eaoii 1942 a. Aeoea? ?anii?yaeeeny any/anee niinianoaiaaoue
nie?auaieth /eneaiiinoe ianoiiai ianaeaiey ia ieeoie?iaaiiie niaaoneie
oa??eoi?ee. Aeinoe/ue yoiai i?ecuaaeinue i?aaeaea anaai iooai aieiaea,
auaicy ana i?iaeiaieuenoaea a Aa?iaieth. E?iia oiai, ia ieeoie?iaaiiie
oa??eoi?ee auei i?ae?auaii ooieoeeiie?iaaiea anao o/?aaeaeaiee ii
ieacaieth ianoiui aeeoaeyi iaaeeoeeineie iiiiue. Ea/eoue aieueiuo
caeanue Aeoea? iin/eoae eceeoiei. AEa?oaaie aeoea?ianeiai aaiioeeaea
noaei iiiai ieeeeiiia a?aaeaeai NNN?. Iniaaiii iiiai aiai?yo i
i?anooieaieyo aeoea?iaoeaa i?ioea aa?aaa, a niaa?oaiee eioi?uo iie
iniiauaaeenue ia aioenaieoneeo aicc?aieyo naiaai oth?a?a. A yiaa?a 1942
a iaoeenoneea aeanoe, aeaenoaoy ii oeacaieth Aeoea?a, i?eiyee
iinoaiiaeaiea ia “ieii/aoaeueiii ?aoaiee aa?aeneie i?iaeaiu a Aa?iia”,
/oi icia/aei oece/aneia oie/oiaeaiea anao aa?aaa ia eiioeiaioa. Aei
yoiai Aeoea?ii auee naieoeeiie?iaaiu ?anno?aeu aa?aaa oieueei ia
ieeoie?iaaiiie oa??eoi?ee NNN? e a Iieueoa. A ae?oaeo ianoao eo ia
o?iaaee. N 1942 aa?aaa ni anao no?ai Aa?iiu noaea iai?aaeyoue a oanoue
niaoeeaeueii iai?oaeiaaiiuo eaaa?ae nia?oe. Oai eo oie/oiaeaee a aaciauo
eaia?ao, a caoai o?oiu naeeaaee a ia/ao e?aiaoi?iiai aeaea. Cieo
eniieueciaaee a ea/anoaa oaeia?aiey. Ii iaeioi?ui aeaiiui, auei
oie/oiaeaii ii/oe 6 iei. aa?aaa.

ieeoie?iaaa aieueoeinoai no?ai Aa?iiu, aeoea?iaoeu noaee i?aoai?youe a
aeeciue naie /oaeiaeuiua ieaiu onoaiiaeaiey “iiaiai ii?yaeea”. Yoio
“ii?yaeie” i?aaenoaaeye niaie caa?neee oa??i?enoe/aneee ?aaeei, i?e
iiiiue eioi?iai a caoaa/aiiuo no?aiao oie/oiaeaeenue ana iaoeeiiaeueiua
aeaiie?aoe/aneea o/?aaeaeaiey, eeeaeaee?iaaeenue a?aaeaeaineea i?aaa
ianaeaiey. Ieeoie?iaaiiua ainoaea?noaa iiaeaa?aaeenue ianeuoaiiiio
ia?aaeaieth, a eo ianaeaiea oece/aneiio eno?aaeaieth. I oii, eae
onoaiaaeeaaee aeoea?iaoeu naie “iiaue ii?yaeie”, aiai?eo, iai?eia?,
o?aae/aneay enoi?ey iaaieueoie /aoineiaaoeeie aea?aaie Eeaeeoea. A ii/ue
ia 10 ethiy 1942 a a yoi naeaiea ai?aaeenue aeoea?iaoeu. Iie niaiaee
anao iaoiaeeaoeony a aea?aaie ioae/ei e ?aayo noa?oa 16 eao ai aeai?a
e?anoueyieia e ?anno?aeyee aao aei aaeeiiai. AEaiuei n aeaoueie oaacee,
caoai iaoa?ae ioi?aaeee e eiioeeaaa?y, aaea iie oiieeenue aei ieii/aiey
aieiu, a /anoue aeaoae iieiaea 15 eao aeoea?iaoeu ioia?aee aeey
“onuiiaeaiey a iaiaoeeeo naiueyo, inoaeueiua 89% iaeue/eeia e aeaai/ae
ioi?aaeaiu a ?aciauo eaia?ao. Oaeei ia?acii, a Eeaeeoea ia inoaeinue ie
iaeiiai aeeoaey. Oaoenou ?aca?aaeee aeiia, a iioii iiaeiaeaee eo.
Inoaeueiua ia aeiai?aaoea caeaiee auee aci?aaiu. Ia ianoa, aaea auea
aea?aaiy, inoaeny eeoue iaiae. Caiey auea ia?aiaoaia e ie?oaeaia
eieth/ae i?iaieieie, aeaau caeanue iaanaaaea inoaeny ionou?ue (?en 2). A
ieeoie?iaaiiuo no?aiao aeoea?iaoeu nicaeaee ia?iiiia eiee/anoai
eiioeeaaa?ae. Yoi auee ianoiyuea oaa?eee nia?oe. E?oiiaeoei ec ieo
yaeyeny Inaaioeei. Ii iino?iai a 1939 a aa?iaineei oeie/aneei eiioea?iii
“ E.A. Oa?aaieiaeono?e” ii i?eeaco aeaau ynyniaoeai Aeiiea?a. Eaaa?ue
aue ?aniieiaeai ia ia?iiiie oa??eoi?ee e i?aaenoaaeye niaie oeaeoth
nenoaio eaaa?ae: Aooaio, Ae?eaiao, Iiiiaeoea, Eaeoeaeo e ae?. Ana eaaa?y
auee ie?oaeaiu aeoaieeie ?aaie e eieth/ae i?iaieieie, /a?ac eioi?oth
i?iioneaeny oie aunieiai iai?yaeaiey. A Inaaioeei aaeaaeiaaii i?eauaaei
io 3 aei 5 aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo ninoaaia, a eaaeaeii eo eioi?uo
iaoiaeeeinue io 1500 aei 300 /aeiaae. A Inaaioeeia ethaeae ia oieueei
?anno?aeeaaee. Caeanue iaea/e iia?oaeyee naie aea?oau n iiiiuueth
io?aaeythuaai aaca “Oeeeeii – 5”. Ethaeae caaiiyee a aaciaua eaia?u.
Aeaa?e eaia? aa?iaoe/anee cae?uaaeenue, ioneaeny aac, e ethaee aeaee.
Nia?oue ianooiaea /a?ac 3-5 ieioo. Caoai o?oiu aua?oaeaeenue e
naeeaaeenue a ia/ao e?aiaoi?eaa. Ii e?aiaoi?ee ia oniaaaee oie/oiaeaoue
ana o?oiiu – oae eo auei iiiai. Iiyoiio /anoue ec ieo naeeaaee ia
eino?ao. O?oiu iiaeaiceeenue ii oceieieaeea, oeeaaeuaaeenue a
niaoeeaeueiua ?au, iaeeaaeenue iaooueth e iiaeaeeaaeenue. A iaeioi?ua
aeie a Inaaioeeia eno?aaeyeinue io 10 aei 12 oun. /aeiaae. A naiai
ecoaa?noaa aeoea?iaoeu aeioee aei oiai, /oi noaee ae?iaeoue ianai?aaoea
einoe naieo aea?oa e ioneaoue eo ia i?iaeaaeo i?iiuoeaiieeai aeey
ia?a?aaioea a noia?oinoao. Aeoea?ianeea ecaa?ae ia uaaeeee aeaaea
aeaoae. Nioie ouny/ iaeuoae iiaeaee io ?oe oaoenoneeo iaea/ae. Auaoee
caeeth/aiiue, a?aa ec Aeeueithna ssiia Aa??ii, ia Ith?aiaa?aneii
i?ioeanna iieacae: “A ethea 1943a a eaaa?a Ae?eaiao auei ioia?aii 164
iaeue/eea ioaa/aii a aieueieoeo, aaea i?e iiiiue oeieia a na?aeoea
ea?aiiiaie eeneiou ana iie auee oia?uaeaiu”. Auaoay caeeth/aiiay Aaeao
Aaeueae?aoo iieacaea: “A 19443a a oi a?aiy, eiaaea iu iai?aaeeaaee
e?aiaoi?ee ?5, y iiiai aeaeaea, eae ynyniaoeu a?inaee a ai?yuea eino?u
aeeauo aeaoae”. A Inaaioeeia oaoenoneea a?a/e i?iaiaeeee “iaaeeoeeineea”
iiuou iaae aeeauie ethaeueie. Niaoeeaeueiay noaeaaii-iaaeeoeeineay
eiienney onoaiiaeea, /oi aeoea?iaoeu inouanoaeyee noa?eeecaoeeth aeaiuei
iooai iaeo/aiey n iineaaeothuei /?aaina/aieai e ecuyoeai ye/ieeia. Ia
ethaeyo eniuouaaee aeaenoaey ?acee/iuo oeie/aneeo i?aia?aoia. Ieeeeiiu
ethaeae, i?eaiceiuo a Inaaioeei, iiaeaa?aeenue ia?aaeaieth. Ana aaue,
aieioue aei ianoaeueiiai aaeuey, ioae?aeenue, ia?aaaouaaeenue e
ioi?aaeyeenue a Aa?iaieth. Aeaei aeioiaeeei aei oiai, /oi ia?aae
oie/oiaeaiea aeaiuei o ieo ia?acaee aieinu. *?acau/aeiay eiienney
iaia?oaeeea ia oa??eoi?ee eaaa?y 293 othea n 7000 eeeia?aiiia aeaineeo
aiein (?en 3).

Ia?iiiue eaaa?ue nia?oe oaoenou nicaeaee a Iaeaeaiaea, ieiei Ethaeeia.
Aeaaea naie aeoea?iaoeu iacuaaee aai ”oa?ieoooianeaaa?ue”, o.a. eaaa?ue
oie/oiaeaiey. A 144 aa?aaaiao caeanue niaea?aeaeenue ouny/e caeeth/aiiuo
ec ?acee/iuo no?ai Aa?iiu. E?iaaaay enoi?ey yoiai eaaa?y ia/aeanue n
ianniaiai ?anno?aea niaaoneeo aiaiiiieaiiuo a iiya?a-aeaeaa?a 1941a. Ec
2000 aiaiiineoaeaueo, aeinoaaeaiiuo a yoi a?aiy a Iaeaeaiae, a aeeauo
inoaeinue eeoue 80 – inoaeueiua auee ?anno?aeyiu e caio/aiu. Ii
inoaaoeany 80 /aeiaae a iineaaenoaee auee eno?aaeaiu. Ceiie 1942 aiaea
ynyniaoeu ooiieee ieiei 5000 niaaoneeo aiaiiiieaiiuo. Anao eo ia?oeyie
oaiaeeee a eaiaiieiiith e oai ?anno?aeeaaee. Eaoii 1943 aiaea a
Iaeaeaiae aeinoaaeee 300 iiiaaoeo a ieai niaaoneeo ioeoea?ia, eo oiaea
?anno?aeyee. A Iaeaeaiaea, eae e a Inaaioeeia, caia/aiiuo eno?aaeyee
aacii “Oeeeeii – 5”. Oaea aia/aea 1942 aiaea aeey naeeaaiey o?oiia auee
iino?iaiu aeaa ia/e. Ii aea?oa auei oae iiiai, /oi e inaie 1943 aiaea
aeoea?iaoeu iino?ieee iiuiue e?aiaoi?ee ec 5 ia/ae.

Iie ai?aee aani?a?uaii. I?e e?oaeinooi/iie “?aaioa” naeeaaeinue ieiei
2000 ouny/ o?oiia. A?naiae iuoie e eciu?aiiuo ecaeaaaoaeuenoa
i?eiaiyaiuo aeoea?iaoeaie ii ioiioaieth e naiei aea?oaai aue
?aciiia?acai. Ethaeae aeee iaeeaie ii aieiaa, naiiaaie a iao, oiieee a
a?yciie aiaea, iia?oaeay aieiao aea?oau a eaiaao ianooiay iaai iiaie.
Caeeth/aiiuo iiaeaaoeaaee ca naycaiiua iacaae ?oee, aeaee ?aneaeaiiui
aeaeacii.

Iaaaeaeaea io Ithioaia ?aniieiaeai iaaieueoie ai?iaeie Aeaoao. Ieiei
iaai aeoea?iaoeu oaeaea nicaeaee eiioeeaaa?ue, o aeaaiiai aoiaea a
eioi?ue i?ee?aieee aeaeacioth ieeoeo n iaaeienueth “O?oae aeaeaao
naiaiaeiui”. A ai?aea 45 aiaea a ia?aiieiaiiii Aeaoao iaoiaeeeinue nauoa
32 ouny/ /aeiaae; aua 35 ouny/ caeeth/aiiuo iiiieiyee ie?anoiua oeeeaeu
eaaa?y. A Aeaoao auei 15 a?aeia; a iiiauaiee, ?ann/eoaiiii ia 52
caeeth/aiiuo, niaee 1600 /aeiaae. A Aeaoao aaea o?aaeee aacii: caeaoiea
ynyniaoeu n caaenoueth aeoiaee i aaciauo eaia?ao ae?oaeo, aieaa
“nia?aiaiiuo” eaaa?ae. A 1942 caeanue auei ?anno?aeyii 6000 niaaoneeo
aiaiiiieaiiuo e iieeocaeeth/aiiuo ?acee/iuo iaoeeiiaeueiinoae, oi/iia
/enei eioi?uo ia onoaiiaeaii. A ai?aea 1945 aiaea, eiaaea i?eaeeaeaeny
eiiaoe ?aeoa, nioie o?oiia, eioi?ua ia oniaaaee naeeaaoue e caeaiuaaoue
na?anuaaeenue a eo/o ia oa??eoi?ee eaaa?y. A?oaea iaiaaeaiiuo,
enoiuaiiuo aei i?aaeaea oae na?iaaoiai, a oi e /a?iiai oeaaoa aeinoeaea
auniou aeiia. Aicaeoo aue i?iieoai oaeaniui eeneiaaoui caiaoii iooe
aeiieiaee /oaeii inoaaoeony aeeauo ethaeae iaanneeaaoeo io aeecaioa?ee.
A Aeaoao a oe?ieeo ianooaaao oaeaea i?iecaiaeeeenue “iaaeeoeeineea
yenia?eiaiou” ia ocieeao. Aeaeaeinue yoi ii caaeaieth aiaiiiai
eiiaiaeiaaiey Aa?iaiee. Aieaa /ai 1200 /aeiaae caeeth/aiiuo auee
iiaeaa?aioou iiuoai n iaey?eae aea?oau iiaeaa?aaeenue oeonai eiia?ia eee
ei aeaeaeenue aeeaaiey nii?ioeoioia iaey?ee, acyouo io iineeoia.
I?eiaiyeenue ?acee/iua iaoiaeu ea/aiey. Io 30 aei 40 /aeiaae iiaeaei
iaiin?aaenoaaiii io caaieaaaiey iaey?eae, 300-400 /aeiaae oia?ei io
nia?oaeueiuo aieaciae, eioi?ua auee aucaaiu iinea i?eiaaeeia iaey?ee.
Ethaee oie?aee oaeaea io i?eiyoey neeueiuo aeic eaea?noa 1942-1943 a.a.
yenia?eiaiou iaae ethaeueie i?iecaiaeeeenue aeieoi?ii ?aoa?ii, eioi?ue
onoaiaaeeaae aeaenoaey ieacuaaaiiai eciaiaiey aicaeooiiai aeaaeaiey.
Ieiei 25 /aeiaae iaeiia?aiaiii iiiauaeinue a niaoeeaeueii iino?iaiioth
eaia?o, a eioi?ie iiaeii auei iiauoaoue aeaaeaiea eee oiaiueoaoue aai a
caaeneiinoe io iaaeiaiinoe. Oeaeue caeeth/aeanue a oii, /oiau
onoaiiaeoue aeaenoaea auniou e auno?iai nionea ia ia?aothoa ia ninoiyiea
ethaeae. aieueoeinoai ec caeeth/aiiuo iiaeaaee io yoeo yenia?eiaioia a
?acoeueoaoa aioo?aiiaai e?iaieceeyiey a iica, a eaaeea; iiiaea oa?eaee
e?iaueth, eiaaea eo auieiaee ec eaia?u. Io 400 aei 500 caeeth/aiiuo auee
iiaeaa?aioou yoei yenia?eiaioai oa, eioi?ua ia iiaeaaee. Auee
ia?aaaaeaiu a ioaeaeaiea aeey eiaaeeaeia e a iineaaenoaee oie/oiaeaiu.
?aoa? oaeaea i?iaiaeee yenia?eiaiou, caeeth/aaoeany a aeaenoaee
oieiaeiie aiaeu ia ethaeae. yoi aeaeaeinue aeey oiai, /oiau onoaiiaeoue
niinia iaeeaeaiey eao/eeia iioa?iaaoeo aaa?eth e oiaaoeo a ii?a
iiaeaa?aaaoeeny yenia?eiaioo /aeiaae iiiauaeny a eaaeyioth aiaeo e
inoaaaeny oai aei oao ii?, iiea ia oa?ye niciaiey. Caoai o iaai a?aee
e?iaue ec oae e i?iaa?yee anyeee ?ac, eiaaea oaiia?aoo?a aai oaea
iaaeaea ia iaeei a?aaeon. Yoi onoaiaaeeaaeinue i?e iiiiue ?aooaeueiiai
oa?iiiao?a. Iaeioi?ua ethaee iiaeaa?aaeenue eniuoaieth a oa/aiee 24-36
/ania. Naiay ieceay oaiia?aoo?a oaea aeinoeaaea 19 a?aaeonia ii
Oeaeueneth. Ethaeae caoai a?aee ec yoie eaaeyii aiaeu, e aeaeaeanue
iiiuoea iaeeaeoue eo iooai ioia?aaaiey n iiiiuueth eneonnoaaiiuo
nieia/iuo eo/ae e ai?y/ae aiaeu. I?eia?ii 300 caeeth/aiiuo auei
eniieueciaaii aeey yoeo yenia?eiaioia. Aieueoeinoai ec ieo iiaeaaei. Oa,
eioi?ua inoaaaeenue a aeeauo, a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa noiaeeee n oia.
Inoaaoeany a aeeauo iai?aaeyeenue a ioaeaeaiea aeey eiaaeeaeia. Aaea eo
iicaeiaa oaeaaee. I?iaiaeeeenue oaeaea iiuou n ia/aiueth. Eo i?iaiaeee
aeieoi? A?aooeue aeaaea iaae caei?iauie ethaeueie, a oaeaea iaae oaie,
eioi?ua no?aaeaee aieaciueth aeaeoaeea e aeae/iiai iocu?y. N yoie
oeaeueth a ia/aiue aaiaeeeanue eaea e au?uaaeny iaaieueoie eonie ia/aie,
i?e/ai i?e yoii ia i?eiaiyeenue ieeaeea ia?eioe/aneea n?aaenoaa. Yoi aue
i/aiue aieaciaiiue iiuo, eioi?ue i?eaiaeee /anoi e na?ueaciui
ineiaeiaieyi, o.e. eiaee ianoi iia?aaeaeaiey aeaeoaeea e a?oa?ee,
oa?yeinue aieueoia eiee/anoai e?iae, e ethaee iiaeaaee io e?iaieceeyiey.
Oe?iei i?aeoeeiaaeinue niyoea eiaee n o?oiia caeeth/aiiuo. Aeieoi? ?aoa?
o?aaiaae nieiaoue eiaeo n oae e nieiu /aeiaaea. Aa iiaeaa?aaee
oeie/aneie ia?aaioea e caoai aunooeaaee ia nieioea. Yoo eiaeo
eniieueciaaee aeey ecaioiaeaiey naaeae, ia?/aoie, aeaineeo oooaeue e
noiie. A eaaa?a i?ienoiaeeee iiiai/eneaiiua eacie iooai i?eiaiaiey
aacia, ?anno?aeia e ai?uneeaaiee. A 1942 aiaeo a ioaeaeueiue eaaa?ue
aioo?e Aeaoao auei caeeth/aii io 5 aei 6 ouny/ ?onneeo. Eo auno?aeaaee
a?oiiaie ii 500-600 /aeiaae ia e?ath ieiia e ?anno?aeeaaee. A 1944-1945
a. auei iiaaoaii e ?anno?aeyii iiiai aeaiuei. Iaeioi?ua ec ieo auee
aa?aiaiiu. A ieoya?a 1944 a. i?eaue o?ainii?o n aaia?aie, eioi?ua
caianee nuiiie oeo a eaaa?ue, e ?ac?aceeanue yieaeaiey. Iiiaea
caeeth/aiiua iiaeaee io iaaeinoaoea ieue. Aeoea?iaoeu nicaeaaaee
niaoeeaeueiua eaaa?y aeey aeaoae. Ethaeneea iioa?e ca aiaeu ie?iaie
aieiu a eiioeaio?aoeeiiiuo eaaa?yo, a oaeaea oia?oeo io yieaeaiee,
ninoaaeee aieaa 50 iei. /aeiaae. Naiua oyaeaeua iioa?e iiian Niaaoneee
ia?iae, eioi?iio aieia noieea nauoa 20 iei. aeeciae. Iieueoa iioa?yea 6
iei. /aeiaae. THaineaaey – 1706000 /aeiaae. A A?aoeee oaoenoneeie
ieeoiaioaie auei oaeoi a aiyo aieaa 30 oun. /aeiaae, eaciaii nauoa 48
oun., caio/aii ia eaoi?aa a Aa?iaiee e niaeaeaii a ia/ao 50 oun.,
oaacaii a Aa?iaieth e acyoi a ea/anoaa caeiaeieeia 90 oun. /aeiaae.
Aeaaaeaeu a oa/aiea aaea aa?iaineee eiia?eaeeci i?ioaeny ii no?aiai
Aa?iiu, i?eiany ei iiiai/eneaiiua aaaenoaey. A oiaea yoeo aiei auee
?aci?aiu oeaeua ainoaea?noaa, ?ac?ooaiu ouny/e ai?iaeia e nae,
oie/oiaeaiu o?oaeu iiiaeo iieieaiee. A enoi?ee aeoea?ianeiai ?acaiy e
oa??i?a ia caoaa/aiiie niaaoneie oa??eoi?ee auaeaeythony naiei eioia?iui
ecoaa?noaii ianniaua oaeenoaa niaaoneeo a?aaeaeai, eioi?uie, eae
i?aaeei, nii?iaiaeaeaaony a?aiaiiue caoaao iaioeaie ai?iaeia, nae e
ae?oaeo ianaeaiiuo ianoiinoae. Aio iaeioi?ua i?eia?u iiaieiaiie e?iaaaie
?ani?aau iaiaoeeeo ieeoiaioia n aeeoaeyie oeaeuo aea?aaaiue. A aea?aaia
ssneeii Niieaineie iaeanoe, aeoea?iaoeu ?anno?aeyee anao noa?eeia e
iiae?inoeia, eo aeiia niaeaee aeioea. A aea?aaia ii/eiie iaioeu caaiaee
anao noa?eeia e aeaoae a iiiauaiea i?aaeaiey eieoica, cae?uee aeaa?e e
anao niaeaee. Ianeii/aai nienie ianniauo oaeenoa aeoea?ianeeie
ieeoiaioaie ie?iuo aeeoaeae. Enoycaiey e oaeenoaa aeinoeaatho ai iiiaeo
neo/ayo eneeth/eoaeueiie aeanoieinoe: ecaeaatho aeaoae ia aeacao o
?iaeeoaeae, ac?ineuo ia aeacao o aeaoae, ono?aeaatho ioioo ia ethaeae,
oie/oiaeatho eo a?aiaoaie, ioeaiaoaie, iaiai, naeeaatho e caeaiuaatho
caaeeai, iaeeaatho aiaeie ia ii?ica, i?aa?auay eo a eaaeyiua noieau,
o?iaeotho o?oiu, ecaeaaathony iaae aeeauie e ia?oauie, i?aa?auatho eo a
e?iaaaia ianeai. ?anno?aeeaathony ouny/e ai?iaeneeo aeeoaeae,
eno?aaeyaony iiaieiaii ianaeaiea oeaeuo aea?aaaiue No?aoiay ?aciy e
iia?iiu auee o/eiaiu iaiaoeeeie caoaao/eeaie a oe?aeineie noieeoea –
Eeaaa. Ca ianeieueei aeiae iaiaoeeea aaiaeeou oaeee e ?anoa?caee 52
ouny/e ioae/ei, aeaiuei, noa?eeia e aeaoae, aacaeaeinoii ?ani?aaeyynue
ni anaie oe?aeioeaie, ?onneeie, aa?ayie, /ai-eeai i?iyaeaoeie
i?aaeaiiinoue Niaaoneie aeanoe. Au?aaaoeany ec Eeaaa niaaoneea
a?aaeaeaia iienuaatho iio?ynathuoth ea?oeio iaeiie ec yoeo ianniauo
eaciae: ia aa?aeneii eeaaeaeua Eeaaa auei nia?aii aieueoia eiee/anoai
aa?aaa, aeeth/ay aeaiuei e aeaoae anao aic?anoia; ia?aae ?anno?aeii anao
?acaeaee aeiaiea e ecaeaaee; ia?aoth ioia?aiioth aeey ?anno?aea a?oiio
canoaaeee ea/ue ia aeii ?aa aiec eeoeii e ?anno?aeeaaee ec aaoiiaoia.
Caoai iiaeaoeo neaaea caeiiaee caieae, ia eo ianoi aoi?ui y?onii
oeeaaeuaaee neaaeothuoth ia?oeth eacieiuo e aiiaue ?anno?aeeaaee. A
Iie?ianeii naeueniaaoa Eo?neie iaeanoe, oaoenou ?acaeaee e?anoueyieia
Aeaoeia, canoaaeee aai eiiaoue naaa iiaeeo, i?eioaeaeay aai aeey
ecia?aiey yiu ianeieueei ?ac eiaeeoueny a iaa. Eiaaea iiaeea auea
au?uoa, Aeaoeio iaeiiaee ?oee, ia?acaee ooe, aueieiee aeaca, a caoai
?anno?aeyee. A naea Aeiiaoe I?eianeie iaeanoe, aeoea?iaoeu, naycaa
17-eaueithth Iaaeaaeaeo Iaeueoeaao, i?eeacaee aa iaoa?e, Ia?ee
Iaeueoeaaie iaeiaeeoue aei/ue nieiiie e caaea/ue aa. Iaoue oiaea a
iaii?ie. Oiaaea aeoea?iaoeu naie iaeiaeeee aeaaooeo nieiiie e
iiaeiaeaee. I/ioaoayny io iaii?iea iaoue a?ineeanue a iaiiue e auoaueea
ec iaai aei/ue. Oaea?ii i?eeeaaea aeoea?iaoeu oaeee iaoue, a aei/ue
cano?aeeee e a?ineee a iaiiue.

Nouanoaiaaee niaoeeaeueiua eaaa?y, aaea auee i?aaieciaaiu niaoeeo?nu ii
naeeaaieth o?oiia, ia eioi?uo caieiaeinue 12 /aeiaae. i?aiiaeaaaoaee
eo?nia ?anneacuaaee, eae i?aaeeueii naeeaaoue o?oiu, ?acuyniyy, eae
ono?iaiu iaoeiu ii ?aceiio einoae. Iauyniyee, eae ?ac?iaiyoue yio,
i?inayoue e iinaaeeoue aea?aauey ia oii ianoa, aaea naeeaaeenue o?oiu,
eae ?annuiaoue e i?yoaoue iaiae. Oaeea eo?nu aeaenoaiaaee ia i?ioyaeaiee
aeeeoaeueiiai a?aiaie. Aeey auiieiaiey aioniuo ?ani?aa n niaaoneeie
ethaeueie aa?iaineia eiiaiaeiaaiea nicaeaei a ninoaaa aiene
niaoeeaeueiua aiaiii-iieeoeaeneea /anoe, ?acee/iiai ?iaea
ciiaea?eiiaiaeu, a eioi?ua ca/eneyeenue naiua iouyaeaiiua iaaiaeye e
oaeeoeu. Oae, ai a?ai ianooieaiey ia Iineao aeoea?iaoeu noi?ie?iaaee n
niaoeeaeueioth ciiaea?eiiaiaeo «Iineaa». Ae auea iinoaaeaia caaea/a – ii
iaeaaeaieth niaaoneie noieeoeae inouanoaeyoue ianniaua oaeenoaa
iineae/ae. Aeoea?iaoeu oaeaaee ii 500 /aeiaae eaaeaeue aeaiue.
Caoaa/aiiua a ieai, aieueoae /anoueth ?aiaiua, e?aniia?iaeoeu
iiaeaa?aaeenue ni noi?iiu aa?iaineiai aiaiiiai eiiaiaeiaaiey caa?neei
iuoeai, enoycaieyi e oaeenoaai. Ieaiiuo e?aniia?iaeoeaa iuoaee
?aneaeaiiui aeaeacii, aueaeuaaee ei aeaca, io?acaee iiae, ?oee, ooe,
iinu, io?oaaee iaeueoeu ia ?oeao, ania?uaaee aeeaiou, i?eaycuaaee e
oaieai e ?ac?uaaee ia /anoe. N?aaee nieaeao e ioeoea?ia aeoea?ianeie
a?iee i?ioeaaoaei ia?iaea?noai. N ianooieaieai ceiieo oieiaeia iii noaei
i?eieiaoue ianniaue oa?aeoa?. Aeoea?ianeea nieaeaou ia oieueei naee?aee
oaieoth iaeaaeaeo e iaoaue n oaeouo niaaoneeo aieoeia, ii e nieiaee
aaeaiee, naiiae, iinee oooaeee, oaeia?aeee ooaiee n ?aiaiuo aieoeia,
?acaeaaay eo aeiaiea e iaiyeeaay ia naay ana, aeeth/ay aei oaieuo
aeaineeo aauae, niyouo n ?aiaiuo e oaeouo iaaeeoeeineeo nanoa?. ieaiiuo
e?aniia?iaeoeaa ii?eee aieiaeii, ii iaaeaeyi inoaaeyy aac ieue eee
auaeaaaee ie/oiaeiua ii?oeee aieeiai oeaaa eee aieeie ea?oioee. Ia
aeaaay niaaoneei aiaiiiieaiiui ieue, aeoea?iaoeu canoaaeyee eo ?uoueny a
iiiieeao e ?acuneeaaoue oai inoaoee ieue, aua?ioaiiie aa?iaineeie
nieaeaoaie eee a?inaee ei o?oiu aeioeuo eioaaeae. Aiiethuay ii naiae
n?aaeiaaaeiaie aeanoieinoe ?ani?aaa iaae niaaoneeie aiaiiiieaiiuie
i?iecioea a iaaieueoii aaiaa?neii naeaiee Aa?aaa. Oaoenou caiyee naei,
caoaaoeee a ieai aeeoaeae, i?eaaee eo a eocieoeo e noaee iuoaoue –
au?uaaee eeauaie iiaoe, eiiaee ?aa?a, aeaee eaeaiui aeaeacii. A iioii
iii/a?aaeii iiaeoaneeaaee e iaeiaaeueia, eeaee ia iaa aieiao naiae
aea?oau e ?acaeaaee /a?ai eoaaeaeie.

A aeeeiiie oeaie i?anooieaiee iaiaoeei-oaoenoneea ieeoiaioia iniaia
ianoi caieiaao eniieueciaaiea niaaoneeo ethaeae ia i?eioaeeoaeueiuo
?aaioao e oaii a Aa?iaieth ia ?aanei-e?aiinoie/aneee o?oae. *oaeiaeuiue
ieai aic?iaeaeaiey ?aanoaa inouanoaeyeny aeoea?iaoeaie n
eneeth/eoaeueiie aeanoieinoueth ia anae ieeoie?iaaiiie oa??eoi?ee.
I?iaiaey a aeeciue naith aan/aeiaa/ioth i?ia?aiio ?aaiaeaaeaiey,
aeoea?ianeea caoaao/eee onoaiiaeee aeey niaaoneeo ethaeae ?aaeei
eaoi?aeiiai, iiaeiaaieueiiai o?oaea, nii?iaiaeaeaaiiai
ecaeaaaoaeuenoaaie e enoycaieyie. Aeey inouanoaeaiey /oaeiaeuiie
?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneie i?ia?aiiu aue nicaeai ia?iiiue /eiiaie/ee aiia?ao.
Ia caoaa/aiiie aeoea?iaoeaie niaaoneie caiea ia auei aoeaaeueii ie
iaeiiai ai?iaea, ie iaeiiai ianaeaiiiai ioieoa, ec eioi?iai
iaiaoeei-oaoenoneea ?acaieieee ia oaiaee au a ?aanoai cia/eoaeueioth
/anoue ianaeaiey, ninoaaeyaooth a iaeioi?uo e?oiiuo ai?iaeao aeanyoee
ouny/ ioae/ei, aeaiuei, iiae?inoeia, aeaoae. Iaiaoeei-oaoenoneea aeanoe
ec ianyoea a ianyoe ioaaouaaee naiae ianeeueiie «aa?aiaeie» ana iiaua
eaoaai?ee ethaeae e a iaeioi?uo ioieoao, iniaaiii i?e ionooieaiee,
oaiaeeee n niaie aeey ioi?aaee a aeoaieee aa?iaineee oue iiaieiaii ana
ianaeaiea, niiniaiia ia?aaeaeaaoueny. Anee ?aiiea aaaiou aeoea?ianeeo
?aaioi?aiaoeaa no?aieeenue ioae?aoue eeoue oece/anee iaeaieaa caei?iauo
e auiineeauo, a aic?anoa i?aeiouanoaaiii io 15 aei 45 eao, oi ni
a?aiaiai noaee ioi?aaeyoue aeaaea aieueiuo, eiaaeeaeia, i?e/ai aic?ano
ii?aaiuaiiuo eieaaaeny oaea iaaeaeo 12 e 60 aiaeaie. N i?enouae
aeoea?iaoeai aeanoieinoueth iie ?acaeaaee i?e oaiaea a ?aanoai naiuee,
?aceo/aee ?iaeeoaeae e aeaoae, aeai e ioaeae, a?aoueaa e nanoa?. Oeaeua
ai?iaea e ?aeiiu iaacethaeaee a ?acoeueoaoa nenoaiaoe/aneiai eno?aaeaiey
niaaoneeo ethaeae, oaiia eo oaoenoneia ?aanoai. Oaiiyy niaaoneeo ethaeae
a iaiaoeeoth iaaieth, aeoea?ianeea nao?aiu o/eiyee e?iaaaua ?ai?annee
i?ioea a?aaeaeai, iuoaaoeony nianoenue io ioioeaoeony ca ieie
?aaioi?aiaoeaa. Aeey nioai ouny/ ethaeae, oaiaiiuo a aa?iaieth,
aeoea?iaoeu onoaiiaeee aan/aeiaa/iua oneiaey eaoi?aeiiai o?oaea, oaeea,
eae a ooaeoea a?aiaia ?aaiaeaaeaiey. ethaeae eeoaee eiaie, eo iacuaaee
ii iiia?ai. ?onneea e oe?aeioeu iieo/aee niaoeeaeueiua iiiciaaaoaeueiua
i?eciaee: ia?aua – ciae n aaeie ieaioiaeie ii e?ayi e neiaii «Ino» ii
na?aaeeia; aoi?ua iineee oaeie aea ciae n aeaeoie ieaioiaeie. Aeey
niaaoneeo ethaeae aue onoaiiaeai aieiaeiue ?aaeei. Oaoenou i?aaieciaaee
eoieth – i?iaeaaeo i?aa?auaiiuo a ?aaia niaaoneeo ethaeae. Ca
iaaieueooth ieaoo ia i?aauoathuoth 10-15 ia?ie ca /aeiaaea, eaaeaeue
iaiaoe iia i?eia?anoe naaa ?aaa. a aa?iaiee auee o/?aaeaeaiu
iaaieueie/uee ?uiee.

A naiae ethoie iaiaaenoe e niaaoneiio ia?iaeo e aai eoeueoo?a iaiaoeeea
caoaao/eee oie/oiaeaee i?iecaaaeaiey eoeueoo?u e eneonnoaa, enoi?e/aneea
e eoeueoo?iua iaiyoieee, eeiiu e aieueieoeu, eeoau e oaao?u.
Oie/oiaeaiea e ineaa?iaiea iaiyoieeia, eoeueoo?iuo o/?aaeaeaiee ia
niaaoneie oa??eoi?ee yaeyeinue ninoaaiie /anoueth /oaeiaeuiiai ieaia,
eiathuaai oeaeueth eeeaeaeaoeeth ?onneie iaoeeiiaeueiie eoeueoo?u e
eoeueoo?u ia?iaeia NNN?. (?en 61). Aeoea?iaoeu ?aca?aaeee e ?aci?eee
iooeeineoth onaaeueao a Ieoaeeianeii, Niaeaee aeii-iocae Iooeeia a
iinaeea Iieioiyiue caaiae. A Eaeoaa iie oie/oiaeeee yeniiiaou aeiia –
iocay, a eioi?ii aeee e oai?ee ciaiaieoue ?onneee o/aiue E.Y.
Oeeieeianeee. Ii ii?o?aoai Oeeieeianeiai aeoea?ianeea aaiaeaeu aaee
no?aeueao. Oeaiiaeoea iiaeaee aee?eaeaaeae i?eai?u auee ?acaeou. A
iaeiie ec eiiiao iocay aue ono?iai eo?yoiee. N oaeei aea inoa?aaiaieai
aeoea?iaoeu a?iieee eoeueoo?iua oeaiiinoe e enoi?e/aneea iaiyoieee ia
Oe?aeia, a Aaei?onnee, anthaeo, eoaea nooiaea eo iiaa. Ieeoiaiou
?ac?ooeee Aaei?onneoth aeaaeaieth iaoe n o?aieaoaeny a iae ?aae/aeoae
eieeaeoeeae enoi?e/aneeo aeieoiaioia e eiea, oie/oiaeeee nioie oeie,
eeoaia, oaao?ia.

No?aiynue onoaiiaeoue ia anae oa??eoi?ee Aa?iiu naie «iiaue ii?yaeie»
i?aaeoaeuenoai oaoenoneie Aa?iaiee i?e iiaeaea?aeea Eoaeee eiaei a naieo
?oeao neeueioth oa??i?enoe/aneoth iaoeio. Ianniaua a?anou, iuoee,
?anno?aeu – anai yoei anai yoei nii?iaiaeaeaeinue iiaaaeiiiniia oanoaea
oaoenoia ii Aa?iia. Iinea ii?aaeaiey aeoea?ianeie Aa?iaiee aeaaiua
oaoenoneea i?anooiieee auee i?aaeaiu noaeo Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aiaiiiai
o?eaoiaea. I?eaiai? onoaiiaee /oi, aa?anneaiay aieia yaeyaony i?anooiiui
aeoii, a aeiiaieee ?acaycuaaiey e aaaeaiey aieiu iiaeeaaeao oaieiaiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe.

2.4 N i?eoiaeii Aeoea?a e aeanoe e aeey inouanoaeaiey oaoenoneie
i?ia?aiiu, ia/aeny ia?aaiae yeiiiieee ia aiaiiua ?aeuenu e auno?ia
ia?aueaaiea /eneaiiinoe aii?oaeaiiuo nee. aeaeaeinue ana aiciiaeiia aeey
iiaeaioiaee Aa?iaiee e aieia. Ia?aiia/aeueii ieeeoa?ecaoeey iauanoaa
aaeanue ne?uoii. ii a ia?oa 1935 a. auea aaaaeaia iaycaoaeueiay aieineay
iiaeiiinoue e iauya eaiii ia oaaee/aiee /eneaiiinoe aii?oaeaiiuo nee,
eioi?ua ioiuia noaee iacuaaoueny aa?iaooii a ioee/ea io i?aaeiaai
?aeonaa?a, aieaa /ai ia iieieeeeiia. Yoi icia/aei ioe?uoia ia?ooaiea
Aa?naeueneiai aeiaiai?a, cai?auaaoaai Aa?iaiee eiaoue a?ieth aieaa 100
oun. /aeiaae. Aeoea? oaea /oanoaiaae naay aeinoaoi/ii neeueiui a aiaiiii
ioiioaiee, /oiau a?ineoue aucia ie?iaiio niiauanoao. A oi aea a?aiy a
aunooieaieyo a ?aeonoaaa ii aiai?ee i ie?iuo iaia?aieyo naiaai
i?aaeoaeuenoaa, io?eoeae iaee/ea o iaai eaeeo-eeai aa?anneaiuo oeaeae.
Yoei ii no?aieeny onuieoue aaeeoaeueiinoue iioaioeeaeueiuo i?ioeaieeia,
iaania/eoue aiacaiiinoue naieo aiaiiuo aeoeee. Niaethaeaeanue no?iaay
nae?aoiinoue ieaie?iaaiey aiaiiuo aeoeee, i?ioeann ioiiaeeeciaaiey
/anoae e niaaeeiaiee aa?iaooa ?anoyaeaaeny ai a?aiaie, inouanoaeyeanue
aeaceioi?iaoeey i?ioeaieea iooai eniieueciaaiey i?iiaaaiaeu,
aeeieiiaoee, ?acaaaeee, ?acee/iuo ioaeaeathueo aeaenoaee. N i?eaioaoeeae
ia aiacaiiinoue aiaiiuo aeaenoaee aaeenue no?ieoaeuenoai e iiaeaioiaea
aa?iaooa. Aeoea? ee/ii aiaoeaaeny a aeaea aii?oaeaiiuo nee, ii?aaeaeyy
eo no?oeoo?o e oa?aeoa? aoaeoueo aeaenoaee. Aii?aee iiaieth iiiaeo
aiaiiuo ?oeiaiaeeoaeae e, eae iieacae iineaaeothuee iiuo, niaa?oaiii
iainiiaaiii aunooiee, iai?eia?, noi?iiieeii nicaeaiey naiinoiyoaeueiuo
a?iiaoaieiauo aiene, i?aaeiacia/aiiuo aeey aaaeaiey iiaeeueiie aieiu.
Oaea a 1938 a. a ninoaaa aa?iaooa iiyaeeenue iiuiua oaieiaua aeeaecee,
niiniaiua i?iieeaoue a aeoaieee oue i?ioeaieea. Eiaiii iie nua?aee caoai
?aoathuoth ?ieue a iieieaiiniuo iiaaaeao aa?iaooa a eaiiaieyo 1939-1941
aa. Aac iiuiie iiaeaea?aeee Aeoea?a ia niiaee au inouanoaeoueny caiuneu
Aeaea?eaia, noiaaoaai aua caaeieai aei ia/aea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu
iniciaoue iioaioeeaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe a?iiaoaieiauo aiene.
Ieeeoa?ecaoeey yeiiiieee e no?ieoaeuenoai aa?iaooa iieiaeeoaeueii
io?aceeenue ia aioo?aiiai ninoiyiee no?aiu. Auea eeeaeaee?iaaia
aac?aaioeoea, o ianaeaiey iiyaeeanue oaa?aiiinoue a aoaeouai, aic?in
n?aaeiee aeeciaiiue o?iaaiue neiaa. Anee a yiaa?a 1933 a., eiaaea Aeoea?
noae eaioeea?ii, a Aa?iaiee auei 6 iei. aac?aaioiuo, oi a 1936 a. ana,
eoi eneae ?aaioo, iia iieo/eoue aa. Ec aeai?annee no?aia ia?aoea e
yeiiiie/aneiio iiaeuaio. N oaeiaeaoai?aieai aieueoeinoai iaioeaa
aini?eiyee nicaeaiea neeueiiai aa?iaooa. Iie eniuouaaee /oanoai
iaoeeiiaeueiie ai?aeinoe a nayce n oai, /oi auei iieii/aii n
aeene?eieiaoeeae, aucaaiiie Aa?naeueneei aeiaiai?ii, e eo no?aia noaea a
iaeei ?yae n ae?oaeie aaeeeeie aea?aeaaaie. Auea aeinoeaiooa iaauaaeay
aeey Aa?iaiee iieeoe/aneay niei/aiiinoue ianaeaiey. I?e/ai iii aieueoa
aeiaa?yei iaiin?aaenoaaiii naiiio Aeoea?o eae oth?a?o, /ai iaoeenoneie
ia?oee, oioy ia?oey e auea aai i?oaeeai. Aeaaea io?eoeaoaeueii
aini?eieiay iaoeeiiae-nioeeaeeci, iie iaaeayeenue ia ni?aaaaeeeainoue
oth?a?a. Aeinoeaeaiey aioo?e no?aiu a oa/aiea iyoe eao oaaaeeee Aeoea?a
a aiciiaeiinoe oniaoiiai auiieiaiey iaia/aiiie ei aiaoiaiieeoe/aneie
i?ia?aiiu. O iaai iiyaeeanue oaa?aiiinoue, /oi aua a oa/aiea anae naiae
aeecie ii iiaeao iiaaaeiiinii caaa?oeoue aieio ca i?eia?aoaiea aeey
iaioeaa iiaiai aeeciaiiiai i?ino?ainoaa.

1 naioya?y 1939 a., eiaaea iaiaoeeea a?iee oaea ia?anaeee a?aieoeo
Iieueoe, ii eoaeueyineiio ?aaeei auei ia?aaeaii niiauaiea i «iao/anoee»
Eoaeee a eiioeeeoa. Aeey eoaeueyineeo i?aayueo e?oaia yoi ?aoaiea auei
auioaeaeaiiui, o.e. iaiiaeaioiaeaiiinoue no?aiu e aieia auea niaa?oaiii
i/aaeaeiie. Ieii/aoaeueiue auai? a iieueco aeoea?ianeie Aa?iaiee ii
naeaeae aua a naioya?a 1937 a. a oiaea naiaai aeceoa a ?aeo (?en. 5).
Iyoue aeiae aeceoa i?aaenoaaeyee niaie ianeii/aaioth aa?aieoeo yooaeoiuo
c?aeeu: Ionnieeie oaeaeae iiuiua a?oeeea?eeneea caaiaeu a Aannaia,
aiooeoaeueiua oeaeoaaocu a Iionoaeaia, iaiaa?u ioee/ii yeeie?iaaiiuo
aiene a ?aeiia Iaeeaiao?aa, no?aeueao aeaeueiiaieiie a?oeeea?ee ia
Aaeoeea. Oieueei oaia?ue aeo/a iiiye, /oi «iaeeee iiae?aaeaoaeue» aai
eaeae, eiei ii n/eoae Aeoea?a i?aaeaea, noae ianoiyuei eeaea?ii iiao/ae
aea?aeaau. Caaenoue e oth?a?o niaoaeanue n iioaaiiui no?aoii ia?aae iei.
Ionnieeie i?ae?anii iiieiae, /oi aio a Eoaeee ia oaeanony ie nicaeaoue
aiaiii-i?iiuoeaiioth iiuue, iiaeiaioth aa?iaineie, ie ainieoaoue
aeaeacioth aeenoeeieeio iaoeee. A yoii ii oniao?eaae yaioth
enoi?e/aneoth iani?aaaaeeeainoue: aio i?i?ieo oaoenoneie ?aeeaee, auea
oaioiaeaia o/anoue ieaaeoaai ia?oia?a ianinoiyaoaainy aeeaiienoea!
*oanoai aaniethoiiai oinoaaiiiai e aeooiaiiai i?aainoiaenoaa iaae
Aeoea?ii aeaaii e i?i/ii oei?aieeinue a aeo/a. E n eaaeaeui aiaeii yoi
/oanoai ana aieueoa e aieueoa anooiaei a i?ioeai?a/ea n oneeaieai aai
caaeneiinoe io aiee oth?a?a, n oie iiae/eiaiiie ?ieueth, eioi?oth aio
auiaea a aeueyina aeeeoaoi?ia. Aei eiioea naieo aeiae Ionnieeie oae e ia
niia n yoei nie?eoueny. Aeey aieiu auee iaiaoiaeeiu eae ieieioi aeaa
aaue: nieaeaou e i?oaeea. Ii iiaieth aeo/a, n nieaeaoaie o iaai aeaei
ianoiyei aeiaieueii i?inoi, eai, caaiaaaa Yoeiieth, iie yeiau aeieacaee,
/i «yaeythony iiuiuie a ie?a» e aiieia niiniaiu «au?aaoue Eoaeeth ec
n?aaeecaiiiii?neie oth?ueiu». N i?oaeeai auei iiooaea, ii iii?aaeii: 8
iei. ooueia ianuoyo a?ieth e i?aa?aoyo aa a iaiiaaaeeioth neeo. A yiioo
i?ia?anna aiaiiie oaoieee niaoii auei a i?yiii niunea neiaa aanoe ?a/ue
i ooueao, ii ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 30-o aiaeia ia aii?oaeaiee eoaeueyineie
a?iee ana aua iaoiaeeeenue i?oaeey e aaoiiiaeee a?aiai ia?aie ie?iaie
aieiu, niaoioai?iua eieaniua oaiee, a?iith eioi?uo iiaeii auei i?iaeoue
ec aaoiiaoa, onoa?aaoea iiaeaee aiaauo naiieaoia, aaeaa oiaaoeo eaoaoue.
Iiaua ia?acoeu aiaiiie oaoieee en/eneyeenue aeanyoeaie,
i?ioeaiaicaeooiie e i?ioeaioaieiaie a?oeeea?ee ia nouanoaiaaei eae
oaeiaie. Ana yoi ieiaei ia niouaei aeo/a. I?aaeoaeuenoai noaei
eeoi?aaei/ii ia?aueaaoue anneaiiaaiey ia ioaeaeu aii?oaeaiiuo nee e
i?iaicaeaneei “aeoao ca aaoa?eeth”, o.a. aaoiiiiiia nouanoaiaaiea a
oneiaeyo aiaiiiai a?aiaie. N yoie oeaeueth auee nie?auaiu caeoiee nu?uey
ca ?oaaaeii, ?anoe?aia aeiau/a iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo, iaeaaeeaaeinue
i?iecaiaenoai neioaoe/aneeo caiaieoaeae. Iaeiaei yoa “aeoaa” ia
oaai/aeanue oniaoii: n o?oaeii aeiauoia nu?uea ieacaeinue aei?iaea
i?eaiciiai, ea/anoai caiaieoaeae inoaaeyei aeaeaoue eo/oaai, a yeiiiieea
no?aiu i?eia?aoaea ana aieaa iaeiiaieee ieeeoa?eciaaiiue oa?aeoa?. Eo?n
ia naeeaeaiea n Aa?iaieae iiaeae ca niaie iaeii?eyoiua iineaaenoaey
aioo?e no?aiu. Oaeaeaa noieue aeaeaiiue ii?yaeie e aeenoeeieeio,
Ionnieeie ?aoee iicaeinoaiaaoue eia-/oi o naiaai ia?oia?a e
“i?onneoeoee?iaaoue” iaeioi?ua ii?yaeee a Eoaeee. Ana a?aaeaeaineea
/eiiaieee auee iaea/aiu a niaoeeaeueioth oieoi?io ni ciaeaie ioee/ey,
niioaaonoaiaaaoeie eo caaieyi iaiiaeiaea aiaiiuo. A oeieueiua i?ia?aiiu
a ea/anoaa iaycaoaeueiiai i?aaeiaoa aeeth/aeny oece/aneee o?oae. A
oaa?aea 1938 a. a a?iee aue aaaaeai ia?aaeiue “i?onneee oaa” iiae
iacaaieai ”?eineiai oaaa”. Nieaeaou iiia/aeo eeoue iiniaeaaeenue, ii
eiaaea ia/aeanue iooo?a, noaee i?ieeeiaoue iiaiaaaaeaiea e ii?oaeaaoue
aeo/a… Ionnieeie ?ueyii acyeny ca nicaeaiea aiaiiie aaeaoeee e oeioa,
ii no?iee ay?iae?iiu e caeeaaeuaae ei?aaee, aioiaee ieeioia e eaieoaiia,
ono?aeaae iaiaa?u e ia?aaeu, eioi?ua aacoiii ethaee, e iia /anaie
noiyoue iaiiaeaeaeii, oia?aa ?oee a aiea e caae?aa aieiao. Ia?aaeei
aeo/a auei iaaaeiiae, /oi aeey nicaeaiey aeaeeiinoe aiaiiie iiue ?aoeaua
iiiiuieee aiaee /a?ac ieiuaaeue ii ianeieueei ?ac iaeie e oa aea oaiee e
ae?oaoth aiaiioth oaoieeo.

?ino ieeeoa?ecaoeee a iaaeo no?aiao io?aceeny ia yeiiiieea e
nioeeaeueiii o?iaia a?aaeaeai. Oneoaa aac?aaioeoea, aieueoay /anoue
ethaeae auea caaeaenoaiaaia a aiaiii-i?iiuoeaiiii eiiieaena.

Aieueooth ?ieue a ainnoaiiaeaiee aa?iaineie oyaeaeie eiaeono?ee ea?aee
iiiaea ae?oaea iiiiiieenoe/aneea i?aaiecaoeee, iauaaeeiaiey ie?a, a oii
/enea e NOA. oae, a?oiia Ii?aaia oeiaine?iaaea yeaeo?ioaoie/aneoth e
aaeaoeeiiioth io?aneue i?iiuoeaiiinoe. A?oiia ?ieoaeea?a iaania/eaaea
caeiaie oeie/aneee eiioea?i “E.A. Oa?aaieiaeono?ee”. Aeoeaioth
oeiainiaoth iiaeaea?aeeo aa?iaineei iiiiiieenoai ieacuaaee oaeaea oe?ia
“Aeaeaie?ae iioi?n”, iiuiue aaie NOA “*aec Iaoie Aaie” e ae?oaea.
Iiiai/eneaiiua aia?eeaineea oe?iu i?eieiaee aeoeaiia o/anoea a
i?iecaiaenoaa aii?oaeaiey aeey oaoenoneie Aa?iaiee. Iie iinoaaeyee
naiieaou, aaeaiioi?u, a?iiaaaoiiiaeee, ac?ua/aoua aauanoaa. Aeoeaii
aii?oaeaee Aa?iaieth e aiaeeeneea iiiiiieee e aaiee. Iie?aeenue ia
iiaeaea?aeeo caiaaeiuo aea?aeaa, Aeoea? noae ia iooue ioe?uoiai
ainnicaeaiey aii?oaeaiiuo nee. Yoi ia aucaaei ieeiai i?ioeaiaeaenoaey ni
noi?iiu Aiaeee e O?aioeee. Iaiai?io, a 1935a a Eiiaeiia auei caeeth/aii
aiaei-aa?iaineia ii?neia niaeaoaiea, a neeo eioi?iai Aaeeeia?eoaiey
niaeaneeanue ia ainnoaiiaeaiea aa?iaineeo aiaiii-ii?neeo nee a iauaia
ii/oe ?aaiiio o?aioeocneiio aiaiiiio oeioo.

Ieeeoa?ecaoeey niinianoaiaaea ?inoo yeiiiieee e a Eoaeee. A na?aaeeia
30-o aa. Ionnieeie onoaiiaee a no?aia ii?yaeie, iiiaei aac?aaioiui
iaania/ee ?aaioo. Yeiiiie/aneay iieeoeea Ionnieeie auea iai?aaeaia ia
oneeaiea ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiaoaoaeuenoaa a oicyenoaaiioth aeeciue
ainoaea?noaa. Iia i?aneaaeiaaea oeaeue auaanoe no?aio ec e?ecena ia/aea
30-o aa., iaania/eoue i?ei?eoaoiia ?acaeoea aiaiiuo io?aneae
i?iecaiaenoaa. Io io?eoeaiey /anoae nianoaaiiinoe a auoiinoue naith
nioeeaeenoii Ionnieeie i?eoae e aa i?iaicaeaoaieth iaiaoiaeeii
ninoaaeoue /anoueth aeecie eiaeeaeaea. Aeo/a aue e?iaii caeioa?aniaai a
iiaeaea?aeea oicyaa eoaeueyineie yeiiiieee, iiieiae, /oi aac yoiai aio
ia oaeanony nio?aieoue iieeoe/aneoth aeanoue aeaaea a oneiaeyo
oioaeeoa?iiai ?aaeeia.

Iiiaea aunoea /eiiaieee Aa?iaiee e Eoaeee aoiaeeee a Iauanoai
aa?iiaeneiai yeiiiie/aneiai ieaie?iaaiey. A iniiao aeayoaeueiinoe
iauanoaa auea iieiaeaia aeaeoeaaneay aeiiieeoe/aneay eiioeaioeey, a
/anoiinoe, i?eaeoiaiiua ei caeiiu aeecie aa?iiaeneie naiuee ia?iaeia. Ia
yoie iniiaa i?aaeiieaaaeinue noi?ioee?iaaoue iieeoe/aneoth eaeath Aa?iiu
eae eaeath “iiaiai anoanoaaiiiai aa?iiaeneiai aaeeiaiey” io Aoeaioeee
aei O?aea e io Ei?aeaiee aei ino?iaa Eei? ni noa?aie aeeyiey,
i?inoe?athueieny a aeoaeiu Naaa?iie Acee e Ao?eee. Iiieii yoiai
i?aaenoiyei iao/iia iainiiaaiea yeiiiie/aneie ia?ano?ieee Aa?iiu n
eiia/iie oeaeueth ainnicaeaiey “niioaaonoaothuae aeecie”, aa?iiaeneie
aaeeei-i?ino?ainoaaiiie yeiiiieee n Aa?iaieae eae oeaio?ii i?eoyaeaiey,
yeiiiieee, io?eoeathuae iaoaie/aneoth iooaieoeo eeaa?aeueiiai ie?iaiai
Iauanoaa aa?iiaeneiai yeiiiie/aneiai ieaie?iaaiey ioaiaeeee i?aaiecaoeee
yeiiiie/aneie ai?ueau Aiaeee e ae?oaeo i?ioeaieeia ?aeoa. Ii ana yoi
iiyoue aea eeoue iinoaiiaea aii?ina, a ia ioaao ia iaai. A
ioaeeeiaaaoeony oiaaea iaoa?eaeao ii/oe ie/aai ia niiauaeinue i
eiie?aoiie aeayoaeueiinoe iauanoaa, i oii, eoi aai iiaeae. Ethaiiuoiua
niia?aaeaiey ia yoio n/ao i?eaiaeyony a eieaa ainoi/iiaa?iaineiai
enoi?eea A. *eeiia “Aaiee? e aeanoue”. Ii aai iiaieth, oaea iinea ia?auo
iiaaae aa?iaooa ai aoi?ie ie?iaie aieia a Aa?iaiee iiyaeeinue ianeieueei
aa?eaioia “iiaiai aa?iiaeneiai ii?yaeea”. A iniiaiii noi?ie?iaaeenue
aeaa a?oiiu: iaeia ai aeaaa ni n?aaeeiii-aa?iiaeneei yeiiiie/aneei
niaaoii, ae?oaay n Iauanoaii aa?iiaeneiai yeiiiie/aneiai ieaie?iaaiey e
aaeeei-i?ino?ainoaaiiie yeiiiieee. Iineaaeiaa, oanii naycaii n
iiiiiieeyie oyaeaeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe” i?aaiaie NN, ?ani?ino?aiyy oa eaeae
i?aia?aciaaiey Aa?iiu, eioi?ay a 1914-1915 aa. ionoaeaaea Iaiaa?iaineee
nithc i?e iiaeaea?aeea Noeiiana e Oennaia, – eaeae aiieineei e iieiiai
iiae/eiaiey iiaaaeaeaiiuo no?ai a ?aieao i?aaiecaoeee aaeeeiai
i?ino?ainoaa. Ae?oaie aa?eaio “iiaiai ii?yaeea” i?aaeiieaaaao
N?aaeiaaa?iiaeneei yeiiiie/aneei niaaoii, a eioi?ie ainiiaenoaothuea
iaoeee caieiaee “Aeie/a aaie” e oeie/aneee eiioea?i “E.A.
Oa?aaieiaeono?ee”. Iie iiaeaea?aeeaaee eaeae yeiiiie/aneie
o?ainoi?iaoeee Aa?iiu a aeooa iaiyoiuo caienie A. ?aoaiao a 1914 a. i
iieaaaee, /oi aa?iiaeneoth aa?iaieth ?aeoa iaaeeaaeeo iaania/eoue ia
iooai aiiaenee, ainoaea?noaaiiiai ieaie?iaaiey e oi?aaeaiey
eiioeiaioaeueiie yeiiiieeie, a iiaeaea?aeeaaoue onoaiiaeaiea
yeiiiie/aneiai ainoaea?noaa iaiaoeeeo iiiiiieee a aa?iiaeneeo no?aiao.
Niia?aaeaiey *eoiia caneoaeeaatho ia oieueei aieiaiey, ii e
aeiiieieoaeueiiai eco/aiey. Eo iaiaoiaeeii nei??aeoe?iaaoue n o/aoii
?aaeee iaoeenoneiai iieeoe/aneiai ?aaeeia, naii nouanoaiaaiea eioi?iai
aicaeaenoaoao ia aioo?eiieeoe/aneoth neooaoeeth a ?aeoa ai?acaei
aieueoae noaiaie, /ai niia?ie/anoai oeiainiai-i?iiuoeaiiuo a?oiie?iaie;
e oiio aea aioo?e eaaeaeie ec ieo auaeaeaaeenue ii?ie i?ioeaiiieiaeiua
iiaiey ii iaeiiio e oiio aea aii?ino. A 1937a Aeeaoe aicaeaaee ioaeae ii
?aoaieth niaoeeaeueiuo caaea/. Aeaeoeo i?eeiaeee iaiaeua oneeey aeey
oiai, /oiau iinoaaeoue iiae naie eiio?ieue Iauanoai THai-Ainoi/iie
Aa?iiu, eioi?ia i?aa?aoeeinue ai aeeyoaeueioth i?aaiecaoeey, niiniaioth
aianoe naie aeeaae a no?ieoaeuenoai “iiaiai aa?iiaeneiai ii?yaeea”. A
aiaeu aieiu Iauanoai THai-Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu niaianoii n eiia?neie a?oiiie
“i?iiuoeaiiinoue e N?aaeeiii-aa?iiaeneei yeiiiie/aneei niaaoii
i?iaiaeeei oai?aoe/aneea ecuneaiey a iaeanoe “i?iiuoeaiiiai ieaie?iaaiey
THai-ainoi/iiai i?iaeoa aeey ?ac?aaioee i?eioeeiia “i?aaeeueiiai
?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie THai-Ainoiea e aa aeeth/aiea a aa?iiaeneoth
aaeeei-i?ino?ainoaaiioth yeiiiieeo”. Aaniie e eaoii 1940a iiae
aicaeaenoaeai iiaaae aa?iaooa ia Naaa?a e Caiaaea Aa?iiu noaee caiaoiu
aeoeaiua oneeey Aeaeoea e aai nio?oaeieeia, iai?aaeaiiua ia nicaeaiea e
oe?aieaiea iaoeee iauanoaa ca i?aaeaeaie eiia?neeo a?aieoe. I?e yoii
iniaia cia/aiea i?eaeaaaeinue iaeaaeeaaieth eiioaeoia n
niioaaonoaothueie o/?aaeaeaieyie oaoenoneie Eoaeee. A aa?eeia
ninoiyeanue ano?a/a Aeaeoea n eoaeueyineei i?ioanni?ii Aaeea?ie, a oiaea
eioi?ie i?aaenaaeaoaeue i?aaeaiey Iauanoaa aa?iiaeneiai yeiiiie/aneiai
ieaie?iaaiey au?acee aeaeaiea onoaiiaeoue aeiaa?eoaeueiua ioiioaiey n
iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneeie einoeoooaie Eoaeee a oeaeyo aa?iiiecaoeee
aa?iaineeo e eoaeueyineeo acaeyaeia ia i?iaeaiu “iiaie Aa?iiu”.
Niaanaaeieee inoaiiaeee naie auai? ia Iaoeeiiaeueiii einoeoooa
eoeueoo?iuo naycae n ca?oaaaeiuie no?aiaie eae ia i?aaia, niiniaiii
o/?aaeeoue eoaeueyineee enneaaeiaaoaeueneee oeaio? iaioeoeeaeueiiai
oa?aeoa?a aeey nio?oaeie/anoaa n iauanoaii Aeaeoea. Oaeei ia?acii, n
naiiai ia/aea naiaai nouanoaiaaiey iauanoai aa?iiaeneiai yeiiiie/aneiai
ieaie?iaaiey e aaeeeii?ino?ainoaaiiie yeiiiieee acyei eo?n ia oieueei ia
aioo?aiithth, ii e ia oe?ieoth aiaoithth yeniaineth. Nai Aeaeoe oi?ioi
aue ciaeii n ?oeiaiaeyueie aeayoaeyie iaoeeiiaeenoe/aneeo,
oaoenoaothueo, i?iaiaoeenononeeo a?oiie?iaie, iniaaiii a no?aiao
Naaa?iie e Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu. Ii ia?a ?inoa aeeyiey iauanoaa aic?anoaee
aiaeoeee aai ?oeiaiaeeoaeae. Iaoeenoneia iiieiaiea yeiiiieee, ii
Aeaeoeo, yoi aa iiieiaiea eae yeiiiieee aeeciaiiiai i?ino?ainoaa. Oi aea
ioiineony e aaeeeii?ino?ainoaaiiie yeiiiieea, eioi?ay i?aaenoaao a
ea/anoaa yeiiiieee aeeciaiiiai i?ino?ainoaa anao aa?iiaeneeo ia?iaeia
i?e nie?auaiee eo i?e?iaeiiai naiaia?acey e ia?aaainoaa. Oaeei ia?acii,
yeiiiieea aaeeeiai aa?iiaeneiai i?ino?ainoaa aoaeao no?ieoueny ia ia
iaoaie/aneeo, a ia aeieiae/aneeo. N?aaieoaeueiue aiaeec iaoaie/aneiai e
i?aaie/aneiai iuoeaiey niaea?aeeo a aeieeaaea Eiiaa?oa. Ii n/eoae, /oi
caeiiu iai?aaie/aneie aeecie, caeiiu aeaeaeaiey iaoa?ee iaoaieee ia
i?eiaieiu e aeecie /aeiaa/aneiai iauanoaa, eae yoi ooaa?aeaeaee oeeiniou
i?inaauaiey. *aeiaae yoi aeieiae/aneia nouanoai, eioi?iio niioaaonoaotho
eeoue aeieiae/aneea oi?iu aeecie. I?aaie/anee-aeieiae/aneei
ie?iaicc?aieai yaeyaony iaoeeiiae-nioeeaeeci, a iieeoe/aneeo oeaeyo
eniieuecothuee aeieiaeth,. O.a. o/aiea i aeecie. Eiaiii
iaoeeiiae-nioeeaeecio noaeaeaii caiaieoue ao?aeoacii-eeaa?aeueiia
ie?iaicc?aiea. Ii oaaaeaeaieyi A. Eiiaa?oa, a iniiaa yeiiiie/aneiai
o/aiey oaeaea aeieaeiu eaaeaoue aeieiae/aneea eaeae. Eeaa?aeueiay
iieeoe/aneay yeiiiieea iienuaaea yeiiiieeo aac /aeiaaea, i?e iae ethaee
“aeeee aeey oiai, /oiau caieiaoueny yeiiiieeie, a ia caieiaeenue
yeiiiieeie, /oiau aeeoue”. Ii-eiiio ianoieo aeaei a yeiiiie/aneii o/aiee
iaoeeiiae-nioeeaeecia. Caeanue “yeiiiieea neoaeeo ia?iaeo”. Oieueei ia
ia?aue acaeyae iiaeao iieacaoueny, /oi a naieo aeieeaaeao Aeaeoeo e
Eiiaa?o i?aneaaeiaaee oeaeue noaoai aeaaeaie/aneiai eceiaeaiey
ie?iaicc?ai/aneeo iniiaaiee iaoeeiiae-nioeeaeecia. Ia naiii aeaea ana
ianoiyei ai?acaei neiaeiaa. Iooaiyy ?acee/ey iaaeaeo eeaa?aeueiui e
iaoeeiaiae-nioeeaeenoe/aneei o/aieyie, ?oeiaiaeeoaee Iauanoaa
aa?iiaeneiai yeiiiie/aneiai ieaie?iaaiey e Oeaio?aeueiiai
enneaaeiaaoaeueneiai einoeoooa a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe no?aieeenue
ooaa?aeeoue naia, aeiiieeoe/aneia iiieiaiea iaoeecia ca n/ao eiuo aai
eioa?i?aoaoeee. Ii ec-ca oaeie iiceoeee ioiioaiey n i?aaiaoe/anee
iano?iaiiuie e?oaaie a INAeAI oieueei ineiaeiyeenue. Neooaoeey,
neiaeeaoayny n Iauanoaii aa?iiaeneiai yeiiiie/aneiai ieaie?iaaiey e aai
einoeoooii, – iaaeyaeiue i?eia? ?aaeueiuo i?ioeai?a/ee e niia?ie/anoa a
no?aia iaoeenoneeo aa?iiaenoia.

Ana oioaeeoa?iua ?aaeeiu ?aii eee iicaeii ?ac?ooathony, a no?aiu, aaea
iie nouanoaiaaee, ia/eiatho i?iaeaeaeaiea e aeaiie?aoee. Eaeei au
i?i/iui ie eacaeny eaeie-eeai ?aaeei yoiai oeia, n ii?aaeaeaiiiai
iiiaioa aai ?acaeoea ia/eiaao eaeoe ii ienoiaeyuae eeiee, a noi?iio
ineaaeaiey i?eciaeia oioaeeoa?iinoe, /oi ai iiiaii naycaii n en/a?iaieai
nioeeaeueiie yia?aee, eioi?ay aunaiaiaeaeaaony a oiaea ?aaiethoeee –
ianeeuenoaaiiie eiiee o?aaeeoeeiiiiai oeeaaea e onei?aiiiai
i?aia?aciaaiey anae nenoaiu iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Ia/eiaaony
iinoaiaiiia ineaaeaiea aaniethoii, anaiauaiethuaai oa?aeoa?a aeanoe,
aeiaeathuae iiae iauanoaii. Yoi i?iyaeyaony i?aaeaea anaai a
eeaa?aeecaoeee iieeoe/aneiai ?aaeeia, a oaeaea a eciaiaiee ianooaaia e
oi?i ainoaea?noaaiiiai oa??i?a: ianniaua ?ai?annee i?ae?auathony, oa??i?
noaiiaeoueny aaeeie/iui, ecae?aoaeueiui. Eeiiiianeea i?aneaaeoaony, eae
i?aaeei, oaea ia eaciyie e oth?ueiaie, a auaiai?aie, oaieueiaieyie n
?aaiou. AEanoiei iiaeaaeyaony oieueei neo/ae ioe?uoiai e aucuaathuaai
iaiiaeiiaaiey 9aeaiiino?aoeee, caaanoiaee, iiiuoee nicaeaiey
iiiiceoeeiiiuo iia?aoeee), ia?anoaeu ia iauaeaiiii o?iaia inoathony
i?aeoe/anee aaciaeacaiii. Ioeac io ianniauo oece/aneeo ?ai?annee
ciaiaioao niaie ia/aei eiioea oioaeeoa?iie nenoaiu. aac iinoiyiiiai
neeiaiai aeaaeaiey iaecaaaeii ia/eiaaony iiaenoaeiue i?ioeann
oioaeeoa?ecia aeecie iauanoaa, i?eaeeaeaiey ii ia?aco aeecie, noeeth
iiaaaeaiey, iio?aaeoaeueneea noaiaea?ou e iauai?eiyoui a oeeaeeeciaaiiii
ie?a ii?iai. Eiaeeaeae ana aieueoa aunaiaiaeaeaaony ec-iiae aeanoe
ainoaea?noaa, a eiaaea iaae /aeiaaeii aieueoa ia aeiaeaao iinoiyiiia
/oanoai no?aoa, ii iaecaaaeii ia/eiaao caaeoiuaaoueny ia
ni?aaaaeeeainoueth ono?ienoa iauanoaa, a eioi?ii aeeaao. Iiyaeyaony
iunee, aicieeatho a?oiie?iaee aeeoeeiaeaioia, i?yii eee io/anoe
i?ioeai?a/auea aeanoe. Aac ?ai?annee eneonnoaaiii iiaeaea?aeeaaaiue
o?iaaiue iieeoe/aneie aeoeaiinoe ianaeaiey no?aiu nieaeaaony, iiiaea
ooiaeyo a ee/ioth aeeciue, iiyaeythony niaoeeoe/aneea a?oiiu, ieeae ia
aienuaathueany a ainiiaenoaothuee iauanoaaiiue noaiaea?o. Oioaeeoa?iua
ainoaea?noaa ioeacuaathony io aiaoiaiieeoe/aneiai eo?na,. Iniiaaiiiai ia
i?eioeeiao i?ioeainoiyiey eee ioe?iaaiiie aa?annee, io iiiuoie
?ani?ino?aieoue “iiaue ii?yaeie” ia aanue ie?, ia/eiatho aeaeaoue
?aaeueiua oaae e ?ac?yaeea iaaeaeoia?iaeiie iai?yaeaiiinoe e
onoaiiaeaieth nio?oaeie/anoaa n ae?oaeie no?aiaie. Iinoaiaiii
?anoe?ythony eiioaeou n aiaoiei ie?ii e o ?yaeiauo a?aaeaeai: ana
aieueoa eo /enei acaeeo ca ?oaaae, ianniauie oe?aaeaie ia?aaiaeyony e
ecaeathony eiino?aiiua eieae, ?ani?ino?aiythony ca?oaaaeiua aeo?iaeu e
aacaou. A oaeeo oneiaeyo iiae?uaaaony iiiiiieey ainoaea?noaa ia
eioi?iaoeeth. Iiiaea ociatho i aiciiaeiinoe eiie aeecie, n?aaieaatho aa
ni naiae e i?eoiaeyo e auaiaeo, /oi iiaeii aeeoue eia/a. Iinoaiaiii
ineaaaaaao ia?oeeii-ainoaea?noaaiiue eiio?ieue iaae eeoa?aoo?ie e
eneonnoaii ?ac?aoaaony e?eoeeiaaoue ioaeaeueiua ia/aoiua yaeaiey. Ana
yoi iiae?uaaao oioaeeoa?eci. ?aii eee iicaeii neeaaeuaaaony oaeia
iieiaeaiea, eiaaea a aai aeinoieinoaa ia?anoatho aa?eoue ana: ia?iae,
onoaaoee io aaneiia/iuo, ii ianauoi/iuo iaauaiee eo/oae aeecie, naia
yeeoa, ana aieaa i?eaioe?iaaeanue ia ao?aeoaciua aeeciaiiua noaiaea?ou.
Nenoaia i?iaeieaeaao nouanoaiaaoue eae au ii eia?oeee, e aeinoaoi/ii
eaeiai-eeai oie/ea, /oiau iia ?ooioea. Niauoey eiioea 80-o ia/aea 90-o
aiaeia a iaoae no?aia e a nioeeaeenoe/aneeo ainoaea?noaao Ainoi/iie
Aa?iiu iieacaee, /oi oaeei oie/eii yaeeenue ?aoi?iu. A /oi aea yaeeinue
oie/eii e eiioeo oioaeeoa?iiai ?aaeeia a Aa?iaiee e Eoaeee?

Ia/aei e?ecena oioaeeoa?iiai ?aaeeia a Eoaeee ca?iaeeeinue aua a 1938 a
n iioaeeeiaaiey “?aniaiai iaieoanoa”. Eiaiii a yoi a?aiy ca aeaneii
aiaoiae eeoa?aoo?u “o?eoioaeueiuo iiaaae” e iieiiai aaee/ey ia/aee
i?inooiaoue aaeaa caiaoiua o?aueiu a, eacaeinue au, iiiieeoiii
ooiaeaiaioa aeeeoaoo?u. Iie iaia?oaeeeenue a eciaiaiee oiiiano?iaiee
eoaeueyioeaa, a ?inoa eo iaaeiaieuenoaa iieeoeeie oaoecia e ee/ii
Ionnieeie. Iniiaie iaaeiaieuenoaa aue ?ac?ua iaaeaeo iaauaieyie oaoecia,
?iaeaeaiiui ia eo iniiaa iaaeaaeaeaie e ?aaeueiuie eoiaaie oaoenoneie
iieeoeee. Ie/oi iiea ia i?aaeaauaei nei?iai e?ooaiey ?aaeeia, e iiiaea
eoaeueyioeu, iaiaaeaeaaoea oaoeci, ii ia eiathuea naycae n
i?aaieciaaiiui aioeoaoeciii, oiiaaee ia aicieeiiaaiea eaeeo-oi
yeno?ai?aeeia?iuo ianoiyoaeuenoa aiacaiiay nia?oue aeo/a, ?aceaae aioo?e
oaoenoneie ia?oee, iaoaea/iay aieia e o.i. Ceiie 1942/43 a. eoaeueyineee
yeniaaeeoeeiiiue ei?ion, i?aa?aoeaoeeny a 220-ouny/ioth a?ieth iiae
iacaaieai A?IE?, aue iaaieiao ?aca?iieai a oiaea Noaeeia?aaeneie
iia?aoeee niaaoneeo aiene. Eae aiaaay aaeeieoea A?IE? ia?anoaea
nouanoaiaaoue. Ia iiiaea aeanyoee eeeiiao?ia ?anoyioeenue ii
caniaaeaiiie noaie eieiiiu caia?oeo, ecio/aiiuo, aieiaeiuo ethaeae,
oie?aaoea ia aei?iaao, i?ieeeiaaoea aeo/a e ana aai ia/eiaiey. Ionnieeie
aue iaeiei ec iaiiiaeo a oaoenoneie aa?oooea, eoi ciae i iiaeeeiiuo
ianooaaao o?aaaaeee, ii niiaueoue eoaeueyioeai i?aaaeo aio aeaaea a
aieiao ia i?eoiaeeei. Oai ia iaiaa i?aaaea oae eee eia/a noaiiaeeenue
ecaanoiie. I?eauoea o?ainii?oia n ?aiaiuie ?i aeaeaei ao?th oieeia i
iieiii oie/oiaeaiee nooiiooiuo e ii?neeo /anoae. Ai a?aiy iaeaoia
nithcie/aneie aaeaoeee ii ai?iaeai i?ieaouaaeenue aieiu iaieee. A aae?an
oaoenoneeo aeanoae e ee/ii aeo/a ?acaeaaaeanue neeueiay a?aiue ianaeaiey
Eaoano?ioe/anee ia oaaoaei caieoiie a?oeeea?ee, eno?aaeoaeueiie
aaeaoeee, aiiaioaaaeeu, n?aaenoa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou, iano a
aieueieoeao e ainieoaeyo. No?aia eniuouaaea ino?oth iaoaaoeo
i?iiuoeaiiiai nu?uey e i?iaeiaieuenoaey, iiiaea i?aaei?eyoey ?aaioaee ia
ia iieioth iiuiinoue, iaae?aea oaii eioeyoeey. Inaiueth 1941 aiaea ii?ia
auaea/e oeaau ia iaeiiai /aeiaaea ninoaaeyea 200a a aeaiue, a 1942 a iia
auea nie?auaia aei 150a. Aeaei aeioei aei oiai, /oi i?aaeoaeuenoai
i?ecaaei ianaeaiea ?aneiiaoue ai?iaeneea neaa?u iiae iai?iaeu. A 1942a
ii no?aia i?ieaoeeanue aieia ?aai/eo aunooieaiee, a oiaea eioi?uo
ia?yaeo n yeiiiie/aneeie o?aaiaaieyie cao/aee aioeaiaiiua eicoiae. Aeo/a
aue ia ia oooeo enioaai. Ii a?iceeny ono?ieoue iinea aieiu «oioaeeoa?iue
ie?» e ?anii?yaeeeny iiaeaioiaeoue nienee oao, eoi iiaeeaaeae
?ai?anneyi. A oi a?aiy eoaeueyineea i?aayuea e?oae e nai aeo/a aeaaea ia
iiaeic?aaaee, /oi ii ee/iiio oeacaieth oth?a?a aa?iaineee aaiooaa a
aeoaieie oaeia caieiaeny onei?aiiie ?ac?aaioeie ieaia ieeoiaoeee Eoaeee
iiae eiaeiaui iacaaieai «Aea?eo». Aeo/a e ia i?aaeiieaaae, /oi a Eoaeee
aioiaeony i?ioea iaai caaiai? n o/anoeai *eaii, A?aiaee, Aaaeieueth e
ae?. aunieiiinoaaeaiiuo eeoe. Aeooie caaiai?a oaoenoneeo ea?a?oia aue
Aeeii A?aiaee. 3 ethey 1943 a. ii i?eaaoii aanaaeiaae n ei?ieai,
iaaeaoniuneaiii i?aaeeaaay aio ecaaaeoueny io Ionnieeie. Aeeoi?-Yiiaioee
aeaaii auiaoeaae eaeae nianoeoue Ionnieeie, ii ?ann/eouaae iia?aoueny
i?e yoii ia ia oaoenoia, a ia a?enoie?aoeth e aaia?aeeoao. Ii i/aiue
aiyeny naiaai a?iciiai «neoao» e noiyaoeo ca aai nieiie aa?iaineeo
oaoenoia, ii aua aieueoa – oao iio?ynaiee, eioi?ua iiaee auoue
ni?iaioee?iaaiu ecaanoeai ia ionoaaea aeo/a. Iiyoiio ii ana aea iioae ia
niaeaoaiea n aaia?aeaie. Ieeoi ec oaoenoneeo ea?a?oia ia ciae i caaiai?a
ei?iey e aaia?aeia. Iie aioiaeeenue e aoaea ia Ionnieeie a oiaea
iacia/aiiiai ia 24 ethey 1943 a. canaaeaiey AON. Ionnieeie ciae i
aioiayuainy caaiai?a, ii ie/aai ia i?aaei?eiye. I?e aeaeaiee ii iia
iaianoe nia?oaeueiue oaea? ii iaaei a?oiiai caaiai?ueeia. Ii ii/aio ii
yoiai ia naeaeae? Aeo/a ieeiaaea i?aaeaea ia i?iyaeye eieaaaiee a
ai?ueaa n iieeoe/aneeie i?ioeaieeaie. E oioy ii ?ani?aaeyeny n ieie ia
oae aeanoiei, eae Aeoea? e Noaeei, ?aoeiinoe aio auei ia caieiaoue.
Aeaei a ae?oaii. Ionnieeie ia oioae anooiaoue a ai?ueao. Aei neo ii? ii
iuouae naith neeo e iie?aeny ia iiuioth iiaeaea?aeeo nicaeaiiiai ei
iieeoeaeneiai ainoaea?noaa, ia?oee, iiiaeo i?aaenoaaeoaeae eioueo neiaa,
aaia?aeeoaoa, ?acee/iuo nioeeaeueiuo a?oii. Oaia?ue aea yoie iiao/ae
iiaeaea?aeee ia auei. Aeo/a aae?oa iuooee aie?oa naay ionoioo. A noaia
i?ioeaieeia ieacaeenue aeaaea auaoea ni?aoieee. Ia canaaeaiee Niaaoa
iiaui i?aiuea?-ieieno?ii aue iacia/ai ia?oae Aaaeieueth. Ia neaaeothuee
aeaiue aeo/a iaaanoee ei?iey. I?e auoiaea ec aeai?oea ii aue inoaiiaeai,
oi?yoai a naieoa?ioth iaoeio n caooi?aiiuie ieiaie e auaacai a eaca?io
ea?aaeia?ia. Oieueei ooo ii iiiye, /oi ieacaeny iiae a?anoii. A oio aea
aeaiue ii ?eineiio ?aaeei auei ia?aaeaii niiauaiea ia a?anoa Ionnieeie.
A no?aia i?iecioei eiaiii oi, /oi oae iianaeenue o/anoieee
aiaiii-iiia?oe/aneiai caaiai?a: aieia ia?iaeiiai aiaaa auieanioeanue ia
oeeoeo. Iiueyiaiiua ?aaeinoueth inaiaiaeaeaiey. eoaeueyioeu naa?aaee
noaooe Ionnieeie e naeeaaee aai ii?o?aou a?iieee iiiauaiey oaoenoneie
ia?oee e aa i?aaiecaoeee, ecaeaaee oaoenoia, o/anoaiaaee a iiiaiethaeiuo
ieoeiaao. A aacaoao auee iioaeeeiaaiu aeae?aou i ?inionea oaoenoneie
ia?oee, oi?acaeiaiee AON, Iniaiai o?eaoiaea e ae?. o/?aaeaeaiee. Aeoea?
ociae i i?ienoaaeoai aa/a?ii 25 ethey. Ii ia iiaa?ee ioeoeeaeueiiio
cayaeaieth Aaaeieueth i oii, /oi Eoaeey inoaaony aa?iie nithco n ?aeoii,
e niiauee naiei aaia?aeai i oaa?aeii iaia?aiee ieeoie?iaaoue Eoaeeth. 3
naioya?y auei iiaeienaii oaeiia ia?aie?ea. Ei?ieaaneee aeai? e
aaia?aeeoao iaie/anee aiyeenue ianoe ni noi?iiu iaoeenoia, a ia naie
aii?oaeaiiua neeu oaea ia iaaeayeenue. Eaey ia ano?a/o o?aaiaaieyi
nithcieeia, iie niaeaneeenue auaeaoue ei Ionnieeie. 8 naioya?y 1943 a.
auei iauyaeaii i caeeth/aiee ia?aie?ey iaaeaeo Eoaeeae e Iauaaeeiaiiuie
Iaoeeyie. A /a?ac aeaa /ana iaiaoeeea aeeaecee ia?ae?uee a?aieoeu Eoaeee
e ia/aee ?aci?oaeaoue aa aieineea /anoe. A oa/aiea aeaoo aeiae
aeoea?ianeea aienea ieeoie?iaaee aieueooth /anoue oa??eoi?ee no?aiu.
Eoaeueyineay a?iey ?aniaeanue: aieaa 700 oun. nieaeao e ioeoea?ia auei
eioa?ie?iaaii iaoeenoaie, ieiei iieoieeeeiia i?inoi ?acaaaeaeanue ii
aeiiai. 9 naioya?y ei?ieaaneay naiuey, /eaiu i?aaeoaeuenoaa Aaaeieueth e
aunoaai aiaiiiai eiiaiaeiaaiey aaaeaee ec ?eia a oue nithcieeia. 12
naioya?y Ionnieeie aue aeinoaaeai a Ithioai, e /a?ac aeaa aeiy auaoee
ociee ano?aoeeny n Aeoea?ii. Aeo/a oieaeaiii i?inee Aeoea?a ioionoeoue
aai ia iieie, aeieacuaay, /oi nia?oaeueiay onoaeinoue e aanneeea ia
iicaieytho aio i?iaeieaeaoue ai?ueao. Ii oth?a?o aue ioaeai i?aaeiee
aeo/a – naiioaa?aiiue, iiyuee naay aaeeeei, ii iineooiue, a aeaaiia –
niiniaiue aic?iaeeoue a Eoaeee oaoeci. Iiyoiio Aeoea? ia ne?uaae naiaai
?aci/a?iaaiey e ceinoe ia ?aneaaneaoaainy aeo/a e io/eouaae aai, eae
i?iaeieaoaainy oeiey?a. Aii?in aue iinoaaeai aeanoei: eee Ionnieeie i?e
iiiiue iaioeaa aiiaue noaiiaeony aeaaie iaoeee, aica?auaao Eoaeeth a
noai nithcieeia Aa?iaiee e iaeacuaaao i?aaeaoaeae, eee Aeoea? aa?ao ia
naay «caaioo i noaeueaao eoaeueyioeaa». Auai?a ia auei, e Ionnieeie
i?eoeinue niaeaneoueny. 23 naioya?y aeo/a ooaa?aeee ninoaa iiaiai
i?aaeoaeuenoaa. Ieeoie?iaaa aieueooth /anoue oa??eoi?ee, aeoea?iaoeu
noaee oaeoe/aneeie oicyaaaie no?aiu. A ?yaea naaa?iuo i?iaeioeee iie
aaaee i?yiia aa?iaineia i?aaeaiea /a?ac aaoeyeoa?ia, acyee iiae
eiio?ieue cieioie caian Eoaeee, e?oiiua caaiaeu e neeaaeu, iaeiaeeee
no?aio iaeiaaie a 7 ie?ae. ee? ia niaea?aeaiea ieeoiaoeeiiiie a?iee.
Aeo/a iinoiyiii iaoiaeeeny iiae oneeaiiie io?aiie ynyniaoeaa. Aeoea?
oii?ii ianoaeaae ia iaeacaiee «eciaiieeia», aieiniaaaoeo ca ?aciethoeeth
A?aiaee. Oanoa?i ec ieo, a oii /enea cyoue Ionnieeie *eaii, auee
noaa/aiu aanoaiiaoeaie e ca eciaio oaoenoneiio ?aaeeio ana iie auee
i?eaiai?aiu e ?anno?aeo. Eo oaea ia iia iiieeiaaoue aeaaea aeo/a.
?anno?ae *eaii i?eaae e aai ieii/aoaeueiiio ?ac?uao ni noa?oae
aei/a?ueth, eioi?ie oaeaeinue aaaeaoue a Oaaeoea?eth e iioaeeeiaaoue
aiineaaenoaee aeiaaieee naiaai ioaea, niaea?aeaaoea ?aciaea/eoaeueiua
naaaeaiey i oaoenoneie aa?oooea. Inaiueth-ceiie 1943-1944 aa. ia
ieeoie?iaaiiie aeoea?iaoeaie oa??eoi?ee ?acai?aeinue aeaeaeaiea
?oeiaiaeee yoie ai?ueaie Eiieoao Iaoeeiiaeueiiai Inaiaiaeaeaiey Naaa?iie
Eoaeee. Ia naaa?a no?aiu ai?ueaa oaoenoia e aioeoaoenoia i?eia?aea
oa?aeoa? a?aaeaeaineie aieiu. Oaoenou ioaa/aee ia yoe aeaenoaey
?acaa?ouaaieai ianniaiai oa??i?a. 17 ai?aey 1945 a. Ionnieeie ia?aaoae
ni naiei i?aaeoaeuenoaii a Ieeai. 25 ai?aey a aeaiue, eiaaea ia naaa?a
Eoaeee ia/aeinue inaiaiaeeoaeueiia aeaeaeaiea, Ionnieeie oaeaeinue
ano?aoeoueny n aaia?aeii Eaaei?iie. Oieueei ooo aeo/a ociae i oii, /oi
aeoea?iaoeu aoaeia io naieo eoaeueyineeo nithcieeia oaea a oa/aiea
ianeieueeeo aeiae aaee ia?aaiai?u n EIINE, iuoaynue iaania/eoue
aani?aiyonoaaiiue ooiae /anoae aa?iaooa a Aa?iaieth. Yoi ecaanoea eae
a?iiii ii?aceei Ionnieeie. Ii ?aoee aeaeaaoueny e ai?iaeo Eiii,
?aniieiaeaiiiio iaaaeaeaea io oaaeoea?neie a?aieoeu. A ?aeiia ianoa/ea
Aeaiai eieiiia a?ociaeeia auea inoaiiaeaia ia?oecaiaie. Ianiio?y ia oi,
/oi aeo/a aue iaeao a oi?io na?aeaioa e eaaeae ia iieo a?ociaeea,
ecia?aaeay iueyiiai, ii aue iiiciai ia?oecaiaie e a?anoiaai. Aeey
niaa?oaiey i?aainoaeey ec Ieeaia auea ioeiiaiaee?iaaia niaoeeaeueiay
a?oiia ai aeaaa n eiiioienoii Aaeueoa?ia Aoaeecei. Aeey eniieiaiey
i?eaiai?a Aoaeecei aua?ae ionouiiia ianoa/ei Aeaeoeei aee Aeaaecaa?i.
Iinoaaea aeo/a nieiie e noaia, Aoaeecei i?i/eoae i?eaiai? e iaaeae
nioneiaie e?th/ie. Iaeiaei auno?aea ia iineaaeiaaei, aai aaoiiao
caeeeieei. Eacaeinue, noaeueaa aiiaue iiaea?eea Ionnieeie oain: Aoaeecei
aue iaeei, iaeiaei aeo/a aeaaea ia i?aaei?eiye iiiuoee nianoenue. Ii
i?iaeieaeae caeeaoueny e ae?iaeaoue. Oiaaea Aoaeecei auionoee a yoi
ae?iaeauaa oaei iyoue auno?aeia. Aiaiiue i?anooiiee Ionnnieeie, nionoea
aieiao ia a?oaeue iaaeeaiii niiecae aaeieue noaiu. Iaoa//e, ethaiaieoea
aeo/a, iaeooaiiay, iioa?ya ?annoaeie, neo/aeii aea?ioeanue a aai noi?iio
e oiaea ie/eii ia caieth, oiaea oaeoay. Ia neaaeothuaa oo?i oaei
Ionnieeie, Iaoa//e e ae?oaeo eaciaiiuo a Aeiiai oaoenoneeo ea?a?oia auee
aeinoaaeaiu a Ieeai e iiaaoaiu aiec aieiaie ia iaoaeee/aneeo iii?ao
ia?ae?uoey aaicieieiiee. Nia?aaoayny oieia ieeaioeaa iaeia?eoaeueii
aoaeaea, au?aaeay naia i?ac?aiea e iaiaaenoue e /aeiaaeo, aua iaaeaaii
noiyaoaio ia naiie aa?oeia ie?aieaeu aeanoe. Eae e i?i/ea aeeeoaoi?u,
aeo/a noae ?aaii naiae aeanoe: iia ii?aaeaeyea aai aeeciue, auea ia?eeii
e e?eoa?eai iinooieia, oie i?eciie, neaicue eioi?oth ii ace?ae ia
ie?oaeathuee ie?. AEeoue eia/a Ionnieeie oaea ia iia, iiyoiio ia iia
auoue eiui aai aanneaaiue eiiaoe.

Aeoea? n oaeanii aini?eiye niiauaiea i ?anno?aea Ionnieeie aianoa n
ethaiaieoeae e aeoieaiee a Ieeaia iaae eo o?oiaie. Oaeie eiiaoe aai
no?aoee. Ii aiyeny noaea ia?iaeia ca niaa?oaiiua i?anooieaiey. Ec aeecie
ii oioae oeoe eae iiaeii iaiaa caiyoiaiiui, aucaaoue e naaa oaaaeaiea
n?aaee iaioeaa eae e ee/iinoe aa?ie/aneie e aeia?iii?yaei/iie. *ai
aeeaea Aeoea? i?eaeeaeaeny e nianoaaiiie eaoano?ioa, oai aacaeaeinoiaa e
e?iaiaeaaeiaa noaiiaeeny. Eiaiii a yoi ia?eiae, eiaaea caacaea Aeoea?a
noaea oaea caeaouaaoueny, ii aai eieoeeaoeaa a Aa?iaiee i?eieiaaony
i?ia?aiia noeioee?iaaiey ?iaeaeaaiinoe, i?aaeoniao?eaaaoay ?aceia
oaaee/aiea /eneaiiinoe aa?iaineie iaoeee Yoa i?ia?aiia aeieaeia auea, ii
iiaieth Aeoea?a, aucaaoue iaeia?aiea iaioeaa e nicaeaoue aio n?aaee ieo
i?aie neaau aeaaea iinea aai ooiaea n enoi?e/aneie a?aiu. Oae ii
caaioeeny i naiai aannia?oee. A iineaaeiea aeaa aiaea aieiu Aeoea?,
ciay i iaecaaaeiinoe ii?aaeaiey, eiae aua iaaeaaeaeo ecaaaeaoue iieiie
eaoano?iou ca n/ao ?aciiaeanee a eaaa?a naieo i?ioeaieeia. Ii aeaeae,
/oi oaia?ue a?aiy noaei aai nithcieeii, e no?aieeny iiaeeeciaaoue ana
eiathueany neeu aeey i?iaeieaeaiey nii?ioeaeaiey, ia iicaieye aieneai
iooiaeeoue ie i?e eaeeo ianoiyoaeuenoaao. Ii n/eoae iaiaoiaeeiui e
aiciiaeiui iaianoe ia o?iioa ii iaeiie ec noi?ii iiuiue oaea?, eioi?ue
aucaae au o iaa ia eaeia-oi a?aiy caiaoaoaeuenoai e canoaaee au eneaoue
eiii?iienniiai ie?a n Aa?iaieae, /oiau aueoe ec e?eceniiai ninoiyiey.
Iaoaeaaoaany iieooaiea ia Aeoea?a 20 ethiy 1944 a., niaa?oaiiia a?oiiie
iiiiceoeeiiii iano?iaiiuo iaiaoeeeo ioeoea?ia, auei eniieueciaaii
oth?a?ii a ea/anoaa i?aaeeiaa aeey anaioaaouaathuae iiaeeecaoeee
ethaeneeo e iaoa?eaeueiuo ?ano?nia ia i?iaeieaeaiea aieiu. Ii aeanoiei
?ani?aaeeny n caaiai?ueeaie. Nioie o/anoieeia caaiai?a auei eaciaii.
Aeanyoee ioeoea?ia e aaia?aeia, caiaoaiiuo a caaiai?a, iieii/eee aeeciue
naiioaeenoaii. AEanoieee oa??i? aeieaeai aue caioaaoue iaioeaa e ia
aeiionoeoue eaeiai-eeai aeaeaeaiey ca auno?aeoaa ieii/aiea i?iea?aiiie
aieiu. Aeoea? o?aaiaae io anao n?aaeaoueny aei eiioea, e iiaeaaeythuaa
aieueoeinoai iaioeaa aac?iiioii e neaii auiieiyee enoiaeeaoea io iaai
?anii?yaeaiey e oeacaiey. Iie ie?eeenue n aaiaeeiuie a no?aia iiauie
ia?aie/aieyie ai anao noa?ao aeecie. 16 ai?aey ia/aeinue ianooieaiea ia
Aa?eei niaaoneeo aiene. Ea?oa Aeoea?a auea aeoa. Ieeaeeo iaaeaaeae ia
«/oaei» o iaai oaea ia inoaaaeinue. 22 ai?aey ii ?aoee ia iieeaeaoue
noieeoeo, inoaoueny a naiai aoiea?a e iieii/eoue aeeciue naiioaeenoaii.
Noaeueaa iaiaoeeiai ia?iaea aai oaea ia eioa?aniaaea. Iaioeu, iieaaae
Aeoea?, ieacaeenue iaaeinoieiu oaeiai «aaieaeueiiai aiaeaey», eae ii,
iiyoiio aeieaeiu iiaeaiooue e onooieoue ianoi aieaa neeueiui e
aeecianiiniaiui ia?iaeai. AEa?oa n?aaee iaioeaa a iineaaeiea iaaeaee
aieiu a Aa?iia auei eae ieeiaaea iiiai e aeaaiui ia?acii io
aeayoaeueiinoe ynyniaoeaa, a ia io i?ioeaieeia. 9 ia?oa Aeoea? i?eeacae
nicaeaoue a aieneao, ia/eiay n iieea iiaeeueiua aiaiii-iieaaua noaeu ni
niaoeeaeueiuie eiiaiaeaie, eioi?ua ia ianoa au i?eaiaeeee a eniieiaiea
nia?oiua i?eaiai?u anai aiaiiineoaeauei, ieacaaoeiny ii oie eee eiie
i?e/eia aia naiae /anoe, a oaeaea ioioaaeoeo n caieiaaiuo iiceoeee aac
i?eeaca naa?oo. Ii ?anii?yaeaieth oth?a?a io 22 ai?aey eacie iiaeeaaeae
eaaeaeue, eoi i?iiaaaiaee?iaae eee naieoeeiie?iaae ineaaeaiea neeu
nii?ioeaeaiey. Ii aai i?eeaco 28 ai?aey a Aa?eeia auee aci?aaiu aeaiau,
ioaeaeyaoea eaiae Eaiaeaa? io oiiiaeae iao?i. Yoi auei niaa?oaiii
iaiaeeaeaiii aeey aa?eeioeaa, i?yoaaoeony a iao?i io aiia, nia?yaeia e
ioeue. Ouny/e ethaeae, a iniiaiii aeaoae, noa?eeia e ?aiaiuo, ooiioee a
oiiiaeyo iao?i. 29 ai?aey, e ecoieaieth ie?oaeathueo, Aeoea? ono?iee
ia?yae a?aeini/aoaiey ni naiae iiiaieaoiae ethaiaieoeae Aaie A?aoi. 30
ai?aey iaa iie niaa?oeee naiioaeenoai, a eo o?oiu ii i?eeaco oth?a?a
auee niaeaeaiu a naaeo ?aenoeaioeaey?ee, ?yaeii n aoiea?ii, aaea Aeoea?
i?iaae iineaaeiea ianyoeu naiae aeecie.

Oae caeii/eee naith aeeciue aeaa «aaeeeeo aiaeaey», ni nia?oueth eioi?uo
ianooiee e?ao oioaeeoa?iuo ?aaeeiia a Eoaeee e Aa?iaiee.

CAEETH*AIEA

A n?aaiaiee ?aaeeiia a Eoaeee e Aa?iaiee iiaeii onoaiiaeoue nouiinoue
oioaeeoa?ecia, a /anoiinoe oaoecia. Oaoeci ia aicieeaao a ethaie iiiaio
enoi?ee, aeaaea enoi?ee nia?aiaiiie. Iiyaeaiea e iiaeuai oaoecia
niaiaaeaao n y?ie eiia?eaeeciia, a oaeaea i?iiuoeaiiie e oeiainiaie
eiioeaio?aoeee. Iiyoiio nouanoaoao «yiioa aeey oaoecia», ii iiaieth
iaiaoeeiai enoi?eea-oeeinioa Y. Eaeueoa. Iia caeai/eaaaony n caaa?oaieai
aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu e aicieeiiaaieai eaieoaeenoe/aneie nenoaiu.

Oaoeci yaeyaony ieiaeii e?ecena eeaa?aeueiie nenoaiu, eioi?ue ii?aaeaao
a iniaaiiinoe iaeeoth ao?aeoaceth. Oaoeci i?eoiaeeo e aeanoe aeaaiaea?y
nithco, oaeoe/aneiio e i?ioeai?a/eaiio, iaaeaeo e?oiiuie /anoiuie
eioa?anaie e oe?ieeie naeoi?aie n?aaeieo eeannia. Oaoeci o aeanoe
i?eaiaeeo e oneeaieth eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?oeoo? e onei?yao i?ioeann
yeiiiie/aneie eiioeaio?aoeee. Yoa yaiethoeey nii?iaiaeaeaaony
?ano?oeoo?ecaoeeae nioeeaeueiiai i?aaiecia aeaaiaea?y ia?aaioea iann,
nicaeaieth aiia?aoa, oece/aneiai e ineoieiae/aneiai oa??i?a, aeaenoaeyi
anaiiaouaai, iaoeeiiaeueiiai aiaeaey e caneeuey aaeeinoaaiiie ia?oee,
eioi?ay i?aaenoaaeyao niaie naiia yooaeoeaiia i?oaeea, n iiiiuueth
eioi?iai noa?ue i?aayuee eeann iuoaaony ii?aeueii eiiiaine?iaaoue
yeiiiie/anee ouaieaiioth iaeeoth ao?aeoaceth. aaeeea e ?ieue ee/iinoe a
enoi?ee noaiiaeaiey oioaeeoa?iuo ?aaeeiia, eioi?ua iaaycuaatho naith
eaeaieiaeth, eiioeaio?e?otho aiaiiia i?iecaiaenoai, ?acaeoea yeiiiieee
ca n/ao eniieueciaaiey oa??i?a. Ii ?aii eee iicaeii oioaeeoa?iua nenoaiu
ecaeeaatho naay e /anoi yoi naycaii ni nia?oueth eeaea?ia yoeo ?aaeeiia.

AUAIAe

Naaiaeiy, a eiioea OO aaea iiiaea ethaee e ?acee/iua iauaaeeiaiey
aiai?yo e i?ecuaatho e aic?iaeaeaieth oaeie iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu , eae
oioaeeoa?eci. Ii anoue e y?ua i?ioeaieee yoeo oa/aiee, eioi?ua
a?aoiaioe?otho naia ioiioaiea e iei ouny/aie e ieeeeiiaie ethaeneeo
aea?oa, ?ac?ooaiiui ai?iaeaie – anai oai, /oi yaeeinue ?acoeueoaoii
aeanoieie, e?iaaaie aieiu ca onoaiiaeaiea ai anai ie?a oaoenoneiai
?aaeeia. Eiaiii oaeea ethaee o?aiyo iaiyoue i iiaeaoeo ai a?aiy aoi?ie
ie?iaie aieiu E eiaiii iie, a iaoae no?aia, anaaaea aniiieiatho i
iiaeaoeo ?iaeeoaeyo, a?aoueyo, nano?ao, aeaoyo, ioaeueyo 9 iay – a
aeaiue Iiaaaeu niaaoneiai ia?iaea iaae oaoenoneeie ieeoiaioaie. E oioy
ni a?aiai aieiu i?ioei aieaa 50 eao, a ?innee niaieeny iieeoe/aneee
no?ie, ii ie iaeii iieieaiea ethaeae ia caauei oao, eoi n?aaeaeny ca
ie?ioth aeeciue aeey naieo aeaoae. E naaiaeiy, aeaaea iaeaiueeee
?aaaiie, ciaao, eoi oaeie Aeoea?, eaeie a?aae ii iaian anaio
/aeiaa/anoao, e eaeia cia/aiea eiaao 9 iay aeey eaaeaeiai ec ian. Aeey
iaiy, 9 iay anaaaea icia/aei ie? e ecaaaeaiea io aeanoieinoe,
no?aaeaiey, nia?oe. Eiaiii iiyoiio, y ?aoeea ?ane?uoue yoo oaio, /oiau
iiiyoue, /oi i?aaenoaaeyao ec naay Aeoea? e /oi iineoaeeei i?e/eiie
aaaeaiey ei e aai nithcieeii oaeie iieeoeee, eioi?ay i?eianea noieueei
nia?oe e ian/anouey.

Nienie eniieuecoaiie eeoa?aoo?u

Aaeionia E.N. «Ionnieeie: aeeeoaoo?a e aeaiaaiaey» Ecae-ai
«Iaoeiino?iaiea». I., 1993a.

Aiaeaiei A.I. «*a?iay eieaa i i?anooieaieyo eiia?eaeecia»Ecae-ai
«Aiaiiia ecaeaoaeuenoai Ieienoa?noaa iai?iiu NNN?». I., 1968 a.

Aooaiia A. «Aeoea?ianeee «iiaue ii?yaeie» a Aa?iia e aai e?ao 1939-1945
aa.». Ecae-ai O?aeueneiai oieaa?neoaoa. Aeaoa?eiao?a, 1994 a.

Ianyiei I. «Eiiaoe ?aaeeia Ionnieeie». Ecae-ai «Iieeoecaeaoaeuenoai».
I., 1965 a.

«Iieaaea iacaae. Eeaea?u aieiu». Ecae-ai «I?inaauaiea». I., 1995 a.

«Aaaaeaiea a iieeoieiaeth». Ecae-ai «I?inaauaiea». I., 1995 a.

«Niaaoneee yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue». Ecae-ai «Niaaoneay
Yioeeeeiiaaeey». I., 1986 a.

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