Iieeoe/aneea e i?aaiaua eaeae ?aoi?iaoeee
A ia?aie iieiaeia XVI a. a Caiaaeiie e Oeaio?aeueiie Aa?iia
?acaa?ioeinue oe?ieia iauanoaaiiia aeaeaeaiea, aioeoaiaeaeueiia ii naiae
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie e iieeoe/aneie nooe, ?aeeaeiciia
(aioeeaoieeoeenoneia) ii naiae eaeaieiae/aneie oi?ia. Iineieueeo
aeeaeaeoeie oeaeyie yoiai aeaeaeaiey yaeyeenue “eni?aaeaiea”
ioeoeeaeueiie aeieo?eiu ?einei-eaoaee/aneie oea?eae, i?aia?aciaaiea
oea?eiaiie i?aaiecaoeee, ia?ano?ieea acaeiiioiioaiee oea?eae e
ainoaea?noaa, iinoieueeo iii noaei iacuaaoueny ?aoi?iaoeeae. Aeaaiui
i/aaii aa?iiaeneie ?aoi?iaoeee auea Aa?iaiey.
Noi?iiieee ?aoi?iaoeee ?acaeaeeeenue ia aeaa eaaa?y. A iaeiii nia?aeenue
eiouea yeaiaiou iiiiceoeee – ianna iecoaai aeai?yinoaa, ath?aa?noai,
/anoue naaoneeo eiycae, ?ann/eouaaaoeo iaiaaoeoueny iin?aaenoaii
eiioeneaoeee oea?eiaiuo eiouanoa e no?aieaoeony eniieueciaaoue oaeiaiue
neo/ae aeey caaiaaaiey aieueoae iacaaeneiinoe io eiia?ee. Ana yoe
yeaiaiou, oii n?aaee eioi?uo caaeaaaei ath?aa?noai, oioaee inouanoaeaiey
aeinoaoi/ii ne?iiiuo, oia?aiiuo ?aoi?i. A ae?oaii eaaa?a iauaaeeieeenue
ia?iaeiua iannu: e?anoueyia e ieaaae. Iie aunoaaeee aeaeaei eaeouea
o?aaiaaiey, ai?ieenue ca ?aaiethoeeiiiia ia?aono?ienoai ie?a ia ia/aeao
nioeeaeueiie ni?aaaaeeeainoe.
O/anoea a ?aoi?iaoeeiiiii aeaeaeaiee noieue ?acii?iaeiuo iauanoaaiiuo
nee, anoanoaaiii, ii?aaeaeeei iaee/ea a i?i aanueia ioee/athueony ae?oa
io ae?oaa iieeoe/aneeo i?ia?aii, i?aaenoaaeaiee i ainoaea?noaa, i?aaa,
caeiia. Oai ia iaiaa yoe i?ia?aiiu niaea?aeaee e iauea, oa?aeoa?iua aeey
anae ?aoi?iaoeee eaeae. Iai?eia?, ana noi?iiieee ?aoi?iaoeee i?eciaaaee
aaeeinoaaiiui enoi/ieeii ?aeeaeiciie enoeiu Nayuaiiia Ienaiea e
ioaa?aaee eaoiee/aneia Nayuaiiia I?aaeaiea. Auee iie niaeaniu a oii, /oi
ie?yia aeieaeiu “ii?aaaeuaaoueny iaeiith aa?ie” aac iin?aaeie/aneie ?iee
aeooiaainoaa a “nianaiee” aa?othuaai. Ana iie aeaeaee ?aaeeeaeueiiai
oi?iuaiey e aeaiie?aoecaoeee oea?eiaiiai ono?ienoaa, inoaeaeaee iiaiith
oea?eae ca caiaeueiuie aiaaonoaaie, auee i?ioea a? caaeneiinoe io
?eineie eo?ee e o. ae.
O enoieia ?aoi?iaoeee noiye e e?oiiaeoei eaeaieiaii a? ath?aa?neiai
e?uea yaeyeny iaiaoeeee oaieia Ia?oei Ethoa? (1483-1546). Eiaiii ii
noi?ioee?iaae oa ?aeeaeicii-iieeoe/aneea eicoiae, eioi?ua aia/aea
aaeioiiaeyee e nieioeee a Aa?iaiee i?aeoe/anee anao iiai?ieeia
?aoi?iaoeee.
*oiau i?aaeeueii ?acia?aoueny a nenoaia iieeoeei-th?eaee/aneeo acaeyaeia
I. Ethoa?a, iaaei, ai-ia?auo, o/anoue, /oi oaea e na?aaeeia 20-o aiaeia
XVI a. ii ?acei aunooiee i?ioea e?anoueyinei-ieaaaeneiai,
?aaiethoeeiiiiai eaaa?y ?aoi?iaoeee; ai-aoi?uo, ioa?aie/eaaoue oi, /oi a
ethoa?ianeeo noaeaeaieyo i?yii naycaii ni “ceiaie aeiy”, io oiai, /oi
niaea?aeeo aeoaeiiue oai?aoe/aneee niune; a-o?aoueeo, i?iaanoe ?acee/ea
iaaeaeo noauaeoeaii i?aneaaeiaaaoeieny naiei I. Ethoa?ii oeaeyie e
enoi?e/aneie ?ieueth, eioi?oth iauaeoeaii nua?aee auneacaiiua ei eaeae.
Iaeei ec enoiaeiuo ioieoia ethoa?ianeiai o/aiey – oacen i oii, /oi
nianaiea aeinoeaaaony eneeth/eoaeueii aa?ie. Eaaeaeue aa?othuee
ii?aaaeuaaaony ath ee/ii ia?aae aiaii, noaiiaynue ooo eae au nayuaiieeii
naiiio naaa e aneaaenoaea yoiai ia ioaeaeaynue aieaa a oneoaao
eaoiee/aneie oea?eae (eaeay “ananayuainoaa”). Oieueei eeoue aiao –
nouanoao niaa?oaiiaeoaio – iaycaiu ethaee (io iai e eiycae aei
iineaaeiaai e?anoueyieia e ieaaay) iiaeiiaaoueny ?aanee, neoaeeoue
aa?iiiiaeaeaie/anee. A n?aaiaiee n aiaii aaniethoii ana nia?oiua
ie/oiaeiu. Ieeoi ec ethaeae ia eiaao i?aainoiaenoaa iaae naaa
iiaeiaiuie: eee? ie/ai ia ioee/aaony io ie?yi, ana nineiaey iaeeiaeiau.
Yoa o?aeoiaea I. Ethoa?ii iniiaiiieiaeaiee o?enoeainoaa a oneiaeyo
?aoi?iaoeee oaeoe/anee yaeyeanue aaeaa ee ia ia?aie ?aiiaao?aeoaciie
aa?neae i?eioeeia ?aaiii?aaey.
Aiciiaeiinoue aa?othuei auoue aioo?aiia ?aeeaeiciuie, aanoe enoeiii
o?enoeaineee ia?ac aeecie iaania/eaaaony, niaeanii I. Ethoa?o, ie?neei
ii?yaeeii. Aeaenoaaiiinoue yoiai ii?yaeea iaania/eaaaony aeaaiaea?y
iii?a o/?aaeaeaiee naaoneie aeanoe (ainoaea?noaa, caeiiia) ia
anoanoaaiiia, a ia ia aiaeanoaaiiia i?aai. Aoaeo/e a eiia/iii n/?oa
i?iecaiaeiui io aiee aiaeueae, anoanoaaiiia i?aai oai ia iaiaa
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ea/anoaaiii eiie oaiiiai, /ai i?aai aiaeanoaaiiia.
Iie?athuaeny ia iaai naaoneie aeanoe anoanoaaiiia i?aai aeicaieyao
oi?aaeyoue aaeeinoaaiii aiaoiei iiaaaeaieai ethaeae, eiouanoaii, aauaie.
Naiaiaea aeooe, iaeanoue aa?u, aioo?aiiee ie? /aeiaaea iaoiaeyony, ii I.
Ethoa?o, aia th?enaeeeoeee ainoaea?noaa, ca i?aaeaeaie aeaenoaey aai
caeiiia.
A naiae eiioeaioeee ainoaea?noaa I. Ethoa? i?aaeoniio?ae – e yoi i/aiue
aaaeii aeey iiieiaiey a? oai?aoe/aneiai cia/aiey, – /oi a noa?a
anoanoaaiiiai i?aaa, a a?aieoeao ie?neeo ioiioaiee naaoneie aeanoe
neaaeoao ?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny i?aeoe/aneie oeaeaniia?aciinoueth,
?aaeueiuie eioa?anaie, ii?aaeaeyaiuie /aeiaa/aneei ?acoiii. Aeanoaoao
aea oeaeaniia?acii, oi?aaeyao ?acoiii oio eiycue (iiia?o), eioi?ue
oiio?aaeyao aeanoue ia eae i?eaeeaaeth, a ioi?aaeyao a? eae a?aiy,
aiceiaeaiiia ia iaai aiaii. Aiiaua o?enoeaineee “oi?aaeoaeue aeieaeai
n/eoaoue naay neoaie, a ia ainiiaeeiii ia?iaea”.
I. Ethoa?, iaeiaei, aue /?acau/aeii aeae?e io oiai, /oiau
i?iiiaaaeiaaoue iaiaoiaeeiinoue aeaiie?aoe/aneiai ia?aono?ienoaa
oiaaeaoiae aa?iaineie ainoaea?noaaiiinoe. Ii ianoaaeye iiaeaeaiiuo auoue
iiei?iuie iiia?oai, ia ainnoaaaoue i?ioea aeanoe e nie?aiii niineoue
/eieiua ath iani?aaaaeeeainoe.
Nenoaia ethoa?ianeeo iieeoeei-i?aaiauo aicc?aiee i?iiecaia
i?ioeai?a/eyie. Eaeay oneeaiey ?iee naaoneie aeanoe, a? iacaaeneiinoe io
iainoaa, eioi?ia yaeyeinue einiiiieeoe/aneei einoeoooii, “?aaioaea” ia
ooaa?aeaeaiea ?aaeiiaeueiiai eiyaeaneiai aaniethoecia. Iunee i iiia?oa
eae aunoai ?oeiaiaeeoaea iaoeeiiaeueiie oea?eae, i aeooiaainoaa eae
iniaii nineiaee, i?ecaaiiii neoaeeoue ainoaea?noao, inayuaiea naaoneie
aeanoe ?aeeaeiciui aaoi?eoaoii – an? yoi niinianoaiaaei ianaaeaeaieth
eoeueoa ainoaea?noaa; noaaa?iay aa?a a ainoaea?noai iaaeieai
noaiiaeeanue oa?aeoa?iie /a?oie ainiiaenoaiaaaoaai a Aa?iaiee
iieeoe/aneiai niciaiey. Aioo?aiiyy ?aeeaeiciinoue, ca eioi?oth ?aoiaae
I. Ethoa?, ia i?aaeiieaaaea neieueei-ieaoaeue na?ue?ciiai eciaiaiey
iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aeiai no?iy oie ii?u: ia o?aaiaaeinue oi?acaeiyoue
yenieoaoaoeeth e?anoueyi oaiaeaeaie, eeeaeaee?iaaoue aaniethoenoneea
?aaeeiu, ono?aiyoue aeooiaiia ii?aaiuaiea aa?othueo e o. i.
A oeaeii yaiethoeey aeayoaeueiinoe e o/aiey I. Ethoa?a i?ienoiaeeea
oaeei ia?acii, /oi a ieo ia?anoaee yeaiaiou ath?aa?neie ia?aie/aiiinoe,
oceieeanniaiai iieeoe/aneiai ooeeeoa?ecia, ?aeeaeiciiai oaiaoecia,
nouanoaaiii iaoaaoea aeaeueiaeoaio ?acaeoeth ?aoi?iaoeee.
E?inoueyinei-ieaaaeneee eaaa?ue, eioi?ue aicaeaaee Oiian Ithioea? (ie.
1490-1525), ia?aoee ?aoi?iaoeeiiiia aeaeaeaiea a ioe?uooth
aaneiii?iiennioth ai?ueao i?ioea anyeeo yenieoaoaoi?neeo ii?yaeeia,
nioeeaeueiiai ia?aaainoaa, aeanoe eiycae, caneeuey oea?eae. Iee yoie
?aaiethoeeiiiie ai?ueau – E?anoueyineay aieia a Aa?iaiee (1524-1526
aa.).
Nioeeaeueiua e iieeoeei-i?aaiaua eaeae ainnoaaoeo e?anoueyineeo iann
auee iaeaieaa ii?aaeae?iii eceiaeaiu a “12-oe noaoueyo” e a “Noaoaeiii
ienueia”. Ia?aue aeieoiaio ninoiye ec ioiineoaeueii oia?aiiuo e
eiie?aoiuo o?aaiaaiee. A i?i, a /anoiinoe, aiai?eeinue i iaiaoiaeeiinoe
auai?iinoe e niaiyaiinoe aeooiaiuo eeoe iaueiaie, ia iaycaoaeueiinoe
ioiaiu e?aiinoiiai i?aaa, ia oiaiueoaiee ?acia?a iiaeaoae, ia?ieia e
aa?ueiu, ia ono?aiaiee i?iecaiea a oi?aaeaiee e noaeao e o. ae.
Niaea?aeaiea “Noaoaeiiai ienueia”, auoaaeoaai ec aeeaeaeoaai ie?oaeaiey
O. Ithioea?a, auei eoaea ?aaeeeaeueiaa. Aaoi?u yoiai ienueia cayaeee,
/oi e?aeia aaaenoaaiiia iieiaeaiea ia?iaea aieueoa oa?iaoue iaeuecy.
Anai e?anoueyineei iaueiai iaaei iauaaeeieoueny a “o?enoeaineee nithc e
a?aonoai”, niiaua ono?aieoue ethauie n?aaenoaaie (a oii /enea e
ianeeuenoaaiiuie) oyaiou, nicaeaaaaiua i?inoui ethaeyi aeooiaiuie e
naaoneeie ainiiaeaie. A “o?enoeaineii nithca e a?aonoaa”, eioi?ue
aeieaeai aoaeao ioaaoeoue anth no?aio, onoaiiaeony ni?aaaaeeeaue
iauanoaaiiue no?ie; aai i?eioeeiii yaeony neoaeaiea “iauae iieueca”.
Iineieueeo “Noaoaeiia ienueii” caaea/o o/?aaeaeaiey oaeiai nithca
naycuaaei n ia?iaeiuie iannaie, iinoieueeo aiieia eiae/ii aeiionoeoue,
/oi a ieo iii aeaeaei e iineoaey aeanoe i?e iiaii nioeeaeueiii ii?yaeea.
Iuneue i oii, /oi aeanoue neaaeoao ia?aaeaoue i?inoiio ia?iaeo, oea,
ianiiiaiii, io O. Ithioea?a, ii iiaieth eioi?iai eeoue iaacaeieaiiiio
ethaeo /oaeaeu yaienoe/aneea oeaee e ii aeaeaeei iaueie eioa?anaie,
no?aieony e “iauae iieueca”. O. Ithioea? i?i?eoeae ethoa?ianeia
iiieiaiea nouanoaiaaaoaai naaoneiai ainoaea?noaa eae i?aaiecaoeee,
onoaiaaeeaathuae e io?aiythuae n iiiiuueth th?eaee/aneeo caeiiia
“a?aaeaeaineia aaeeinoai” iaaeaeo ?aciuie eiioeeeoothueie neiyie
iauanoaa n eo ?acee/iuie iio?aaiinoyie e ?aeeaeiciuie aa?iaaieyie. Ii
n/eoae, /oi I. Ethoa?, iainiiauaay ecuyoea ec aaaeaiey naaoneiai
ainoaea?noaa anao iauacia/eiuo aeae ?aeeaeicii-yoe/aneiai ieaia,
oaeoe/anee ii?aaaeuaae oco?iaoeeth aeaiiiai ainoaea?noaa nioeeaeueiuie
aa?oaie, eioi?ua ?anii?yaeaeenue ei aiana ia ?aaee iiaeaea?aeaiey
“a?aaeaeaineiai aaeeinoaa”, a a oeaeyo oaeiaeaoai?aiey naieo ei?unoiuo
ia?oeeoey?iuo eioa?ania. Aieth e oeaee aiaa niiniaii inouanoaeoue
oieueei oi ainoaea?noai, eioi?ia niia?acoao nai? auoea n iauae oeaeueth
ie?iaiai ?acaeoey, oeaeueth anaai nouaai.
Aeey oiai, /oiau na?ineoue “aacaiaeieeia n o?iia i?aaeaiey” e
auaeaeiooue ia eo ianoi ethaeae iecoeo e i?inouo, iaaei
ainiieueciaaoueny ia/ii. Yoi, ii O. Ithioea?o, iaecaaaeii e caeiiii.
Ae?oaiai n?aaenoaa iao, iiea naaoneea e aeooiaiua eiycuey a?oaie neeie
iiaeaaeytho o?oaeyueony e?anoueyi. Iiaue no?ie oiaea aoaeao auioaeaeai
i?eaaaiooue e ia/o, eai aio i?eae?ony caueuaoue aeanoue iauanoaaiiiai
oeaeiai iaae yaienoe/aneeie nioeeaeueiuie a?oiie?iaeaie.
O. Ithioea? aue ?aaeenoe/anee iuneeaoei ?aaiethoeeiiiui aiaeae?i e ia
i?aae?aoae a aeaoaeyo oi?iu ainoaea?noaaiiiai ono?ienoaa, i?eioeeiu
oi?aaeaiey e o. i. a iauanoaa, aaea i?inoie o?oaeyueeny ia?iae e ai?yiue
ieaaeaony enoi/ieeii e noauaeoii iieeoe/aneie aeanoe. Ai acaeyaeao O.
Ithioea?a anoue ca/aoee ?anioaeeeaineeo eaeae; a ecaanoiie noaiaie yoe
eaeae ainoiaeyo e niioaaonoaothuei i?aaenoaaeaieyi oaai?eoia. Io/?oeeai
auei noi?ioee?iaaii ei o?aaiaaiea iaania/eoue io?aio iniia ainoaea?noaa,
ii?aaeaeaiea iai?aaeaiee ainoaea?noaaiiie iieeoeee e iinoiyiiue
eiio?ieue iaae iath eneeth/eoaeueii naieie ia?iaeiuie iannaie. A yoii
y?ei au?aceeny aeaiie?aoeci ithioea?ianeie i?ia?aiiu.
Eae oaieia (oioy ii e i?eaeeceeny e aoaecio) O. Ithioea? /a?iae
aeieacaoaeuenoaa i?aaiou naieo oaaaeaeaiee a Aeaeee, eae /aeiaae
aeoeaiiai ?aaiethoeeiiiiai aeaenoaey ii no?aieeny e i?aeoe/aneiio
aiieiuaieth ia caiea “oea?noaa Aiaeueaai” – iauanoaaiiiai no?iy, a
eioi?ii ia aoaeao nouanoaiaaoue ie eeanniauo ?acee/ee, ie /anoiie
nianoaaiiinoe, ie iainiaeaiiie, i?ioeainoiyuae /eaiai iauanoaa e
/oaeaeie ei ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe.
E /eneo aeaeiaeoeo eaeaieiaia e aeeyoaeueiuo aeayoaeae ?aoi?iaoeee
i?eiaaeeaaeae AEai Eaeueaei (1509-1564). Iainiiaaaoenue a Oaaeoea?ee, ii
iioaeeeiaae oai aiaineianeee o?aeoao “Ianoaaeaiea a o?enoeaineie aa?a”
(1536 a.). Na?aeoeaaeia eaeueaeineiai ni/eiaiey – aeiaiao i
aiaeanoaaiiii i?aaeii?aaeaeaiee. Niaeanii AE. Eaeueaeio, aia ca?aiaa
ii?aaeaeee iaeieo ethaeae e nianaieth e aeaaeainoao, ae?oaeo – e
iiaeaaee. Ethaee aanneeueiu eciaieoue aieth aiaa, ii iiaoo
aeiaaaeuaaoueny i iae ii oiio, eae neeaaeuaaaony o ieo aeeciue ia caiea.
Anee eo i?ioanneiiaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue (a? i?aaeoeacuaaao aia) eae?o
oniaoii, iie iaaiaeiu e aeia?iaeaoaeueiu, o?oaeiethaeau e iiei?iu
aeanoyi (onoaiiaeaiiui aiaii), cia/eo, aia aeaaiaieeo e iei.
Ec aeiaiaoa ia aaniethoiii aiaeanoaaiiii i?aaeii?aaeaeaiee aeey
enoeiiiai eaeueaeienoa i?ienoaeae i?aaeaea anaai aeiea oeaeeeii
iinayuaoue naay naiae i?ioannee, auoue iaeneiaeueii aa?aaeeeaui e
?a/eoaeueiui oicyeiii, i?ace?aoue ianeaaeaeaiey e ?anoi/eoaeueiinoue. Ec
yoiai aeiaiaoa oaeaea neaaeiaaei, /oi aeaai?iaenoai i?ienoiaeaeaiey e
nineiaiua i?eaeeaaee oaiaeaeia aiana ia noieue aaaeiu, eai ia eie
iaoneaaeeaathony i?aaeuca?aiiinoue e nianaiea /aeiaaea. Oaeei ia?acii
AE. Eaeueaei noiae aeaoue niaoeeoe/aneeie ?aeeaeiciuie n?aaenoaaie
iiuiue eiioeuen i?ioeanno oi?ie?iaaiey ao?aeoaciie
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie i?aeoeee e aeooiaiie aoiinoa?u eaieoaeecia a
Caiaaeiie Aa?iia.
I?iao?aeoaciue oa?aeoa? iineea e i?iecaaae?iiay AE. Eaeueaeiii ei?aiiay
?aoi?ia ono?ienoaa oea?eae. Oea?eiaiua iaueiu noaee aicaeaaeyoue
noa?oeiu (i?anaeoa?u), ecae?aaoeany iau/ii ec iaeaieaa aiaaouo ie?yi, e
i?iiiaaaeieee, ia eiaaoea niaoeeaeueiiai nayuaiie/aneiai naia,
eniieiyaoea ?aeeaeiciua ooieoeee eae neoaeaaiua iaycaiiinoe. I?anaeoa?u
aeoia n i?iiiaaaeieeaie ninoaaeyee eiinenoi?eth, eioi?ay aaaeaea anae
?aeeaeiciie aeeciueth iaueiu. Eaeay iiaeiaiiai ia?aono?ienoaa oea?eae,
aini?eiyoay a o/aieyo i iieeoeea, a nai?i aeaeueiaeoai ?acaeoee yaeeanue
eiioeaiooaeueiie aacie aeey ?ac?aaioee ?anioaeeeaineeo e aeaaea
?anioaeeeainei-aeaiie?aoe/aneeo i?ia?aii.
Nai AE. Eaeueaei, iaeiaei, a aii?inao i ainoaea?noaa aue i/aiue
iniio?eoaeai. Inoaeaeay oaiaeaeueii-iiia?oe/aneea e?oae ca oai?eiua eie
ianeeey, i?iecaie, aaccaeiiey e i?aae?aeay ca yoi i?aaeoaeyi aiaeueth
ea?o, i?oaeeai eioi?ie iiaoo noaoue eo nianoaaiiua iiaeaeaiiua, ii a oi
aea a?aiy anyeoth aeanoue iauyaeye aiaeanoaaiiie. I?aai nii?ioeaeyoueny
oe?aiee AE. Eaeueaei i?eciaaae oieueei ca iiae/ei?iiuie ainoaea?th
i?aaiaie aeanoe, oea?eiaueth, i?aaenoaaeoaeueiuie o/?aaeaeaieyie.
Ioe?uoia iaiiaeiiaaiea e naa?aeaiea oe?aia aeiionoeiu, ia aai acaeyae,
eeoue oiaaea, eiaaea en/a?iaiu ana niiniau ianneaiiai nii?ioeaeaiey,
en/a?iaiu ana eaaaeueiua oi?iu ai?ueau. “Iaeooaeoae oi?iie i?aaeaiey”
auea aeey AE. Eaeueaeia aeaiie?aoey. I?aaeii/oaiea ii ioaeaaae
ieeaa?oe/aneie i?aaiecaoeee oi?aaeaiey ainoaea?noaii.
Ioee/eoaeueiia naienoai eaeueaeienoneie aeieo?eiu – caeeth/athuayny a
iae aeanoieay ?aeeaeiciay iaoa?ieiinoue ei anyeei eiui aicc?aieyi e
onoaiiaeai, a iniaaiiinoe e e?anoueyinei-ieaaaeneei a?anyi. Ceiaauoth
no?iainoue aeieo?eiu aeiiieiyea e caaa?oaea ia iaiaa nae?aiay
iieeoe/aneay i?aeoeea AE. Eaeueaeia, eioi?ue a 1541- 1564 aa.
?oeiaiaeee AEaiaaneie eiinenoi?eae. Yoa eiinenoi?ey oaeoe/anee
iiae/eieea naaa iaaeno?ao ai?iaea. Ca ai?iaeaiaie auea onoaiiaeaia
neaaeea, /ooue ee ia anaiauaiethuae ?aaeaiaioaoeee iiaeaa?aeenue naiua
?aciua noi?iiu iauanoaaiiie aeecie, ca iaeaeoaa ia?ooaiea i?aaeienaiiuo
ii?i iacia/aeenue oyaeeea iaeacaiey, aioee a iaueiiaaiea eacie oao, a
eii oniao?eaaee a?aoeeia.
Eaeueaeienoneay eaeaieiaey nua?aea a enoi?ee caiaoioth ?ieue. Iia
nouanoaaiii niaeaenoaiaaea niaa?oaieth ia?aie ao?aeoaciie ?aaiethoeee a
Caiaaeiie Aa?iia – ?aaiethoeee a Ieaea?eaiaeao e ooaa?aeaeaieth a yoie
no?aia ?anioaeeee. Ia a? iniiaa aicieeee ?anioaeeeaineea ia?oee a
Aiaeee, e i?aaeaea anaai a Oioeaiaeee. Aianoa n ae?oaeie eaeaeiuie
oa/aieyie ?aoi?iaoeee eaeueaeieci iiaeaioiaeye oio “iuneeoaeueiue
iaoa?eae”, ia ii/aa eioi?iai a XVII-XVIII aa. neiaeeeinue eeanne/aneia
iieeoeei-th?eaee/aneia ie?iaicc?aiea ao?aeoacee.
?ieue, nua?aiiay a enoi?ee eaeueaeienoneie eaeaieiaeae, ieacaeanue ia
i?inoi caiaoiie, ii au? e iaiaeiicia/iie. A neiaeiie ianoaiiaea
nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneie ai?ueau, eioi?ay niioonoaiaaea a ?yaea
caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeo no?ai noaiiaeaieth aaniethoiuo iiia?oee, ioaeaeueiua
iieiaeaiey eaeueaeiecia eniieueciaaeenue i?aaenoaaeoaeyie eiina?aaoeaiie
oaiaeaeueiie iiiiceoeee, i?ioeaieeaie oe?aieaiey oeaio?aeeciaaiiie
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe. Yoe aeai?yineea e?oae, iaa?aaay naie nineiaiua
i?eaeeaaee, aiaeee?iaaee, a /anoiinoe, e oaceno AE. Eaeueaeia i
aiciiaeiinoe nii?ioeaeaiey iaaeno?aoia ei?ieth a neo/aa iii?aiey ei
aiaeanoaaiiuo caeiiia, ouaieaiey naiaiaeu ia?iaea.
Iieeoe/aneea ienaoaee, caueuaaoea eioa?anu oiiiyioouo
aeai?yinei-iiiiceoeeiiiuo e?oaia, iieo/eee iacaaiea iiia?oiiaoia
(ai?oeia n iiia?oaie, oe?aiiai?oeaa). Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XVI-ia/aea XVII
a. aeiaieueii oe?ieoth ecaanoiinoue i?eia?aee ni/eiaiey O. Aioiaia
“O?aiei-Aaeeey”, THiey A?ooa (inaaaeiiei) “Caueoa i?ioea oe?aiia”, O.
Aaca “I i?aaa iaaeno?aoia ii ioiioaieth e iiaeaeaiiui”, Aeae.
Auetheaiaia “I oea?neii i?aaa o oioeaiaeoeaa” e ae?. Naiaia?aciui auei
eiie?aoiia niaea?aeaiea eaaeaeiai ec ia?a/eneaiiuo o?oaeia. Iaeiaei
eiaeinue e ianeieueei iaueo eaeae, eioi?ua oae eee eia/a
?ac?aaaouaaeenue ai anao yoeo ni/eiaieyo.
A ieo iiiai aiai?eeinue i “ia?iaea” e io eiaie “ia?iaea”. Ii iiae iei
iiae?acoiaaaeenue ioithaeue ia nioeeaeueiua iecu, o?oaeyueeny ethae,
e?anoueyii-ieaaaeneea iannu, a nia?aiey nineiaiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae,
i?aeiouanoaaiii aea oaiaeaeueiay ciaoue. Any/anee iiae/??eeaaeinue, /oi
noaa?aieoao “ia?iaea” auoa i?a?iaaoea iiia?oa e ii ia aeieaeai auoue
ia?aie/ai aieae ainoaea?y. Iineaaeiyy naycaia oneiaeyie oiai aeiaiai?a,
eioi?ue iiia?oe caeeth/atho ni naieie iiaeaeaiiuie. Oieueei iaee/ea e
no?iaia niaethaeaiea oaeiai aeiaiai?a aeaeatho ainoaea?noaaiiinoue
ii?iaeueiie, aeanoue naiiai ainoaea?y – caeiiiie. Anee iiia?o i?anooiaao
noiyuea iaae iei caeiiu (iinyaaao ia eiouanoai, eneiiiua naiaiaeu,
aeeciue iiaeaeaiiuo), noaiiaynue oi?iaiiui oe?aiii, “ia?iae” ai?aaa e
iaycai iecaa?aiooue aai.
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