I. ?aaeiiaeueiay iieeoeea ?innee: eiioeaioeee, i?iaeaiu, ?aoaiey.
Ethaay iieeoeea – yoi oeaee e caaea/e, i?aneaaeoaiua e ?aoaaiua
ethaeueie a nayce n eo eiie?aoiuie eioa?anaie, a oaeaea iaoiaeu,
n?aaenoaa e einoeooou, n iiiiuueth eioi?ue aeaiiua eioa?anu
oi?ie?othony, ionoaeaathony e caueuathony. ?aaeiiaeueiie iieeoeeie
iiaeii n/eoaoue eeoue oaeoth nenoaio iaia?aiee e aeaenoaee, eioi?ay
?aaeecoao eioa?anu ainoaea?noaa a ioiioaiee ?aaeiiia e aioo?aiiea
eioa?anu naieo ?aaeiiia iaoiaeaie e niiniaaie, o/eouaathueie i?e?iaeo
nia?aiaiiuo ?aaeiiaeueiuo i?ioeannia, e eioi?ay inouanoaeyao ana yoi
i?aeiouanoaaiii a no?oeoo?a iaae- e aioo?e?aaeiiaeueiuo naycae.
?aaeiiaeueiay iieeoeea – yoi oeaeinoiia e naiiaeinoaoi/iia caaii
iieeoe/aneie iniiau iauanoaa, aac eioi?iai iineaaeiaa, a oaeaea eaaeaeue
/aeiaae a ioaeaeueiinoe e i?e?iaeiay n?aaea iiaoo eeoue neo/aeii e aac
aa?aioe?iaaiiiai oniaoa nouanoaiaaoue ia eaaeaeie eiie?aoiie oa??eoi?ee,
inoaaaynue “iaaaeeia” n ainoaea?noaii, aai yeiiiie/aneie, aiaoiae,
aioo?aiiae e eiie iieeoeeie.
Anyeay iieeoeea oi?ioa ianoieueei, ianeieueei ae oaeaaony
iiaeaea?aeeaaoue aaeain ?acee/iuo eioa?ania. ?aaeiiaeueiay iieeoeea – ia
eneeth/aiea. Iia a oie ia?a iieeoeea e a oie ia?a yooaeoeaia, a eaeie
aeinoeaioo e noaaeeece?iaai eiii?iienn iaaeaeo ?aaeiiaeueiuie eioa?anaie
ainoaea?noaa e ianoiuie eioa?anaie naieo ?aaeiiia.
Iauaaeeieoaeueiie eaeaae e ainoaea?noaaiiie, e ianoiie ?aaeiiaeueiie
iieeoeee iiaeao e aeieaeia noaoue onoie/eainoue, noaaeeueiinoue iaae- e
aioo?e?aaeiiaeueiuo ioiioaiee.
Aaaeouei, aeeciaiii aaaeiui eioa?anii ?innee iuia noaei iaaeiiouaiea
iaia?aoeiie oa??eoi?eaeueiie aeaceioaa?aoeee ainoaea?noaa. Aeaaiui aea
eioa?anii eaaeaeiai ?aaeiia – aeiee?iaaiea iaia?aoeiiai ?aniaaea noa?u,
naaeaine?iaaiiinoue nioeeaeueiuo, yeiiiie/aneeo, i?e?iaei?ano?niuo e
eiuo ioiioaiee; iaania/aiea ia yoie iniiaa noaaeeueiiai e niaeaniaaiiiai
?acaeoey anao yeaiaioia eieaeeciaaiiie noa?u, niioaaonoaothuaai
iio?aaiinoyi /aeiaaea, iauanoaa e i?e?iaeu. I?e yoii iiae?acoiaaaaony,
/oi e?iia iauayeiiiie/aneiai, iauanioeeaeueiiai e eiiai iauaai
iioaioeeaea anoue iiuiue aioo?e?aaeiiaeueiue iioaioeeae, eioi?ue iiaeii
?aaeeciaaoue eneeth/eoaeueii ia ianoiii o?iaia – e yoi iaeia ec
ia?aaeoeo caaea/ ?aaeiiaeueiie iieeoeee e naieo ?aaeiiia, e
ainoaea?noaa.
?aaeiiaeueiay iieeoeea, iaia/aaiay e i?iaiaeeiay naieie ?aaeiiaie, – yoi
oi, /oi aeieaeii aeaeaoueny aeey niaeaniaaiiiai e acaeiii
ia?ac?ooathuaai ?acaeoey anao yeaiaioia i?ino?ainoaaiii eieaeeciaaiiie
noa?u ia eiie?aoiie oa??eoi?ee e n o/aoii ianoiuo oneiaee.
Ainoaea?noaaiiay ?aaeiiaeueiay iieeoeea i?ecaaia iaania/eoue
aeaaniiniaiinoue ?aaeiiaeueiie iieeoeee ia ianoao. Iauaeo ?aaeiiaeueiie
iieeoeee – acaeiinayce e ioiioaiey iaaeaeo ?aaeiiaie. Aeaaiue
?aaeiiaeueiue eioa?an ?innee a ianoiyuaa a?aiy aeieaeai auoue iniciai
eae ieieiecaoeey iaaaoeaiuo i?iyaeaiee oa??eoi?eaeueiie aeaceioaa?aoeee
ia o?iaia noauaeoia Oaaea?aoeee, eae iiaeaea?aeea ianoiuo
i?aia?aciaaiee, eae nicaeaiea iaua?inneeneeo oneiaee aeey oiai, /oiau
eaaeaeue noauaeo Oaaea?aoeee iaeneiaeueii eniieueciaae naie aioo?aiiee
iioaioeeae e ai ana iaiueoae ia?a i?aoaiaeiaae ia neoaeiua aiciiaeiinoe
ainoaea?noaaiiie iiiiue. Ianoiua eioa?anu ii?aaeaeythony iaania/aieai
iieiie?iaiiai e naaeaine?iaaiiiai nouanoaiaaiey ia aeaiiie oa??eoi?ee
/aeiaaea, iauanoaa e i?e?iaeu, aa?aioe?iaaiea eo niaeaniaaiiiai
aini?iecaiaenoaa ia aaca caaeaenoaiaaiey ?ano?nia e iieiiii/ee,
ainoaea?noaaiii i?eciaaaaiuo ianoiuie.
Ooiaeaiaioaeueiuie iaoiaeaie ?aaeiiaeueiie iieeoeee iiaeii n/eoaoue
?acuyniaiea aa niaea?aeaiey, niunea e i?aeoe/aneie iieuecu aeey anao aac
eneeth/aiey noi?ii, niaeaneoaeueii-aeiaiai?iua i?ioeaaeo?u n ?acaa?iooui
cae?aieaieai oneiaee, iaania/eaathueo eioa?anu ?aaeiiaeueiiai ?acaeoey,
oi?ie?iaaiea niioaaonoaothuae i?aaiaie aacu.
Oieueei n niciaieai iauanoaaiiie iaiaoiaeeiinoe ?aaeiiaeueiie iieeoeee,
n aa ?ac?aaioeie e ?aaeecaoeeae iiyaeony aiciiaeiinoue e ?aoaieth
iaua?inneeneeo i?iaeai: ia/aaoaany oicyenoaaiiia iainiaeaiea ?aaeiiia;
?aaeiiaeueiay noaa?aiecaoeey e eiio?iioaoeey a ioiioaieyo ?aaeiiaeueiuo
no?oeoo? aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey n iauaainoaea?noaaiiuie;
iaoeeiiaeueii-yoie/aneia ?acaeoea e aeiiieieoaeueiia iainiaeaiea ii
yoiio iiaiaeo, aioo?e?aaeiiaeueiua eiioeeeou nioeeaeueiiai e
iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneiai oa?aeoa?a; oi?ie?iaaiea nianoaaiiie
?aaeiiaeueiie ?ano?niie aacu nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey;
yeieiae/aneay noaaeeueiinoue e ae?oaea oneiaey onoie/eaiai ?acaeoey
?aaeiiia (iniaaiii naaa?iuo oa??eoi?ee); auaeaeaiea e ooieoeeiie?iaaiea
?aaeiiia ni niaoeeoe/aneeie noaoonaie (naiaiaeiua yeiiiie/aneea ciiu,
oaaea?aeueiua io?aiyaiua oa??eoi?ee, ciiu yeieiae/aneiai aaaenoaey e
o.i.) e ae?.
II. ?aaeii e oeaio?: i?iaeaiu acaeiiioiioaiee.
Acaeiiaeaenoaey ?aaeiiaeueiuo e oeaio?aeueiuo i?aaiia aeanoe a 1992 –
1993 aiaeao ii?aaeaeyeenue a iniiaiii no?aieaieai oeaio?a e nenoaiiiio
?aoi?ie?iaaieth yeiiiieee, a ?aaeiiia – e caueoa io “iaaaoeaiuo”
iineaaenoaee ?aoi?i. I?e yoii /anoue ?aaeiiia no?aieeanue iaeneiaeueii
eniieueciaaoue aicieeathuea a i?ioeanna ?aoi?i aiciiaeiinoe aeey
yeiiiie/aneiai i?iaeaeaeaiey, ae?oaay /anoue iuoaeanue nei??aeoe?iaaoue
naii iai?aaeaiea yeiiiie/aneiai ?aoi?ie?iaaiey. Yoe acaeiiaeaenoaey
i?ioiaeyo a aanueia neiaeiie iieeoe/aneie ianoaiiaea ioe?uoie
eiio?iioaoeee i?eia?ii ?aaiuo ii iioaioeeaeueiui aiciiaeiinoyi aaoaae
aeanoe, a oneiaeyo ineaaeaiiinoe einoeoooia iaoeeiiaeueiie
ainoaea?noaaiiinoe, aunieiai o?iaiy nioeeaeueiie iai?aaeaiiinoe,
ia?aie/aiiie eiyeueiinoe neeiauo ainoaea?noaaiiuo no?oeoo?. Eae
?acai?a/eaaeinue yoi i?ioeainoiyiea, eaeiaa aeeiaieea acaeiiaeaenoaey
oeaio?a e ?aaeiiia? Iniaay ino?ioa i?iaeaiu a oii, /oi ai-ia?auo,
ea/anoaaiii aeaeieciaiythony yeiiiie/aneea ioiioaiey, eioi?ua iaoiaeyony
a ia/aea aeeeoaeueiiai yoaia noaiiaeaiey ?uiea; ai-aoi?uo, ea/anoaaiii
iaiiaeythony e oaeaea iaoiaeyony ia ia/aeueiii yoaia ia iaiaa
aeeeoaeueiiai noaiiaeaiey oaaea?aeeci e ianoiia naiioi?aaeaiea.
No?oeoo?ecaoeey aeanoe ia oaaea?aeueiii o?iaia o?aaeeoeeiiii
?anniao?eaaeinue eae i?iecaiaeiay i?ioeai?a/ee iaaeaeo
i?aaenoaaeoaeueiie e eniieieoaeueiie aa aaoayie.
Aaeieieno?aoeey I?aceaeaioa
?aaeiiaeueiay iieeoeea oaaea?aeueiuo aeanoae a iiieiaiee i?aceaeaioneeo
no?oeoo? aeieaeia aeeth/aoue oaeea yeaiaiou, eae:
1) eiinoeoooeeiiiue i?ioeann (i?aaiaia ii?aaeaeaiea ioiioaiee iaaeaeo
noauaeoaie Oaaea?aoeee e oeaio?aeueiuie no?oeoo?aie, neiaieece?othueie
Oaaea?aoeeth a oeaeii);
2) niaeaniaaiea eioa?ania oa??eoi?ee n ?acee/iui noaoonii
(iaoeeiiaeueiua ?anioaeeee – iaeanoe) e ?acee/iuo yoie/aneeo a?oii.
Yeiiiie/aneay ninoaaeythuay ?aaeiiaeueiie iieeoeee ?anniao?eaaaony
i?aceaeaioneeie no?oeoo?aie nei?aa, eae n?aaenoai ?aoaiey, eae iie
n/eoatho, aeaenoaeoaeueiuo i?iaeai – nio?aiaiea oeaeinoiinoe
ainoaea?noaa e iiaeaea?aeaiea iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiie noaaeeueiinoe.
?aniaae Oaaea?aoeee ?anniao?eaaaony aaeieieno?aoeeae eae iinoiyiiay
oa?ica. Aeey oaea?aeaiey iiae eiio?ieai oeaio?iaaaeiuo oaiaeaioeee
aeaaiua oneeey iia iai?aaeyao ia niaethaeaiea aaciauo eiinoeoooeeiiiuo
i?eioeeiia (?aaiii?aaea noauaeoia Oaaea?aoeee, aaeeinoai
ainoaea?noaaiiiai no?iy, ionoonoaea aioo?aiieo yeiiiie/aneeo a?aieoe).
Eneeth/eoaeueii neeiauie iaoiaeaie iaania/eoue niaethaeaiea yoeo
i?eioeeiia ia ?aaeueii, noaaea aeaeaaony ia ?ac?aaioeo e inouanoaeaiea
“iiaie ?aaeiiaeueiie no?aoaaee ?inneeneiai ainoaea?noaa”, iai?aaeaiiie
ia i?aiaeieaiea aeeooa?aioeeaoeee ?aaeiiia ii o?iaith aeecie, ?acaeoea
iaae?aaeiiaeueiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa, a oaeaea “ia?aoiae io
oceiyeiiiie/aneeo e aieaa oe?ieei – iauanoaaiiui e nioeeaeueiui oeaeyi”.
?aaeenoe/iinoue iinoaiiaee oaeeo oeaeae aanueia niiieoaeueia.
Aaeeinoaaiiia, /oi iiaeii na?ueacii ianoaeaeaoue a eaeaieiae/aneeo
iino?iaieyo i?aceaeaioneeo yenia?oia, – yoi iaiaoiaeeiinoue auno?iai
?aoi?ie?iaaiey iaeiaiaie nenoaiu n ?acaeaeaieai iaeiaiauo aac
athaeaeaoia ai?iaeia, ?aaeiiia e Oaaea?aoeee. Nio?oaeieee i?aceaeaioneie
aaeieieno?aoeee n/eoatho, /oi a yoii neo/aa “eaaeaeue o?iaaiue
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe aoaeao ii-ianoiyuaio iacaaenei io ae?oaeo”
(eiaiii a yoii neo/aa aaeeinoai Oaaea?aoeee aoaeao niaethaeaoueny
iaoeinieoaeueii). Aeey oe?aieaiey oaeiai aaeeinoaa iaia/aaony oaeaea
iaania/eoue i?ei?eoaoiia ?acaeoea aaeeiie eio?ano?oeoo?u e ieii/aoaeueii
?aca?aie/eoue oaaea?aeueioth e ?aaeiiaeueioth nianoaaiiinoue.
Iaeaieaa i?ioeai?a/eaa iiceoeey i?aceaeaioneie eiiaiaeu ioiineoaeueii
ii?aaeaeaiey ?aaeueiiai noaoona ?aaeiiia. N iaeiie noi?iiu,
ooaa?aeaeaaony, /oi ?aaeiiu ia yaeythony noauaeoaie yeiiiie/aneeo
ioiioaiee, n ae?oaie – /oi ?aaeiiu iaeaaeatho ii?aaeaeaiiuie
iieiiii/eyie a ?aaoee?iaaiee yeiiiie/aneiai iiaaaeaiey ia eo
aaeieieno?aoeaiie oa??eoi?ee. Aiciiaeiue auoiae ec oaeiai eiioeeeoiiai
iieiaeaiey aeaeeony a nicaeaiee Oaaea?aeueiiai oiiaea ?aaeiiaeueiiai
?acaeoey, i?eaioe?iaaiiiai ia iiaeaea?aeeo yeiiiie/aneeo aeai?anneaiuo
?aaeiiia e oi?ie?oaiiai ca n/ao oa??eoi?eaeueiie ?aiou, ecuiaaiie a
aieaa aeaaii?eyoiuo ?aaeiiao.
I?aaeoaeuenoai
A ioee/ea io i?aceaeaioneie aaeieieno?aoeee i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua no?oeoo?u
a ea/anoaa i?ei?eoaoiuo oeaeae ?aaeiiaeueiie iieeoeee auaeaeaatho a
iniiaiii yeiiiie/aneea. Eeth/aaui yeaiaioii oaeie iieeoeee yaeyaony
i?aaeinoaaeaiea ?aaeiiai i?aa ia onei?aiiia ?aoi?ie?iaaiea yeiiiie/aneeo
ioiioaiee ?aaee nei?aeoaai i?aiaeieaiey e?ecena ia?aoiaeiiai ia?eiaea.
I?aaeoaeuenoai oaeaea caieiaao aieaa aeanoeoth iiceoeeth ioiineoaeueii
i?aoaicee ?aaeiiaeueiuo aeanoae ia ?oeiaiaenoai aeayoaeueiinoueth
yeiiiie/aneeo noauaeoia. ?aaeiiaeueiay iieeoeea i?aaeoaeuenoaa,
aeiee?iaaia iaaeaaaeiinoaaiiuie i?ioeai?a/eyie. A eoiai ?aaeiiaeueiay
iieeoeee naaeanue e ?ac?aoaieth iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiuo i?iaeai Ianiio?y ia
i?aaeiieiaeaiea i oii, /oi iiaua no?oeoo?u i?aaenoaaeoaeueiie aeanoe ia
oaaea?aeueiii o?iaia noaioo eiaaenoneeie iaoeiaie ?aaeiiaeueiie
aaeieieno?aoeee, iiea /oi iao iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey oaeei iianaieyi.
Ainoaea?noaaiiay aeoia ioee/aaony eiaae?iaaieai eioa?ania ioaeaeueiuo
io?aneae ( a iniiaiii AIE, OYE e oeiainiaua no?oeoo?u). Niaao
Oaaea?aoeee ana aeoaaea oaycaao a ?acae?aoaeuenoaa iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiuo
i?iaeai. *anoe/ii yoi iauyniyaony niaeaneai eniieieoaeueiuo no?oeoo? ia
naiaai ?iaea ?acaeaeaiea noa? aeeyiey e ioaaonoaaiiinoe.
Ionoonoaea neii?aeeie?iaaiiie ?aaeiiaeueiie iieeoeee iaoneiaeaii ia
oieueei aioo?aiieie i?ioeai?a/eyie oaaea?aeueiuo aeanoae, ii e
ionoonoaeai aeaaeaiey ni noi?iiu ?aaeiiia. N iaeiie noi?iiu,
oaaea?aeueiui aeanoyi oaeaeinue oaa?eoue ?aaeiiaeueiua yeeou a naiae
aioiaiinoe e eiii?iiennai ii eiie?aoiui aii?inai (/oi nieceei o?iaaiue
i?aoaicee ia iauaa eciaiaiea eo?na), n ae?oaie – i?iecioee nouanoaaiiua
eciaiaiey a no?oeoo?a ianoiuo yeeo. Iieiaeaiea io?aneaauo yeeo a
?aaeiiao ineaaei a nayce n i?iaeieaeathueiny yeiiiie/aneei niaaeii e
i?eaaoecaoeeae, iaiythueie “noaooniua aana” o/anoieeia. Io?aneaaua
i?iaeaiu oaeoe/anee noaiiayony i?iaeaiaie ?aaeiiia, iaeiaei i?e yoii ia
i?aa?auathony a ?aaeiiaeueiua ii e?aeiae ia?a a niciaiee i?aayueo yeeo.
?oeiaiaeeoaee ?aaeiiia iaaniieiaiu i?iaeaiaie eieaeueiuo ?uieia o?oaea,
iaieaoaaeae e e?ecenii nauoa ia ianoiuo i?aaei?eyoeyo, iaeiaei n/eoatho,
/oi eieaeueii aeaiiua i?iaeaiu ?aoaiu auoue ia iiaoo. 89
aaeieieno?aoeaiuo oa??eoi?ee a ?aieao ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee aeeth/atho
55 iaeanoae e e?aaa, aeaa ai?iaea oaaea?aeueiiai iiae/eiaiey (Iineaa e
Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a), 21 ?anioaeeeo e 11 aaoiiiiiuo oa??eoi?ee. Niaeanii
iiaie eiinoeoooeee, ?anioaeeee iieuecothony ii?aaeaeaiiuie i?eaeeaaeyie,
/oi neoaeeo enoi/ieeii iaaeiaieuenoaa ni noi?iiu ae?oaeo noauaeoia
Oaaea?aoeee. *anoi ooaa?aeaeaaony, /oi ?anioaeeee eiatho
i?eaeeaae?iaaiiia iieiaeaiea i?e inouanoaeaiee athaeaeaoiie iieeoeee e
/oi eo i?aaa ii eiio?ieth ca eniieueciaaieai i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia
i?aauoatho aiaeiae/iua iieiiii/ey inoaeueiuo ?aaeiiia.
Oaaea?aoeaiue aeiaiai? 1992 aiaea, ia eioi?ii iainiiauaaaony ?acaeaeaiea
i?aa e iaycaiiinoae iaaeaeo oaaea?aeueiuie e aieaa ieceeie
aaeieieno?aoeaiuie o?iaiyie, yaeyaony ia/aoeei e i?ioeai?a/eaui a /anoe,
eanathuaeny eiio?iey ca i?e?iaeiuie ?ano?naie; e oiio aea oio oaeo, /oi
aieueoeinoai ?anioaeee aaaeiaa iiiaeo iaeanoae e e?aaa, iia au a
i?eioeeia iauynieoue ?acee/ioth no?oeoo?o aeaeaeaiey athaeaeaoiuo
n?aaenoa iaaeaeo oeaio?ii e ?aaeiiaie. Aiciiaeii, iaeaieaa nouanoaaiiia
i?aeiouanoai ?anioaeee a ioiioaieyo n oeaio?ii ninoieo a oii, /oi ia ieo
?ani?ino?aiyaony iieiaeaiea i oeaio?aeeciaaiiii iacia/aiee i?aceaeaioii
?O aoaa?iaoi?ia (aeaa aaeieieno?aoeee).
A oi a?aiy eae a 1992-1993 aiaeao ?aoi?ienoneia e?uei ?inneeneiai
i?aaeoaeuenoaa ai?ieinue n o?aaeeoeeiiaeenoaie a ia?eaiaioa e a naiii
i?aaeoaeuenoaa, iii oaeaea iaoiaeeeinue a eiioeeeoa n ?aaeiiaeueiuie
yeeoaie e auai?iuie ?aaeiiaeueiuie i?aaiaie aeanoe. Iniiaiie eiioeeeo
?acai?a/eaaeny ia noieueei ii iiaiaeo i?eaaoecaoeee eee ioe?uoey
yeiiiieee aiaoiaio ie?o, noieueei a ioiioaiee aeaoo aaciauo yeaiaioia
yeiiiie/aneie o?ainoi?iaoeee: noaaeeecaoeee e eeaa?aeecaoeee oeai.
Iiceoeeth iiiaeo i?aaenoaaeoaeae ianoiie yeeou – auaoea ?aaioieea
aiia?aoa, eiiioienoe/aneie ia?oee, aee?aeoi?a e?oiiuo i?aaei?eyoee,
ainiiaenoaothuea ia i?iaeioeeaeueiie iieeoe/aneie a?aia – iiaeii
au?aceoue oae: “Noaaeeecaoeey, ii ia ia iiae oa??eoi?ee”. Ianoiua
iieeoe/aneea ?oeiaiaeeoaee a ?innee ieacuaatho aeaaeaiea ia oeaio? n
oeaeueth nio?aiaiey aeioaoeee i?iecaiaeeoaeyi a naieo ?aaeiiao e neeiiiu
iooyaeaaoue ia/aei no?oeoo?iie ia?ano?ieee a ieo.
Iiaeii i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi ?aciua ?aaeiiu aeieaeiu auee au i?iaiaeeoue
?acee/ioth yeiiiie/aneoth iieeoeeo, io?aaeathuoth enoiaeiua o?iaie eo
?acaeoey e iaee/ea ?ano?nia, ia?niaeoeau aaeaioaoeee e ?uii/iie
yeiiiieea, a oaeaea iieeoe/aneea i?aaeii/oaiey ianoiuo ?oeiaiaeeoaeae. A
ii?aaeaeaiiie noaiaie yoe ?acee/ey nouanoaotho, oioy aucuaathuea eo
eiie?aoiua oaeoi?u ia aiieia i/aaeaeiu.
A oiaea noaoenoe/aneiai aiaeeca oaeoi?ia, aeeythueo ia oaiiu iaeie
i?eaaoecaoeee a 77 ?aaeiiao ?innee a 1992 aiaeo, auei iaia?oaeaii, /oi
noaoenoe/anee cia/eiuie ieacaeenue eeoue ?acee/iua iieeoe/aneeo
i?eaioaoeee ianoiuo ?oeiaiaeeoaeae e oaeaeueiue aan ia?onneeo ai anai
ianaeaiee. Aeeyiea ae?oaeo oaeoi?ia ieacaeinue iacia/eoaeueiui. Yoi aea
ni?aaaaeeeai a ioiioaiee eiaeaena ?aaeiiaeueiie caaeneiinoe io oaeeo
io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe, eae iaoaeeo?aey e iaoeiino?iaiea, eioi?ua, eae
n/eoaaony, na?ueacii “no?aaeatho” io ?aoi?i. A ethaii neo/aa ?acee/ey a
ioiioaiee ?oeiaiaeeoaeae ia ianoao e i?iaiaeeiui i?aia?aciaaieyi eiatho
ia?aie/aiiia aeeyiea, iineieueeo eeoue i/aiue iaaieueoia eiee/anoai
aaeieieno?aoeaiuo oa??eoi?ee aicaeaaeytho ianoiua ?oeiaiaeeoaee n
onoiyaoaeny ?aiooaoeeae noi?iiieeia ?aoi?i. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy yoi
ai?iaea Iineaa, Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a, Ieaeaai?iaeneay, a oaeaea
Aieaia?aaeneay iaeanoe. Anoanoaaiii i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi athaeaeaoiua
ia?a/eneaiey iaaeaeo ?aciuie o?iaiyie oi?aaeaiey ?innee oa?aeoa?ecothony
nouanoaaiiuie ?acee/eyie. Oi?iaeueii eiaao ianoi i?ioeann “aeaeaaea
nieco aaa?o”, a oiaea eioi?iai i?aaeiieiaeeoaeueii noaiaea?oiua
(iauaiaoeeiiaeueiua) aeiee aeioiaeia io ioaeaeueiuo iaeiaia, nia?aiiuo
ia ianoiii o?iaia, ia?aaeathony oeaio?o, a caoai ia?a?ani?aaeaeythony ec
oeaio?a a ?aaeiiu. Oeiainiaua iaoaieciu ?aaeiiaeueiie iieeoeee naaiaeiy
yaeythony iiuiaeoei ?u/aaii aa aeaenoaeoaeueiiai noaiiaeaiey.
III. ?aaeiiaeueiay athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiaay nenoaia
?aaeiiaeueiay athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiaay nenoaia – yoi iainiaeaiiay /anoue
niioaaonoaothuae ainoaea?noaaiiie nenoaiu, naycaiiay n iineaaeiae
aaiaoe/anee e no?oeoo?ii. Iia ninoaaeyao eiaiii /anoue oeaeiai (iiea
nouanoaoao oeaeinoiinoue ainoaea?noaa), ii-naiaio io?aaeay niioiioaiea
oeaio?aeecaoeee e aeaoeaio?aeecaoeee, aaeain oeaio?iaaaeiuo e
oeaio?ino?aieoaeueiuo oaiaeaioeee. ?aaeiiaeueiay athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiaay
nenoaia – neiaie e aa?aio ?aaeiiaeueiie ineaaeaiiinoe, iacaaeneiinoe,
naiinoiyoaeueiinoe. Ionthaea ooaa?aeaeaiey oeia “neeueiue (eee
iacaaeneiue) athaeaeao – neeueiua (eee iacaaeneiua) ?aaeiiu”.
?aaeiiaeueiua athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiaua nenoaiu – ii?iaeaeaiea e ?acoeueoao
oa??eoi?eaeueiie i?aaiecaoeee iauanoaa. Athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiaua nenoaiu
?aaeiiia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee aeeoioee?otho ieiei iieiaeiu anao
athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiauo iioieia ainoaea?noaa, n aanueia caiaoiuie
eieaaaieyie a /anoe ?anoiaeia e aeioiaeia. Oae, ii aeaiiui Aineiinoaoa
?innee a ia?aii iieoaiaeee 1993 aiaea a iaueo aeioiaeao ia aeieth
oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa i?eoiaeeeinue 48%, athaeaeaoa oa??eoi?ee – 52%
(a 1992 a.- niioaaonoaaiii 44 e 56%). A ?anoiaeao oaaea?aeueiue
athaeaeao caieiae 53%, athaeaeao oa??eoi?ee 47% (61 e 39% a 1992 a.).
A iniiaa ?aaeiiaeueiie athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiaie nenoaiu eaaeeo
?aaeiiaeueiua athaeaeaou, ?aaeiiaeueiua iaeiae, nai?u, eueaiou,
aeioaoeee e noaaaioeee, a oaeaea ?aaeiiaeueiua oeiainiaua e iaeiaiaua
ioiioaiey n “oeaio?ii” e ?aaea n ae?oaeie oa??eoi?eaeueiuie o?iaiyie. Ii
yeaiaioiiio ninoaao ?aaeiiaeueiua athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiaua nenoaiu
aiaeiae/iu iauaainoaea?noaaiiui, ioee/aynue oieueei ioiioaieyie.
Iai?eia?: iaeiae e nai?u, aeioaoeee e noaaaioeee i?enoonoaotho a iaieo
neo/ayo, ii ainoaea?noai eo iacia/aao, onoaiaaeeaaao, oiaaea eae ?aaeiiu
n oie eee eiie noaiaiueth naiaiaeu i?eieiatho eo e eniieiaieth e
eniieueciaaieth. ?aaeiiaeueiua athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiaua nenoaiu ninoiyo ec
ianeieueeeo ?aaeiiaeueiuo iiaenenoai ?aciiai o?iaiy, i?e ea?a?oe/aneii
iino?iaiee oa??eoi?eaeueiie i?aaiecaoeee ainoaea?noaa (iai?eia?: anee
ianaeaiiue ioieo aoiaeeo a ninoaa ?aeiia, ?aeii – iaeanoe, e o.ae.)
iaaeaeo yoeie iiaenenoaiaie aicieeatho athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiaua ioiioaiey,
ai iiiaii aiaeiae/iua ioiioaieyi oeia “ainoaea?noai-?aaeii”.
?aaeiiaeueiua athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiaua nenoaiu nicaeathony e ?aoi?ie?othony
aeey auiieiaiey ianeieueeeo acaeiinaycaiiuo ooieoeee, n?aaee eioi?ue
neaaeothuea:
1. Cae?aieaiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai ii?yaeea aeaeaeaiey athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiauo
iioieia, ii o?iaiyi oa??eoi?eaeueiie i?aaiecaoeee ainoaea?noaa
(iai?aaeaiea yoeo iioieia, i?iii?oeee eo ?acaeaeaiey, oeaeaaia
iacia/aiea e o.ae.) e aaeaeaaoiuo i?ioeaaeo? ?aaoee?iaaiey aicieeathueo
ii yoiio iiaiaeo ioiioaiee.
2. Aeeoioee?iaaiea e eniieueciaaiea a iaua?aaeiiaeueiuo oeaeyo:
n?aaenoa, ia?aciaaiiuo ia naiie oa??eoi?ee e iinooiathueo a
?aaeiiaeueiua athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiaua nenoaiu iieiinoueth e iaeiieaiaeueii
(oaeiai aieueoeinoai ianoiuo iaeiaia, oo?aoia e eiuo oeiainiauo
naieoeee), aiaeiae/ii ia?aciaaiiuo n?aaenoa, iinooiathueo a yoe nenoaiu
/anoe/ii, a niioaaonoaee n i?eiyoui ii?yaeeii eo ?ani?aaeaeaiey iaaeaeo
athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiauie nenoaiaie ?aciiai o?iaiy (iai?eia?, “iaooyiua
aeaiueae”). *anoue n?aaenoa, aeeoioee?oaiuo a auoanoiyuae
athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiaie nenoaia, ia?a?ani?aaeaeyaony ii oai eee eiui
niia?aaeaieyi a iieueco ieaeanoiyueo ?aaeiiaeueiuo nenoai (aeioaoeee e
noaaaioeee, a oaeaea /anoue “ianoiuo n?aaenoa”, ii ?ac?aoaieth
auoanoiyueo nenoai ei ia ia?a/eneaiiay).
3. Auiieiaiea ?aaeiiaeueiuie i?aaiaie aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey naieo
i?aaenoaaeoaeueiuo e eniieieoaeueiuo iieiiii/ee n niaethaeaieai
o?aaiaaiee oi?iaeueiie oeiainiaie iacaaeneiinoe eo iieeoeee io
auoanoiyueo o?iaiae.
4. Naiiiaania/aiea aioo?e?aaeiiaeueiuo nioeeaeueiuo i?ia?aii, o.a.
athaeaeaoiia oaeiaeaoai?aiea /anoe iio?aaiinoae ianaeaiey a
ii?aaeaeaiiuo aeeciaiiuo aeaaao e ?aaeecaoeee aai
iaoeeiiaeueii-yoie/aneeo eioa?ania. Ianiio?y ia ana aieueooth
naiiaeinoaoi/iinoue ianaeaiey e eiiia?oeeaeecaoeeth nioeeaeueiie noa?u,
aeiey noieiinoe niioaaonoaothueo oneoa, oeiaine?oaiuo /a?ac eaiaeu
?aaeiiaeueiuo athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiauo nenoai, aeinoeaaao /aoaa?oe e noiia
aeioiaeia ianaeaiey ?innee (ca au/aoii iaeiaia).
5. Oi?ie?iaaiea eio?ano?oeoo?iiai ea?eana oa??eoi?ee (io?anee “ianoiiai
oicyenoaa”, ianoiua aei?iae e o?ainii?o e o.i.) eae aaaeiaeoaai
enoiaeiiai oneiaey oi?ie?iaaiey e iiaeaea?aeaiey aioo?e?aaeiiaeueiuo
naycae.
6. ?aaoee?iaaiea ninoiyiey e eniieueciaaiey i?e?iaeii-?ano?niiai e
yeieiae/aneiai iioaioeeaea (caiey, iaae?a, eana, aiaeu, oei?a e oaoia,
aicaeooiue aannaei) eae anoanoaaiiiai aacena nouanoaiaaiey e ?acaeoey
oa??eoi?ee.
7. Noeioee?iaaiea ii?aaeaeaiiuo oeaiiinoiuo ?aaeiiaeueiuo i?eaioe?ia
ianaeaiey, nicaeaiea oneiaee aeey aai aeaeiaie aeoeaiinoe, aeey
no?oeoo?iuo i?aia?aciaaiee, aeey eiaanoeoeeiiiie i?eaeaeaoaeueiinoe e
o.ae. Yoi aii?in ia oieueei iioaioeee oa??eoi?eaeueiiai ?acaeoey, ii e
aoaeouaai athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiaiai aeaaiiieo/ey.
?aaeiiaeueiua athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiaua nenoaiu ai anao no?aiao –
o?aaeeoeeiiiue iauaeo anaiauaai iaaeiaieuenoaa e e?eoeee. Iniiaiia
o?aaiaaiea e athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiaie nenoaia – o?aaiaaiea oeaeaaie
?aaeiiaeueiie i?eaioaoeee ?anniao?eaaaiuo nenoai, aac eioi?ie iie
i?aa?auathony a ieaeiee o?iaaiue oioaeeoa?ii-ainoaea?noaaiiiai
athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiaiai oicyenoaa.
Iaeii ec nouanoaaiiuo iai?aaeaiee ?acaa?ouaaiey ?inneeneeo ?aoi?i,
caiouaiiuo n 1993 aiaea, aeaoeaio?aeecaoeey a noa?a
aioo?eainoaea?noaaiiuo oeiainiauo ioiioaiee. ia/aeinue oi?ie?iaaiea
iaeiaai iniiaaiiiai ia ea/anoaaiii iiauo i?eioeeiao athaeaeaoiiai nithca
Oaaea?aoeee (aa noauaeoia e aaeieieno?aoeaii-oa??eoi?eaeueiuo aaeeieoe).
?a/ue eaeao i?aaeaea anaai i oii, /oi athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiaua ioiioaiey
“oeaio?a” e ?aaeiiia ana a aieueoae ia?a noaee ii?aaeaeyoueny caeiiii e
aeiiieieoaeueiiai ?aaoee?iaaoueny a ?aaeeia aeeaeiaa. Iuooeii
oneeeaaaony ioaaonoaaiiinoue ?aaeiiaeueiuo i?aaiia aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey
ca iai?aaeaiey ?anoiaeiaaiey oeiainiauo n?aaenoa (iniaaiii a
nioeeaeueiie noa?a), aa?aioe?othony iiaua athaeaeaoiua i?aaa yoeo
i?aaiia e iiyaeythony iiaua enoi/ieee iinooieaiee a ?aaeiiaeueiua
athaeaeaou.
A ianoa n oai i?ia?aiia i?aia?aciaaiey iaeiaiai-oeiainiauo ioiioaiee ii
?yaeo eeth/aauo iiceoeee yaii ia aei?aaioaia; iaeioi?ua aa iieiaeaiey
i?ioeai?a/ao ae?oa ae?oao, iiiaea inoathony ino?iaeeneonneiiiuie.
Iaiaoiaeeii ouaoaeueii neaaeeoue ca oai, /oiau ecae?aaiua niiniau
?aoaiey naaiaeiyoieo caaea/ (a o./. aioeeioeyoeeiiiuo e naycaiiuo n
nie?auaieai athaeaeaoiiai aeia?aeaoeoeeoa) oae eee eia/a oi?ie?othuea
eiioo?u noaiiayueony athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiauo nenoai, ia aeiee?iaaee au
?aaeecaoeeth oeaeae aeieaia?aiaiiuo oeaeae ?aaeiiaeueiie iieeoeee.
Aiaeiae/iua niia?aaeaiey iiaeii auneacaoue e ii iiaiaeo
ii?iaoeaii-i?aaiaie aacu iiauo iaeiaiai-athaeaeaoiuo ioiioaiee. Yoa aaca
oieueei neeaaeuaaaony e iiea i/aiue aeaeaea io niioaaonoaey
i?eioeeieaeueiui o?aaiaaieyi oeaeinoiinoe, iieiiou e iai?ioeai?a/eainoe;
iia iai?a?uaii ia?aniao?eaaaony e ei??aeoe?oaony, oae /oi iaeaieaa
aeaeaoaeueiia aa ea/anoai – noaaeeueiinoue – iiea inoaaony iaaeinooiiui.
“Inoia” ii?iaoeaii-i?aaiaie aacu ia?acotho Eiinoeoooeey ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee, a oaeaea caeiiu “Ia iniiaao athaeaeaoiiai ono?ienoaa e
athaeaeaoiiai i?ioeanna a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee”, “Ia iniiaao iaeiaiaie
nenoaiu a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee”, “Ia iniiaao athaeaeaoiuo i?aa e i?aa
ii oi?ie?iaaieth e eniieueciaaieth aiaathaeaeaoiuo oiiaeia
i?aaenoaaeoaeueiuo e eniieieoaeueiuo i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe
?anioaeee, a ninoaaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, aaoiiiiiie iaeanoe,
aaoiiiiiuo ie?oaia, e?aaa, iaeanoae, ai?iaeia Iineau e Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa,
i?aaiia ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey”. Iiiai/eneaiiua i?aaiaua ii?iu,
?aaoee?othuea athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiaua ioiioaiey a ?aaeiiaeueiii ?ac?aca
niaea?aeaony e a ?inneeneeo caeiiao “I e?aaaii, iaeanoiii Niaaoa
ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia e e?aaaie, iaeanoiie aaeieieno?aoeee”, “I ianoiii
naiioi?aaeaiee a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee”.
Iniaia ianoi a iaoaiecia i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey acaeiiaeaenoaey
athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiauo nenoai ia oaaea?aeueiii e noaoaaea?aeueiii o?iaiyo
caieiaao Caeii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee “I noaaaioeeyo ?anioaeeeai a
ninoaaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, e?ayi, iaeanoyi, aaoiiiiiie iaeanoe,
aaoiiiiiui ie?oaai, ai?iaeai Iineaa e Naieo-Iaoa?ao?ao”, a eioi?ii
onoaiiaeaiu i?aaiaua iniiau ieacaiey oeaio?aeeciaaiiie oeiainiaie iiiiue
?aaeiiai – noauaeoai Oaaea?aoeee. Aaaeiaeoea eiee/anoaaiiua i?iii?oeee a
athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiauo acaeiiioiioaieyo “oeaio?a” e ?aaeiiia ?innee
ii?aaeaeytho aaeaaiaeii i?eieiaaiua caeiiu ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee i
athaeaeaoa ia i/a?aaeiie oeiainiaue aiae.
I?iaeaia acaeiiioiioaiey ?aciio?iaiaauo athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiauo nenoai
eiaao a oneiaeyo ?inneeneie yeiiiieee aeaa aniaeoa. N iaeiie noi?iiu
?anniao?eaathony acaeiiioiioaiey iaaeaeo oaaea?aeueiui athaeaeaoii e
athaeaeaoaie noauaeoia Oaaea?aoeee. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, – oeiainiaua
ioiioaiey iaaeaeo i?aaiaie ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey Oaaea?aoeee e
no?oeoo?aie ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey.
A iauai neo/aa i?aaiecaoeey a ?innee oeiainiauo acaeiiioiioaiee iaaeaeo
athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiauie nenoaiaie ?acee/iuo o?iaiae o?aaoao ?aoaiey o?ao
acaeiinaycaiiuo aii?inia.
1 – ii eaeei i?eioeeiai aeieaeia auoue ?ani?aaeaeaia iaaeaeo
?aciio?iaiaauie i?aaiaie aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca
inouanoaeaieai niioaaonoaothueo ?anoiaeia.
2 – eae iaiaoiaeeii ?ani?aaeaeeoue enoi/ieee aeioiaeia aeey iie?uoey
oeacaiiuo ?anoiaeia?
3 – naycai n oai, /oi ?anoiaeiua noaouee athaeaeaoia e oeiainiaua
iinooieaiey iau/ii ia niaiaaeatho ii iauaio.
Iaeia ec aeaaiuo i?e/ei iiaeaea?aeaiey e onoaoaeaiey ino?iou neooaoeee
ia i?ioyaeaiee iineaaeieo 2-o eao – ionoonoaea aaeeinoaa acaeiiioiioaiee
athaeaeaoia ?aciuo o?iaiae, ia?anoaiea i?ioeanna eiaeeaeaeoaeecaoeee
athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiauo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo Oaaea?aoeeae e noauaeoaie.
I?iaeaia a ionoonoaee yniuo, iainiiaaiiuo e iauai?eciaiiuo e?eoa?eaa e
i?ioeaaeo?, i?eiaiyaiuo a ?aieao iauae iieeoeee aioo?eainoaea?noaaiiie
ia?aaea/e n?aaenoa. Yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai ii?iaeaeaei o ?aaeiiia
iinoiyiiia iuouaiea iani?aaaaeeeainoe, canoaaeyei iiaeic?aaaoue
oaaea?aeueiua i?aaiu a i?iaaaeaiee i?ioaeoeeiienoneie iieeoeee a
ioiioaiee oao eee eiuo ?aaeiiia, aucuaaei iaino?aiea iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiuo
i?ioeai?a/ee e naia?aoenoneeo iano?iaiee. Iaiainiiaaiiue aeenaaeain a
ioiioaieyo ?inneeneiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa n ?aaeiiaie, eanathueony iaeiaiauo
io/eneaiee a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao e i?aaeinoaaeaiey ec iaai aeioaoeee
oa??eoi?eyi, ni?iaioee?iaae oacen “i ia?aaiii?aaiinoe noauaeoia
Oaaea?aoeee”. Iiyaeeenue aeaaea ?acee/iua eo eeanneoeeaoeee, aace?oaiua
ia n?aaiaiee ?aaeiiia ii o?iaith athaeaeaoiie iaania/aiiinoe, iauaiai
ieaoaaeae a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao e aeioaoeeyi ec iaai. Iaeei ec
aeinoaoi/ii e?anii?a/eauo aa?eaioia a?oiie?iaee ?aaeiiia ii yoei
ia?aiao?ai i?eaaaeai a oaaeeoea.
Iaania/aiiinoue oa??eoi?eaeueiuo athaeaeaoia a 1992 aiaeo
“Iiaua” aaoiiiiee “Noa?ua” aaoiiiiee E?ay,
iaeanoe
1.Athaeaeaoiay iaania/aiiinoue ii aeioiaeai,% 186-203 132-138 90-91
2.Athaeaeaoiay iaania/aiiinoue ii ?anoiaeai,% 207 133 90
3.Iauai oaaea?aeueiuo aeioaoeee, noaaaioeee e athaeaeaoiuo nnoae ia
iaeiiai aeeoaey,% io n?aae iaai o?iaiy 330 183
77
4. Ia?a/eneaii a athaeaeao ?O,% io eoiaiauo aeioiaeia oa??eoi?eaeueiuo
athaeaeaoia 11 19 91
Ec aeaiiuo oaaeeoeu oi?ioi aeaeia noaiaiue aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiinoe
athaeaeaoiie iaania/aiiinoe ii aeioiaeiie e ?anoiaeiie /anoyi
oa??eoi?eaeueiuo athaeaeaoia ?aciuo ?aaeiiia ?innee. E yoiio neaaeoao
aeiaaaeoue, /oi ia aaoiiiiiua ia?aciaaiey, aaea i?iaeeaaao eeoue 14%
ianaeaiey ?innee, ieaie?iaaeinue auaeaeeoue 50% io noiiu anao
oaaea?aeueiuo aeioaoeee ?aaeiiai. Aaconeiaii, oeneaeueiia au?aaieaaiea
ii ?aaeiiai ?innee aua aeieaia a?aiy inoaiaony iauaeoeaiie e aeooaeueiie
iaiaoiaeeiinoueth.
IV. Acaeiiaeaenoaea athaeaeaoia
O?aaeeoeeiiii nouanoaoao o?e iniiaiuo iiaeoiaea e ?aoaieth i?iaeaiu
?acaeaeaiey athaeaeaoia. Ia?aue ec ieo i?aaeiieaaaao aaaaeaiea ?acee/ee
ii eaoaai?eyi iaeiaia. Ia eaaeaeii ec o?ao o?iaiae (Oaaea?aoeey,
?aaeiiu, ianoiua i?aaiu) i?e yoii niae?athony naie aaciaua iaeiae. Oaeay
noaia ?aca?aie/aiey aeioiaeia ieieiece?oao ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiua
i?ioeannu a athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiaie nenoaia, oi?ie?oao noaaeeueiua e
aiieia iiiyoiua “i?aaeea ea?u” iaaeaeo noauaeoaie Oaaea?aoeee e
oeaio?ii. Aianoa n oai aeaiiay noaia iiaeao auoue yooaeoeaii ?aaeeciaaia
eeoue i?e n?aaieoaeueiie iaeii?iaeiinoe ?aaeiiia a oeneaeueiie
ioiioaiee. Iaaeaeo oai a ?innee ?aaeiiu a yoii ioiioaiee ?acii?iaeiu.
Aoi?ie iiaeoiae caeeth/aaony a ?acaeaeaiee aeioiaeia io iaeiaia. A
?aieao athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiaie nenoaiu oeene?othony i?ioeaioiua noaaee, a
niioaaonoaee n eioi?uie ii ii?aaeaeaiiui auaeai iaeiaia iinooieaiey
?ani?aaeaeythony iaaeaeo oaaea?aeueiuie i?aaiaie e oa??eoi?eyie. I?e
yoii aiciiaeai e aa?eaio niaaeeiaiey noaaie: ia oaaea?aeueiii o?iaia
aaiaeeony naiy noaaea, ia ?aaeiiaeueiii – naiy. Oaeie iiaeoiae ioe?uaaao
oe?ieea aiciiaeiinoe oaaee/aiey ianooaaia ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey
athaeaeaoiuo ?ano?nia. Yoi iiiu?yao ?aaeiiu e ieacaieth ia oeaio? eae
iiaeii aieueoaai aeaaeaiey n oai, /oiau iieo/eoue athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiaua
eueaiou, iooai aeeooa?aioeeaoeee niioaaonoaothueo noaaie io/eneaiee.
Iiiyoii, /oi oniao caeanue iaeiiai ?aaeiia neoaeeo noeioeii aua aieueoae
aeoeaecaoeee ae?oaeo. ?acoeueoao – ?aceia oneeaiea eiaeeaeaeoaeueii
?aaeiiaeueiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey athaeaeaoiuo ioiioaiee. Iiae oaea?aie
?aaeiiaeueiuo yeeo nenoaia aaeeiuo oaaea?aeueiuo iaeiaia iinoaiaiii
?ac?ooaaony e ia?anoaao auiieiyoue ooieoeee eioaa?e?othuaai oaeoi?a a
?aieao Oaaea?aoeee. Athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiaay nenoaia i?eia?aoaao
aeiaiai?ii-?aaeiiaeueiue oa?aeoa?. I?e anai oii iaeuecy ia ioiaoeoue,
/oi a i?eioeeia ?aaeecaoeey aoi?iai iiaeoiaea aeaao aiciiaeiinoue
iaeneiaeueii o/eouaaoue niaoeeoeeo ?inneeneeo ?aaeiiia. O?aoee
i?eioeeieaeueiue iiaeoiae e ?acaeaeaieth athaeaeaoia iaaeaeo
oaaea?aeueiuie i?aaiaie e oa??eoi?eyie i?aaeiieaaaao ii?aaeaeaiea
i?ioeaioa auieao a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao io iauae noiiu oaeoe/anee
aceiaaiuo a ?aaeiia iaeiaia. I?e yoii, iaeiaei, /anoi ia ooi/iyaony,
aoaeao ee eaaeaeay oa??eoi?ey aaiaeeoue naith nianoaaiioth nenoaio
iaeiaia eee aea eniieueciaaoue a ea/anoaa iniiau aaeeioth nenoaio,
niaeaniaaiioth iaaeaeo ?aaeiiaie ia oaaea?aeueiii o?iaia. Iiyoiio i?e
?aaeecaoeee aeaiiiai iiaeoiaea eae ?ac e iiyaeyaony iianiinoue
iaeneiaeueiie aeaoeaio?aeecaoeee oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa i?e
iaeiia?aiaiiii oneeaiee ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiuo i?ioeannia e
oeaio?aeecaoeee athaeaeaoiuo n?aaenoa ia ?aaeiiaeueiii o?iaia.
Aanueia i?iaeaiaoe/ia e naia aiciiaeiinoue ii?aaeaeaiey niaeaniaaiiie n
?aaeiiaie i?ioeaioiie noaaee io/eneaiee a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao.
?aaeiiu-yenii?oa?u aoaeoo, iiiyoii, ianoaeaaoue ia aa nieaeaiee. Oae,
Oaoa?noai i?aaeeaaaao onoaiiaeoue aa ia o?iaia 20%. N?aaieoaeueii aea
aaaeiua a ?ano?niii ioiioaiee ?aaeiiu, oa?aeoa?ecothueany ieceei o?iaiai
oeneaeueiie iaania/aiiinoe, caeioa?aniaaiu a aieaa aunieeo i?ioeaioiuo
noaaeao io/eneaiee n oai, /oiau iiaeaea?aeeaaoue e iiiieiyoue
athaeaeaoiua ?ano?nu ?aaeiiaeueiiai au?aaieaaiey, ec eioi?uo
ioaeaeathueany noauaeou Oaaea?aoeee iieo/atho aanueia iuooeioth
iiaeaea?aeeo. Eniieiaiea ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee n oeaeueth enneaaeiaaiey niioiioaiey iaaeaeo oaaea?aeueiui e
?aaeiiaeueiuie athaeaeaoaie i?aaenoaaeaii a oaaeeoea N1.
A oiaea yeiiiie/aneeo ?aoi?i a aeioiaeao eiinieeaee?iaaiiiai athaeaeaoa
aeiey iinooieaoeo i?yiuo iaeiaia nouanoaaiii iiauneeanue, a einaaiiuo –
niioaaonoaaiii nieceeanue. A aeioiaeiie aaca athaeaeaoia oa??eoi?ee
iaaethaeaeinue iaeioi?ia oiaiueoaiea oaeaeueiiai aana i?yiuo e einaaiiuo
iaeiaia, aianoa acyouo, i?e iaeiia?aiaiiii oaaee/aiee aeiee ae?oaeo
iaeiaia e nai?ia. A ?acoeueoaoa e eiioeo 1993 a. oaeaeueiue aan
aeioiaeia, aeeoioee?oaiuo ?aaeiiaeueiuie athaeaeaoaie (aac noaaaioeee),
caiaoii aic?in 44,1 aei 58,8%. Yoi aea niioiioaiea nio?aiyeinue a 1
eaa?oaea 1994 aiaea. Ia 1 ai?aey 1994 a. aeiey ?aaeiiia a iauai iauaia
iaeiaa ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue ii n?aaiaieth n 1992 a. oaaee/eeanue
n 2561 aei 33,5%, aeoeecia – n 33,5 aei 43%, i?yiuo iaeiaia – n 67,7 aei
71,3%, ae?oaeo iaeiaia e nai?ia – n 51,6 aei 65,9%. Inouanoaeaiea
oaeoe/aneiai ?acaeaeaiey aeioiaeia eiinieeaee?iaaiiiai athaeaeaoa ii
iaeiaai i?e aai eniieiaiee iaaeaeo oaaea?aeueiuie i?aaiaie e
oa??eoi?eyie a 1993 a. iieacaii a oaaeeoea N2. Nieaeaiea aeiee iaeiaiauo
ieaoaaeae, iinooiathueo a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao, ii n?aaiaieth n
i?iaiice?oaiie ii ioeaieai niaoeeaeenoia iaoneiaeaii ia?ooaieai oeaeui
?yaeii ?inneeneeo ?aaeiiia aeaenoaothuaai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Oieueei
Aaoee?ey e Oaoa?ey iaaeiiinoaaeee a 1993 a. a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao
aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ia noiio aieaa 400 ie?ae.?oa. (/oi i?eia?ii ?aaii
iieiaeia anao athaeaeaoiuo n?aaenoa, eaeoueo ia ioaeaeu ?inneeneiai
aunoaai ia?aciaaiey); 600 ie?ae.?oa. auei iaaeiiieo/aii ii n?aaiaieth n
i?iaiicii aneaaenoaea onoaiiaeaiey a 1993 a. aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiuo
ii?iaoeaia io/eneaiee iaeiaa ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue a athaeaeaou
iaoeeiiaeueii-ainoaea?noaaiiuo e aaeieieno?aoeaii-oa??eoi?eaeueiuo
ia?aciaaiee.
I?e aeinoaoi/ii nenoaiaoe/aneii nieaeaiee iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee a
oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao a 1993 a. o?iaaiue niioaaonoaothueo ieaoaaeae,
ca/eneyaiuo a athaeaeaou iaoeeiiaeueii-ainoaea?noaaiiuo e
aaeieieno?aoeaii-oa??eoi?eaeueiuo ia?aciaaiee, ii ioiioaieth a AAI
nio?aiyaony ioiineoaeueii noaaeeueiui. A 1 eaa?oaea ii ?aaiyeny 16,3%,
ai II – 16,3%, III – 14,2%, a IV – 15,1%. Iaaeaeo oai a 1992 a. ia
?aaeiiaeueiua athaeaeaou i?eoiaeeeinue eeoue 38,6% iauae noiiu
athaeaeaoiuo ?anoiaeia, a 1993 a. – 44,1%, a 1 eaa?oaea 1994 a. – 52,0%.
A 1993 a. ?aaeiiaeueiuie athaeaeaoaie a oeaeii ii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
auei iieo/aii aeioaoeee e noaaaioeee ec oaaea?aeueiiai
(?anioaeeeaineiai) athaeaeaoa (aac oaaea?aeueiuo i?ia?aii) ia noiio 3,2
o?ei.?oa. Iauaiu oaaea?aeueiie iiaeaea?aeee ?aaeiiia, oaeei ia?acii,
i?eaeeceoaeueii niioaaonoaiaaee 28,8% anaai nia?aiiiai ca oeacaiiue
ia?eiae a eiinieeaee?iaaiiue athaeaeao iaeiaa ia aeiaaaeaiioth
noieiinoue. Caiaoei i?e yoii, /oi oaea a 1992 a. ia oaaea?aeueiue
athaeaeao i?eoiaeeeinue 53,2% cao?ao ia ia?iaeiia oicyenoai, ieiei 40% –
ia iaania/aiea ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ainoaea?noaaiiie aaeieieno?aoeee, ii/oe
30% – ia cae?aaiio?aiaiea e ia?aciaaiea, ana cao?aou ia iai?iio e ii
aiaoiaoi?aiaui iia?aoeeyi e ieiei 75% ae?oaeo ?anoiaeia. A ianoiyuaa
a?aiy yoe e?aeia iaaeaaii?eyoiua aeey oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa
niioiioaiey ianeieueei oeo/oeeenue. Oae, ii eoiaai eniieiaiey
?inneeneiai athaeaeaoa a 1 eaa?oaea 1994 a. ia aeieth ?anoiaeia
oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa i?eoiaeeeinue 27,7% cao?ao ia ia?iaeiia
oicyenoai, 50% – ia iaania/aiea ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ainoaea?noaaiiie
aaeieieno?aoeee, 15% – ia cae?aaiio?aiaiea e ia?aciaaiea, ana cao?aou ia
iai?iio e ii aiaoiaoi?aiaui iia?aoeeyi e nauoa 53% ae?oaeo ?anoiaeia.
I?eaaaeaiiua aeaiiua naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i aanueia na?ueaciie (oioy
/anoe/ii e ei??aeoe?oaiie) aneiiao?ee neiaeeaoaeny iaeiaiai-athaeaeaoiie
nenoaiu n iiceoeee acaeiiioiioaiee iaaeaeo oa??eoi?eyie e oaaea?aeueiuie
i?aaiaie. Oeacaiiay aneiiao?ey i?iaeieaeaao oneeeaaoueny. Aaniethoiia
aieueoeinoai oa??eoi?ee (85%) iaoiaeeony ia aeioaoeee oaaea?aeueiiai
athaeaeaoa ?innee, i?e/ai iauay noiia ia?aaeaaaaiuo ii acaeiiui ?an/aoai
athaeaeaoiuo n?aaenoa ninoaaeyao ieiei 20% anao oeiainiauo ?ano?nia
?aaeiiia. Anoue e oaeea ?aaeiiu (Ooaa, Naaa?iay Inaoey e ae?.), eioi?ua
aeeaoo i?aeoe/anee iieiinoueth ia aeioaoeee oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa.
Ieacuaay aeaaeaiea ia oaaea?aeueiua i?aaiu n oeaeueth iiiieiaiey naieo
aeioiaeia, ?aaeiiu aeaeatho i/aaeaeioth noaaeo ia IAeN, iaeia ia
i?eaueue e ?ano?niua ieaoaaee (aeiey aeoeecia a aeioiaeao ai iiiaeo
?aaeiiao iacia/eoaeueia). A I?ia?aiia oaeoaeaiey ?aoi?i a 1992 a. aeiey
iaeiaa ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue, inoaaeyaiay oa??eoi?eyi, ii?aaeaeaia
a 20%; e ia/aeo 1994 a. ?aaeiiai oaeaeinue aa oaaee/eoue aieaa /ai a 1,6
?ac, i?aeoe/anee iieiinoueth nio?aiea ca niaie /anoue iieiaeaiiuo ei
iinooieaiee iaeiaa ia i?eaueue. I?e yoii, oioy iiiaea oa??eoi?ee e auee
aioiau iiaea?oaiaaoue aeoeecaie, ?aaeiiu-yenii?oa?u aeoeaii iuoaeenue
ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoue a naith iieueco aeoeecu ia iaooue e aac e aeaiaaeiua
n?aaenoaa oiiaea oeaiiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. Oaeei ia?acii, a oneiaeyo
oneeeaathuaeny aneiiao?ee athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiaie nenoaiu iniiaiay ai?ueaa
?acai?a/eaaaony ca eioeyoeeiiiua iaeiae, iaania/eaathuea nouanoaaiioth
aeieth iinooieaiee a oa??eoi?eaeueiua athaeaeaou.
Ieioei ?O i?aaei?eieiaao iiiuoee oaea?aeeaaoue aeieth oaaea?aeueiiai
athaeaeaoa ia aeinoaoi/ii aunieii o?iaia. E niaeaeaieth, ?acaeoea
athaeaeaoiie neooaoeee ai iiiaii ia aeaaii?eyonoaoao yoiio. Oaeaeueiue
aan iaeiiai ec iniiaiuo oeiainiauo enoi/ieeia iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee a
oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao – iaeiaa ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue – a
eiinieeaee?iaaiiii athaeaeaoa iaoeeiiii nie?auaaony. Aeioiaeu io
aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe ia a ninoiyiee eiiiaine?iaaoue
oeacaiiia iaaeaiea. Iaeiia?aiaiii a eiinieeaee?iaaiiii athaeaeaoa
i?ienoiaeeo oaaee/aiea aeiey i?yiuo iaeiaia, iniiaiuie ?aoeeieaioaie
eioi?uo yaeythony oa??eoi?ee. A yoeo oneiaeyo Ieioei ?O aianoi
aeeoioee?iaaiey a oaaea?aeueiii athaeaeaoa anae aaee/eiu iaeiaa ia
aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue e iaeiia?aiaiii iaeioi?iai nieaeaiey
oaaea?aeueiie noaaee iaeiaa ia i?eaueue eaeao ii iooe caauoaiey
aeioiaeia anaai eiinieeaee?iaaiiiai athaeaeaoa e iiauoaiey oaaea?aeueiie
noaaee iaeiaa ia i?eaueue n 10 aei 13%. A ?acoeueoaoa iiae caauoaiioth
aeioiaeioth aaco ?inneeneiai athaeaeaoa oi?ie?othony aeiiieieoaeueiua
?anoiaeu, i?e/ai eae oaaea?aeueiiai, oae e ?aaeiiaeueiuo athaeaeaoia. Ia
iie?uaay yoe ?anoiaeu nia?aiiuie aeioiaeaie, iiiaea ?aaeiiu i?eaaaatho e
i?yiui ia?ooaieyi iaeiaiai-athaeaeaoiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, /oi
i?ienoiaeeo ia iauai oiia ?inoa acaeiiuo iaieaoaaeae. Eae neaaenoaea –
iaaeiai? oeiainiauo n?aaenoa a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao e e?aoiia
oaaee/aiea ia iaai athaeaeaoiie iaa?ocee. ?acoeueoaoii oaeie oeiainiaie
iieeoeee yaeyaony oneeaiea aneiiao?ee ?inneeneie athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu
oaea ia noaaeee i?iaiiciuo ?an/aoia, ninoaaeaiey e caeiiiaeaoaeueiiai
ooaa?aeaeaiey athaeaeaoa. A i?ioeanna ei??aeoe?iaee e ooaa?aeaeaiey
ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa ?O ia 1994 a. ?aaeiiaeueiua no?oeoo?u
aeanoe i?eia?aee aeiiieieoaeueii nauoa 9 o?ei.?oa. aeioiaeia, iieo/ea
iaeiia?aiaiii anaai eeoue 1,3 o?ei.?oa. aeiiieieoaeueiuo ?anoiaeia.
Iaeiaei, anee ?aaeiiaeueiua no?oeoo?u aeanoe a iniiaiii aeaeaee aeoeaio
ia oaaee/aiea aeioiaeia ?aaeiiaeueiuo athaeaeaoia, oi io?aneaaua eiaae,
iai?ioea, aeoeaioe?iaaee naia aieiaiea ia oaaee/aiee ?anoiaeiie /anoe
oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa. ?acoeueoaoii yoeo aeaenoaee yaeeny
naiaia?aciue “aeaieiie yooaeo” oneeaiey aneiiao?ee ?inneeneie
athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu.
Aneiiao?eth a niioiioaieyo iaaeaeo oaaea?aeueiui e ?aaeiiaeueiuie
athaeaeaoaie aanueia iuooeii aeiiieiyao oaea ioia/aaoayny cia/eoaeueiay
aeeooa?aioeeaoeey ?aaeiiia n oi/ee c?aiey eo oeneaeueiie iaania/aiiinoe
ia aeooo ianaeaiey. Naaiaeiy a ?innee anoue ?aaeiiu, eioi?ua
ia?a/eneytho a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao aei 60-65% aeioiaeia. N ae?oaie
noi?iiu, eiathony ?aaeiiu, iie?uaathuea 85-95% naieo ?anoiaeia ca n/ao
n?aaenoa oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa. Ec 89 ?aaeiiia 41 iieo/aao ec
oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa 40% ?anoiaeoaiuo n?aaenoa, i?e/ai ia 22
?aaeiia i?eoiaeeony aieaa 60% auaeaeyaiuo aeioaoeee.
Aanue naaa? e tha ?innee iieiinoueth “neaeyo” ia aeioaoeeyo. Iniiaiua
“iinoaaueee” aeioiaeia a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao – iaeanoe, e?ay e
?anioaeeee, ia?acothuea “oceee iiyn”, eioi?ue ioaaouaaao Neae?ue, O?ae e
oeaio? ?innee, a oaeaea aeaa aaoiiiiiuo ie?oaa, aaea a aieueoeo
ianooaaao aeiauaaaony iaooue. I?e yoii ia Othiaineoth iaeanoue e
a.Iineao i?eoiaeeony nauoa 19% anao iinooieaiee a oaaea?aeueiue
athaeaeao.
Aiaeec aeaceioaa?aoeeiiiuo oaeoi?ia iieacuaaao, /oi nouanoaoao
aeinoaoi/ii oaniay naycue iaaeaeo ieceeie oaiiaie i?eaaoecaoeee a
?aaeiiao e aunieei o?iaiai iieo/aaiuo eie aeioaoeee ec oaaea?aeueiiai
athaeaeaoa. Iiuiui oaeoi?ii “auaeaaiey” ?ano?nia ec oeaio?a neoaeeo
oa?ica ?acaeoey naia?aoenoneeo aeaeaeaiee. Eae i?aaeei, cia/eoaeueiua
oaaea?aeueiua athaeaeaoiua auieaou aei ianoiyuaai a?aiaie iieo/aee oa
?aaeiiu, aaea aunie o?iaaiue o?aaiecaoeee e eiathony aeinoaoi/ii
aieueoea caianu i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia. I?ineaaeeaaaony e oaeay
caeiiiia?iinoue – /ai aieaa eiina?aaoeaai ?aaeii a i?iaaaeaiee
yeiiiie/aneeo ?aoi?i, oai auoa o?iaaiue iieo/aaiuo ec oeaio?a
athaeaeaoiuo noaaaioeee e aeioaoeee.
I?e ?aoaiee aii?ina i auaeaeaiee ?aaeiiai oeiainiauo ?ano?nia eo
oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa a aeaea noaaaioeee e aeioaoeee, ia neaaeoao
caauaaoue, /oi iaee/ea aeanoeiai oeiainiai-athaeaeaoiiai ia?aie/aiey ni
noi?iiu oaaea?aeueiuo i?aaiia a ioiioaiee ?aaeiiia ia oieueei
ii?iaeecoao nenoaio oeiainiai-athaeaeaoiuo o?ainoa?oia e niinianoaoao
onei?aieth ?aoi?i, ii e yaeyaony na?ueaciui no?aoaae/aneei oaeoi?ii
iaania/aiey oeaeinoiinoe ?inneeneiai yeiiiie/aneiai i?ino?ainoaa.
V. ?aoeeiiaeecaoeey ?acaeaeaiey athaeaeaoia
Iiuiui oaeoi?ii naea?aeeaaiey eioeyoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia e iauaaeeiaiey
?aaeiiia a aaeeiii aeaeaeaiee ca oyaeaeue ?oaeue iiaei au noaoue
nouanoaaiiia nie?auaiea aeiee a aeioiaeao athaeaeaoia oa??eoi?ee eiaiii
eioeyoeeiiiuo iaeiaia. I?e yoii ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea aeioiaeia a iieueco
oa??eoi?ee aeieaeii oanii oaycuaaoueny n ia?aaea/ae ia eo o?iaaiue
ii?aaeaeaiiuo noaoae ?anoiaeia n niioaaonoaothuae ei /anoueth aeaoeoeeoa
athaeaeaoa. A i?ioeaiii neo/aa aeioiaeu noaioo ia?a?ani?aaeaeyoueny a
iieueco oa??eoi?ee, oiaaea eae athaeaeaoiua ?anoiaeu a iiaeaaeythuae eo
/anoe aoaeoo i?iecaiaeeony oaaea?aeueiuie i?aaiaie.
Aiaeec aeioiaeia iieacuaaao, /oi iaeia ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue
iaeaaeaao aunieie athaeaeaoiie onoie/eainoueth. Eiaiii aai
oeaeaniia?acii eniieueciaaoue eae inue iino?iaiey oaaea?aeueiiai
athaeaeaoa ii aeioiaeai, aeiaaaey aeieth aeioiaeia io IAeN a
oaaea?aeueiii athaeaeaoa aei 40-45%. A yoi aiciiaeii eeoue i?e
?acaeaeaiee aeioiaeia io IAeN iaaeaeo oaaea?aeueiuie i?aaiaie e
oa??eoi?eyie eae ieieioi a i?iii?oeee 9:1. A oeaeii aea neaaeoao
no?aieoueny e aai iieiiio, noii?ioeaioiiio ca/eneaieth a oaaea?aeueiue
athaeaeao.
Aeaiiay ia?a iio?aaoao ii?aaeaeaiiuo onooiie oa??eoi?eyi a ioiioaiee
inoaeueiuo iaeiaia. Oae, auei au ii?aaaeaii a iieiii iauaia ia?aaeaoue
?aaeiiai (i?e oneiaee oi?ie?iaaiey aaeeiuo oaaea?aeueiuo noaaie) iaeiae
ia aeioiaeu aaieia, aeioiaeu io no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe, ia iia?aoeee n
oeaiiuie aoiaaaie, 50% io/eneaiee ia io?aio e aini?iecaiaenoai eania. Ca
oa??eoi?eyie oaeaea neaaeiaaei au nio?aieoue iaeia ia eiouanoai
(nianoaaiiinoue), ieaoo ca caieth, eaniie aeioiae, iiaeioiaeiue iaeia n
oece/aneeo eeoe. Aeoeecu ia iaooue e aac a ?aieao i?aaeeaaaaiie noaiu
auei au oeaeaniia?acii, eae oaea ioia/aeinue, ia 60-70% inoaaeoue ca
oaaea?aeueiuie i?aaiaie, inoaeueioth /anoue ia?aaeaa niioaaonoaothuei
?aaeiiai-yenii?oa?ai. Aiaeiae/ii neaaeiaaei au iinooieoue ii anai
aeoeecai ia naa?o?aioaaaeueiua yenii?oe?oaiua oiaa?u (iai?eia? eaaeiaua
aaoiiiaeee, iaoa e o.ae.). Aeoeecu ia aiaeeo, ieoueaaie e oaoie/aneee
nie?o neaaeoao ?acaeaeeoue a i?iii?oeee 1:1, ae?oaea – iieiinoueth
ia?aaeaoue ?aaeiiai (a oii /enea ia eiii?oe?oaiua oiaa?u). A naith
i/a?aaeue, ?aaeiiu iiaee au aaiaeeoue naie aeoeeciua nai?u ii
ooaa?aeaeaaiui eie eiaeeaeaeoaeueiui ?aaeiiaeueiui noaaeai ia ethaua
naa?oi?eaueueiua oiaa?u. ?ano?n iiiieiaiey aeioiaeia athaeaeaoia
oa??eoi?ee ca n/ao aeoeeciuo nai?ia naaiaeiy yaii iaaeiioeaieaaaony. A
oi aea a?aiy i?e aai oiaeii eniieueciaaiee aeieth aeoeecia a aeioiaeao
athaeaeaoa iiaeii iiauneoue aieaa /ai a aeaia. *ai aieueoa aeioiaeia
aeeoioee?oaony ia aeaiiie oa??eoi?ee, oai aieueoeie aiciiaeiinoyie iia
aeieaeia ?aniieaaaoue aeey eo eniieueciaaiey ia nianoaaiiua ioaeaeu.
Aaaeii iiiyoue, /oi a ?innee, eae e a auaoai NNN?, ?aaeiiaeueiia
eaeaeeaai/anoai iiaeao a eiia/iii n/aoa i?eaanoe e ?aniaaeo aaeeiiai
ainoaea?noaa. Iiaeii auaeaeeoue e noi?ioee?iaaoue neaaeothuea i?eioeeiu
yooaeoeaiiai ?acaeaeaiey athaeaeaoa ii aeioiaeai e ?anoiaeai.
1. Aeioiaeu oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa oeaeaniia?acii i?eaioe?iaaoue
i?aeiouanoaaiii ia einaaiiua (eioeyoeeiiiua) iaeiae, aeioiaeu
athaeaeaoia oa??eoi?ee – ia i?yiua iaeiae. A yoii neo/aa oaaea?aeueiua
i?aaiu, i?iaiaeyuea ?aoi?iu, a eeoea ?aaeiiia iieo/atho aeinoaoi/ii
neeueiuo nithcieeia a inouanoaeaiee aioeeioeyoeeiiiie iieeoeee.
2. Ia?a/aiue iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee oa??eoi?eyi e oaaea?aeueiui i?aaiai
aeieaeai iaania/eaaoue aeinoaoi/ioth noaaeeueiinoue aeioiaeia
athaeaeaoia ioiineoaeueii o?iaiae yeiiiie/aneie aeoeaiinoe e eioeyoeee.
3. I?e oi?ioee?iaaiee aeioiaeiie /anoe ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa
aeieaeai auoue iaeneiaeueii niaethaeai i?eioeei ?aaainoaa noauaeoia
Oaaea?aoeee a athaeaeaoii-iaeiaiaii ioiioaiee. ?acee/iiai ?iaea
i?ei?eoaou, eueaiou e aeene?eieiaoeey iaaeiionoeiu.
4. ?acaeaeaiea aeioiaeia iaaeaeo athaeaeaoaie neaaeoao inouanoaeyoue a
no?iaii niioaaonoaee n ?aca?aie/aieai iauaeoia ?anoiaeia. I?e yoii
ii?aaaeaii iaeneiaeueii i?eaeeceoue ?anoiaeu e oie
aaeieieno?aoeaii-oa??eoi?eaeueiie aaeeieoea, a eioa?anao eioi?ie iie
inouanoaeythony, /oi iicaieeo eo/oa oaycaoue eioa?anu oao, eoi aiineo
iaeiae, oao, eoi iieuecoaony aeaaiaea?y ei n?aaenoaaie, e oao, eoi
i?eieiaao ?aoaiey ii ?ani?aaeaeaieth oeiainiai-athaeaeaoiuo ?ano?nia.
5. Yooaeoeaiia ?acaeaeaiea athaeaeaoia aace?oaony ia i?eioeeia
niioaaonoaey iaaeaeo ?anoiaeaie ia ?acaeoea, ?anoiaeaie “?aioiiai
oa?aeoa?a”, “aacaica?aoiuie” ?anoiaeaie (ia nioeeaeueiua i?ia?aiiu) e
a?oiiaie iaeiaia, auiieiythueo noeioee?othuea ooieoeee (iaeia ia
i?eaueue), ?aioiua (ieaoaaee ca i?e?iaeiua ?ano?nu) e nianoaaiii
oeneaeueiua ooieoeee (iiaeioiaeiue iaeia).
6. A oi aea a?aiy iaeiei ec iniiaiuo i?eioeeiia ?acaeaeaiey aeioiaeia e
?anoiaeia yaeyaony i?eioeei noaneaeea?iinoe, niaeanii eioi?iio i?eiyoea
?aoaiee e ?anoiaeu inouanoaeythony iaeaieaa eiiiaoaioiie einoaioeeae.
Anee i?iaeaia eo/oa ?aoaaony a ?aaeiiao, oi niioaaonoaothuea ?anoiaeu
ia?aaeathony ei. A i?ioeaiii neo/aao ?aoaiey i?eieiathony oaaea?aeueiuie
i?aaiaie.
7. E?aeia aaaeii a i?ioeanna ?acaeaeaiey athaeaeaoia naanoe e ieieioio
ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea iaeiaiai-athaeaeaoiuo ?ano?nia eae ia oaaea?aeueiii,
oae e ia ?anioaeeeaineii, iaeanoiii, e?aaaii o?iaiyo. Yoi iicaieeo
yooaeoeaiaa ?aca?aie/eoue aeanoiua iieiiii/ey iaaeaeo oaaea?aeueiuie
i?aaiaie, ?aaeiiaeueiuie yeeoaie e ioieoeeiaeeoaoaie.
8. I?e ?acaeaeaiee aeieaeii auoue niaethaeaii aaeeinoai
iaeiaiai-athaeaeaoiie nenoaiu e ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca aa eniieiaiea.
?aaeiiai neaaeoao i?aaeinoaaeoue naiinoiyoaeueiinoue a ii?aaeaeaiee
iaeiaia e nai?ia a i?aaeaeao auaeaeaiiie eiiiaoaioeee e
nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneie ioaaonoaaiiinoe.
I?e ?aaeecaoeee aeaiiiai i?eioeeia aieueoia cia/aiea eiatho ?ac?aaioea e
oi?ie?iaaiea yooaeoeaiuo iaoaieciia ?acaeaeaiey ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca
ia?acothueeny aeaoeoeeo athaeaeaoa iaaeaeo oaaea?aeueiuie i?aaiaie e
?aaeiiaie. ?aaeiiu iaiin?aaenoaaiii aeeytho ia ?acia? aeaoeoeeoa
eiinieeaee?iaaiiiai athaeaeaoa ii iaiueoae ia?a aeaaaeaeu. Ia?aue ?ac,
eiaaea i?e oi?ie?iaaiee ?anoiaeiie /anoe athaeaeaoa caauoatho naie
iio?aaiinoe, iainiiauaay aaee/eio o?aaoaiuo noaaaioeee. Aoi?ie ?ac,
eiaaea, eniieiyy athaeaeao, aiaeee?otho e oeaio?aeueiui i?aaiai ia oii
iniiaaiee, /oi aneaaenoaea eioeyoeee oaeoe/aneea ?anoiaeu caiaoii
i?aauneee caieaie?iaaiiue o?iaaiue. Iniaay neooaoeey nicaeaaony, anee
?aaeiiu i?inoi ia?anoatho ia?a/eneyoue iaeiae a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao.
A nayce n yoei e?aeia aaaeii oaa?aei i?eaea?aeeaaoueny neaaeothuaai
i?aaeea, eioi?ia ioaeii caeiiiaeaoaeueii cae?aieoue. Anee a ?aaeiia a
i?ioeanna eniieiaiey athaeaeaoa ia?aciaaeny aai aeaoeoeeo e nia?aiiui ii
aaeeiie noaia ?acaeaeaiey athaeaeaoiui aeioiaeai oa??eoi?ee,
i?aauoathuee aaee/eio, eioi?ay niioaaonoaoao 8% aeaoeoeeoa
eiinieeaee?iaaiiiai athaeaeaoa e ?inneeneiio AAI,- ?aaeii iaycai
ia?a/eneeoue a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao aeiiieieoaeueiua n?aaenoaa a
?acia?a aaee/eiu i?aauoaiey. A neo/aa ioeaca eee i?einoaiiaeaiey
ia?a/eneaiee iaeiaiauo ieaoaaeae a oeaio?, ia oeacaiioth aaee/eio
“iaaeieiie” aaoiiaoe/anee nie?auathony ?aaeiiaeueiua athaeaeaoiua
e?aaeeou e n?aaenoaa oeiainiaie iiaeaea?aeee ?aaeiia, a anee oeacaiiie
ia?u iaaeinoaoi/ii, ei??aeoe?othony e niioaaonoaothuea ?aaeiiaeueiua
eaiou eeieoia e?aaeeoiaaiey Oeaio?aeueiui aaieii ?innee. I?e yoii a
ethaii neo/aa ia?acothuayny aaee/eia iaieaoaaeae ioi?ieyaony Ieioeiii ?O
eae e?aaeeo ii aeaenoaothuae noaaea OeA?.
Iiaeiaiua iaoaieciu ?aaoee?iaaiey aeaoeoeeoa ?inneeneiai athaeaeaoa
aeieaeiu canoaaeoue ?aaeiiu aieaa ouaoaeueii iiaeoiaeeoue e naiei
?anoiaeai.
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