Niaea?aeaiea:
1. Aaaaeaiea no? 2
2. Oi?ie?iaaiea nenoaiu no? 3-4
3. I?aaeiinueee ia?ano?ieee no? 4-5
4. Aaaaeaiea i?aceaeaionoaa no? 5
5. E?ecen iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu no? 6-7
6. Caeeth/aiea no? 7
7. Nienie eniieuecoaiie eeoa?aoo?u no? 8
Nia?aiaiiay oai?ey iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu noi?ie?iaaeanue iiae
aicaeaenoaeai aeinoeaeaiee a aeieiaee, eeaa?iaoeea e iiauo ioe?uoee a
iieeoeea. A 50-a aiaeu noaea neeaaeuaaoueny iauay oai?ey nenoai.
Oieaa?naeueiuie i?eciaeaie nouanoaiaaiey nenoaiu, aeeaie e
eneonnoaaiiie, yaeythony acaeiinaycaiiinoue a?oiiu yeaiaioia,
ia?aciaaiea eie naiinoiyoaeueiie oeaeinoiinoe, naienoai aioo?aiiaai
acaeiiniioaaonoaey, niiniaiinoue naiinio?aiyoueny e anooiaoue a
ioiioaiey ni n?aaeie, ae?oaeie nenoaiaie. Nenoaia a naiai ?acaeoee e
acaeiiaeaenoaee n ae?oaeie nenoaiaie eee n?aaeie i?iyaeyao niiniaiinoue
naiinio?aiaiey, onoie/eainoe. Iiaeaea?aeeaaaony ?aaiiaanea iaaeaeo
ia?acothueie aa yeaiaioaie e ooieoeeyie, niiniaiinoue ainnoaiaaeeaaoue
?aaiiaanea.
Iniuneaiea naycaiiinoe anao yeaiaioia aeanoe oae eee eia/a auei
naienoaaiii anai a?aiaiai. Iaeiaei /aoeia au?aaeaiea yoiai iniciaiey
i?iecioei a XX a. Ia?aia iniuneaiea i?iaeaiu nenoaiiinoe iieeoe/aneie
aeanoe naycaii n aaoi?aie eeanne/aneie oai?ee yeeou (I. Iinea, A.
Ia?aoi), oai?ee ath?ie?aoee e ath?ie?aoecaoeee (I. Aaaa?, ?. Ieoaeuen) e
oai?eae caiaiu noa?ie aeanoe iiaie (A. Eaiei). Aeanoue aeaeaeanue eae
niaaeeiaiea aiee (ee/iinoae e a?oii), no?oeoo? ia?oee, einoeoooia,
i?aaiia i?eioaeaeaiey, eaeaieiaee. Oae, ia?enenoneay eaeay aeeeoaoo?u
i?ieaoa?eaoa o?aeoiaaeanue Eaieiui eae nenoaia i?aaiecaoeee e eiie?aoiuo
n?aaenoa aeanoaiaaiey. Eiaeinue a aeaeo, /oi iiaay aeanoue iniiauaaaony
ia nenoaia Niaaoia, eiaao “i?eaiaeiua ?aiie”. A aa iaoaiecia oeacaiey
OeE ia?oee aieueoaaeeia n/eoaeenue iaycaoaeueiuie aeey ainoaea?noaaiiuo
i?aaiia. Iieo/aeinue, /oi a nenoaia aeeeoaoo?u i?ieaoa?eaoa anoue iaeee
iioi?, iniiaiie aaia?aoi? iieeoe/aneie yia?aee — ia?oaiia?ao. Oeacaiey
OeE, n/eoae Eaiei, iaycaoaeueiu aeey ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia.
Ainoaea?noai e ia?oey aeaeaeenue i?aaie/anee ia?aieaoathueieny e
n?inoeieny. Eaiei ii?aaeaeye nouiinoue aeeeoaoo?u /a?ac ?aciiia?acea
oi?i noieeiiaaiee, ai?ueau ca oiu e iiaaaeaiea iann. Ii Eaieio,
aeeeoaoo?a i?ieaoa?eaoa iiaeao ii?aaeaeyoueny /a?ac ai?ueao e aeaaea
aieio. I?e yoii iiae/a?eeaaeinue, /oi ai?ueaa iiaeao auoue ia oieueei
aiaiiie, ii e a?aaeaeaineie, ia oieueei aaeieieno?aoeaiie, ii e
oicyenoaaiiie, iaaeaaiae/aneie. A yoii i?iyaeeinue aeaeaiea nenoaiiinoe
aeanoe, oe?ieiai niaeo?a acaeiicaaeneiinoe aeanoaioiioaiee. Eae
iieeoee-i?aaiaoee Eaiei, ii nooe, au?acee aaaeiaeoea eiiiiiaiou
aoaeouaai iiiyoey iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu, oioy ia noi?ioee?iaae oai?eth
iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu. E oiio aea eaieineia aeaeaiea i?iaeaiu aeanoe auei
iaeiinoi?iiiei, i?eaioe?iaaiiui ia iainiiaaiea aaoi?eoa?iie nenoaiu
aeanoe, niiniaiie iiae/eieoue naaa ana noi?iiu aeecie iauanoaa, nenoaiu,
oi?ie?othuaeny oieueei i?e aeanoeie ai?ueaa, aeeth/ay a?aaeaeaineoth
aieio, iiaeaaeaiea ainnoaiee e i?ioanoia.
Nia?aiaiiia iiieiaiea iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu, eoaea aieaa oe?ieia e
aeoaieia, yaeyaony eoiaii i?aiaeieaiey ia?aie/aiiinoe
noanoaioeeiiaeueiiai iiaeoiaea e aeanoe. I?e oaeii iiaeoiaea aeanoue
aiaeece?oaony eae neea eee eaieoae, io/oaeaeaiiua io /aeiaaea, ii
eioi?uie iiaeii auaiaeii iieueciaaoueny. Ia iniiaa noanoaioeeiiaeueiiai
iiaeoiaea enneaaeothony ?ano?nu i?aayuae a?oiiu, aiciiaeiinoe ia?oee,
eiaaenoia a aicaeaenoaee ia aeanoue. Oai?ee aeaiie?aoee, o/anoey,
ia?enenoneay aa?ney i eeanniaie i?e?iaea ainoaea?noaa, eaieineay oai?ey
aeeeoaoo?u i?ieaoa?eaoa, noaeeineee eicoia — “ainoaea?noai — aeaaiia
i?oaeea iino?iaiey nioeeaeecia e eiiioiecia”, — aio aa?eaiou ioiioaiey e
aeanoe eae e iniaie neea.
Eco/aiea iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu ia naiaeeony e enneaaeiaaieth oieueei
aioo?aiieo iaoaieciia aeanoaioiioaiee. Auaeaeyaony n?aaea aa iaeoaiey:
aioo?aiiyy, eee “naiy”, e aiaoiyy, iaaeaeoia?iaeiay, “/oaeay”. E naiae
n?aaea ioiinyony Ae?oaea iiaenenoaiu iauanoaa:
yeiiiie/aneay, nioeeaeueiay, eoeueoo?iay, aeaiia?aoe/aneay, a oaeaea
aaia?aoe/aneay n?aaea, neiaeeaoayny aeinoa?a e nenoaia ee/iinoe.
Aac ciaiey yoie n?aaeu aiaeec iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu iiaeao auoue oieueei
oi?iaeueiui. A ?innee aeeyiea ecae?aoaey ia aeanoue — yaeaiea, nei?aa,
eneeth/eoaeueiia, /ai oeie/iia, iiaaaeaiea aea ecae?aoaey ia ioee/aaony
ie aeanoeie i?aaiaoe/iinoueth, ie caeiiiia?iinoueth. Iiyoiio a ?innee
i?e aeaiie?aoe/aneeo auai?ao aiciiaeii ia?iiiia aeeyiea yiioeeiiaeueiiai
ia/aea, iano?iaiee. Iaeiia?aiaiii i?e ethaie aeanoe aaeeei i?ino?ainoai
aacaeanoey, neaainoe eiio?iey, iaeniieiyaiinoe, aani?aaeaea.
E. Eeueei eneae enoiee ?onneie aea?aeaaiinoe a iaoa?eaeueiuo oneiaeyo
auoey ?innee—a aaia?aoe/aneeo e i?e?iaeiuo oaeoi?ao. ?inney aeaeaeanue
ei eae aaeeiue aeeaie i?aaieci. ?onneee ia?iae ?in ia ?aaieia, eioi?ay
eiaao oieueei oneiaiia aeaeaiea e ioianthaeo ioe?uoa. Ieeiaaea ia auei
ia?aaeaeathueo ?oaaaeae, e no?aia ecae?aaea auea i?ioiaeiui aeai?ii.
*a?ac iaa “aaeeee” ia?anaeythueany ia?iaeu. ?inney ia iiaea iie?aoueny
ia anoanoaaiiua a?aieoeu. ?onneea noiyee ia?aae auai?ii: eee iiaeaaoue
io aa/iuo iaaaaia, eee “caie?eoue ?aaieio i?oaeeai e inaaeaaoue aa”.
Oacen Eeueeia ia i?aaie/iinoe neeueiiai aiaiece?iaaiiiai ainoaea?noaa
i?ioeainoieo ieoo i ?onneii eiia?eaeecia, iiae aiaoii eioi?iai ia?iaeu
no?aaeaee e i?ioea eioi?iai iie ai?ieenue.
Aeey iiieiaiey ia?iiiie ?iee nioeeaeueiie n?aaeu a ooieoeeiie?iaaiee
iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu ia?aoeiny e iaeiie ec oai nia?aiaiiuo iieeoe/aneeo
nii?ia a ?innee — ia?niaeoeaa ainnoaiiaeaiey iiia?oee. Yoe nii?u n oi/ee
c?aiey iieeoieiae/aneie ia eiatho iiae niaie ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo
i?aaeiinueie. A. ?icaiia caiaoee, /oi nouiinoue iiia?oecia ia a
?aoeeiiaeueiuo a?aoiaioao, ia a i?ia?aiiiii ii?aaaeaiee, a a noeoee,
nioeaiiie ec aiia?aaeaiey e /oanoaa. *aai aea iao a nia?aiaiiie ?innee
aeey aic?iaeaeaiey iiia?oecia? Ai-ia?auo, ionoonoaoao aeoaiei
oei?aieaoaany ii/eoaiea noa?inoe. A iaoae no?aia aeaaii en/ac iaioaeeoao
iaoa?iaeecia, oaaaeaiea noa?oeo e iiae/eiaiey noa?oaio, ii/oaiey
i?aaeeia.
?ac?ooaiea naiiaea?aeaaey niaiaei n ?ani?ino?aiaieai ieoieiaaiu, /oi o
ian aeaa ianeaaenoaa, aeaa ?innee, aeaa eoeueoo?u.
Ai-aoi?uo, ?onneia naiiaea?aeaaea nouanoaiaaei eae i?aaineaaiay
ainoaea?noaaiiinoue. E ainnoaiiaeaiea ?onneiai iiia?oecia—i?iaeaia
anaiauiinoe i?aaineaaiie ?aeeaeiciinoe. Oaea iiyoiio iiia?oeci a ?innee
ia aieaa ?aaeai, /ai aic?iaeaeaiea i?aaineaaey eae iniiau aeecie anaai
?onneiai ia?iaea.
A-o?aoueeo, iiia?oeci a ?innee nouanoaiaae oieueei eae ?onneay
ainoaea?noaaiiay aeanoue, niiniaiay o/anoue eoeueoo?iua iniaaiiinoe ia
?onneeo ia?iaeia, ia iaoaoue ei e ia iaaycuaaoue ai anai aaeeiiai
ii?yaeea. Ii i?aaeaea anaai ?onneay aeanoue. Ia?onaaoea yoie/anee
ea?onneea iaoiaeeee naia ianoi a ?onneie eoeueoo?a e iieeoe/aneie
nenoaia.
A iaoe aeie iiaeuaia e iaino?aiey yoie/aneiai naiiniciaiey iiiaeo iaeuo
ia?iaeia ?innee aic?iaeaeaiea iiia?oecia icia/aei au eee eneeth/aiea eo
ec iieeoe/aneie aeecie eee i?eciaiea eie iaae niaie aeanoe “aaeiai
?onneiai oea?y” n iieeoe/aneei ioaeaeaieai io iiia?oe/aneie nenoaiu, ni
naiei ono?ienoaii (i?aceaeaioneei eee ia?eaiaioneei). Ia?aaeueiinoue
oaeeo eciaiaiee i/aaeaeia. Neeoeii aeaeaei eioaeeaeooaeueii, yoie/anee,
nioeeaeueii ooea iieeyoie/aneay ?inney, /oiau aic?iaeaeaoue iniiaiua
oneiaey iiia?oecia. Iaeiiaoe, onoie/eaue iiia?oe/aneee ii?yaeie iiaeao
nouanoaiaaoue eeoue i?e aunieie e onoie/eaie eaaeoeiiinoe o?aaeeoeeiiiie
oea?neie oaieeee e aannii?iii i?anoieiianeaaeieea.
Iiia?oeci ceaeaeaeny ia i?aaenoaaeaiee i ainoaea?noaa n iaycaoaeueiui
aeeaui aiieiuaieai, neiaieii-iiia?oii. A. Eeth/aaneee oae ioeaieaae
?acoeueoaou i?ae?auaiey a ?onneii ainoaea?noaa aeeianoee ?th?eeiae/ae:
“Ainoaea?noai ieacaeinue ie/ueei, ethaee ?anoa?yeenue, ia?anoaee
‘iiieiaoue, /oi iie oaeia e aaea iaoiaeyony, i?eoee a a?iaeaiea, a
ninoiyiea aia?oee. Iie aeaaea eae aoaeoi ii/oanoaiaaee naay aia?oenoaie
iiiaaiea, ii eaeie-oi iaycaiiinoe, ia/aeueiie, ii iaecaaaeiie:
iineieueeo iaeiio noaei iiaeiiaaoueny—noaei auoue, iaaei aoioiaaoue”.
Aeey aeaenoaeoaeueiiai iiia?oenoa eca?aiieee ia?iaea ioa?aoeoaeueiu, a
eca?aiiue oea?ue iai?eaieai. ?inney aeaaii iioa?yea aeeianoeth. Auai?
aea oea?y i?e ionoonoaee e?aaoaieueiuo eaiiae iiia?oe/aneie nenoaiu ia
aeano iiia?oecia. ?inney aeaaea i?e ionoonoaee aeueoa?iaoeau iiia?oecio
a XVII a. eiaea “oeoaeoeo” oea?ae (Ieoaee, Aeaenae). Niaieeenue o?e
iieieaiey, i?aaeaea /ai ianeaaeieee i?anoiea ii/oanoaiaaee naay oaa?aiii
(Oaaei? e iniaaiii Iao? I). E oaeay aaeaioaoeey iiaie aeeianoee
i?ienoiaeeea i?e iaee/ee anao oeacaiiuo oneiaee, e?aaoaieueiuo eaiiae e
aeoaieiai o?aaeeoeeiiaeecia, eiaaea aeueoa?iaoeau iiia?oecio ia auei,
eneooaiee ia nouanoaiaaei.
Aiaoiea nenoaiu iinoiyiii aeeytho ia iieeoe/aneoth nenoaio. Iniaaiii
neeueii aeeyiea oao ec ieo, eioi?ua iieacaee naia i?aainoiaenoai a
iaoa?eaeueiii i?aoniaaaiee.
Iiuiue eiioeuen ?acaeoey ?onneie ainoaea?noaaiiinoe a Iiaia a?aiy
neiaieece?iaai a Iao?aI. Niciaiea ionoaaaiey no?aiu iaino?eei a iai
o?aaeeoeeiiiia /oanoai iaaeaeaiiinoe ?innee auoiaeaie a ie?. I?aiyonoaey
e iei eaeaioeoeoee?iaaeenue n a?aaii ?onneiai ainoaea?noaa. A eoiaa
noi?ie?iaaeinue ?onneia aea?aeaaiia niciaiea e aea?aeaaiay iieeoeea. A
aai iniiaa auei iiieiaiea iaiaoiaeeiinoe nicaeaiey aea?aeaau, oi anoue
neeueiiai ainoaea?noaa, e aaeeinoaa ia?iaea e iiia?oa, o?eaaeeinoaa
Aa?u, Oea?y, Ioa/anoaa. Iaeioi?uie aiaoieie /a?oaie ?onneee iieeoe/aneee
neioac noiae n eiia?noaii. E a ioaeaeueiua ia?eiaeu enoi?ee, a
ioaeaeueiuo i?iyaeaieyo ?onneay aea?aeaaiinoue ia?a?anoaea a ?onneee
eiia?eaeeci. Iaeiaei aeaaiui a ?onneie ainoaea?noaaiiinoe auea ana aea
aea?aeaaiinoue, a ia eiia?eaeeci.
Ooieoeeiie?iaaiea iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu eniuouaaao aeeyiea ia oieueei
nioeeiyeiiiie/aneeo, nioeeieoeueoo?iuo, ii e aaia?aoe/aneeo oaeoi?ia.
Oa?aeoa? a?aieoe e ianooaau oa??eoi?ee, caianu i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia e
eiee/anoai caiee, i?eaiaeiie aeey aa?a?iuo oeaeae, eeeiao e ianna
ianaeaiey — ana yoi oaeoi?u, aeeythuea ia iniaaiiinoe e iieeoe/aneiai
niiauanoaa, e iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu. Oae, i?e n?aaiaiee aaia?aoe/aneiai
iieiaeaiey ?innee e NOA ?aeueaoii i?iyaeyaony oeaeay a?oiia oaeoi?ia,
eioi?ua ineiaeieee iieeoe/aneia ?acaeoea ?innee. “Ino?iaiia” iieiaeaiea
NOA naii ii naaa nieiaei a yoie no?aia i?iaeaio a?aieoe. A ?innee aea
i?iaeaiu a?aieoe ia auei oieueei ia naaa?a. Iia ?acaeaaeanue a oneiaeyo
ia?eiaee/aneiai iaino?aiey i?iaeaiu a?aieoe, ioiioaiee ni no?aiaie,
eioi?ua eiaee aiiaeneiienoneea ieaiu a ioiioaiee aa oa??eoi?ee.
?inney ia aaaeia i?e?iaeiuie ?ano?naie. N iaeiie noi?iiu, aeaaiaea?y
yoiio caeanue aeieaia a?aiy auea aiciiaeia iieeoeea, ioiineoaeueii
naiaiaeiay io iaaeaeoia?iaeiie ?uii/iie eiiuthieoo?u. Ii i?e?iaeiua
aiaaonoaa iai?a/eaaeenue iiiaoie. Ioaeaeaiiay io Aa?iiu, ia aiaea/aiiay
a onei?ythueeny i?ioeann oaoiieiae/aneeo ?aaiethoeee, ?inney iicaieyea
naaa neeoeii aeieai ?acaeaaoueny ii yenoaineaiiio iooe. Yoiio iooe e
niioaaonoaothuae aio iieeoeea niinianoaiaaei e ae?oaia: oa??eoi?eaeueiay
?aca?inaiiinoue aiaaonoa, iaiaoiaeeiinoue inaiaiey aieueoeo oa??eoi?ee.
Iiaeii auneacaoue aeiioaco, /oi aeieaay i?eaioaoeey ia yenoaineaiinoue
auea a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a i?aaeii?aaeaeaia aaia?aoe/aneeie e
nioeeieoeueoo?iuie . oaeoi?aie. Iiaea?iecaoeey aaeiaiieo, nea/eaie,
iii?a ia aaoi?eoa?iua ia/aea — ia oieueei iauynieiu, ii e ai iiiaii
ii?aaaeaiu. Niiinoaaeyoue nenoaiu, iniiaaiiua ia oioaeeoa?enoneeo eee
eiinoeoooeeiiiuo i?eioeeiao, anee e aeiionoeii, oi n aieueoeie
iaiai?eaie. I?e oioaeeoa?iii ?aaeeia e?oa oeaeae e n?aaenoa eo
aeinoeaeaiey i/aiue oe?ie. ?aoathony oaeea caaea/e, eioi?ua a
eiinoeoooeeiiiii iauanoaa ia anoatho. Oae, a NNN? iieeoeea
eiaeono?eaeecaoeee iaioeanue aei?iaie oeaiie, ?acoeueoaou yoie iieeoeee
iiaoo ioeaieaaoueny eae ia?aioaaaeueiua e aeaaea ia?aoeeiiaeueiua.
Iaeiaei no?aia ca i/aiue ei?ioeee n?ie noaea eiaeono?eaeueiie
aea?aeaaie. A Niaaoneii Nithca aeaaiaea?y i?ana/aieth ieth?aeenoe/aneeo
oaiaeaioeee
Iniiaiua i?aaeiinueee ia?ano?ieee.
Oa?iei “ia?ano?ieea” iiyaeeny a iaoae iieeoe/aneie eaeneea a 1985 aiaeo.
Ai?aeue 1985 aiaea iieiaeee ia/aei iaaeeaiiui, inoi?iaeiui ?aoi?iai,
iai?aaeaiiui ia /anoe/iia iaiiaeaiea nouanoaothuae nenoaiu. Ia?aiaiu,
i?ienoiaeeaoea ia i?ioyaeaiee i?eia?ii o?ao iineaaeothueo eao,
ioaeaeaiii iaiiieiaee neooaoeeth, neiaeeaoothny a ?innee a eiioea 50-o
aiaeia i?ioeiai aaea. Noi o?eaeoeaoue eao iacaae iio?aaiinoue a
/anoe/iie iiaea?iecaoeee ?aaeeia auea iniciaia a ?acoeueoaoa ii?aaeaiey
a E?uineie aieia, eioi?ay i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaea anaio ie?o, eae aeaeaei
ionoaea ?inneeneay eiia?ey io ae?oaeo aa?iiaeneeo aea?aeaa ca a?aiy,
i?ioaaeoaa iinea o?eoioaeueiie iiaaaeu aa iaae iaiieaiiianeie O?aioeeae.
Oaia?ue aea i?e/eiie ia/aaoaainy “?aiiioa”
noaei ionoaaaiea io NOA a aiiea einie/aneeo aii?oaeaiee: ianiiniaiinoue
a neeo yeiiiie/aneeo i?e/ei aeaoue ioaao ia i?ia?aiio “caacaeiuo aiei”
oaaaeeea i?aayuea e?oae NNN? a oii, /oi ni?aaiiaaiea a noa?a aunieeo
oaoiieiaee oaea ii/oe i?iea?aii (i aeecinoe yeiiiie/aneiai e?ecena
aiai?eo oioy au oaeie oaeo: a 1971-1985 a.a. iaeeoei auea
io?eoeaoaeueiay aeeiaieea ?inoa ii aaaeiaeoei yeiiiie/aneei iieacaoaeyi.
Oaiiu ?inoa iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea ninoaaeyee a ainueiie iyoeeaoea –
41 %, a aeaayoie – 28%, a aeanyoie – 21%, a iaeeiiaaeoeaoie – 17 %.
Ii eiaeinue e oa?aeoa?iia ioee/ea. A na?aaeeia i?ioeiai aaea Yiaaeuen
ienae i ?innee neaaeothuaa: “I?e nouanoaiaaaoeo iieeoe/aneeo oneiaeyo a
no?aia ia auea aiciiaeia ieeaeay eiay aaeieieno?aoeaiay nenoaia, e?iia
eneeth/eoaeueii ainiiaenoaiaaaoae a iae e aeiaaaeaiiie aei i?aaeaea
ath?ie?aoe/aneie nenoaiu. *oiau caeiaeeoue iniiau aieaa iiaeoiaeyuae
nenoaiu, Aeaenaiae? II auioaeaeai aue aiiaue ia?aoeoueny e eaeaa
inaiaiaeaeaiey e?aiinoiuo. Aio i?eoeinue ai?ioueny n aeaoiy a?iciuie
i?ioeaieeaie: n aeai?yinoaii e n oie naiie ath?ie?aoeae, eioi?oth ii
aicuiae iaia?aiea ?aoi?ie?iaaoue aii?aee aa nianoaaiiiio aeaeaieth e
eioi?ay aeieaeia auea a oi aea a?aiy neoaeeoue i?oaeeai auiieiaiey aai
ieaiia. Aio iaaaea auei eneaoue iiaeaea?aeee, e?iia eae a o?aaeeoeeiiiie
e ianneaiie iiei?iinoe eia?oiie iannu ?onneeo e?aiinoiuo e eoioeia,
eioi?ua aei naai a?aiaie eeoaiu auee aeaaea i?aaa caaeoiuaaoueny iaae
naiei iieeoe/aneei iieiaeaieai. Ii aio /oi eanaaony oeaeae… Anee
Aeaenaiae? II iinoaaee a iiaanoeo aeiy aii?in, ?aoaiea eioi?iai iiaei
ei?aiiui ia?acii eciaieoue anth nenoaio iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, oi iiaue
Aaia?aeueiue nae?aoa?ue I.N.Ai?aa/aa iiia/aeo eeoue aic?iaeaeae a?aiaia
o?ouaaneie “iooaiaee”. ?a/ue oea aiana ia i oii, /oiau eciaieoue
nenoaio – nouanoaothuay aiieia ono?aeaaea i?aayuea aa?oe. Nenoaio yoo
no?aieeenue eeoue i?eniiniaeoue e iiaui – i?aaeaea anaai
iaaeaeoia?iaeiui oneiaeyi. Ioiaia e?aiinoiiai i?aaa aeaaea a oii
aa?eaioa, eioi?ue aue ?aaeeciaai Aeaenaiae?ii II, i?eaaea e
nouanoaaiiiio ?anoe?aieth “noaiaiae naiaiaeu” aeey aieueoeinoaa
ianaeaiey ?inneeneie eiia?ee. Iai?ioea, a ia?aiia/aeueiii i?iaeoa
ia?ano?ieee ai aeaao oaea noaaeeanue oaoiieiaey, a ia /aeiaae – aio
ioaiaeeeanue ?ieue “/aeiaa/aneiai oaeoi?a”.
Ia?aui eiie?aoiui oaaii ia iooe iieeoe/aneie ?aoi?iu noaee ?aoaiey
aiai/a?aaeiie aeaaiaaeoeaoie nannee AN NNN? (iaeeiiaaeoeaoiai nicuaa),
ninoiyaoaeny 29 iiya?y – 1 aeaeaa?y 1988 a. Yoe ?aoaiey i?aaeoniao?eaaee
eciaiaiea no?oeoo?u aunoeo i?aaiia aeanoe e ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey
no?aiu, iaaeaeaiea aiiaue o/?aaeaeaiiiai Nuacaea ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia e
ecae?aaiiai ei AN NNN? ?aaeueiuie aeanoiuie ooieoeeyie, a oaeaea
eciaiaiea ecae?aoaeueiie nenoaiu, i?aaeaea anaai aaaaeaiea auai?ia ia
aeueoa?iaoeaiie iniiaa.
1989 aiae noae aiaeii ?aaeeeaeueiuo eciaiaiee, iniaaiii a
iieeoe/aneie no?oeoo?a iauanoaa. Ninoiyaoeiny a 1989 aiaeo auai?ai
ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia NNN? (ia?o – iae) i?aaeoanoaiaaea iaaeaeaiiay a
iaoae no?aia ecae?aoaeueiay eaiiaiey, ia/aaoayny aua ia enoiaea 1988 a.
Aiciiaeiinoue auaeaeaeaiey ianeieueeeo aeueoa?iaoeaiuo eaiaeeaeaoia (ia
2250 aeaiooaoneeo iano auei auaeaeiooi 9505 eaiaeeaeaoia) aeaaaea
niaaoneei a?aaeaeaiai aeaenoaeoaeueii auae?aoue iaeiiai ec ianeieueeeo.
Eiaaea ioe?ueny Ia?aue Nuacae ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia, iiiaea aiceaaaee ia
iaai naie iaaeaaeaeu ia eo/ooth aeeciue. Ii, eae e iiiaei iaaeaaeaeai
iaoaai ia?iaea, ei ia noaeaeaii auei ii?aaaeaoueny. Ia?aue Nuacae
iacuaatho oaia?ue “ea?ie a aeaiie?aoeth”. Ei Aoi?iio Nuacaeo eioa?an
ethaeae oaea caiaoii iiooeo. ?aoi?ia ecae?aoaeueiie nenoaiu yaeyeanue
aeaeii iaiaoiaeeiui, ii eiie?aoiiai, ianouiiai iia ia?iaeo aeaea
iaiiiai.
Aaaaeaiea i?aceaeaionoaa.
Eaoii-inaiueth 1989 aiaea ?aoi?iaoi?u a EINN, ia caoioaaoea ecaaaeoueny
io oeaieeo iauyoee eiina?aaoi?ia, aeaee aeaiie?aoai aiciiaeiinoue
iaa?aoue iieeoe/aneoth neeo e aeeyiea, iicaieeee ei i?aaenoaaeoue
i?aaioeaio?enoneia aaeeinoai a EINN eae no?aoaae/aneoth eeieth, a ia eae
a?aiaiiue oaeoe/aneee iaiaa?. Neooaoeey a no?aia o?aaiaaea ?aoeoaeueiiai
?acaeoey eo?na ia niaoaiioth yeiiiieeo, ia nicaeaiea i?aaiaiai
ainoaea?noaa e caeeth/aiea iiaiai nithciiai aeiaiai?a. Ana yoi
iauaeoeaii ?aaioaei ia aeaiie?aoia.
E ceia 1989/90 aiaea iieeoe/aneay neooaoeey nouanoaaiii eciaieeanue.
Ai?aa/aa, ia aac iniiaaiee iianaynue, /oi aanaiiea auai?u a ?anioaeeeao
i?eaaaeoo e iiaaaea ?aaeeeaeueiuo nee (“Aeaiie?aoe/aneay ?inney”, ?OO e
ae?oaea), eioi?ua n?aco aea – ii i?eia?o I?eaaeoeee – iinoa?athony
caiyoue iacaaeneioth iiceoeeth a ioiioaiee aicaeaaeyaiiai ei Aa?oiaiiai
Niaaoa Nithca, naeaeae oaa, i?ioea eioi?iai ii e aai aaeeiiiuoeaiieee
aunooiaee aua ianeieueei ianyoeaa iacaae. Eniieuecoy naie aaoi?eoao a
aicaeaaeyaiii ei Aa?oiaiui Niaaoa NNN?, ii noiae – i?e nii?ioeaeaiee
Iaae?aaeiiaeueiie aeaiooaoneie a?oiiu – i?iaanoe ?aoaiea ia
o/?aaeaeaiee iinoa I?aceaeaioa NNN?. Noaa I?aceaeaioii, Ai?aa/aa iieo/ee
oe?ieea iieeoe/aneea iieiiii/ey e oai naiui neeueii oe?aiee naith
aeanoue a no?aia.
Yoi auei ianeieueei eao iacaae. Ii ca i?ioaaeoaa n oao ii? a?aiy
neooaoeey aiiaue eciaieeanue. Nia/aea i?iecioae naeaea “aeaai” a
?annoaiiaea nee ia iieeoe/aneie a?aia. A ?innee iiaaaeo ia auai?ao, oioy
e n ieieiaeueiui ia?aaanii, iaea?aeae aeie “Aeaiie?aoe/aneay ?inney”.
Eeaea?ii ia?eaiaioa ?NON? noae A.I.Aeueoeei – iai?aeeia?iue iieeoee: n
iaeiie noi?iiu, ii neiaieece?oao “neeueioth ee/iinoue” (ecaanoiu oa
“e?ooua” iaoiaeu, eioi?uie Aeueoeei iieueciaaeny a auoiinoue aai Ia?aui
nae?aoa?ai IAE EINN), n ae?oaie noi?iiu – ii i?ino, ioe?uo,
aeaiie?aoe/ai, aai iieeoe/aneiio noeeth i?enou iiioeeci.
E?ecen iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu: iaiaoiaeeiinoue eiii?iienna.
Ai?ueaa ia iieeoe/aneie a?aia no?aiu oea aeaaiui ia?acii aie?oa aeaoo
ioieoia (ia iie acaeyae yoa ai?ueaa i?iaeieaeaaony e ii nae aeaiue).
Ia?aue – iauee noeaia?ee ?acaeoey ia?ano?ieee.
Aoi?ie oceiaie iiiaio: iineieueeo ?aoi?iu o?aaotho caaaaeiii
iaiiioey?iuo ia?, oi ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca eo i?eiyoea e ana naycaiiua n
ieie ecaea?aeee aiceaaathony, eae i?aaeei, ia iieeoe/aneeo i?ioeaieeia.
*aua anaai a ?iee “eicea ioiouaiey” aunooiae Oeaio?. Yoi i?iyaeyeinue,
iai?eia?, a oiaea iieeoe/aneiai neaiaeaea, eioi?ue ?ac?aceeny a
Aa?oiaiii Niaaoa ?innee, eiaaea nithciia i?aaeoaeuenoai iaia?iaeiaaei
?aoaiea i aaaaeaiee aeiaiai?iuo oeai ia ?yae oiaa?ia (a iiya?a 1990
aiaea). A iaaeaeo oai yoi ?aoaiea auei niaeaniaaii e n A.I.Aeueoeeiui,
e n E.N.Neeaaaui. Ecaanoiu e ia?aoiua neo/ae, eiaaea Oeaio? nai iaoiaeee
“eicea”: aaaaeaiiue ii oeaco I?aceaeaioa iyoei?ioeaioiue iaeia n
i?iaeaae, ecuyaoee ec ea?iaia ianaeaiey oieueei ca yiaa?ue-oaa?aeue 1991
aiaea /ooue iaiaa ieeeea?aea (931.5 iei.) ?oaeae, “naaeeee” ia Niaao
Ieieno?ia ?NON?.
E eiioeo 1990 aiaea onoaiiaeeanue iaoiaay neooaoeey: ie
eiiioienou-?aoi?iaoi?u, ie eeaa?aeu oaea ia iiaee, eaaeaeua a
ioaeaeueiinoe, aeiaeoueny iiceoeaiuo naeaeaia a yeiiiieea, iieeoeea,
nioeeaeueiie noa?a. Aeaaiia – iie ia iiaee iiiaeeii/ea i?ioeainoiyoue
oa?ica anaiauae aia?oee. Ia?aua – iioiio /oi a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie
oo?aoeee iiaeaea?aeeo ia?iaea, aoi?ua – iioiio /oi iinea naieo ia?auo
iiaaae oniaee iiae?anoa?youe iiiaeo naieo i?eaa?aeaioeaa.
Iiieiaiea iaiaoiaeeiinoe iieeoe/aneiai eiii?iienna iaaethaeaeinue eae a
iaeiii, oae e a ae?oaii eaaa?a. Eiiioienou-?aoi?iaoi?u (e aeaaea
eiiioienou-eiina?aaoi?u a eeoea OeE EI ?NON?) a naieo aeieoiaioao aoi?ie
iieiaeiu 1990 aiaea i?ecuaaee e a?aaeaeaineiio niaeaneth, au?aaeaee
aioiaiinoue nicaeaoue ia i?inoi aeie nee “nioeeaeenoe/aneie
i?eaioaoeee”, ii iieoe ia nithc ni anaie aeaiie?aoe/aneeie ia?oeyie e
aeaeaeaieyie. Eo iiiiiaiou, oeaaioa eeoa a ?aoaiee i?aeoe/aneeo
aii?inia, n eioi?uie iie noieeioeenue, i?eaey e aeanoe ia ianoiii, a
eia-aaea e ia ?anioaeeeaineii o?iaia, iioiaea, oaeaea auee aioo?aiia
aioiau e nio?oaeie/anoao. Eaeay eiii?iienna n /anoueth aiia?aoa e
oeaio?ii e nicaeaiey neeueiie eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe – oaeie, iai?eia?,
eaeoiioea aeaeaa?ueneie i?ia?aiiiie noaouee A.O.Iiiiaa, icaaeaaeaiiie ia
aac i?aoaicee: “*oi aeaeaoue?”. (“Iaiiae”, 1990, NN 50,51). Eaeay
a?aaeaeaineiai niaeaney iooai i?einoaiiaee aeaenoaey eaee iieiiai
?inionea anao iieeoe/aneeo ia?oee noaea e eiioeo 1990 aiaea iiioey?iie e
caiaeueeaea ia ?aciuo oeaiaao eeaa?aeueii-aeaiie?aoe/aneiai aeaeaeaiey.
Ia yoii aiai?eee e A.A.Nia/ae, e eeaea? eeaa?aeueii-aeaiie?aoe/aneie
ia?oee ?innee A.A.AEe?eiianeee. Eeaa?aeu, ii anae aeaeeiinoe, iiiyee,
/oi eo a?aiy enoaeaao, oae e ia ia/aaoenue.
?ica iieeoe/aneeo aao?ia ia?ano?ieee eciaieeanue a i/a?aaeiie ?ac.
?ac?aceeny ino?aeoee e?ecen neiaeeaoaeny iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu.
I?iaicaeanea eicoia “Any aeanoue – Niaaoai!”, ?aoi?iaoi?u aeaaea ia
caaeoiuaaeenue iaae oai, /oi Niaaou, eioi?ua ia?anoaee auoue i?eaiaeiuie
?aiiyie EINN, ia a ninoiyiee i?aaieciaaoue ii?iaeueiue i?ioeann
iieeoe/aneiai ?acaeoey. I?anna EINN ino?i e?eoeeiaaea “iaeiiiaoaioiuo
aeaiie?aoia”, ia oiathueo iaeaaeeoue ?aaioo oao Niaaoia, a eioi?uo ei
i?eiaaeeaaeeo aieueoeinoai. “Iaeiiiaoaioiua aeaiie?aou” eeaaee ia
“naaioaae” ni noi?iiu i?aaeiae i?aayuae eanou – aiia?aoa eniieieoaeueiie
aeanoe, iaoeiciuo no?oeoo?. Iaeiaei nooue aeaea aeoaaea. Iieeoe/aneee
e?ecen eiioea 1990 aiaea – ?acoeueoao ia noieueei iaeiiiaoaioiinoe eee
naaioaaea, neieueei ioaeeaoaai oeia ainoaea?noaaiiinoe.
Eaaeaeay iieeoe/aneay neea no?aieeanue eneaoue nianoaaiiue auoiae ec
yoiai e?ecena. Aieaciaiiaa anaai ia iaai ?aaae?iaaee “ainoaea?noaaiiua
nineiaey” – oa neie, naii nouanoaiaaiea eioi?uo auei iinoaaeaii nae/an
ia ea?oo. Iie ana yia?ae/iaa iiaeoaeeeaaee I?aceaeaioa e Aa?oiaiue Niaao
NNN? e onoaiiaeaiee, aaoi?eoa?iiai i?aceaeaioneiai ?aaeeia i?e
iiieiaeueiie niaaoneie aeanoe. Ai?aa/aa, oioy e ia aac eieaaaiee,
auioaeaeai aue eaeoe ia yoi. Ii ioaeaeaeny a iiaeaea?aeea, ii iieo/eoue
aea aa auei ieioeoaea aieueoa ia iia : EINN oo?aoeea iiaeeecaoeeiiiua
niiniaiinoe, a n eeaa?aeaie nio?oaeie/anoai ia neiaeeeinue – neacaeanue
eia?oeey eiio?iioaoeee.
Ai?i/ai, anee au iii e neiaeeeinue – aaoi?eoa?iie o?ainoi?iaoeee
?aaeeia aaeaa ee oaeaeinue ecaaaeaoue. Eai eeaa?aeu – ai anyeii neo/aa,
oa ec ieo, eoi aeaeaao iiaiaeo ia iieeoe/aneii iaaineeiia, ?anniao?eaaee
( e ?anniao?eaatho) oneeaiea eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe, aaoi?eoa?iua
iaoiaeu ia?aoiaea e ?uii/iiio oicyenoao eae ia/oi aeieaia?aiaiiia, a ia
eae a?aiaiioth oaeoe/aneoth ia?o, iiyoiio, no?iai aiai?y, ia oieueei
aeaiie?aoaie, ii e eeaa?aeaie iie yaeyeenue ?acaa /oi a eaau/eao.
Aeinoaoi/ii auei i?i/anoue i?iaeo Eiinoeoooeee ?innee, /oiau oaeaeaoue:
oioaeeoa?iue ?aaeei i?aaeiieaaaaony caiaieoue ia anaiauae aeaiie?aoeae,
ii aaoi?eoa?iie aeanoueth. I?e yoii, iaeiaei, a ioee/ea io
eiiioienoia-?aoi?iaoi?ia, eeaa?aeu iaoeaeeaaeenue (e iaoeaeeaathony) ia
eciaiaiea ooiaeaiaioa iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu, ia o?ainoi?iaoeeth niaaoneie
aeanoe a ia?eaiaioneoth ?anioaeeeo.
E ana aea ii?aaeaeaiiue oain i?aaeioa?aoeoue ieii/aoaeueioth
“aaoi?eoa?ecaoeeth” ia?ano?ieee aua eiaaony. I?aa?auaiea iiaeeeiii
aeaiie?aoe/aneeo aeaeaeaiee ai aeeyoaeueioth iieeoe/aneoth neeo, a
“/aoaa?oue aaeoi?” i?aia?aciaaiee (ia?yaeo n eiina?aaoi?aie,
?aoi?iaoi?aie e eeaa?aeaie) iiaeao nouanoaaiii eciaieoue iieeoe/aneoth
iiaiaeo. Aeaaea aaoi?eoa?iue i?aceaeaioneee ?aaeei ioaeaeaaony a
eaaeoeiiinoe e nioeeaeueiie aaca. Iiyoiio aeaiie?aoe/aneea aeaeaeaiey
aeiaeaathony oiai, /oiau inouanoaeyeny ia ath?ie?aoe/aneee e ia
aia?oe/aneee aa?eaio eaieoaeenoe/aneiai ?acaeoey. E?aeia aaaeii
iaania/eoue o/anoea iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee o?oaeyueony a ?aoaiee anao
i?aeoe/aneeo aii?inia ia?aoiaea e ?uieo, aeeth/ay ?acainoaea?noaeaiea e
/anoe/ioth i?eaaoecaoeeth ainoaea?noaaiiie nianoaaiiinoe.
Ia ?aoi?iaoi?u e ia eeaa?aeu, a oieueei aeaiie?aoe/aneea,
naiiaeayoaeueiua iauanoaaiiua i?aaiecaoeee o?oaeyueony iiaoo
aini?aiyonoaiaaoue caiuneai eiina?aaoeaiuo nee, eioi?ua iuoathony
ni?iaioee?iaaoue ia?iaeiue aoio i?ioea a?yaeouaai ?uiea, aioe?uii/ioth,
oioaeeoa?ioth eiio??aaiethoeeth. Aeey yoiai, iaeiaei, anai
iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneei, iio?aaeoaeueneei,
eoeueoo?ii-i?inaaoeoaeueiui, i?ionithciui e eiui i?aaiecaoeeyi
iaiaoiaeeii nieioeoueny a iiuiue aeie aeaiie?aoe/aneiai aaeeinoaa.
Aeey ?ane?uoey anao iniaaiiinoae iieeoe/aneeo nenoai, niioaaonoaothueo
iiaie eioi?iaoeeiiiie noaaeee nioeeaeueiiai ?acaeoey, iieeoe/aneay iaoea
ia eiaao aeinoaoi/iiai iaoa?eaea. Ii iaeioi?ua yeaiaiou iiaiai ninoiyiey
iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu i?iyaeythony. Oioaeeoa?eci ia oieueei iioa?ye
i?eaeaeaoaeueiinoue, ii e inoaeaeai. Inoaaony ioe?uoui aii?in: aoaeao ee
o aeaiie?aoee eiinoeoooeeiiaeecia ae?oaie iieeoe/aneee iiiiiaio eee
aeaiie?aoey noaiao iniiaiie iauaoeeaeeecaoeeiiiie oi?iie iieeoe/aneie
nenoaiu? A caiaaeiuo no?aiao iaaeaao cia/aiea neiaeeaoeony ia?oeeiuo
nenoai, ii a iieeoe/aneie aeecie aic?anoaao ?ieue NIE. I?aa?auaiea
n?aaeiaai eeanna a iniiao iieeoe/aneie aeecie icia/aao, /oi eeanniaua
?acee/ey iioa?yee naith ?ieue, ii, aiciiaeii, aic?anoao cia/aiea
iaoeeiiaeueiuo e ?aaeiiaeueiuo ?acee/ee. A yoi icia/aao, /oi i?iaeaia
oeiia iieeoe/aneeo nenoai ia ioiineony e ieii/aoaeueii ?ac?aaioaiiie.
Nienie eniieuecoaiie eeoa?aoo?u:
1. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue aaeaaiaeiee: iieeoeea e yeiiiieea, 1991
2. “Iineianeee eiiniiieaoe”, auai?i/ii 1990-1991
3. “A?aoiaiou e oaeou”, auai?i/ii 1990-1991
4. “Ia?niaeoeau”, ai?aeue 1991
5. “Aeaeiaua ethaee”, ieoya?ue 1990, yiaa?ue 1991
6. Iaoa?eaeu XVII Nuacaea EINN
7. “No?aieoeu enoi?ee niaaoneiai iauanoaa”, 1989
8. I. Aa?o “Enoi?ey Niaaoneiai Ainoaea?noaa”
9. “Eaioaa?”, 1995, ?2
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