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EIIA?ANN

NOA

Eiia?ann NOA — aunoee i?aaenoaaeoaeueiue e caeiiiaeaoaeueiue i?aai.
Ninoieo ec aeaoo iaeao — iaeaou i?aaenoaaeoaeae e naiaoa.

Iaeaoa i?aaenoaaeoaeae yaeyaony i?aaiii iauaiaoeeiiaeueiiai
i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa. 435 aa aeaiooaoia ecae?athony ia aeaa aiaea a
ia?aue aoi?iee iinea ia?aiai iiiaaeaeueieea iiya?y eaaeaeiai /aoiiai
aiaea. Iaaeaeo ooaoaie aeaiooaoneea ianoa ?ani?aaeaeythony
i?iii?oeeiiaeueii /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey. Ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea iano
inouanoaeyaony ?ac a aeanyoue eao ii eoiaai ia?aiene ianaeaiey.
Ecae?aoaeueiua ie?oaa ii auai?ai a iaeaoo i?aaenoaaeoaeae aeieaeiu
eiaoue ?aaiia, ii aiciiaeiinoe, /enei ianaeaiey.

A ianoiyuaa a?aiy eaioa i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa ninoaaeyao 520 oun. /aeiaae.
Iaeaieueoaa i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoai eiatho ooaou Eaeeoi?iey (45), Iueth-Ei?e
(34), Oaoan (27), Iaineeueaaiey (23) e Eeeeiien (22). ?yae ooaoia —
Aeynea, Aa?iiio, Aaeiieia, Aeaeaay?, THaeiay e Naaa?iay Aeaeioa — eiatho
ii iaeiiio i?aaenoaaeoaeth. Yoi ieieiaeueiay ii?ia i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa
ii Eiinoeoooeee.

Iiieii iieiii?aaiuo /eaiia a iaeaoo ecae?athony ii iaeiiio aeaeaaaoo io
Oaaea?aeueiiai ie?oaa Eieoiaey, i-aa Aoai, Ae?aeineeo i-aia, Ainoi/iiai
Naiia e Ioy?oi-?eei. Iie eiatho i?aai o/anoaiaaoue a ?aaioa iaeaou e aa
eiieoaoia, ii eeoaiu i?aaa aieina.

Eiinoeoooeeae NOA onoaiiaeaiu neaaeothuea o?aaiaaiey e eaiaeeaeaoai:
/eai iaeaou i?aaenoaaeoaeae aeieaeai aeinoe/ue aic?anoa 25 eao, auoue
a?aaeaeaieiii NOA ia iaiaa naie eao e aeeoaeai oiai ooaoa, io eioi?iai
ii ecae?aaony.

Aa?oiyy iaeaoa — naiao.— yaeyaony i?aaiii i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa ooaoia.
Iacaaeneii io /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey eaaeaeue ec 50 ooaoia i?aaenoaaeai
aeaoiy aeaiooaoaie. Naiaoi?u ecae?athony ia oanoue eao a oa aea n?iee,
/oi e iaeaoa i?aaenoaaeoaeae. Ii a ioee/ea io iineaaeiae eaaeaeua aeaa
aiaea ninoaa naiaoa ia?aecae?aaony oieueei ia iaeio o?aoue. Yoi
ianoiyoaeuenoai i?eaeaao naiaoo iniaue noaoon iinoiyiii aeaenoaothuaai
i?aaia. Iniaay ?ieue naiaoa ii?aaeaeyaony oaeaea oai, /oi ca iei ii
Eiinoeoooeee cae?aieai ?yae naiinoiyoaeueiuo iieiiii/ee. “Ii niaaoo e n
niaeaney” naiaoa caeeth/athony iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aeiaiai?u. N iaeia?aiey
naiaoa i?aceaeaio i?iecaiaeeo iacia/aiey ia aeieaeiinoe oaaea?aeueiuo
noaeae e aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe oaaea?aeueiie aaeieieno?aoeee. Iaiaeia
cia/aiea eiaao e iaaieueoie, a n?aaiaiee n iaeaoie i?aaenoaaeoaeae,
ninoaa naiaoa, /oi i?aaeii?aaeaeyao aai ?ieue eae yeeoa?iiai einoeoooa
aeanoe.

Eiinoeoooeeae NOA onoaiiaeaiu neaaeothuea o?aaiaaiey e eaiaeeaeaoai:
naiaoi? aeieaeai aeinoe/ue aic?anoa 30 eao, auoue a?aaeaeaieiii NOA ia
iaiaa 9 eao e aeeoaeai oiai ooaoa, io eioi?iai ii ecae?aaony.

?aaioa eiia?anna iiaiai nicuaa ia/eiaaony a iieaeaiue 3 yiaa?y ia
neaaeothuee aiae iinea i?iaaaeaiey auai?ia.

Canaaeaao eiia?ann a Eaieoieee, a. Aaoeiaoii, Oaaea?aeueiue ie?oa
Eieoiaey.

?ieue eiia?anna a iieeoe/aneii iaoaiecia NOA ii?aaeaeyaony aeaoiy
eiinoeoooeeiiiuie oaeoi?aie: oaaea?aoeaiui ono?ienoaii NOA e iaoaieciii
“?acaeaeaiey aeanoae”. Ia?aue ec ieo ii?aaeaeyao i?aaeiaou aaaeaiey
eiia?anna. Aoi?ie — eiie?aoiua oi?iu e iauai ?aaeecaoeee aeanoiuo
iieiiii/ee eiia?anna.

EIIA?ANN NOA A NO?OEOO?A OAAeA?AOEAIUO IOIIOAIEE

Ni a?aiaie i?eiyoey Eiinoeoooeee NOA 1787 a. a
no?oeoo?ii-ooieoeeiiaeueiuo oa?aeoa?enoeeao aia?eeaineie oaaea?aoeee
iiiaia eciaieeinue. Ia?aiia/aeueii a ninoaa NOA aoiaeeee 13 ooaoia. A
ianoiyuaa a?aiy /enei eo aic?inei aei 50. Eciaieeny e ?aaeueiue iaoaieci
oaaea?aoeaiuo ioiioaiee. Nae/an ii eiaao iaei iauaai n oie iiaeaeueth,
eioi?ay iuneeeanue aaoi?ai Eiinoeoooeee NOA aeaa aaea iacaae.

A iniiaa eiinoeoooeeiiiie iiaeaee eaaeeo i?eioeei aeoaeenoe/aneiai
oaaea?aeecia. Oi?iaeueii, anee neaaeiaaoue eiaeea Eiinoeoooeee,
oaaea?aeueiua i?aaiu e i?aaiu ooaoia iacaaeneiu. N iiiaioa eca?aiey
i?aceaeaioa e eiia?anna NOA — einoeoooia, oi?ie?oaiuo ia iniiaa auai?ia,
i?iaiaeeiuo ii ooaoai, — naycue iaaeaeo ieie ia?uaaaony. Eaaeaeue ec
o?iaiae aeanoe a i?aaeaeao i?aaeinoaaeaiiuo Eiinoeoooeeae i?aa
noaa?aiai. Oaeei iuneeeny oaaea?aeeci “Iooeai-iniiaaoaeyi”. Ii ?aaeueiue
iaoaieci oaaea?aoeee aeaeae io aai ia?aiiniiau. AEeciue ia?aieaoaao
oaaea?aoeeth e ooaou ouny/aie ieoae, eioaa?e?oy eo a aaeeiia oeaeia.

Oi?iaeueii i?aaeiaou aaaeaiey nithca e ooaoia ?aca?aie/aiu aeinoaoi/ii
aeanoei. Eiinoeoooeeiiiie eeieae, ?acaeaeeaoae eo, neoaeeo ia?a/aiue
aii?inia, ioianaiiuo e eiiiaoaioeee eiia?anna. A eo /enei aaoi?u
Eiinoeoooeee aaaee: ?aaoee?iaaiea iaaeaeoooaoiie e aiaoiae oi?aiaee,
/aeaieo iiiaou e ii?aaeaeaiea aa noieiinoe, onoaiiaeaiea ia? e aania,
o/?aaeaeaiea oaaea?aeueiuo i?aaiia aeanoe, iaai? e niaea?aeaiea a?iee e
aiaiii-ii?neiai oeioa, aaaeaiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeae, i?aaiecaoeeth
ii/oiauo neoaea, ?aaeaiaioaoeeth aaoi?neiai i?aaa e aii?inia
i?aaeinoaaeaiey a?aaeaeainoaa, oi?aaeaiea oa??eoi?eaeueiuie aeaaeaieyie
NOA.

Yoio ia?a/aiue aeiiieiai i?eioeeiii “iiae?acoiaaaaiuo” iieiiii/ee.
Onoaiiaeaiiue iineaaeiei ioieoii 8-ai ?acaeaea 1 noaouee ii iaaeaeyao
eiia?ann “i?aaii ecaeaaaoue ana caeiiu, eioi?ua iaiaoiaeeiu e oianoiu
aeey i?eaaaeaiey a aeaenoaea auoaia?a/eneaiiuo iieiiii/ee e anao ae?oaeo
iieiiii/ee, i?aaeinoaaeaiiuo ianoiyuae Eiinoeoooeeae
i?aaeoaeuenoao Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoia”.

A i?ioeanna ?acaeoey oaaea?aoeaiuo ioiioaiee aeaiiay ii?ia nua?aea aaeaa
ee ia ?aoathuoth ?ieue a ?anoe?aiee i?aa eiia?anna. Naiaiaeiia aa
oieeiaaiea Aa?oiaiui noaeii NOA ooaa?aeeei ca iei eneeth/eoaeueiua i?aaa
a iaeanoe oeiainia e aaoi?neiai i?aaa, iicaieeei nicaeaoue oeaeinoiue
naiae oaieiaiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, ea?athuaai ca ia?ooaiey
oaaea?aeueiiai i?aaa.

Ii iaeaieaa oe?ieiio oieeiaaieth iiaeaa?aeanue ii?ia i ?aaoee?iaaiee
iaaeaeoooaoiie oi?aiaee. Aua a 1824 a. a naiai ?aoaiee Aa?oiaiue noae
NOA iiae/a?eioe: “Oi?aiaey… — yoi ia/oi aieueoaa, /ai i?inoi oi?aiaey.
Yoi — aeaeaeaiea oiaa?ia e ioiioaiey”. Iicaeiaa, a 1851 a. iiiyoeth
iaaeaeoooaoiie oi?aiaee auei aeaii oaeoe/anee anaiauaiethuaa cia/aiea.
Iii, ii iiaieth Aa?oiaiiai noaea, aeieaeii auei ioaaouaaoue ana aii?inu,
o?aaothuea “aaeeiiai i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey”. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy oi?ioea
Eiinoeoooeee i ?aaoee?iaaiee iaaeaeoooaoiie oi?aiaee eaaeeo a iniiaa
ianneaiiai naiaea caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, ioaaouaathuaai aii?inu oi?aiaiai e
o?oaeiaiai i?aaa, io?aiu i?e?iaeu.

I?eioeei “iiae?acoiaaaaiuo” iieiiii/ee iicaieee ooaa?aeeoue aa?oiaainoai
oaaea?aoeee e oaaea?aeueiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ai iiiaeo iaeanoyo
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie e iieeoe/aneie aeecie. Ii i?aaeaeu aai
i?eiaiaiey ia aaca?aie/iu. A eiia/iii n/aoa ii aeieaeai iie?aoueny ia
“aoeao” Eiinoeoooeee, eiaoue oioy au ioaeaeaiiia ioiioaiea e oai
iieiiii/eyi, eioi?ua ia?a/eneaiu a naiii oaenoa Iniiaiiai caeiia. A oio
i?iaae, eioi?ue aicieeaao a iainiiaaiee aeanoe eiia?anna, ainiieiyaony
aeieo?eiie “i?enoueo” aio iieiiii/ee. Iie, eae ooaa?aeaeaao Aa?oiaiue
noae NOA, iaioaeaeeiu io naiiai iiiyoey ainoaea?noaaiiiai noaa?aieoaoa.

Eiinoeoooeey NOA ia ia?aie/eaaaony onoaiiaeaieai noa?u eneeth/eoaeueiiai
aaaeaiey eiia?anna. Ai-ia?auo, onoaiaaeeaaaony noa?a “niaiaaeathueo”
i?aa oaaea?aoeee e ooaoia. E eo /eneo ioiinyony caeiiioai?/anoai e
i?aaii?eiaiaiea a iaeanoe a?aaeaeaineeo i?aa, iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey,
?aaeaiaioaoeee aeayoaeueiinoe ei?ii?aoeee, iaania/aiey “anaiauaai
aeaaininoiyiey”. Oeacaiiua aii?inu ioianaiu e aaaeaieth e nithca, e
ooaoia. Ii ia?eoaoiiai eo o/anoey a yoeo aii?inao iao, oae eae a
niioaaonoaee n aeieo?eiie “i?aeiouanoaaiiuo i?aa” eiia?anna
aeaenoaothuei i?eciaaony oaaea?aeueiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, a ia
anooieaoaa a i?ioeai?a/ea n iei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ooaoia.

Aeaeaa, eiinoeoooeeiiiue iaoaieci ?aca?aie/aiey i?aaeiaoia aaaeaiey
aeiiieiyaony ia?a/iai oao aii?inia, eioi?ua ia iiaeeaaeao ?aaeaiaioaoeee
ni noi?iiu oaaea?aoeee e ooaoia. E oaaea?aoeee, e ooaoai cai?auaaony
iaeaaaoue iaeiaii yenii?o, aeaeiaaoue aeai?yineea oeooeu, aeiioneaoue
?aaiaeaaeaiea, ia?ooaoue niioaaonoaothuea o?aaiaaiey Aeeey i i?aaao.
E?iia oiai, oaaea?aoeee cai?auaaony aaiaeeoue i?yiua iaeiae
aacioiineoaeueii e /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey ooaoia, onoaiaaeeaaoue
aeene?eieiaoeeiiiua einaaiiua iaeiae, i?aaeinoaaeyoue oi?aiaua
i?eaeeaaee, eciaiyoue a?aieoeu ooaoia aac eo niaeaney.

Ooaou, a naith i/a?aaeue, ia ai?aaa caeeth/aoue iaaeaeoia?iaeiua
aeiaiai?u e niaeaoaiey n ae?oaeie ooaoaie aac niaeaney eiia?anna,
/aeaieoue iiiaoo, niaea?aeaoue aienea a ie?iia a?aiy, i?eieiaoue caeiiu,
ia?ooathuea iaycaoaeuenoaa ii aeiaiai?ai, a oaeaea oaaea?aeueioth
Eiinoeoooeeth, caeiiu e aeiaiai?u, i?eiyoua eee caeeth/aiiua ia aa
iniiaa.

A naiii oaenoa Eiinoeoooeee noa?a eiiiaoaioeee ooaoia ia cae?aieyaony.
Ca i?aaiaie aeanoe ooaoia nio?aiyaony “inoaoi/iay” eiiiaoaioeey, o.a. oa
aii?inu, eioi?ua ia ioianaiu Iniiaiui caeiiii e i?aeoeeie aai oieeiaaiey
e aaaeaieth oaaea?aoeee e ia aeeth/aiu a /enei niaoeeaeueiuo ia?aie/aiee
e cai?auaiee (X iii?aaea e Eiinoeoooeee).

Oi?iaeueii a aii?inu aaaeaiey ooaoia aiaoeaaoueny eiia?ann ia ai?aaa. A
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe aea aeaei ianoieo ia nianai oae. Ia oa??eoi?ee ooaoia
iiaoo aaiaeeoueny aienea a neo/aa aioo?aiieo aanii?yaeeia e
iaiaoiaeeiinoe caueou oaaea?aeueiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa io naieo ooaoia.
A oaaea?aeueiuo noaeao iiaeao auoue aicaoaeaeaii oaieiaiia
i?aneaaeiaaiea aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe ooaoia, aeiiaiuo a ia?ooaiee
oaaea?aeueiiai i?aaa. Ii iaeaieaa iiuiie inoaaony “aeanoue eioaeueea”.

Niaeanii Eiinoeoooeee, “eiia?ann eiaao i?aai onoaiaaeeaaoue e aceiaoue
iaeiae n aeioiaeia, eaeei au ie aue enoi/iee eo iinooieaiee” (XVI
iii?aaea). Eniieuecoy yoi i?aai, eiia?ann a 1986 a. n i?eiyoeai caeiia i
?aoi?ia iaeiaiaiai i?aaa eeoee ooaou oeaeiai ?yaea athaeaeaoiuo
enoi/ieeia. Oae, iai?eia?, a 1987 a. iaeiaiaua iinooieaiey ooaoia n
oi?aiaiai iai?ioa ninoaaeee oieueei 5,2 ie?ae aeiee., /oi auei ii/oe a 2
?aca iaiueoa oie noiiu (10,2 ie?ae aeiee.), eioi?ay auea iieo/aia eie
1985 a. Oaaee/eeanue caaeneiinoue ooaoia io i?ia?aii ieacaiey iiiiue,
eioi?ua i?eieiaao eiia?ann. Oeiainiaay aea iiiiuue ni noi?iiu
oaaea?aoeee nii?iaiaeaeaaony ?yaeii oneiaee, eioi?ua iicaieytho
eiia?anno ?aaeueii aeeyoue ia iieeoeeo a ooaoao.

Ii?aaeaeea iauai iieiiii/ee eiia?anna ii aa?oeeaee (ii eeiee
“oaaea?aoeey” — “ooaou”), ?anniio?ei aii?in i ?iee eiia?anna a no?oeoo?a
iieeoe/aneie aeanoe ii ai?eciioaee (ii eeiee “eiia?ann — i?aceaeaio —
Aa?oiaiue noae NOA”).

EIIA?ANN A NENOAIA ?ACAeAEAIEss AEANOAE

Iauay oa?aeoa?enoeea i?eioeeia ?acaeaeaiey aeanoae

A iniiao oi?ie?iaaiey i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiie aeanoe iieiaeai i?eioeei
?acaeaeaiey aeanoae. Niaeanii yoiio i?eioeeio, caeiiiaeaoaeueiay aeanoue
i?eiaaeeaaeeo eiia?anno, eniieieoaeueiay — i?aceaeaioo, noaeaaiay —
Aa?oiaiiio e ieaeanoiyuei oaaea?aeueiui noaeai.

Ii eiinoeoooeee, ana o?e aaoae aeanoe oi?ie?othony ?acee/iui ia?acii.
Eiia?ann ecae?aaony iaiin?aaenoaaiii ianaeaieai, i?aceaeaio — eieeaaeae
auai?ueeia, Aa?oiaiue noae — niaianoii i?aceaeaioii e naiaoii. ?acee/iu
n?iee eo iieiiii/ee. I?aaenoaaeoaee ecae?athony ia aeaa, naiaoi?u — ia
oanoue, i?aceaeaio — ia /aou?a aiaea; oaaea?aeueiua noaeuee i?aauaatho a
aeieaeiinoe iiaeeciaiii. Ii eiaeea Eiinoeoooeee, iiaeiaiue ii?yaeie
oi?ie?iaaiey aeieaeai aue cae?aieoue iacaaeneiia iieiaeaiea eaaeaeie ec
o?ao aaoaae aeanoe e ooaa?aeeoue ca ieie a ii?aaeaeaiiuo e aeanoei
i/a?/aiiuo ?aieao niioaaonoaothuoth ooieoeeiiaeueioth eiiiaoaioeeth.
Iaeiaei ?acaeoea iioei ii ae?oaiio iooe. A naiie Eiinoeoooeee auee
caeiaeaiu ii?iu, o?ainoi?ie?othuea o?aaeeoeeiiioth noaio ?acaeaeaiey
aeanoae. A aeaeueiaeoai iie auee iaiieiaiu iiaui niaea?aeaieai,
eciaieaoei oo iiaeaeue, eioi?ay i?aaenoaaeyeanue “iooeai-iniiaaoaeyi”.
Yoi eanaaony eae noa? aeayoaeueiinoe, oae e oi?i acaeiiioiioaiee o?ao
aaoaae aeanoe.

Nianoaaiii, a ianoiyuaa a?aiy ia iiaeao eaeoe ?a/ue i eaeii-eeai
aaniethoiii ?acaeaeaiee aeanoae eeai i /aoeii ?acaeaeaiee eo
eiiiaoaioeee. Eiia?ann oo?aoee eneeth/eoaeueiia i?aai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaiaaoue. Ca i?aceaeaioii e iiiaeie aaaeiinoaaie
cae?aieaii i?aai ia i?eiyoea ii?iioai?/aneeo aeoia. Iii auaiaeeony eeai
ec “i?enoueo” i?aceaeaioo iieiiii/ee, eeai aeaeaae?oaony naiei
eiia?annii.

Ii nooe caeiiioai?/aneie yaeyaony e aeayoaeueiinoue noaeaaiie aeanoe. A
i?aaiaoth nenoaio eiinoeoooeeiiiua e caeiiiaeaoaeueiua ii?iu
i?aeiouanoaaiii aoiaeyo a aeaea i?aoeaaeaioia — noaeaaiuo ?aoaiee, a
eioi?uo aeaii oieeiaaiea eiinoeoooeeiiiuo e caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo ii?i e
eioi?ui noaeu aeieaeiu neaaeiaaoue i?e ?ac?aoaiee noiaeiuo aeae.

Ia inoaaony iai?eeiniiaaiiie e noa?a ooieoeeiiaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe
eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe. Oae, iai?eia?, noaeu eiatho i?aai ecaeaaaoue
i?eeacu, iaycuaathuea aaeieieno?aoeaiua i?aaiu auiieieoue eeai
aicaea?aeaoueny io auiieiaiey oao eee eiuo aeaenoaee. A naith i/a?aaeue,
eiia?ann, i?eieiay ?aciethoeee eee /anoiua aeeee (ni. ieaea),
inouanoaeyao a iaeioi?ie noaiaie ooieoeee oi?aaeaiey e ?anii?yaeaiey a
ioiioaiee eae iiae/eiaiiuo, oae e ia iiae/eiaiiuo aio i?aaiia e eeoe.

Iiaeiaiia ia?aieaoaiea ooieoeee neoaeeo oeaee aieaa iieiiai
i?eniiniaeaiey iaoaiecia i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiie aeanoe e caaea/ai e
o?aaiaaieyi, eioi?ua iinoaaeaiu ?acaeoeai iauanoaa.

Ooieoeeiie?iaaiea nenoaiu ?acaeaeaiey aeanoae aeiiieiyaony e ai iiiaii
ii?aaeaeyaony aeaenoaeai nenoaiu “naea?aeae e i?ioeaiaania”, iniauo
eiinoeoooeeiiiuo iaoiaeia e oi?i, iicaieythueo iaeo?aeeciaaoue eeai
naea?aeaoue aeaenoaey eaeie-eeai ec aaoaae aeanoe. A ?oeao eiia?anna
iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiui n?aaenoaii aicaeaenoaey auea “aeanoue eioaeueea”.
I?aceaeaioo, a naith i/a?aaeue, auei i?aaeinoaaeaii i?aai aaoi, eioi?ia
eiia?ann iia i?aiaeieaoue eeoue eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiui aieueoeinoaii
aieinia. Iaeiiaoe, Aa?oiaiue noae NOA aue iaaeaeai i?aaii
eiinoeoooeeiiiiai iaaeci?a. Iaoa?eaeueiie iniiaie aai neoaeeei
ii?iaoeaiia, a aeaea i?aoeaaeaioia, oieeiaaiea Eiinoeoooeee NOA, a
n?aaenoaii i?aeoe/aneie ?aaeecaoeee — i?aai ioeaca a i?eiaiaiee oao
caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo ii?i (e oaaea?aoeee, e ooaoia), eioi?ua i?ioeai?a/eee
Eiinoeoooeee NOA, oae, eae iia i?aaenoaaeyeanue noaeo.

Iieiiii/ey eiia?anna a iaeanoe aioo?aiiae iieeoeee

Iaeaieaa iieii ?ieue eiia?anna a nenoaia ?acaeaeaiey aeanoae
?ane?uaaaony a oao ooieoeeyo, eioi?uie iaaeaeai ii ii Eiinoeoooeee. A
?aieao ianeieueei oi?iuaiiie noaiu iie iiaoo auoue i?aaenoaaeaiu a
neaaeothuai aeaea: 1. I?eiyoea caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa; 2. Athaeaeao e
oeiainu; 3. Oi?ie?iaaiea aiia?aoa eniieieoaeueiie e noaeaaiie aeanoe; 4.
Eiio?ieue ca aeayoaeueiinoueth i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiiai aiia?aoa; 5.
Inouanoaeaiea eaacenoaeaaiuo ooieoeee; 6. ?aaoee?iaaiea
iaaei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. E yoiio ia?a/ith neaaeoao aeiaaaeoue
oa ooieoeee, eioi?ua ia io?aaeaiu a Eiinoeoooeee, ii eioi?ua ai iiiaii
ii?aaeaeytho ?ieue eiia?anna. E iiaeiaiui iaeiinoeoooeeiiiui ooieoeeyi
iiaoo auoue ioianaiu i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoai ia?oee, nioeeaeueiuo neiaa e
a?oii, iauanoaaiiuo e i?ioanneiiaeueiuo i?aaiecaoeee; o/anoea a
oi?ie?iaaiee iauanoaaiiiai iiaiey; ii?aaeaeaiea iieeoe/aneie eeiee
?acaeoey e o.ae.

Caeiiioai?/anoai. Ii oi?ia aeou eiia?anna ?acee/athony ia aeeee
(caeiiu), ?aciethoeee e i?eeacu.

Aeeee, eioi?ua iinea iaeia?aiey eo i?aceaeaioii eeai i?aiaeieaiey aai
aaoi noaiiayony caeiiaie (aeoaie, noaoooaie), iiae?acaeaeythony ia
ioaee/iua aeeee e /anoiua aeeee. Ia?aua yaeythony aeoaie iauaai
aeaenoaey. Aoi?ua — aeoaie eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai i?eiaiaiey eee eieaeueiiai
aeaenoaey.

Eiia?ann i?eieiaao o?e aeaea ?aciethoeee: niaianoiua, niaiaaeathuea e
i?inoua. Niaianoiua ?aciethoeee i?aeoe/anee ia ioee/athony io aeeeae ie
ii ii?yaeeo eo i?ioiaeaeaiey, ie ii oa?aeoa?o eo ?aaeaiaioaoeee.
Ia?aaeei eciaiaiey a aeaenoaothuea caeiiu aiinyony niaianoiuie
?aciethoeeyie, e, iaiai?io, eciaiaiey a niaianoiua ?aciethoeee —
caeiiaie. Eae e aeeee, niaianoiua ?aciethoeee ia?aaeathony ia iiaeienue
i?aceaeaioa. A oi?ia niaianoiuo ?aciethoeee i?eieiathony i?iaeou
eiinoeoooeeiiiuo iii?aaie. A neo/aa eo iaeia?aiey aieueoeinoaii a aeaa
o?aoe aieinia iaaeo iaeao iie, aac naieoeee i?aceaeaioa, ionueathony
caeiiiaeaoaeueiui nia?aieyie ooaoia aeey ?aoeoeeaoeee.

Niaiaaeathuea ?aciethoeee eanathony aeaaiui ia?acii aeayoaeueiinoe iaaeo
iaeao, ia eiatho ii?iaoeaiiai oa?aeoa?a e ia ioaeaeathony a naieoeee
i?aceaeaioa. Oaeoe/anee neea niaiaaeathueo ?aciethoeee ?ani?ino?aiyaony
oieueei ia eiia?ann.

I?inoua ?aciethoeee i?eieiathony eaaeaeie ec iaeao a ioaeaeueiinoe e a
iniiaiii ?aaeaiaioe?otho aii?inu aioo?aiiae i?aaiecaoeee iaeao.

I?eeacu i?eieiathony oaeaea eaaeaeie iaeaoie a ioaeaeueiinoe e
niaea?aeao ?anii?yaeaiey, eiathuea eiaeeaeaeoaeueiia i?eiaiaiea.

A n?aaeiai ca aiae eiia?ann i?eieiaao aei 700 e aieaa aeeeae e
?aciethoeee ec iauaai /enea 3-5 ouny/ aianaiiuo ia aai ?anniio?aiea
i?iaeoia.

Oa?aeoa?ecoy caeiiioai?/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue eiia?anna, iaiaoiaeeii
iiae/a?eiooue: iia iaoiaeeony iiae cia/eoaeueiui aeeyieai i?aceaeaioa.
Ii ii?aaeaeyao ai iiiaii ia oieueei i?ia?aiio caeiiiaeaoaeueiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, ii e eiio?iee?oao aanue i?ioeann caeiiioai?/anoaa.

Ii iaeioi?ui ioeaieai, ii eieoeeaoeaa i?aceaeaioa eeai eiuo iiae/eiaiiuo
aio i?aaiia e eeoe a eiia?ann iinooiaao aei 30 i?ioeaioia anao
caeiiii?iaeoia. Oi?iaeueii eniieieoaeueiay aeanoue eeoaia i?aaa
caeiiiaeaoaeueiie eieoeeaoeau. Aianoe a iaeaoo i?iaeo iiaeao oieueei
naiaoi? eee /eai iaeaou i?aaenoaaeoaeae. Iaeiaei ?acoeueoaoeaiinoue
eieoeeaoea i?aceaeaioa io yoiai ie/ooue ia nieaeaaony. Aei 50% i?iaeoia,
i?aaeeiaeaiiuo eniieieoaeueiie aeanoueth, eiia?ann iaeia?yao.

Iaeaieaa iiuiui n?aaenoaii aicaeaenoaey i?aceaeaioa, eae e i?aaeaea,
inoaaony i?aai aaoi (ioeeiiyaony aanue i?iaeo a oeaeii), eioi?ia
eiia?ann iiaeao i?aiaeieaoue eeoue i?e iiaoi?iii iaeia?aiee
caeiiii?iaeoa aieueoeinoaii a aeaa o?aoe aieinia. Ia?aaeei oieueei
oa?ica i?eiaiaiey aaoi auioaeaeaao caeiiiaeaoaeae aieaa aieiaoaeueii
ioianoenue e cai?inai e caia/aieyi ni noi?iiu i?aceaeaioa. Yoa iiceoeey
eiaao iiae niaie aeinoaoi/iua iniiaaiey. Eiia?anno oaeaaony i?aiaeieaoue
ia aieaa o?ao i?ioeaioia io iauaai /enea i?aceaeaioneeo aaoi.

Athaeaeao e oeiainu. Oi?iaeueii, ii Eiinoeoooeee, i?aceaeaio eeoai
eaeeo-eeai iieiiii/ee a yoie iaeanoe. Oieueei eiia?ann eiaao i?aai
onoaiaaeeaaoue e aceiaoue iaeiae, iioeeiu, iiaeaoe e aeoeeciua nai?u.
Caeiu io eiaie Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoia iiaeao oaeaea caeeth/aoue oieueei
eiia?ann. Iaeiiaoe, “/aeaiea iiiaou” eee yienney aeaiaa e auaea/a aeaiaa
ec eacia/aenoaa iiaoo i?iecaiaeeoueny oieueei ii caeiio eiia?anna.

Iaeiaei oaea n 1921 a. iiaeaioiaea athaeaeaoa, a aiineaaenoaee e
iaeaieaa e?oiiuo oeiainiauo aeeeae auea ia?aii?o/aia eniieieoaeueiie
aeanoe. Oaeoe/anee a yoie iaeanoe eieoeeaoeaa ia?aoea e i?aceaeaioo,
oioy eiia?ann e nio?aiee ca niaie aeinoaoi/iue aan. Caeiiiaeaoaee
naiinoiyoaeueii ?aoatho aii?in ia oaaee/aiee, nie?auaiee eeai
iaaeiiouaiee anneaiiaaiee, cai?aoeaaaiuo eniieieoaeueiie aeanoueth.
Ia?aaeei naie ii?aaeaeytho, ia eaeea oeaee e a eaeii iauaia iaiaoiaeeiu
anneaiiaaiey.

Athaeaeao, i?eieiaaiue a oi?ia niaiaaeathuae ?aciethoeee, ia eiaao
iaycaoaeueiie neeu, ii ii neoaeeo iniiaie aeey i?eiyoey oeiainiauo
aeeeae.

Iineaaeiea i?eieiathony a aeaoo oi?iao. Ia?aiia/aeueii i?eieiaaony
?ac?aoathuee aeeeue, a eioi?ii i?aaeoniao?eaaaony inouanoaeaiea
ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?iaeoia e eo oeiaine?iaaiea. Iaeiaei ieeaeea auieaou ia
iniiaaiee oaeiai caeiia ia i?iecaiaeyony. Aeey yoiai iaiaoiaeeii
i?eiyoea aeeey ia anneaiiaaieyo, a eioi?ii eacia/aenoao aeaaony
?anii?yaeaiea i auaeaeaiee niioaaonoaothueo aeaiaaeiuo noii. Iaa yoeo
caeiiii?iaeoa ia?aaeathony ia iiaeienue i?aceaeaioa, eioi?ue iiaeao
iaeiaeeoue ia ieo aaoi. Oeiainiaue aiae a NOA ia/eiaaony 1 ieoya?y
i?aaeuaeouaai eaeaiaea?iiai aiaea.

?anniao?eaay aii?in i oeiainao, iaiaoiaeeii neacaoue ia “eiiaoiaeiaioa”
— ioeaca i?aceaeaioa ?anoiaeiaaoue aeaiueae, auaeaeaiiua ii caeiio
eiia?annii. N 1974 a. ii?aaeaeai neaaeothuee ii?yaeie ?ac?aoaiey
iiaeiaiuo eiioeeeoia. I?aceaeaio aeieaeai ia?aoeoueny e eiia?anno ni
niaoeeaeueiui iineaieai, a eioi?ii aeaaony iauyniaiea i?e/ei, iiaeaeoeo
ioeac io eniieueciaaiey eeai i?einoaiiaeo ?anoiaeiaaiey anneaiiaaiiuo
n?aaenoa. I?aiaeieaoue “naaioaae” i?aceaeaioa eiia?ann iiaeao, i?eiya
naieoeeiie?othuee anneaiiaaiey aeeeue.

Oi?ie?iaaiea eiuo ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia. Oi?iaeueii aii?inu
i?aaiecaoeee e no?oeoo?u eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe, iieiiii/ee
oi?aaeai/aneeo i?aaiia aeieaeiu ?aaeaiaioe?iaaoueny caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii.
Iaeiaei eiia?ann aeaaii (n 1939 a.) onooiee yoi i?aai eniieieoaeueiie
aeanoe. ?aaeecoaony iii i?aceaeaioii iin?aaenoaii ieaiia ?ai?aaiecaoeee.
Yoe oaeou, niaeanii caeiio, aeieaeiu i?aaenoaaeyoueny ia ooaa?aeaeaiea
eiia?anna, eioi?ue iiaeao a oa/aiea 60 eaeaiaea?iuo aeiae eo ioeeiieoue.
Aei 1977 a. iieiiii/ey i?aceaeaioa ii ?ai?aaiecaoeee eniieieoaeueiie
aeanoe oaeoe/anee ia ia?aie/eaaeenue. Aiineaaenoaee ii caeiio ca iei
nio?aieeinue i?aai ia ?ai?aaiecaoeeth i?aeiouanoaaiii aoi?inoaiaiiuo
no?oeoo? eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe. *oi aea eanaaony e?oiiuo
?ai?aaiecaoeeiiiuo ?aoi?i (oi?acaeiaiea ieienoa?noa e iacaaeneiuo
aaeieieno?aoeaiuo aaaionoa e i?.), i?iaiaeeoueny iie aeieaeiu ii caeiio
eiia?anna.

Niaeanii Eiinoeoooeee, iacia/aiea “iineia… noaeae Aa?oiaiiai noaea e
anao ae?oaeo eeoe, iacia/aiea eioi?uo Eiinoeoooeeae ia i?aaeoniio?aii a
eiii ii?yaeea e aeieaeiinoe eioi?uo onoaiiaeaiu caeiiii” i?iecaiaeyony
i?aceaeaioii ii niaaoo e n niaeaney naiaoa (no. II, ?acae.2). A iauae
neiaeiinoe naiao ooaa?aeaeaao ianeieueei aeanyoeia ouny/ eaiaeeaeaoia ia
aeieaeiinoe a?aaeaeaineie e aiaiiie aaeieieno?aoeee. A aieueoeinoaa
naiai iie ooaa?aeaeathony nieneii. *oi aea eanaaony eaiaeeaeaoo? ia
aunoea aeieaeiinoe a aaeieieno?aoeee e a Aa?oiaiii noaea, ooaa?aeaeaiea
eo i?ienoiaeeo ioaeaeueii, caieiay eiiaaea ianeieueei ianyoeaa. A oeaeii
naiao iiaeoiaeeo e ooaa?aeaeaieth iacia/aiee ia eeth/aaua iinou
aeinoaoi/ii aeanoei. Oae, iai?eia?, a 1986 a. ec 488 iacia/aiee ia
aunoea aeieaeiinoe naiao ooaa?aeee oieueei 411. 69 eaiaeeaeaoia ia auee
ooaa?aeaeaiu, 8 naie niyee naie eaiaeeaeaoo?u.

Iaiaoiaeeii neacaoue ianeieueei neia ia yeno?ai?aeeia?iie i?ioeaaeo?a
iacia/aiey i?aceaeaioa e aeoea-i?aceaeaioa. Ii Eiinoeoooeee, iie
ecae?athony eieeaaeae auai?ueeia, eioi?ua eca?aiu ianaeaieai. Iaeiaei a
oii neo/aa, anee ie iaeei i?aoaiaeaio ia eiaao aaniethoiiai aieueoeinoaa
aieinia, eca?aiea i?aceaeaioa ec /enea o?ao eaiaeeaeaoia, iaa?aaoeo
iaeaieueoaa /enei aieinia, inouanoaeyao iaeaoa i?aaenoaaeoaeae. A
aiaeiae/iie neooaoeee aeoea-i?aceaeaioa ec /enea aeaoo eaiaeeaeaoia,
iaa?aaoeo iaeaieueoaa /enei aieinia, ecae?aao naiao.

Eiio?ieue ca aeayoaeueiinoueth i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiiai aiia?aoa.
O?aaeeoeeiiii iaeaieaa aeaenoaaiiui n?aaenoaii aicaeaenoaey auea e
inoaaony “aeanoue eioaeueea”. Ia?aaeei oieueei oa?ica nie?auaiey
anneaiiaaiee auioaeaeaao i?aceaeaioa eee ioaeaeueiua caaiuey
eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe aieaa aieiaoaeueii i?eneooeaaoueny e o?aaiaaieyi
eiia?anna e o/eouaaoue aiciiaeioth aai ?aaeoeeth ia oa eee eiua eo
aeaenoaey.

Noieue aea eniuoaiiui n?aaenoaii inoaaony i?aai iinoiyiiuo e
?anneaaeiaaoaeueneeo eiieoaoia eiia?anna i?iaiaeeoue ?anneaaeiaaiey
aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo i?aaiia. Aeinoaoi/ii iaiiiieoue, /oi a
?acoeueoaoa ?anneaaeiaaiey th?eaee/aneiai eiieoaoa iaeaou
i?aaenoaaeoaeae a 1974 a. ?.Ieenii aue auioaeaeai oeoe a ionoaaeo n
iinoa i?aceaeaioa. Ia iaiueooth ecaanoiinoue i?eia?aee ?anneaaeiaaiey
aeayoaeueiinoe OA?, Oe?O, aoa?u “E?ai — eiio?an”.

Aei iaaeaaiaai a?aiaie a a?naiaea eiia?anna auei e oaeia yooaeoeaiia
n?aaenoai, eae caeiiiaeaoaeueiia aaoi. Iin?aaenoaii aai eiia?ann iia
aiioee?iaaoue eeai i?einoaiiaeoue aeaenoaey aeoia eniieieoaeueiie
aeanoe, i?eieiay eae niaiaaeathuea ?aciethoeee, oae e i?inoua
?aciethoeee iaeiie ec iaeao. Iaeiaei a 1983 a. Aa?oiaiue noae NOA
i?eciae aai i?eiaiaiea iaeiinoeoooeeiiiui, ioeeeoeoee?iaaa iieiaeaiey
iaiiiaei iaiaa 200 caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia eiia?anna e eeoea iineaaeiaai
aeaenoaaiiie oi?iu eiio?iey.

Eaacenoaeaaiua ooieoeee. E eaacenoaeaaiui ooieoeeyi eiia?anna ioiinyony:
ioeaiea niioaaonoaey /eaiia eiia?anna onoaiiaeaiiui Eiinoeoooeeae
oeaicai e noae eiie/iaioa. Ia?aia iieiiii/ea ia eiaao aieueoiai cia/aiey
ie aeey aeayoaeueiinoe naiiai eiia?anna, ie aeey ii?aaeaeaiey aai
oaeoe/aneie ?iee. Eiia aeaei — eiie/iaio.

Eiie/iaio — iniaay i?ioeaaeo?a, caeinoaiaaiiay aaoi?aie Eiinoeoooeee ec
ia?eaiaioneie i?aeoeee Aiaeee. Nooue aai naiaeeony e neaaeothuaio.
Noauaeoaie ioaaonoaaiiinoe yaeythony i?aceaeaio, aeoea-i?aceaeaio,
noaeuee e aeieaeiinoiua eeoea eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe. Iniiaaiea
i?eaea/aiey e noaeo eiie/iaioa — “eciaia, acyoi/ie/anoai eee eiia
oyaeeia i?anooieaiea” (no. II, ?acae. 4). Eieoeeaoeaa aicaoaeaeaiey
eiie/iaioa i?eiaaeeaaeeo iaeaoa i?aaenoaaeoaeae, inouanoaeaiea noaea —
naiaoo. Iaeiaei eiie/iaio oieueei ii iacaaieth e ii?aaeaeaiiiio
noiaenoao n noaeii?iecaiaenoaii iiaeao n/eoaoueny noaeii. Ii nooe — yoi
“iieeoe/aneee i?ioeann”, oeaeue eioi?iai iono?aieoue io aeieaeiinoe
aeiiaiuo a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey eee i?inooieia, /oi, ai?i/ai, a
aeaeueiaeoai ia inaiaiaeaeaao eo io iau/iie noaeaaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe. A
enoi?ee NOA naiao eeoue a 12 neo/ayo aunooiae a ?iee noaea eiie/iaioa. E
oieueei a /aou?ao ec ieo aue auianai iaaeieoaeueiue aa?aeeeo. Ii e
i?aoiaiueoaoue aai cia/aiea ia noieo. A 1974 a. oieueei oa?ica noaea
eiie/iaioa canoaaeea ?.Ieeniia oeoe a ionoaaeo.

Iaaei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua ioiioaiey. Aii?in i oi?iao acaeiiioiioaiee
iaaeaeo eiia?annii e i?aaeoaeuenoaaie ooaoia ?anniio?ai auoa. Caeanue
aea iaiaoiaeeii aeiiieieoue aai naaaeaieyie i oii, eae inouanoaeyaony
naycue iaaeaeo ieie. Yoe aii?inu Eiinoeoooeeae e caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ia
?aaeaiaioe?iaaiu. Iaeiaei i?aeoeeie, a oii /enea e noaeaaiie,
ooaa?aeaeaiu aeinoaoi/ii aeanoeea i?aaeea.

Oae, eiia?ann ia eiaao i?aaa oeacuaaoue eeai aeaaaoue ?anii?yaeaiey
i?aaeoaeuenoaai ooaoia. Aeaaea iineaiey e ooaoai i ?aoeoeeaoeee
eiinoeoooeeiiiuo iii?aaie ia nicaeatho th?eaee/anee iaycaoaeueiiai
o?aaiaaiey ii eo ?anniio?aieth. A naith i/a?aaeue, e i?aaiu ooaoia ia
ai?aaa aeeeoiaaoue naith aieth oai aeaiooaoai, eioi?ua i?aaenoaaeytho a
eiia?anna eo ooaou. Eaaeaeue ec ieo eiaao eiaaenoia — naieo “oiaeaoaaa”
i?e Eaieoieee. Naie i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa eiatho e iiiaea eiinoeueoaoeaiua
i?aaiu, eii?aeeie?othuea oneeey ooaoia, — Niaao i?aaeoaeuenoa ooaoia.
Iaoeeiiaeueiay eiioa?aioeey eaaeneaoo?. Iaoeeiiaeueiay annioeeaoeey
aoaa?iaoi?ia, Iaoeeiiaeueiay a?aaeaeaineay eeaa (aei 1986 a. —
Iaoeeiiaeueiay ioieoeeiaeueiay eeaa) e ae?.

I?eieiay caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai e ooaa?aeaeay anneaiiaaiey, eiia?ann
ii?aaeaeyao ?acaeoea oaaea?aoeaiuo ioiioaiee ii aa?oeeaee. A oi aea
a?aiy ii eiio?iee?oao eo e ii ai?eciioaee. Ioiioaiey iaaeaeo
ioaeaeueiuie ooaoaie aeieaeiu ioi?ieyoueny ia aeiaiai?iie iniiaa, a
niaeaoaiey iaaeaeo ooaoaie — iaeia?youeny eiia?annii. Aac naieoeee
iineaaeiaai aeiioneaaony caeeth/aiea oieueei oao niaeaoaiee, eioi?ua “ia
oaaee/eaatho iieeoe/aneoth aeanoue ooaoia e ia oa?iaeatho aa?oiaainoao
i?aaeoaeuenoaa Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoia”.

Iieiiii/ey eiia?anna a iaeanoe aiaoiae iieeoeee.

Aii?inu aieiu e ie?a. Ii Eiinoeoooeee, ?aoaiea aii?ina aieiu e ie?a
aiceiaeaii ia eiia?ann. Ii iaaeaeai i?aaii “iauyaeyoue aieio, auaeaaaoue
eaia?neea naeaeaoaeuenoaa e ?ac?aoaiey ia ?ai?annaeee e onoaiaaeeaaoue
i?aaeea ioiineoaeueii caoaaoia ia nooa e ii?a” (no. 1, ?acae.8). I?aai
?aoaoue aii?in i anooieaiee a aiaiiua aeaenoaey aaoi?u Eiinoeoooeee
aaciaiai?i/ii ioianee e eiiiaoaioeee eiia?anna. Aac aai naieoeee
i?aceaeaio iia aaanoe aienea a aiaiiua aeaenoaey oieueei aeey io?aaeaiey
aiacaiiiai iaiaaeaiey ia no?aio e i?e /?acau/aeiii iieiaeaiee. Ii e
oi?iaeueiiio iauyaeaieth aieiu eiia?ann i?eaaaae oieueei a iyoe neo/ayo.
A inoaeueiuo —a eo, ii ioeaieai aia?eeaineeo niaoeeaeenoia, auei aieaa
200 — ?aoaiea i i?eiaiaiee aiaiiie neeu i?eieiaeinue i?aceaeaioii
aaeeiiee/ii.

Eiinoeoooeey iaaeaeeea eiia?ann oe?ieeie eiio?ieueiuie iieiiii/eyie,
eniieueciaaa eioi?ua, ii iia au ia?aie/eoue aeanoue i?aceaeaioa. A no.
1, ?acae. 8 oeacaii: “Eiia?ann eiaao i?aai… iaae?aoue e niaea?aeaoue
a?iee; iaeiaei, ieeaeea aeaiaaeiua anneaiiaaiey aeey yoeo oeaeae ia
aeieaeiu i?iecaiaeeoueny aieaa /ai ia aeaooeaoiee n?ie; nicaeaaaoue e
niaea?aeaoue oeio; ecaeaaaoue i?aaeea ii oi?aaeaieth e i?aaiecaoeee
nooiiooiuo e ii?neeo nee”. Ii aei aieiu ai Aueaoiaia ie iaeei ec yoeo
iaoaieciia ia i?eiaiyeny. E oieueei iinea iaa eiia?ann i?aaei?eiye ?yae
ia?, i?ecaaiiuo ia?aie/eoue aeanoue i?aceaeaioa.

Oeaio?aeueiia ianoi a niaieoiiinoe ia?, i?eiyouo eiia?annii, caieiaao
?aciethoeey i aiaiiuo iieiiii/eyo 1973 a.

A niioaaonoaee n iae i?aceaeaio iiaeao ioaeaoue i?eeac i ia/aea aiaiiuo
aeaenoaee “oieueei a neo/aa iauyaeaiey aieiu, niaoeeaeueiiai ?ac?aoaiey
a oi?ia noaoooa e iauaiaoeeiiaeueiiai /?acau/aeiiai iieiaeaiey,
nicaeaaoaainy a ?acoeueoaoa iaiaaeaiey ia NOA, eo oa??eoi?eth eee
aeaaeaiey, eeai ia eo aii?oaeaiiua neeu”. I?e/ai i?aaeaea /ai i?eiaieoue
aiaiioth neeo, i?aceaeaio “a eaaeaeii aiciiaeiii neo/aa” aeieaeai
eiinoeueoe?iaaoueny n eiia?annii. Anee aiaiiua aeaenoaey ia/aeenue,
i?aceaeaio a oa/aiea 48 /ania iaycai i?aaenoaaeoue eiia?anno aeieeaae a
ienueiaiiii aeaea. Aac naieoeee eiia?anna aiaiiua aeaenoaey iiaoo
i?iaeieaeaoueny ia aieaa 60 aeiae. A e?aeieo neo/ayo “aeey iaania/aiey
auno?iai e aaciianiiai auaiaea” aia?eeaineeo aii?oaeaiiuo nee yoio n?ie
iiaeao auoue i?iaeeai aua ia 30 aeiae. Iaeiaei, anee eiia?ann i?eiao
niaiaaeathuoth eee niaianoioth ?aciethoeeth, a eioi?ie niaea?aeeony
o?aaiaaiea i?ae?aoeoue aiaiiua aeaenoaey, i?aceaeaio iaycai
iiae/eieoueny aei enoa/aiey eae ia?aiai, oae e aoi?iai n?iea.

?aciethoeey 1973 a. ianeieueei ia?aie/eaaao aeanoue i?aceaeaioa. Ii
i?aoaaee/eaaoue aa cia/aiea ia neaaeoao. I?aaeaa?eoaeueiua
eiinoeueoaoeee i?aceaeaioa n eiia?annii i?aeoe/anee ia i?iaiaeyony. Ai
a?aiy aiiaa?aee?iaie Eeaee 1986 a. “eiinoeueoaoeee” ia/aeenue a oi
a?aiy, eiaaea naiieaou oaea caoiaeeee “ia oeaeue”. Aeieeaaeu
i?aceaeaioia eiia?anno iineee noaoai oi?iaeueiue oa?aeoa?. A ?yaea
neo/aaa auee ia?ooaiu o?aaiaaiey ia oneiaeyo i?eiaiaiey aii?oaeaiiuo nee
NOA: a 1980 a. a E?aia i?e iiiuoea inaiaiaeeoue aia?eeaineeo
caeiaeieeia, a 1983 a. — a oiaea eioa?aaioeee ia A?aiaaeo, a 1988 a. a
aiaiiuo aeoeeyo a Ia?neaeneii caeeaa, a aeaeaa?a 1989 a. — a Iaiaia.

Caeeth/aiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?ia. Aeiaiai?u caeeth/athony iiae
iaiin?aaenoaaiiui eiio?ieai i?aceaeaioa e ia?aaeathony ia iaeia?aiea
naiaoa. Nai i?ioeann ?aoeoeeaoeee aeiaiai?ia ninoieo ec aeaoo
naiinoiyoaeueiuo noaaeee: ia ia?aie — naiao ooaa?aeaeaao aeiaiai?u
(aeaao niaao e niaeanea) aieueoeinoaii a aeaa o?aoe aieinia
i?enoonoaothueo naiaoi?ia; ia aoi?ie — i?aceaeaio ii?aaeaeyao ii naiaio
oniio?aieth, neaaeoao ee aio ainiieueciaaoueny iieo/aiiui niaeaneai e
?aoeoeoee?iaaoue aeiaiai?. Iiceoeee naiaoa aaniiu. Iaaea?ii A.Aeeuenii
eae-oi neacae: “I?aceaeaio, i?aaenoaaeythuee naiaoo ia ooaa?aeaeaiea
aeiaiai?, aunooiaao a ?iee neoae, eioi?ue ia?auaaony e naiaio oicyeio n
i?inueaie aeaoue aio niaao”. N eiaiai A.Aeeueniia naycaii e naiia
e?oiiia ii?aaeaiea, eioi?ia eiaaea-eeai oa?iae i?aceaeaio. Naiaoi?u
ioeeiieee Aa?naeueneee aeiaiai? 1919 a., i?aaeoniao?eaaaoee o/anoea NOA
a Eeaa iaoeee. Ia?aaeei i?e ii?aaeaeaiee oa?aeoa?a aeiaiai?iuo
iaycaoaeuenoa eniieieoaeueiay aeanoue auioaeaeaia o/eouaaoue aiciiaeioth
iiiiceoeeth a naiaoa.

Naiao iiaeao ia oieueei ioeeiieoue aeiaiai?, ii e aianoe a iaai iii?aaee
eee iaiai?ee eeai i?inoi ia ?anniao?eaaoue aai. Iii?aaee aiinyo
nouanoaaiiua eciaiaiey a aeiaiai?iua iaycaoaeuenoaa, /oi aea/ao
iaiaoiaeeiinoue aeiiieieoaeueiiai niaeaniaaiey iaaeaeo noi?iiaie ii
aeiaiai?o. Iaiai?ee, ia iaiyy oaenoa aeiaiai?a, eciaiytho a
iaeiinoi?iiiai ii?yaeea oieueei iaycaoaeuenoaa NOA. Ia onooiay iii?aaeai
ii cia/eiinoe, ii nooe iie noaayo ae?oaea ainoaea?noaa a ia?aaiii?aaiia
iieiaeaiea. Iiieii iaiai?ie e iii?aaie naiao a ?aciethoeee ia iaeia?aiee
aeiaiai?ia aeeth/aao e oae iacuaaaiua “iiieiaiey” — cayaeaiey, a eioi?uo
naiao aeaao ii?aaeaeaiea e oieeiaaiea oai eee eiui iieiaeaieyi
aeiaiai?iiai aeoa.

Ia aoi?ie noaaeee ?aoeoeeaoeee noaeueaa aeiaiai?ia iaoiaeeony a ?oeao
i?aceaeaioa. Ii iiaeao ioeacaoueny io i?iioeueaaoeee aeiaiai?a. A yoii
neo/aa ii ia anooieo a neeo.

Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua iaycaoaeuenoaa NOA aunooiatho ia oieueei a oi?ia
aeiaiai?ia, ii e a oi?ia eniieieoaeueiuo niaeaoaiee, o.a. oao
niaeaoaiee, eioi?ua caeeth/athony eniieieoaeueiie aeanoueth, ii ia
ia?aaeathony ia iaeia?aiea naiaoa.

?acee/aaony ianeieueei aeaeia eniieieoaeueiuo niaeaoaiee. Ia?aoth a?oiio
ninoaaeytho eniieieoaeueiua niaeaoaiey, caeeth/aiiua ia iniiaa caeiiia e
aeiaiai?ia eeai “eiinoeoooeeiiiuo” iieiiii/ee naiiai i?aceaeaioa.
Aeiaiai?iua aeou yoiai aeaea a ooaa?aeaeaiee ia ioaeaeathony. Ai aoi?oth
a?oiio aoiaeyo eniieieoaeueiua niaeaoaiey, eioi?ua ii oa?aeoa?o
niaea?aeaueony a ieo iaycaoaeuenoa eeai niaeanii o?aaiaaieyi naiiai
eiia?anna, aeieaeiu iieo/eoue aai naieoeeth.

Iaeaieueoee oaeaeueiue aan i?eiaaeeaaeeo eniieieoaeueiui niaeaoaieyi
ia?aie a?oiiu. Oae, iai?eia?, ia iniiaa aeiaiai?a i nicaeaiee IAOI auei
caeeth/aii ieiei 10 oun. ?acee/iiai ?iaea aeoia. Iniaia cia/aiea eiatho
niaeaoaiey, eioi?ua i?aceaeaio caeeth/aao ia iniiaa naieo
“eiinoeoooeeiiiuo” iieiiii/ee eae ?oeiaiaeeoaey aiaoiae iieeoeee e
aeaaiieiiaiaeothuaai. Oaeiai ?iaea iaaeaeoia?iaeiua iaycaoaeuenoaa
i?eieiathony ii eieoeeaoeaa naiiai i?aceaeaioa e ia ioaeaeathony a
naieoeee eiia?anna. E iei ioiinyony niaeaoaiey ia onoaiiaeaiee
aeeieiiaoe/aneeo ioiioaiee. A eo /enei aoiaeyo niaeaoaiey i ia?aie?ee
(iai?eia?, iiaeienaiiia a Ia?eaea a yiaa?a 1973 a. Niaeaoaiea i
i?ae?auaiee aieiu e ainnoaiiaeaiee ie?a ai Aueaoiaia), niaeaoaiey ii
aii?inai niaianoiiai aiaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa, aiaiiuo aac e o.ae.

Ia?aaeei i?aceaeaiou caeeth/aee eniieieoaeueiua niaeaoaiey, aeaaea ia
oaaaeiieyy eiia?ann i i?eiyouo ia?ao. Eiia?ann ie?eeny n yoei aei 1972
a., eiaaea aue i?eiyo caeii Eaena. A niioaaonoaee n caeiiii “ethaua
iaaeaeoia?iaeiua niaeaoaiey, ia caeeth/aiiua a oi?ia aeiaiai?a”,
aeieaeiu ia?aaeaaaoueny eiia?anno ia iicaeiaa 60 aeiae iinea anooieaiey
eo a neeo. A oii aea neo/aa, anee ia?aaea/a oaeiai niaeaoaiey iiaeao
iaianoe “oua?a ainoaea?noaaiiie aaciianiinoe Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoia”, iii
aeieaeii auoue i?aaenoaaeaii oieueei eiieoaoai ii eiino?aiiui aeaeai
naiaoa e iaeaou i?aaenoaaeoaeae.

Ai aoi?oth a?oiio aeeth/aiu eniieieoaeueiua niaeaoaiey, eioi?ua aeieaeiu
auoue naieoeeiie?iaaiu eiia?annii ii oa?aeoa?o niaea?aeaueony a ieo
iaycaoaeuenoa. A aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa yoi niaeaoaiey, auiieiaiea eioi?uo
caaeneo io auaeaeaiey anneaiiaaiee eee i?eiyoey eiia?annii
niioaaonoaothuaai caeiia, iai?eia?, ia o/anoee NOA a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
i?aaiecaoeeyo. Eiie oa?aeoa? iinyo eniieieoaeueiua niaeaoaiey, eioi?ua
i?aceaeaio aeieaeai ia?aaeaoue ia iaeia?aiea eiia?anna, auiieiyy
onoaiiaeaiiua caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii o?aaiaaiey. Oae, iai?eia?, ia
iniiaaiee caeiia i nicaeaiee aaaionoaa ii eiio?ieth ca aii?oaeaieyie e
?aci?oaeaieth 1961 a. ana aeiaiai?iua iaycaoaeuenoaa,
i?aaeoniao?eaathuea ?aci?oaeaiea eee nie?auaiea aii?oaeaiiuo nee NOA,
aeieaeiu ia?aaeaaaoueny eiia?anno aeey iaeia?aiey a oi?ia aeiaiai?a eee
eniieieoaeueiiai niaeaoaiey.

I?AAIECAOeEIIIAss NO?OEOO?A EIIA?ANNA

I?aaenaaeaoaee e aeieaeiinoiua eeoea iaeao

I?aaenaaeaoaeai iaeaou i?aaenoaaeoaeae yaeyaony nieea?. Ecae?aaony ii a
ia/aea ia?aie nannee eiia?anna io ia?oee aieueoeinoaa, oioy oi?iaeueii a
aai eca?aiee o/anoaoao any iaeaoa a oeaeii. Aei eca?aiey ia iino nieea?a
/eai iaeaou i?aaenoaaeoaeae aeieaeai i?ieoe iiiaea nooiaie ea?a?oe/aneie
eanoieoeu iaeaou. N 1899 a. n?ie i?aauaaiey ia Eaieoieee nieea?ia ia?aae
eo eca?aieai ninoaaeyao a n?aaeiai 24 aiaea. Nieea? n/eoaaony o?aoueei
eeoeii a ainoaea?noaa iinea i?aceaeaioa e i?aaenaaeaoaey Aa?oiaiiai
noaea NOA.

Ooieoeee nieea?a aeinoaoi/ii iaoe?iu. Ii ?oeiaiaeeo oiaeii ?aaiou iaeaou
e iaania/eaaao niaethaeaiea onoaiiaeaiiuo i?ioeaaeo?iuo i?aaee. Aio
i?eiaaeeaaeeo i?aai iacia/aiey a ?anneaaeiaaoaeueneea e niaeaneoaeueiua
eiieoaou. Ii ?aoaao i?ioeaaeo?iua nii?u e iaania/eaaao ii?yaeie a ianoa
canaaeaiee iaeaou. Iaeia ec aaaeiaeoeo aai ooieoeee — “i?aai i?eciaiey”.
Io oniio?aiey nieea?a iiaeao caaenaoue, iieo/eo eee ia iieo/eo aeaiooao
neiai, aoaeao eee ia aoaeao aio i?aaeinoaaeaii i?aai aianoe eaeia-eeai
i?aaeeiaeaiea.

Iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii nieea?a ?aaioatho aeieaeiinoiua eeoea iaeaou — eea?e
iaeaou i?aaenoaaeoaeae, nae?aoa?e (eea?ee), i?enoaa, i?ea?aoiee,
ii/oiaenoa? e yenia?o ii ia?eaiaioneie i?aeoeea. Iineaaeiee ea?aao
iniaoth ?ieue a aeayoaeueiinoe iaeaou. Ii aeaao th?eaee/aneea e
oaoie/aneea niaaou nieea?o e /eaiai iaeaou, eiinoeueoe?oao i?e
aicieeiiaaiee i?ioeai?a/ee ioiineoaeueii oieeiaaiey e i?eiaiaiey oao eee
eiuo i?ioeaaeo?iuo i?aaee. Oeacaiiua aeieaeiinoiua eeoea, ia yaeythueany
aeaiooaoaie, iacia/athony iaeaoie a ia/aea ia?aie nannee. Eaaeaeue ec
ieo eiaao iiae/eiaiiue aio aiia?ao.

I?aaenaaeaoaeai naiaoa yaeyaony, niaeanii Eiinoeoooeee,
aeoea-i?aceaeaio. Ii iiaeao aanoe canaaeaiey iaeaou, iaeiaei, eeoai
i?aaa aieina, anee oieueei aieina naiaoi?ia ia ?acaeaeeeenue ii?iaio
(no. 1, ?acae. 3). Ia i?aeoeea aeoea-i?aceaeaio ?aaeei iieuecoaony
i?aaeinoaaeaiiui aio i?aaii. Oaeoe/anee ooieoeee i?aaenaaeaoaey iaeaou
inouanoaeyao a?aiaiiue i?aaenaaeaoaeue (i?aaenaaeaoaeue pro tempore),
ecae?aaiue naiaoii ia a?aiy ionoonoaey aeoea-i?aceaeaioa. Ei iiaeao
noaoue oieueei eeoei, i?eiaaeeaaeauaa, eae nieea?, e ia?oee
aieueoeinoaa.

Ooieoeee i?aaenaaeaoaey a oeaeii aiaeiae/iu ooieoeeyi nieea?a. Ii anoue
ii?aaeaeaiiua ioee/ey. Oae, iai?eia?, i?aaenaaeaoaeue naiaoa ia ai?aaa
inouanoaeyoue “i?aai i?eciaiey” i?iecaieueii.

Ia?oeeiay no?oeoo?a eiia?anna

Iinea auai?ia 1988 a. a 101-i eiia?anna neiaeeeanue neaaeothuay
?annoaiiaea iieeoe/aneeo nee. A iaeaoa i?aaenoaaeoaeae 262 aeaiooaoneeo
ianoa i?eiaaeeaaeao aeaiie?aoe/aneie, 173 — ?anioaeeeaineie ia?oee. A
naiaoa niioiioaiea nee oaeiai: 55 aeaiie?aoia e 45 ?anioaeeeaioeaa.

I ia?oeeiie i?aaiecaoeee eiia?anna caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai e ?aaeaiaiou
iaeao, eae i?aaeei, iie/ao. Eeoue a ioaeaeueiuo eo ii?iao anoue
caia/aiey ioiineoaeueii ?iee oao eee eiuo ia?oeeiuo no?oeoo?. A iaaeaeo
oai ia?oeyi ia Eaieoieee i?eiaaeeaaeeo caiaoiay ?ieue.

Ia?oeeiay i?aaiecaoeey eaaeaeie ec iaeao eiia?anna no?oeoo?ii
i?aaenoaaeaia neaaeothuei ia?acii: eeaea?u aieueoeinoaa e iaiueoeinoaa,
“eioou”, iieeoe/aneea eiieoaou e eiioa?aioeee (eieonu) ia?oee.

Iaeaoa i?aaenoaaeoaeae. A iaeaoa i?aaenoaaeoaeae eeaea? aieueoeinoaa
ecae?aaony oaeiui aieiniaaieai (ii atheeaoaiyi) ia eiioa?aioeee (eieona)
ia?oee, eiathuae aieueoeinoai aeaiooaoneeo iano. A ea?a?oee iaeaou ii —
aoi?ia eeoei iinea nieea?a, oioy e ia yaeyaony aa aeieaeiinoiui eeoeii.
Ooieoeee eeaea?a aieueoeinoaa ie a iaeiii ec aeoia ia ii?aaeaeaiu. Ii
?ieue aai aeiaieueii aaniia. Ii ioaa/aao ca ieaie?iaaiea ia?oeeiie
no?aoaaee, aaeeinoai o?aeoeee a caeiiiaeaoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe, ca
nayce n iauanoaaiiinoueth e i?annie. *a?ac iaai a iniiaiii
inouanoaeythony eiioaeou eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe n ?oeiaiaenoaii iaeaou.

Eeaea? aieueoeinoaa eiaao aieueoea aiciiaeiinoe aicaeaenoaey ia
aeaiooaoia. Io aai iiceoeee ai iiiaii caaeneo iacia/aiey a i?anoeaeiua
eiieoaou, niaeaenoaea a i?iaaaeaiee ecae?aoaeueiuo eaiiaiee,
iiaeaea?aeea eieoeeaoea aeaiooaoa. Iniaia iieiaeaiea eeaea?a
aieueoeinoaa iiae/a?eeaaaony oaeaea oai ianoiyoaeuenoaii, /oi a aeaaaoao
aio ia?aiio i?aaeinoaaeyaony neiai. Iiieii yoiai, ii eiaao, a n?aaiaiee
n ?yaeiauie /eaiaie iaeaou, aieaa aunieia aeaeiaaiuea, aeiiieieoaeueiua
neoaeaaiua iiiauaiey, aieueoee ooao iiae/eiaiiiai aio aiia?aoa.

Oa aea ooieoeee e oio aea noaoon eiaao eeaea? iaiueoeinoaa iaeaou, n
iaeiie eeoue ?acieoeae, /oi a ea?a?oee naiae ia?oee ii — ia?aia eeoei. A
iineaaeiea aiaeu ?ieue eeaea?a iaiueoeinoaa caiaoii iiauneeanue. Naycaii
yoi n oai, /oi ?anioaeeeaineay ia?oey, inoaaaynue a iaiueoeinoaa a
eiia?anna, nio?aiyao ca niaie o?aoee ?ac iiae?yae (n 1980 a.) iino
i?aceaeaioa.

A auiieiaiee caaea/, iinoaaeaiiuo ia?aae eeaea?aie aieueoeinoaa e
iaiueoeinoaa, iniaay ?ieue i?eiaaeeaaeeo “eiooai” — auai?iui ia?oeeiui
ooieoeeiia?ai. Iie inouanoaeytho ooieoeee naycothuaai caaia iaaeaeo
?oeiaiaenoaii e ?yaeiauie /eaiaie o?aeoeee. “Eioou”, eo iiiiuieee e
caianoeoaee no?aiyony aeiaeoueny aaeeinoaa aeaiooaoia, niioaaonoaaiii,
io aeaiie?aoe/aneie e ?anioaeeeaineie ia?oee aeaaiui ia?acii
i?aaiecaoeeiiiuie ia?aie. A eo a?naiaea oaeea oi?iu aicaeaenoaey, eae
iinoeu, oa?icu e iaauaiey. Iie neaaeyo ca i?enoonoaeai e aieiniaaieai
naieo “iiaeiia/iuo” a iaeaoa. Aioiayo aeey ieo “oia?aaeee”, iaiiieiay i
oii, eaeea canaaeaiey ei neaaeoao iinaoeoue e eaeoth iiceoeeth caiyoue
ii oiio eee eiiio aii?ino. Ia?aaeei “eioou” ano?a/atho eiia?anniaiia a
aeaa?yo iaeaou e aeanoaie iiaeneacuaatho, eae ei aieiniaaoue. Iiaeiyoue
eaa?oo aieueoie iaeaoe ?oee icia/aao “aea”, iiouaiiue aiec — “iao”.

Iieeoe/aneea eiieoaou aeaiie?aoe/aneie ia?oee a iaeaoa i?aaenoaaeoaeae
aeeth/atho: ?oeaaie e iieeoe/aneee eiieoao; eiieoao ii i?iaaaeaieth
ecae?aoaeueiuo eaiiaiee, eiieoao ii eaae?ai.

?oeaaie e iieeoe/aneee eiieoao ia?aciaai a eiee/anoaa 31 /eaia.
Aicaeaaeyao aai nieea? iaeaou. 12 /eaiia eiieoaoa ecae?athony io
?aaeiiaeueiuo a?oii eiia?anniaiia, II aoiaeyo a ninoaa eiieoaoa ii
aeieaeiinoe, 8 — iacia/athony nieea?ii. A caaea/e eiieoaoa aoiaeeo
ii?aaeaeaiea ia?niiaeueiiai ninoaaa iinoiyiiuo eiieoaoia io o?aeoeee,
oi?ie?iaaiea ieaooi?iu caeiiiaeaoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe,
eiinoeueoe?iaaiea nieea?a e — a ioaeaeueiuo neo/ayo — ianoaeaeaiea oiai
eee eiiai caeiiii?iaeoa.

Aieaa e?aoei i aeaoo ae?oaeo eiieoaoao. Eiieoao ii i?iaaaeaieth
ecae?aoaeueiuo eaiiaiee (52 /eaia) ieacuaaao iiaeaea?aeeo oai
eiia?anniaiai, eioi?ua aaeeioe?othony a iaeaoo ia neaaeothuee n?ie.
Eiieoao ii eaae?ai (5 /eaiia) inouanoaeyao eiio?ieue ca iiaeai?ii
eaiaeeaeaoia a aiia?ao eiieoaoia e aeaiooaoia.

A ?anioaeeeaineea iieeoe/aneea eiieoaou aoiaeyo: iieeoe/aneee eiieoao
(32 /eaia) — caieiaaony ?ac?aaioeie no?aoaaee, aeueoa?iaoeaiuo i?iaeoia
i?ia?aii e iaania/aieai aaeeinoaa ia?oeeiuo ?yaeia iiiiceoeee;

enneaaeiaaoaeueneee eiieoao (22 /eaia) — eii?aeeie?oao i?iaaaeaiea
iao/iie e ni?aai/ii-eioi?iaoeeiiiie ?aaiou;

eiieoao eiieoaoia (15 /eaiia) — ii?aaeaeyao ia?niiaeueiue ninoaa
iinoiyiiuo eiieoaoia io iiiiceoeee;

eiieoao ii i?iaaaeaieth ecae?aoaeueiuo eaiiaiee (21 /eai);

eiieoao ii eaae?ai (8 /eaiia).

Iineaaeiea aeaa eiieoaoa eiatho oaeea aea caaea/e, eae e iaeiieiaiiua
eiieoaou aeaiie?aoe/aneie ia?oee.

Aunoeie ia?oeeiuie i?aaiaie iaeaou yaeythony iauaa nia?aiea (eieon)
aeaiie?aoe/aneie e eiioa?aioeey ?anioaeeeaineie ia?oee. A eo caaea/e
aoiaeeo oi?ie?iaaiea iauae iiceoeee o?aeoeee, eca?aiea eeaea?ia e
iieeoe/aneeo eiieoaoia ia?oee, iaeia?aiea eaiaeeaeaoo? a ninoaa
iinoiyiiuo eiieoaoia iaeaou.

Naiao. I?aaiecaoeey ia?oeeiuo i?aaiia aa?oiae iaeaou ai iiiaii
niaiaaeaao n oie, eioi?ay nouanoaoao a iaeaoa i?aaenoaaeoaeae. Iia
oaeaea aeeth/aao oaeea no?oeoo?iua yeaiaiou, eae eeaea?u aieueoeinoaa e
iaiueoeinoaa, “eioou”, iieeoe/aneea eiieoaou e eiioa?aioeee. Ai iiiaii
aiaeiae/iu eo ooieoeee. Ioee/ey aea eanathony a iniiaiii ?iee eeaea?ia
aieueoeinoaa e i?aaiecaoeee iieeoe/aneeo eiieoaoia ia?oee.

Eeaea? aieueoeinoaa naiaoa — ia?aia eeoei a ea?a?oee iaeaou, oioy ii,
eae e eeaea? aieueoeinoaa iaeaou i?aaenoaaeoaeae, yaeyaony oieueei
aeieaeiinoiui eeoeii ia?oee. Iniaia aai iieiaeaiea iauyniyaony ia
oieueei ioiineoaeueiie neaainoueth a?aiaiiiai i?aaenaaeaoaey, ii e
niaiauaieai ?yaea eeth/aauo ia?oeeiuo iinoia. Eeaea? aieueoeinoaa
yaeyaony iaeiia?aiaiii i?aaenaaeaoaeai aeaoo eiieoaoia — ?oeaaiai e
iieeoe/aneiai, e i?aaenaaeaoaeai eiioa?aioeee aeaiie?aoe/aneie ia?oee.

E aeaiie?aoe/aneay, e ?anioaeeeaineay ia?oee eiatho a naiaoa ii o?e
eiieoaoa.

Eiieoaou aeaiie?aoe/aneie ia?oee aeeth/atho: iieeoe/aneee eiieoao (9
/eaiia) — ?ac?aaaouaaao iiceoeee o?aeoeee ii oai eee eiui aii?inai e
?aeiiaiaeoao ii?yaeie i?ioiaeaeaiey aeoia a naiaoa; ?oeaaie eiieoao (22
/eaia) — ii?aaeaeyao ia?niiaeueiue ninoaa iinoiyiiuo eiieoaoia naiaoa;

eiieoao ii i?iaaaeaieth ecae?aoaeueiuo eaiiaiee (15 /eaiia) — ieacuaaao
iiaeaea?aeeo naiaoi?ai, eioi?ua aaeeioe?othony ia neaaeothuee n?ie.

?anioaeeeaineay ia?oey eiaao neaaeothuea eiieoaou: iieeoe/aneee eiieoao
(23 /eaia) — ?ac?aaaouaaao aeueoa?iaoeau iieeoe/aneie ieaooi?ia e
i?iaeoai aeaiie?aoe/aneie ia?oee, ii?aaeaeyao iiceoeeth o?aeoeee ii oai
eee eiui aii?inai iiaanoee caeiiiaeaoaeueiie ?aaiou naiaoa;

eiieoao eiieoaoia (17 /eaiia) — ii?aaeaeyao ia?niiaeueiue ninoaa
iinoiyiiuo eiieoaoia io iiiiceoeee;

eiieoao ii i?iaaaeaieth ecae?aoaeueiuo eaiiaiee (15 /eaiia) eiaao oa aea
caaea/e, /oi e iaeiieiaiiue eiieoao aeaiie?aoe/aneie ia?oee.

Caeeth/ay iaci? no?oeoo?u e ooieoeee ia?oeeiuo i?aaiia eiia?anna,
iaiaoiaeeii iiae/a?eiooue ?yae nouanoaaiiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa. Ia?aia —
ia?oeeiua i?aaiu eeoaiu eaeeo-eeai th?eaee/anee cae?aieaiiuo iaoaieciia
aicaeaenoaey ia aeaiooaoia io ia?oee. Aoi?ia — naie o?aeoeee aeaeaee io
aaeeinoaa. Iie ?aneaeuaathony eae ii ?aaeiiaeueiiio i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoao,
oae e ii iieeoe/aneie i?eaioaoeee /eaiia eiia?anna. Oae, iai?eia?, a
1981 a. a ninoaaa aeaiie?aoe/aneie ia?oee aue ia?aciaai Eiina?aaoeaiue
aeaiie?aoe/aneee oi?oi — aeie eiia?anniaiia, iiaeaea?aeeaaaoeo
yeiiiie/aneea i?ia?aiiu ?anioaeeeaineie aaeieieno?aoeee ?.?aeaaia.
O?aouea — o?aeoeee iaeao neaai naycaiu iaaeaeo niaie e n oeaio?aeueiuie
i?aaiaie ia?oee. Oeacaiiua oaeoi?u aeiiieiytho e ai iiiaii ii?aaeaeytho
enoeiioth ea?oeio ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ia?oee ia Eaieoieee.

Eiieoaoneay nenoaia eiia?anna

A nenoaio eiieoaoia eiia?anna aoiaeyo iinoiyiiua eiieoaou iaeao,
iauaaeeiaiiua, ?anneaaeiaaoaeueneea, niaoeeaeueiua e niaeaneoaeueiua
eiieoaou.

Iinoiyiiua eiieoaou iaeao. Iinoiyiiui eiieoaoai iaeao, nicaeaiiui ii
niioaaonoaothuei iai?aaeaieyi caeiiiaeaoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe,
i?eiaaeeaaeeo iaiau/aeii aaaeiay ?ieue a ooieoeeiie?iaaiee eiia?anna. Ia
neo/aeii iiiaea niaoeeaeenou iacuaatho eo aieaauie oeaio?aie iieeoeee ia
Eaieoieee. Aieaa 100 eao iacaae A.Aeeuenii neaaeothuei ia?acii
ii?aaeaeee ?ieue eiieoaoia: “Eiia?ann ia nannee — yoi aunoaai/iue
eiia?ann; eiia?ann a eiieoaoao — yoi ?aai/ee eiia?ann”. Yoa ioeaiea ia
oo?aoeea naiae aeooaeueiinoe e a iaoe aeie.

Iaeaoa i?aaenoaaeoaeae eiaao 22, naiao — 16 iinoiyiiuo eiieoaoia.

A iaeaoa i?aaenoaaeoaeae ia?aciaaiu neaaeothuea eiieoaou: naeueneiai
oicyenoaa (8); ii anneaiiaaieyi (13); aii?oaeaiiuo nee (7); ii aaieai,
oeiainai e ai?iaeneiio ?acaeoeth (8); athaeaeaoiue (8); ii aeaeai
Oaaea?aeueiiai ie?oaa Eieoiaey (3); ia?aciaaiey e o?oaea (8); yia?aaoeee
e oi?aiaee (6); eiino?aiiuo aeae (8); ii i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe (7); aaeieieno?aoeee iaeaou (6); aioo?aiieo aeae (6);
th?eaee/aneee (7); oi?aiaiai oeioa e ?uaieianoaa (6); ii/oiaiai
aaaeiinoaa e a?aaeaeaineie neoaeau (7); iauanoaaiiuo ?aaio e o?ainii?oa
(6); i?aaee (2); iaoee, ano?iiaaoeee e oaoiieiae/aneiai i?ia?anna (7);
iaeiai aeciana (6); noaiaea?oia aeieaeiiai iiaaaeaiey (0); ii aeaeai
aaoa?aiia (5) e iooae e n?aaenoa (6).

Naiao eiaao neaaeothuea iinoiyiiua eiieoaou: naeueneiai oicyenoaa,
i?iaeiaieuenoaey e eaniuo ?ano?nia (6); anneaiiaaiee (13); aii?oaeaiiuo
nee (6); aaieia, aeeeeuiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa e ai?iaeneiai ?acaeoey (4);
athaeaeaoiue (0); oi?aiaee, iaoee e o?ainii?oa (8); yia?aaoeee e
i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia (5); ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu e iauanoaaiiuo ?aaio (5);
ii oeiainai (7); aiaoieo ioiioaiee (7); i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe (5); th?eaee/aneee (6); o?oaea e ethaeneeo ?ano?nia (6);
i?aaee e aaeieieno?aoeee (0); “iaeiai aeciana (6); ii aeaeai aaoa?aiia
(0).

?aaeaiaiou iaeao aeinoaoi/ii /aoei oeene?otho i?aaeiaoioth eiiiaoaioeeth
eaaeaeiai ec eiieoaoia, auaeaeyy oa aii?inu, eioi?ua iiiaaeatho iiae eo
th?enaeeeoeeth.

Oae, iai?eia?, i?aaeiaoiay eiiiaoaioeey th?eaee/aneiai eiieoaoa naiaoa
i/a?/aia neaaeothuei ia?acii: “Ana i?iaeou caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia,
iineaiey, iaoeoeee, i?ioaiey e eiua iaoa?eaeu, eiathuea ioiioaiea e
neaaeothuei aii?inai:

1. Oi?ie?iaaiea ecae?aoaeueiuo ie?oaia ii auai?ai a iaeaoo
i?aaenoaaeoaeae;

2. Aaie?ionoai, iyoaaee, oieiiaae e iiaeaeaeea oeaiiuo aoiaa;

3. A?aaeaeaineea i?aaa e naiaiaeu;

4. Iii?aaee e Eiinoeoooeee;

5. Oaaea?aeueiua noaeu e noaeuee;

6. I?aaeoaeuenoaaiiay eioi?iaoeey;

7. I?acaeie/iua aeie e i?acaeianoaa;

8. Eiiea?aoeey e iaoo?aeecaoeey;

9. Iauea aniaeou iaaeaeoooaoiuo niaeaoaiee;

10. Iauea aniaeou noaeaaiiai i?ioeanna, a?aaeaeaineiai e oaieiaiiai;

II. Ianoiua noaeu ia oa??eoi?eyo e ai aeaaeaieyo Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoia;

12. Ia?u a ioiioaiee eneia, i?aaeuyaeaiiuo e Niaaeeiaiiui Ooaoai;

13. Oaaea?aeueiua eni?aaeoaeueiua o/?aaeaeaiey;

14. Iaoaioiay neoaeaa;

15. Iaoaiou, aaoi?neia i?aai e oi?aiaua ciaee;

16. Caueoa oi?aiaee e oi?aiauo ioiioaiee io iacaeiiiuo ia?aie/aiee e
iiiiiieecia;

17. Ia?aniio? e eiaeeoeeaoeey caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoia;

18. A?aieoeu ooaoia e oa??eoi?ee”. (I?aaeei XXV Iinoiyiiuo i?aaee
naiaoa).

Iauee ia?a/aiue oaeei aea ia?acii ioi?ieaiiuo i?aaeiaoia aaaeaiey
eiieoaoia ioaaouaaao a eaaeaeie ec iaeao aieaa 200 aii?inia.

Ii yoei aii?inai eiieoaou ia oieueei aeatho caeeth/aiey e i?aaenoaaeytho
aeieeaaeu ii i?iaeoai iaeaoai, ii e i?iaiaeyo aiaeec i?aeoeee i?eiaiaiey
aeaenoaothuaai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. I?aaeea naiaoa oae oi?ioee?otho yoo
caaea/o:

“Aeey ieacaiey iiiiue naiaoo: (1) a aiaeeca, ioeaiea, iaiauaiee i?aeoeee
aeaenoaey, i?eiaiaiey e eniieiaiey caeiiia eiia?anna; e (2) a
?ac?aaioea, ianoaeaeaiee e i?eiyoee oao eciaiaiee caeiiia e aeiiieiaiee
e caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao, eioi?ua i?aaenoaayony aeieaeiuie e iaiaoiaeeiuie,
— eaaeaeue iinoiyiiue eiieoao (e?iia eiieoaoia ii anneaiiaaieyi e ii
athaeaeaoo) i?iaiaeyo aiaeec e eco/aiea ia aeieaia?aiaiiie iniiaa
i?aeoeee aeaenoaey, i?eiaiaiey e eniieiaiey yoeo caeiiia eeai
ioaeaeueiuo eo iieiaeaiee ii aii?inai, eioi?ua aoiaeyo a i?aaeiaoioth
eiiiaoaioeeth eaaeaeiai ec eiieoaoia. Eiieoaou iiaoo i?iaiaeeoue
iaiaoiaeeiua ?aaiou ii aiaeeco, ioeaiea e iaiauaieth i?aeoeee
naiinoiyoaeueii eeai ii?o/aoue eo auiieiaiea ii aeiaiai?ai ae?oaei
i?aaiecaoeeyi, eeai o?aaiaaoue i?iaaaeaiey yoeo ?aaio
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuie i?aaiaie, iai?aaeythueie a iiaeiaiii neo/aa ii eo
?acoeueoaoai naie aeieeaaeu naiaoo”. (I?aaeei XXVI Iinoiyiiuo i?aaee
naiaoa).

Iinoiyiiua eiieoaou iaeao iaaeaeaiu oe?ieeie i?aaaie. Iie “eiatho i?aai
i?iaiaeeoue oaeea neooaiey, canaaeaoue e inouanoaeyoue naith
aeayoaeueiinoue a oaeia a?aiy e a oao ianoao a ia?eiae nannee, iaaeaeo
nanneyie e canaaeaieyie… ii iiaanoea eee eiui ia?acii aucuaaoue oao
naeaeaoaeae eee o?aaiaaoue i?aaeinoaaeaiey oie ei??aniiiaeaioeee,
aeieoiaioia, eiea e aoiaa, a oaeaea i?eieiaoue iiae i?enyaie oaeea
iieacaiey e i?iecaiaeeoue oaeea ?anoiaeu (ii noiia, ia i?aauoathuea 10
000 aeiee. ia eaaeaeue eiieoao ia ia?eiae ?aaiou eiia?anna), eae yoi
aoaeao ni/oaii iaiaoiaeeiui naiei eiieoaoii. Eaaeaeue iiaeiaiue eiieoao
iiaeao i?iaiaeeoue ?anneaaeiaaiey ii ethaiio aii?ino, iiiaaeathuaio iiae
aai th?enaeeeoeeth, e aeieeaaeuaaoue i neooaieyo, i?iaiaeeaoeony ii eo
?acoeueoaoai” (I?aaeei XXVI Iinoiyiiuo i?aaee naiaoa).

Iniaia cia/aiea eiatho i?iaiaeeiua eiieoaoaie neooaiey. Iie iicaieytho
auyaeoue ia oieueei aiciiaeiua iiceoeee e iiiiceoeeth ii oai eee eiui
aii?inai, ii e oi?ie?iaaoue a iaiaoiaeeiii iai?aaeaiee iauanoaaiiia
iiaiea. Iai?eia?, eiieoao ii anneaiiaaieyi iaeaou i?aaenoaaeoaeae 98-ai
eiia?anna i?iaae ca aeaa aiaea 720 neooaiee a eiieoaoa e a
iiaeeiieoaoao, caneooae 10215 naeaeaoaeae, iioaeeeiaae 225 oiiia
iaoa?eaeia iauei iauaiii 202 767 ia/aoiuo no?aieoe.

*eneaiiue ninoaa eiieoaoia a naiaoa e iaeaoa i?aaenoaaeoaeae
ii?aaeaeyaony ?acee/iui ia?acii. A naiaoa ii onoaiiaeai Iinoiyiiuie
i?aaeeaie (?aaeaiaioii). A iaeaoa i?aaenoaaeoaeae ii ii?aaeaeyaony
caiiai eaaeaeui iiaui ninoaaii iaeaou. Ii iai?aiaiiui inoaaony
o?aaiaaiea nio?aiaiey ca ia?oeae aieueoaai /enea iano a eaaeaeii ec
eiieoaoia. Eiie?aoiia aea niioiioaiea (eaioa i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa) ia?oee
ii?aaeaeyaony ii niaeaoaieth iaaeaeo eeaea?aie o?aeoeee.

A naiaoa /eneaiiue ninoaa eiieoaoia eieaaeaony io 10 (eiieoao i?aaee e
aaeieieno?aoeee) aei 28 (eiieoao ii anneaiiaaieyi) /eaiia. Naiaoi? e
eiia?anniai, ii iauaio i?aaeeo, ia iiaeao auoue /eaiii aieaa /ai aeaoo
iinoiyiiuo eiieoaoia iaeaou.

Ii?aaeaeaiea ia?niiaeueiiai ninoaaa iinoiyiiuo eiieoaoia inouanoaeyaony
neaaeothuei ia?acii. Iinea auai?ia naiaoi?u e eiia?anniaiu
i?aaenoaaeytho a niioaaonoaothuea (ni. auoa) iieeoe/aneea eiieoaou naie
iiaeaeaiey a ienueiaiiii aeaea n oeacaieai noaaea i?aauaaiey e oa?aeoa?a
?aaiou a eiia?anna. Ia yoie iniiaa (“nenoaia noa?oeinoaa”) iieeoe/aneea
eiieoaou ioae?atho eaiaeeaeaoia ia iino i?aaenaaeaoaey (eeaea?a
iaiueoeinoaa) e /eaiia eiieoaoa io ia?oee. Ioia?aiiua eaiaeeaeaoo?u
ia?aaeathony ia iaeia?aiea eiioa?aioeee ia?oee e ooaa?aeaeathony a
i?aaeaeao onoaiiaeaiiuo eaio ia iaeiii ec ia?auo iinea auai?ia
canaaeaiee iaeaou.

Iaeaieaa aeeyoaeueiuie e ii yoie i?e/eia iaeaieaa caiai/eauie aeey
aeaiooaoia yaeythony oeiainiaua eiieoaou e eiieoaou i?aaee iaeao. Ia?aua
— aeatho aiciiaeiinoue aeeyoue ia oaaea?aeueioth aaeieieno?aoeeth e
i?aaiu aeanoe ooaoia. Aoi?ua — eii?aeeie?iaaoue caeiiiaeaoaeueioth
aeayoaeueiinoue iaeaou. Oae, iai?eia?, eiieoao i?aaee iaeaou
i?aaenoaaeoaeae ii?aaeaeyao ii?yaeie i?ioiaeaeaiey caeiiii?iaeoia,
oneiaey i?iaaaeaiey aeaaaoia, i?aaeinoaaeaiea eiia?anniaiai aieaa eee
iaiaa cia/eiuo eueaio (?ani?aaeaeaiea neoaeaaiuo iiiauaiee e o.i.).

I?aaenaaeaoaee iinoiyiiuo eiieoaoia ecae?athony, eae e i?aaeaea, n
o/aoii aeaaiui ia?acii eo iineoaeiiai nienea (aeeeoaeueiinoe i?aauaaiey
a noaiao Eaieoieey). A iineaaeiea aiaeu eo ?ieue ianeieueei nieceeanue.
Ii e nae/an a aeaeao eiieoaoia ?aoathuaa neiai ai iiiaii i?eiaaeeaaeeo
eiaiii ei. Iie nicuaatho e aaaeoo canaaeaiey, ii?aaeaeytho iiaanoeo,
inouanoaeytho eiio?ieue ca ?ani?aaeaeaieai oiiaeia, aeieeaaeuaatho
iaeaoa ii ?acoeueoaoai ianoaeaeaiey a eiieoaoa i?iaeoia.

Iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii i?aaenaaeaoaey ooieoeeiie?oao aniiiiaaoaeueiue
aiia?ao eiieoaoa. A aai caaea/e aoiaeeo ioai?, aiaeec e iaiauaiea
iaoa?eaeia e eioi?iaoeee, iiaeaioiaea e i?iaaaeaiea neooaiee, ioi?ieaiea
e ioaeeeaoeey aeieoiaioia eiieoaoa. A 1988 oeiainiaii aiaeo a iaeiie
oieueei iaeaoa i?aaenoaaeoaeae a aiia?aoa iinoiyiiuo eiieoaoia ?aaioae
941 /aeiaae.

Iinoiyiiua eiieoaou ea?atho ia?iiioth ?ieue a i?ioeanna
caeiiioai?/anoaa. Io eo ?aoaiey ai iiiaii caaenyo noaeueau aianaiiuo a
eiia?ann i?iaeoia, i /ai aeinoaoi/ii e?anii?a/eai naeaeaoaeuenoaotho
oaeea oaeou. I?eia?ii 90 i?ioeaioia anao caeiiii?iaeoia inoathony
ia?anniio?aiiuie eiia?annii a nayce n iaaeaeaieai eeai ioeacii
iinoiyiiuo eiieoaoia aeaoue ei aeaeueiaeoee oiae. I?eia?ii a oii aea
niioiioaiee caeiiii?iaeou, iaeia?aiiua eiieoaoii, i?eieiathony iaeaoaie
i?aeoe/anee aac eciaiaiee.

A iineaaeiea aiaeu ?ieue iinoiyiiuo eiieoaoia ianeieueei nieceeanue.
Naycaii yoi ni ana aic?anoathuei cia/aieai iiaeeiieoaoia. Ia?acothony
iie a ?aieao i?aeoe/anee eaaeaeiai ec eiieoaoia e ana /aua aa?oo ia naay
ooieoeee, eioi?ua ?aiueoa auee aiceiaeaiu ia eiieoaou. Iauyniyaony yoi
eae aieueoie caa?oaeaiiinoueth naieo eiieoaoia, oae e iio?aaiinoueth
aieaa niaoeeaeece?iaaiiiai ianoaeaeaiey e ?anniio?aiey caeiiii?iaeoia.

Iaeaieaa, eae, ai?i/ai, e iaeiaiaa cia/eoaeueiua aeou eiieoaou ionueatho
a iiaeeiieoaou, eioi?ua iiaoo: 1) inoaaeoue eo aac ?anniio?aiey; 2)
i?iaanoe neooaiey; 3) iaeia?eoue i?iaeou; 4) iaeia?eoue i?iaeou, ii
i?aaeeiaeeoue e iei iii?aaee; 5) iiaeaioiaeoue aeueoa?iaoeaiua i?iaeou;
6) aeaoue io?eoeaoaeueiua caeeth/aiey ii caeiiii?iaeoai (iineaaeiaa
eiaao ianoi e?aeia ?aaeei).

I ?acoeueoaoao naiae ?aaiou iiaeeiieoao aeieeaaeuaaao naiaio eiieoaoo,
eioi?ue ii iei i?eieiaao ?aoaiey. E iaeaoai iiaeeiieoaou ia?auaoueny ia
iiaoo.

Aicaeaaeyao iiaeeiieoao i?aaenaaeaoaeue, ecae?aaiue io o?aeoeee
aieueoeinoaa eiieoaoa. A ninoaa iiaeeiieoaoa aoiaeeo, eae i?aaeei, io 3
aei 5 /aeiaae. Oae aea, eae e iinoiyiiua eiieoaou, iie eiatho
aniiiiaaoaeueiue aiia?ao e neoaeaaiua iiiauaiey.

Aieaa e?aoei ?anniio?ei eiua aeaeu eiieoaoia eiia?anna.

Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai e ?aaeaiaiou iaeao ia ii?aaeaeytho ii?yaeie
ia?aciaaiey ?anneaaeiaaoaeueneeo e niaoeeaeueiuo eiieoaoia. Onoaiiaeai
ii i?aoeaaeaioaie eaaeaeie ec iaeao a ioaeaeueiinoe.

Oeaeueth eo nicaeaiey yaeyaony ?anneaaeiaaiea eee eco/aiea eaeiai-eeai
aii?ina, i?aeiouanoaaiii i?aeoeee i?eiaiaiey caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa,
nioeeaeueiuo i?iaeai e i?aaiia?ooaiee a aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo i?aaiia, iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee e /eaiia
eiia?anna.

*eneaiiue ninoaa eiieoaoia ii?aaeaeyaony iaeaoaie a caaeneiinoe io oiai,
eaeea caaea/e ia?aae ieie iinoaaeaiu. Iacia/aiey a ninoaa eiieoaoia
i?iecaiaeyo i?aaenaaeaoaee iaeao. A ?aciethoeee iaeaou ?aaeaiaioe?othony
iieiiii/ey e n?iee aeayoaeueiinoe ia?acoaiuo niaoeeaeueiuo e
?anneaaeiaaoaeueneeo eiieoaoia. A ?yaea neo/aaa nicaeaaaeenue
niaoeeaeueiua iauaaeeiaiiua eiieoaou iaeao eiia?anna.

Oeacaiiui eiieoaoai i?aaeinoaaeaii i?aai canaaeaoue a ethaia a?aiy e a
ethaii ianoa Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoia, iacaaeneii io oiai, canaaeaao a yoi
a?aiy eiia?ann eee iao. Iie eiatho i?aai aucuaaoue naeaeaoaeae e
o?aaiaaoue i?aaeinoaaeaiey iaiaoiaeeiie aeieoiaioaoeee. Neooaiey a
eiieoaoao, eae i?aaeei, i?iaiaeyony ioe?uoi. Ca ioeac ioaa/aoue ia
aii?inu /eaiia eiieoaoa aucaaiiua ia neooaiey eeoea iiaoo auoue
ioo?aoiaaiu ia noiio aei 1000 aeiee. eeai iiaeaa?aioou oth?aiiiio
caeeth/aieth ia n?ie aei iaeiiai aiaea. Aeieeaaeu niaoeeaeueiuo e
?anneaaeiaaoaeueneeo eiieoaoia caneooeaathony ia?aciaaaoeie eo iaeaoaie.
Iinea caneooeaaiey aeieeaaeia niaoeeaeueiua eiieoaou, eae i?aaeei,
?anoi?ie?iauaathony.

A eiieoaoneoth nenoaio eiia?anna aoiaeyo oaeaea iauaaeeiaiiua eiieoaou
eiia?anna, niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua, iinoiyiii aeaenoaothuea i?aaiu,
nicaeaiiua ia ia?eoaoiuo ia/aeao iaaeie iaeaoaie ia iniiaa
niioaaonoaothuaai caeiia eee niaianoiie ?aciethoeee iaeao. A ianoiyuaa
a?aiy a eiia?anna ooieoeeiie?oao /aou?a iauaaeeiaiiuo eiieoaoa — ii
yeiiiieea, iaeiaiiaeiaeaieth, ii aeayoaeueiinoe Aeaeeioaee eiia?anna e
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiie ia/aoe. Ii naiaio cia/aieth yoe eiieoaou aeaeaei ia
?aaiicia/iu. ?aaeueiua iieiiii/ey, niiinoaaeiua n oaie, eioi?uie
iaeaaeatho iinoiyiiua eiieoaou iaeao, eiatho oieueei aeaa eiieoaoa — ii
iaeiaiiaeiaeaieth e yeiiiieea. A eo ninoaa aoiaeyo: a ia?aue —ii 5, ai
aoi?ie — ii 10 naiaoi?ia e eiia?anniaiia. Ooieoeee i?aaenaaeaoaey iinea
eaaeaeie nannee eiia?anna iii/a?aaeii ia?aoiaeyo e i?aaenoaaeoaeth
naiaoa eee iaeaou i?aaenoaaeoaeae.

Naiinoiyoaeueioth ?aciiaeaeiinoue iauaaeeiaiiuo eiieoaoia i?aaenoaaeytho
niaeaneoaeueiua eiieoaou. Nicaeathony iie a eaaeaeii ioaeaeueiii neo/aa
i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe niaeaniaaiey oaenoia caeiiii?iaeoia eee ?aciethoeee,
i?eiyouo iaaeie iaeaoaie. I ?iee niaeaneoaeueiuo eiieoaoia iiaeii
noaeeoue ii neaaeothuaio oaeoo. Ieiei 15 % anao caeiiia, i?eieiaaiuo
eiia?annii, i?ioiaeyo niaeaniaaiea iaaeaeo iaeaoaie. oi?ie?othony iie
i?aaenaaeaoaeyie iaeao, auai? eioi?uo, eae i?aaeei, iaaeaao ia
“noa?aeoeo” caeiiiaeaoaeae, iaeaaeathueo iaiaoiaeeiuie a yoeo neo/ayo
ee/iuie naycyie e iiuoii iiaeiaiie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Ia?aaeei e eiieoaoneie nenoaia eiia?anna ioiinyo eiieoaou anae iaeaou.
Ii nei?aa yoi oi?ia ?aaiou iaeaou, /ai i?aaiecaoeeiiiay aa no?oeoo?a.
Iiyoiio yoio aii?in iu ?anniio?ei ieaea.

I?IOeAAeO?A AeAssOAEUeIINOE EIIA?ANNA

Ii?yaeie aeayoaeueiinoe eiia?anna ?aaeaiaioe?oaony Eiinoeoooeeae NOA,
ioaeaeueiuie caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie, Iinoiyiiuie i?aaeeaie naiaoa
1789 a. a ?aaeaeoeee 1979 a., Iinoiyiiuie i?aaeeaie iaeaou
i?aaenoaaeoaeae 1991 a. (i?eieiathony eaaeaeua aeaa aiaea n eca?aieai
iiaiai ninoaaa iaeaou), a oaeaea iau/ayie e i?aoeaaeaioaie iaeao.

I?aaiecaoeeiiiua oi?iu ?aaiou eiia?anna

E. Nanneiiiay oi?ia ?aaiou eiia?anna, Ia?aay nanney eiia?anna ia/eiaaony
3 yiaa?y neaaeothuaai iinea auai?ia aiaea. A aeaeueiaeoai oiae nannee
ii?aaeaeyaony naiei eiia?annii, ii n oie nouanoaaiiie iaiai?eie, /oi ai
a?aiy aa i?iaaaeaiey ie iaeia ec iaeao ia iiaeao aac niaeaney ae?oaie
ioeiaeeoue naie canaaeaiey aieaa /ai ia o?aoaeiaaiue n?ie eeai
i?iaiaeeoue eo a eiii ianoa, /ai oi, aaea canaaeatho iaa iaeaou (Eiino.,
no. 1, ?acae. 5). I?e /?acau/aeiii iieiaeaiee i?aai nicuaa iaaeo iaeao
eee iaeiie ec ieo i?eiaaeeaaeeo i?aceaeaioo NOA (Eiino., no. II, ?acae.
3).

I?a?uaaaony nanney i?eiyoeai ?aoaiey i ia?aiina canaaeaiee ia
ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie eeai ia iaii?aaeaeaiiia a?aiy. Iineaaeiaa ?aoaiea
oaeoe/anee icia/aao ieii/aiea nannee, yaeyaony iauyaeaieai ia?eaiaioneeo
eaieeoe.

Canaaeaiey iaeao i?iaiaeyony ioe?uoi, ii aeiioneaaony i?iaaaeaiea
cae?uouo canaaeaiee. Oae, iai?eia?, a naiaoa canaaeaiey i?iaiaeyony “ca
cae?uouie aeaa?yie” ii ?aoaieth aieueoeinoaa iaeaou, anee i?aaeeiaeaiea
ia yoii aianaii naiaoi?ii e iiaeaea?aeaii ii e?aeiae ia?a aua iaeiei
/eaiii iaeaou. Canaaeaiey iaeao n/eoathony i?aaiii/iuie i?e iaee/ee
eai?oia, eioi?ue ninoaaeyao aieueoeinoai /eaiia iaeaou (Eiino., no. 1,
?acae. 5). I?e ionoonoaee eai?oia iaeaou iiaoo i?eioaeeoaeueii
iaania/eoue yaeo ionoonoaothueo /eaiia, ioaeaa niioaaonoaothuea
?anii?yaeaiey i?enoaaai iaeao.

A caeao iaeao iai?oaeiaaiu niaoeeaeueiua aaea?ae — ioaeaeueii aeey
ioaeeee e aeey i?aaenoaaeoaeae i?annu. I?yiay o?aineyoeey ec caeia iaeao
inouanoaeyaony ii eaiaeai eaaaeueiiai oaeaaeaeaiey Ne-Niyi e Ne-Niyi-2.
Iauee iauai aauaiey ieiei 2 oun. /ania a aiae.

Nanney iaeao neeaaeuaaaony ec caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeiae ni no?iai
onoaiiaeaiiui ii?yaeeii eo i?iaaaeaiey. Niaeanii Iinoiyiiui i?aaeeai
naiaoa, eaaeaeiaeiaaiue ii?yaeie ?aaiou iaeaou ninoieo ec neaaeothueo
noaaeee. Canaaeaiea ioe?uaaao iieeoaa eaiaeeaia naiaoa. Aneaae ca yoei
i?aaenaaeaoaeuenoaothuee caieiaao naia ianoi e i?e oneiaee iaee/ey
eai?oia i?enooiaao e /oaieth e eni?aaeaieth iaoi/iinoae a caienyo
aeo?iaea ca i?ioaaeoee caeiiiaeaoaeueiue aeaiue. Ii caaa?oaiee oeacaiiie
i?ioeaaeo?u naiao i?enooiaao e neaaeothuae noaaeee — “oo?aiiei
aii?inai”, eioi?ua aeeth/atho ?anniio?aiea iineaiee i?aceaeaioa,
aeieeaaeia e niiauaiee aeaa aeaia?oaiaioia (ieienoa?noa) e eiuo
niiauaiee naiaoo, a oaeaea oao caeiiii?iaeoia, ?aciethoeee e eiuo
iaoa?eaeia, eioi?ua inoaeenue ia?anniio?aiiuie “ia noiea i?aaenaaeaoaey”
n i?aaeuaeouaai aeiy. Caaa?oaao noaaeeth “oo?aiieo aii?inia” aianaiea
neaaeothueo aeieoiaioia: iaoeoeee e i?ioaiee, aeieeaaeia iinoiyiiuo
eiieoaoia, caeiiii?iaeoia, niaianoiuo ?aciethoeee e eiuo ?aciethoeee
naiaoa. I?aai i?aaenoaaeoue eo naiaoo a oeacaiiie auoa i/a?aaeiinoe
i?eiaaeeaaeeo oieueei naiaoi?ai. Aneaae ca yoei, iinea iieoaeiy, naiao
ia?aoiaeeo e iineaaeiae noaaeee — ?anniio?aieth iiaanoee aeiy ii
“Eaeaiaea?th caeiiii?iaeoia e ?aciethoeee” eee ii “Eaeaiaea?th aii?inia,
i?aaenoaaeaiiuo a naiao ia ooaa?aeaeaiea eniieieoaeueiie aeanoueth”.
?anii?yaeie aeiy iaeaou i?aaenoaaeoaeae eiaao a oeaeii iaeicia/eoaeueiua
ioee/ey. Oae, iai?eia?, iaeaoie onoaiiaeaiu iniaua aeie canaaeaiee aeey
ianoaeaeaiey /anoiuo aeeeae e caeiiii?iaeoia ii aii?inai i Oaaea?aeueiii
ie?oaa Eieoiaey. Iaeaoa i?aaenoaaeoaeae eiaao /aou?a eaeaiaea?y.
“Nithciue eaeaiaea?ue” aeeth/aao ioaee/iua aeeee, i?yii eee einaaiii
naycaiiua n anneaiiaaieyie. Iie iaeaaeatho i?eaeeaaeae auoue
iinoaaeaiiuie ia ianoaeaeaiea i?aeoe/anee a ethaia a?aiy canaaeaiee
iaeaou. “Eaeaiaea?ue iaeaou” niaea?aeeo ioaee/iua aeeee, ia naycaiiua n
anneaiiaaieyie. A “*anoiue eaeaiaea?ue” caiinyony /anoiua aeeee.
“Eaeaiaea?ue niaeaney” aeeth/aao iaeicia/eoaeueiua e ia aucuaathuea
eaeeo-eeai aic?aaeaiee caeiiii?iaeou. Ianoaeaeaiea eo i?ioiaeeo ii
oi?iuaiiie i?ioeaaeo?a.

Oi?iaeueii caeiiii?iaeou, ?aciethoeee e eiua aeieoiaiou iiaeeaaeao
?anniio?aieth a oie i/a?aaeiinoe, a eioi?ie iie auee aianaiu a
eaeaiaea?ue. Iaeiaei ia i?aeoeea iia ei??aeoe?oaony i?aaeeaie “Ii?yaeea
i?aaeii/oeoaeueiinoe”. Onoaiiaeaiiua ia iniiaa iau/aaa, i?aoeaaeaioia e
iaeioi?uo iieiaeaiee ?aaeaiaioia, iie iicaieytho ?oeiaiaenoao iaeao
i?iaiaeeoue iaiaoiaeeiua e nieiaoue n iiaanoee iaoaiaeiua caeiiii?iaeou.

A?iiicaeeee ii?yaeie aaaeaiey aeae i?aaeii?aaeaeee iniaua oi?iu aai
oi?iuaiey. Iai?eia?, a naiaoa eniieuecoaony iaoaieci i?iaeeaiey
canaaeaiey ia iineaaeothuea eaeaiaea?iua aeie. Oai naiui
caeiiiaeaoaeueiue aeaiue ?anoyaeaaaony ia ianeieueei aeiae, /oi
iicaieyao naiaoo, a ia?ooaiea i?aaee, i?iaeieaeeoue ?anniio?aiea
iacaeii/aiiuo aeae. A yoeo aea oeaeyo a iaeaoa i?aaenoaaeoaeae, eae,
ai?i/ai, e a naiaoa, i?eiaiyaony, n niaeaney aeaoo o?aoae aeaiooaoia,
i?ioeaaeo?a i?einoaiiaee aeaenoaey i?aaee. Iia iicaieyao ecaaaeaoue
iioa?e a?aiaie ia ianoaeaeaiea iaeicia/eoaeueiuo aii?inia e oi?inoeoue
ii?yaeie ?anniio?aiey aeae. Iiiaea i?ioeaaeo?iua i?aaeea i?inoi
iaoiaeyony ii “aaeeiiaeooiiio niaeaneth” naiaoi?ia e /eaiia iaeaou
i?aaenoaaeoaeae.

Aeaaaou ?aaeaiaioe?othony i?aaeeaie iaeao neaaeothuei ia?acii. A naiaoa
naiaoi?, aeaeathuee aunooieoue, aeieaeai anoaoue e ia?aoeoueny e
i?aaenaaeaoaeuenoaothuaio ca ?ac?aoaieai. I?aaenaaeaoaeue i?aaeinoaaeyao
neiai oiio ec naiaoi?ia, eoi ia?aui ia?aoeeny e iaio. A oiaea aeaaaoia
aac ?ac?aoaiey naiaoa ieeoi ia ai?aaa aunooiaoue a oa/aiea eaeaiaea?iiai
aeiy aieaa aeaoo ?ac. I?aaeea naiaoa oaeoe/anee ia ia?aie/eaatho
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue aeaaaoia. Ia o?aaotho iie e oiai, /oiau
aunooieaiey eanaeenue oieueei ianoaeaeaaiiai aii?ina. Aunooiathuee
iiaeao aiai?eoue ia ethaoth oaio, /eoaoue ethaie oaeno — ec Aeaeee,
aacao, aeo?iaeia. Naiaoi? ia iiaeao auoue eeoai neiaa, anee ei ia
ia?ooai ?aaeaiaio. I?a?aaoue oiae aeaaaoia iiaeao ?aoaiea i i?ae?auaiee
aeaaaoia. Ii i?ioeaaeo?a i?eiyoey aai aeinoaoi/ii neiaeia. Iaoeoeey i
i?ae?auaiee aeaaaoia aeieaeia auoue iiaeienaia ia iaiaa /ai 16
naiaoi?aie. Ia aieiniaaiea iia noaaeony /a?ac iaeei eaeaiaea?iue aeaiue.
Aeey i?eiyoey ?aoaiey iaiaoiaeeii niaeanea ii e?aeiae ia?a o?ao iyouo
i?enoonoaothueo naiaoi?ia (i?e iieiii ninoaaa — 60 ec 100 naiaoi?ia).
Anee i?aaeeiaeaiea ia i?eiyoi, a?aiy aeaaaoia inoaaony iaia?aie/aiiui.
Aii?in, i?iaeieaeay inoaaaoueny a eaeaiaea?a, ioiaeaeaaaony
ianoaeaeaieai ae?oaeo aeae. Anee aea ?aoaiea i i?ae?auaiee aeaaaoia
anooieei a neeo, eaaeaeia aunooieaiea ii ianoaeaeaaiiio aii?ino
ia?aie/eaaaony iaeiei /anii. A?aiy aeaaaoia ?ani?aaeaeyaony ii?iaio
iaaeaeo ia?oeyie aieueoeinoaa e iaiueoeinoaa a iaeaoa. Ii enoa/aiee 100
/ania ianoaeaeaiey aii?in noaaeony ia aieiniaaiea.

A ioee/ea io naiaoa a iaeaoa i?aaenoaaeoaeae aunooiathuea a aeaaaoao ia
iiaoo ioeeiiyoueny io ianoaeaeaaiiai aii?ina. I?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue eo
aunooieaiee ia aeieaeia i?aauoaoue iaeiiai /ana ii iniiaiiio aii?ino,
i?e ianoaeaeaiee iii?aaie — 5 ieioo. A?aiy aeaaaoia ?ani?aaeaeyaony
ii?iaio iaaeaeo ia?oeyie aieueoeinoaa e iaiueoeinoaa a iaeaoa. Aeaaaou
i?a?uaathony, anee iaeaoie i?eiyoi ?aoaiea i ia?aoiaea e aieiniaaieth.

I?ioiaeaeaiea caeiiii?iaeoia e ?aciethoeee caaa?oaaony i?eiyoeai ?aoaiee
ii nouanoao. ?aoaiey i?eieiathony i?inoui aieueoeinoaii aieinia, ii a
ioaeaeueiuo neo/ayo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo Eiinoeoooeeae eee i?aaeeaie iaeao,
iaiaoiaeeii eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiia aieueoeinoai a aeaa o?aoe eee o?e iyouo
aieinia aeaiooaoia. A eiia?anna i?eiaiythony iyoue niiniaia aieiniaaiey.
I?e aieiniaaiee aieinii ?acoeueoaou ii?aaeaeythony
i?aaenaaeaoaeuenoaothuei ii neea aue?eeia /eaiia iaeaou. I?e aieiniaaiee
?acaeaeaieai /eaiu iaeaou iiaeieiathony n iano e ia?an/eouaathony,
niioaaonoaaiii, nae?aoa?ai naiaoa eee eea?eii iaeaou i?aaenoaaeoaeae.
I?e aieiniaaiee n/ao/eeaie aeaiooaou i?ioiaeyo iaaeaeo n/ao/eeaie,
iacia/aiiuie ec /eaiia iaeaou, e ia?an/eouaathony. Iniaua o?aaiaaiey
onoaiiaeaiu a ioiioaiee aieiniaaiey iin?aaenoaii iieiaiiie ia?aeee/ee.
I?iaiaeeony iii a neo/ayo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo Eiinoeoooeeae eee
?aaeaiaioii, a oaeaea ii o?aaiaaieth 1/5 i?enoonoaothueo /eaiia iaeaou.
Aieina, iiaeaiiua ca (“aea”) eee i?ioea (“iao”), caiinyony a aeo?iae
iaeaou. Ia?aaeei iieiaiiia aieiniaaiea i?iaiaeeony iin?aaenoaii
yeaeo?iiiie nenoaiu iiaen/aoa aieinia. Oaeiia aieiniaaiea (atheeaoaiyie)
i?iaiaeeony oieueei a neo/aa eca?aiey i?aceaeaioa a ii?yaeea
yeno?ai?aeeia?iie i?ioeaaeo?u, i?e auai?ao eeaea?ia ia?oeeiuie
o?aeoeeyie e i?e auai?ao i?aaenaaeaoaeae iinoiyiiuo eiieoaoia iaeao.

A, Eiieoaoneay oi?ia ?aaiou eiia?anna. Ii?yaeie aeayoaeueiinoe
iinoiyiiuo eiieoaoia iaeao ?aaeaiaioe?oaony i?aaeeaie naiaoa e iaeaou
i?aaenoaaeoaeae, a oaeaea i?aaeeaie naieo eiieoaoia.

Iinoiyiiua eiieoaou iaeao i?iaiaeyo canaaeaiey ia ?aaea iaeiiai ?aca a
ianyoe. Aiai/a?aaeiua canaaeaiey iiaoo auoue nicaaiu eeai
i?aaenaaeaoaeai eiieoaoa, eeai — a neo/aa aai aic?aaeaiee — a ii?yaeea
iniaie i?ioeaaeo?u. Oae, iai?eia?, a naiaoa o?aaiaaiea i i?iaaaeaiee
canaaeaiey iiaeao auoue auaeaeiooi ii e?aeiae ia?a o?aiy /eaiaie
eiieoaoa. Anee a oa/aiea o?ao aeiae i?aaenaaeaoaeue ia i?eiao ?aoaiey i
i?iaaaeaiee canaaeaiey a inoaaoeany naiue aeiae ni aeiy iiaea/e
cayaeaiey, naiaoi?u ninoaaeytho ecaauaiea n oeacaieai oeaee, aeiy e /ana
aai i?iaaaeaiey. A oii neo/aa, anee iiae iei aoaeoo nia?aiu iiaeiene
aieueoeinoaa /eaiia eiieoaoa, canaaeaiea i?iaiaeeony a oeacaiiia a
ecaauaiee a?aiy.

Canaaeaiey eiieoaoa i?aaiii/iu i?e iaee/ee eai?oia, eioi?ue, ii iauaio
i?aaeeo, ninoaaeytho iaeia o?aoue /eaiia eiieoaoa.

Aii?inu, iinooieaoea a eiieoao, i?ioiaeyo o?e yoaia. Ia ia?aii eiieoao
?anniao?eaaao eo i?aaeaa?eoaeueii, onoaiaaeeaay noaiaiue aaaeiinoe e a
nayce n yoei ii?yaeie eo ?anniio?aiey. Caoai, ia?aaeei iinea aeieeaaea
iiaeeiieoaoa, neaaeoao ?anniio?aiea aeaea ii nouanoao, a oiaea eioi?iai
i?iaiaeyony neooaiey. Aucaaiiua ii iiaanoea naeaeaoaee e eeoea,
i?aaeeaaathuea naie yenia?oiua ioeaiee, aeatho iieacaiey. Eiieoao
i?iniao?eaaao aeieoiaioaoeeth, aoaeei- e aeaeaicaiene, eiathuea
ioiioaiea e ianoaeaeaaiiio aii?ino. A iaaeo iaeaoao anoue ia?aaeaeaeiua
aeaeainenoaiu, oaeaiiieoi?u, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue onoaiiaeaiu ii ia?aiio
o?aaiaaieth.

Eae i?aaeei, neooaiey i?iaiaeyony ioe?uoi. Ia?aaeei o?ainee?othony ii
oaeaaeaeaieth. A neo/ayo, iniai i?aaeoniio?aiiuo ?aaeaiaioaie iaeao,
neooaiey i?iaiaeyony “ca cae?uouie aeaa?yie”. Oae, iai?eia?, a naiaoa
cae?uoua canaaeaiey eiieoaoia i?iaiaeyony i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe nio?aiaiey
a oaeia eioi?iaoeee, ioiinyuaeny e ainoaea?noaaiiie aaciianiinoe;
naaaeaiee, eioi?ua iiaoo iaianoe oua?a /anoe e aeinoieinoao eeoe;
aeaiiuo, ninoaaeythueo eiiia?/aneoth oaeio e o.ae. Iineaaeiyy noaaeey —
ianoaeaeaiea, i?eiyoea ?aoaiey ii nouanoao e ooaa?aeaeaiea aeieeaaea
eiieoaoa ii ianoaeaeaaiiio aii?ino.

A oaeno aeieeaaea eiieoaoa aeeth/athony iiaiey iaiueoeinoaa, a oaeaea
iniaua iiaiey /eaiia eiieoaoa. Iiieii ?aeiiaiaeaoeee i i?eiyoee eee
ioeeiiaiee i?iaeoa aeieeaae aeieaeai niaea?aeaoue ioeaieo aiciiaeiuo
athaeaeaoiuo ?anoiaeia, iauaai /enea iiiaaeathueo iiae aai aeaenoaea
i?aaei?eyoee e eeoe, yeiiiie/aneiai aai aeeyiey e aicaeaenoaey ia
iai?eeiniiaaiiinoue ee/iie aeecie (“i?aeaane”).

A. Eiieoao anae iaeaou.

?aciiaeaeiinoueth nanneiiiie oi?iu ?aaiou eiia?anna yaeyaony
?anniio?aiea aii?inia a eiieoaoa anae iaeaou. A iaeaoa i?aaenoaaeoaeae
yoa oi?ia i?eiaiyaony i?e ianoaeaeaiee oeiainiauo aeeeae e iaeaieaa
cia/eoaeueiuo caeiiii?iaeoia. A naiaoa eiieoao anae iaeaou canaaeaao
oieueei i?e ?anniio?aiee aeiaiai?ia.

Ii?yaeie ?aaiou eiieoaoa anae iaeaou eiaao, a n?aaiaiee n ?aaeaiaioii
iaeaou, cia/eoaeueiua ioee/ey. Oae, iai?eia?, a iaeaoa i?aaenoaaeoaeae
eai?oi i?e ?aaioa eiieoaoa anae iaeaou ninoaaeytho 100, a ia 218
eiia?anniaiia, eae yoi eiaao ianoi i?e iau/iii canaaeaiee. Iieiaiiia
aieiniaaiea a iai ia i?iaiaeeony. Caeiiii?iaeou oieueei eco/athony.
Noaaeee ianoaeaeaiey aii?inia a eiieoaoa anae iaeaou neaaeothuea: iauea
aeaaaou, /oaiea caeiiii?iaeoa e ianoaeaeaiea iii?aaie, i?eiyoea ?aoaiey
i ia?aaea/a aai a iaeaoo i?aaenoaaeoaeae n ?aeiiaiaeaoeeae iaeia?eoue
eeai ioeeiieoue caeiiii?iaeo. I?aaenaaeaoaeuenoaoao a eiieoaoa anae
iaeaou ia nieea?, a iacia/aiiue ei /eai iaeaou.

Caeiiiaeaoaeueiue i?ioeann

I?ioeann aianaiey caeiiii?iaeoia aeiaieueii i?ino. A iaeaoa
i?aaenoaaeoaeae oaeno caeiiii?iaeoa iioneaaony a niaoeeaeueiue yue/ae —
“oiiia?”, eioi?ue noieo ia noiea o eea?ea iaeaou. A naiaoa, n ?ac?aoaiey
i?aaenaaeaoaey iaeaou, yoa i?ioeaaeo?a ai a?aiy “oo?aiiaai canaaeaiey”
nii?iaiaeaeaaony e?aoeie ?a/ueth naiaoi?a. Ia i?aaeeaaay i?iaeoa caeiia
ii nouanoao, naiaoi?u e eiia?anniaiu iiaoo ia?aie/eoueny aianaieai a
iaeaoo iaoeoeee i ?anniio?aiee niioaaonoaothuaai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. A
yoii neo/aa ?ac?aaioea caeiiii?iaeoa ii?o/aaony iinoiyiiiio eiieoaoo
eeai naie oneoae i?aaeinoaaeytho anaaiciiaeiua eiaaenoneea i?aaiecaoeee,
caeioa?aniaaiiua a oii eee eiii ?aoaiee aii?ina.

Iinea ioeoeeaeueiiai aianaiey i?iaeoa ii ?ania/aouaaaony ia
niaoeeaeueiii oeiia?aoneii aeaiea, a eioi?ii oeacuaathony ii?yaeeiaue
iiia? e e?aoeia iaeiaiiaaiea caeiiii?iaeoa, a oaeaea /eaiu iaeaou,
eioi?ua i?aaenoaaeee e iiaeaea?aeaee i?iaeo (a iaeaoa i?aaenoaaeoaeae eo
aeieaeii auoue ia aieaa 25 /aeiaae). Oaeno ia/aoaaony ia eenoao,
eaaeaeay no?i/ea eioi?uo eiaao ii?yaeeiaue iiia?. Naeaeaii yoi aeey
oiai, /oiau iaeaa/eoue i?ioeann ianoaeaeaiey e aianaiey a i?iaeo
iii?aaie. Oaenou caeiiii?iaeoia o?aiyony a eiiiaoao o?aiaiey
aeieoiaioaoeee. Eioi?iaoeey i ieo ioaeeeoaony a ioeoeeaeueiii aanoieea
eiia?anna — “Eiia?aoie ?aei?ae”.

Ana caeiiii?iaeou aeieaeiu i?ieoe o?e /oaiey. I?iaiaeyony iie a
?acee/iua aeie, anee oieueei eiie ii?yaeie ia ii?aaeaeai iaeaoie
aaeeiiaeanii. I?e ia?aii /oaiee, eae i?aaeei, ca/eouaaaony oieueei
iacaaiea i?iaeoa e ?aoaaony aii?in ia ionueea aai a eiieoao. Iinoiyiiue
eiieoao i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe iai?aaeyao i?iaeo a iiaeeiieoao, ii?aaeaeyy
aeaeueiaeoee ii?yaeie aai ?anniio?aiey. Ia yoie noaaeee noaeueaa i?iaeoa
— anaoeaei a ?oeao eiieoaoa, oae eae iaeaou ?aaeei eniieuecotho i?aai
aa?iooue caeiiii?iaeo ia?aoii a iaeaoo.

Caeiiii?iaeo aeieeaaeuaaaony iaeaoa i?aaenaaeaoaeai eeai, ii aai
ii?o/aieth, /eaiii eiieoaoa io aieueoeinoaa. Iaeaoa aeeth/aao
caeiiii?iaeo a niioaaonoaothuee eaeaiaea?ue, ii i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe
iiaeao ?anniio?aoue aai iacaiaaeeeoaeueii.

Ia?aae ianoaeaeaieai a iaeaoa i?iaeo ca/eouaaaony iieiinoueth (aoi?ia
/oaiea). Ai a?aiy ianoaeaeaiey (aeaaaoia) aeaiooaoai i?aaeinoaaeaii
i?aai i?aaeeaaaoue e caeiiii?iaeoo iii?aaee.

I?aaeea iaeao niaea?aeao ioaeaeueiua o?aaiaaiey, ia?aie/eaathuea
aianaiea iii?aaie, eae “oi?iaaee?othueo” caeiiii?iaeou, oae e
iaii?aaaeaiii caaea?aeeaathueo ii a?aiaie eo ?anniio?aiea. Oae,
iai?eia?, a ?aaeaiaioa naiaoa onoaiiaeai cai?ao ia aianaiea iii?aaie,
i?ioeai?a/aueo caeiiii?iaeoo a oeaeii. I?aai aianoe iii?aaee a iaaeo
iaeaoao iiaeao auoue i?aaeinoaaeaii oieueei /eaiai oao eiieoaoia,
eioi?ua iaeaaeatho i?aaeiaoiie eiiiaoaioeeae ii caeiiii?iaeoo.

Iii?aaea, ii o?aaiaaieth i?aaenaaeaoaey eee /eaia iaeaou, aeieaeia auoue
i?aaenoaaeaia a ienueiaiiii aeaea. A neo/aa, anee iia aeeth/aao
ianeieueei aii?inia, aa ianoaeaeaiea iiaeao i?iaiaeeoueny ?acaeaeueii ii
aeeth/aiiui a iaa aii?inai.

Iii?aaee aeeth/athony a oaeno i?iaeoa a neo/aa iaeia?aiey eo
aieueoeinoaii aieinia i?enoonoaothueo /eaiia iaeaou. Aei aieiniaaiey
aeaiooao, i?aaeeiaeeaoee iii?aaeo, iiaeao aa ioicaaoue.

Eiaaea caeiiii?iaeo iacia/aaony e o?aoueaio /oaieth, aianaiea iii?aaie a
oaeno aai ia aeiioneaaony, anee oieueei eiia iaeaoa ia onoaiiaeo
aaeeiiaeanii. Aei aieiniaaiey ii caeiiii?iaeoo a oeaeii ii iiaeao auoue
aiiaue ioineai a iinoiyiiue eiieoao, eioi?ue, eae e i?e ia?aii aai
?anniio?aiee, ia ai?aaa aiineoue a aai oaeno iii?aaee (ii iiaeao oieueei
eo i?aaeeiaeeoue). Iinea ioia/aoaiey e o?aoueaai /oaiey caeiiii?iaeo
noaaeony ia aieiniaaiea.

?anniio?aiiue ii?yaeie i?ioiaeaeaiey /a?ac iaeaoo caeiiii?iaeoia
niaethaeaaony aeaeaei ia anaaaea. A oeaeyo aai onei?aiey iaeaou
ia?aaeei, a ia?ooaiea iaueo i?aaee, ia?aie/eaatho /oaiey i?i/oaieai
oieueei iacaaiee caeiiii?iaeoia, oi?iuatho i?ioeaaeo?u ianoaeaeaiey,
aianaiey iii?aaie e aieiniaaiey. Iiaeiaiia, eae i?aaeei, i?ienoiaeeo a
eiioea nannee eiia?anna, eiaaea ca iaeei, aeaa aeiy eiia?ann i?eieiaao
aeanyoee caeiiii?iaeoia, noaay eo ia aieiniaaiey aac eaeie au oi ie auei
iiaanoee ii ia?a eo iinooieaiey ec eiieoaoia.

Caeiiii?iaeo, iaeia?aiiue iaeiie iaeaoie, iai?aaeyaony ia ?anniio?aieai
ae?oaoth iaeaoo, aaea i?ioiaeeo oa aea noaaeee ?anniio?aiey e
ianoaeaeaiey. Anee a aai oaeno ia aianaiu iii?aaee, oi iinea iiaeienaiey
i?aaenaaeaoaeyie iaeao (ia?aui iiaeienuaaao nieea?) ii ia?aaeaaony
i?aceaeaioo. Anee iii?aaee a iaai aianaiu, oi iaeaoa, i?aaenoaaeaoay
caeiiii?iaeo, iiaeao eeai niaeaneoueny n ieie, eeai, ioeeiiea eo,
ia?aoeoueny e ae?oaie iaeaoa n i?aaeeiaeaieai nicaaoue niaeaneoaeueiue
eiieoao. ?aoaiea eiieoaoa aeieeaaeuaaaony aia/aea oie iaeaoa, eioi?ay
aianea iii?aaee a i?iaeo. I?eiyoue a eaeaioe/iie oi?ia caeiiii?iaeo
iinea aai iiaeienaiey iai?aaeyaony i?aceaeaioo.

I?aceaeaio iiaeao ioeeiieoue i?aaenoaaeaiiua aio ia iiaeienue
caeiiii?iaeou, ionueay eo ni naieie aic?aaeaieyie a oo ec iaeao, eioi?ay
auaeaeioea caeiiii?iaeo (i?aai aaoi). Aeey i?aiaeieaiey aaoi eaaeaeay
iaeaoa (aia/aea oa, a eioi?oth aica?auai caeiiii?iaeo) aeieaeia i?eiyoue
aai iiaoi?ii aieueoeinoaii a aeaa o?aoe aieinia. Aieiniaaiea a yoii
neo/aa i?iaiaeeony iieiaiii n caianaieai a aeo?iae iaeaou aeaiiuo i oii,
eae aieiniaaee caeiiiaeaoaee. A neo/aa oniaoiiai ?acoeueoaoa aieiniaaiey
caeiiii?iaeo anooiaao a neeo aac iiaeiene i?aceaeaioa. Anooiaao ii a
neeo oaeaea oiaaea, eiaaea i?aceaeaio ia aeano naiaai caeeth/aiey a
oa/aiea 10, ia n/eoay aine?aniuo, aeiae, anee oieueei a yoi a?aiy
eiia?ann ia i?a?aao naith nanneth. A iineaaeiai neo/aa caeiiii?iaeo
ioaa?aaaony oaeoe/anee e ia iiaeeaaeeo ia?aniio?o a oeacaiiii auoa
ii?yaeea.

Caeiiu anooiatho a neeo n iiiaioa iiaeienaiey i?aceaeaioii eeai
i?aiaeieaiey aai aaoi, anee oieueei a naiii oaenoa caeiia ia onoaiiaeai
eiie n?ie anooieaiey a neeo.

Iaiin?aaenoaaiii iinea anooieaiey a neeo caeiiu ioaeeeothony a na?ee
“Iaaeee ei” e eiatho niioaaonoaothuaa oeeo?iaia iaicia/aiea. A ia?aie
aai /anoe ioia/aaony ii?yaeeiaue iiia? eiia?anna (a ianoiyuaa a?aiy
102-e eiia?ann). Ai aoi?ie — ii?yaeeiaue iiia? naiiai noaoooa eee
?aciethoeee.

A eiioea aiaea ana aeou eiia?anna naiaeyony aiaaeeii e ioaeeeothony a
o?iiieiae/aneii ii?yaeea eo i?eiyoey a “Iieiii nia?aiee noaoooia
Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoia”.

Iiieii oeacaiiuo aeaoo ioeoeeaeueiuo ecaeaiee caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai
eiia?anna ioaeeeoaony a “Naiaea caeiiia Niaaeeiaiiuo ooaoia”, a eioi?ii
caeiiiaeaoaeueiua ii?iu (a ia naie caeiiu) naiaeyony ii i?aaeiaoai eo
?aaoee?iaaiey. Eiei?ii?aoeey caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo ii?i inouanoaeyaony ii 50
oeooeai (?acaeaeai) Naiaea, eioi?ua, a naith i/a?aaeue, aeaeyony ia
aeaau e ia?aa?aou.

No?oeoo?ii Naiae i?aaenoaaeai neaaeothuei ia?acii: 1. Iauea iieiaeaiey.
2. Eiia?ann. 3. I?aceaeaio. 4. Oeaa e ia/aoue, ianoi iaoiaeaeaiey
i?aaeoaeuenoaa e ooaou. 5. I?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua i?aaiu e ainoaea?noaaiiua
neoaeauea. 6. Ioeoeeaeueii i?eciaiiua e ia i?eciaiiua (iacaeiiiua)
oeaiiua aoiaae. 7. Naeueneia oicyenoai. 8. Eiino?aioeu e
a?aaeaeainoai. 9. A?aeo?aae. 10. Aii?oaeaiiua neeu. II. Aaie?ionoai.
12. Aaiee e aaieianeia aeaei. 13. Ia?aienue. 14. Aa?aaiaay io?aia. 15.
Eiiia?/aneea ioiioaiey e oi?aiaey. 16. Eiina?aaoeey iauaeoia i?e?iaeu.
17. Aaoi?neia i?aai. 18. I?anooieaiey e oaieiaiue i?ioeann. 19.
Oaiiaeaiiua iioeeiu. 20. Ia?aciaaiea. 21. I?iaeoeou ieoaiey e
iaaeeeaiaiou. 22. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ioiioaiey e nayce. 23. Oinnaeiua
aei?iae. 24. Aieueieoeu, i?ethou e ianoa iia?aaaiey. 25. Eiaeaeoeu.
26. Iaeiaiaue eiaeaen. 27. Nie?oiua iaieoee. 28. Noaeaaiay aeanoue e
a?aaeaeaineee i?ioeann. 29. O?oae. 30. Caiee, iieaciua eneiiaaiua e
aeiau/a iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo. 31. Aeaiaaeiia ia?auaiea e oeiainu. 32.
Iaoeeiiaeueiay aaa?aeey. 33. Iaaeaaoeey e noaeioiaeiua aiaeu. 34. Oeio.
35. Iaoaiou. 36. Iao?eioe/aneea iauanoaa e i?aaeea, i?eiaiyaiua a ieo.
37. AEaeiaaiuea e aeaiaaeiua auieaou a aii?oaeaiiuo neeao e ?yaea eiuo
neoaea. 38. Iainee e eueaiou aaoa?aiai. 39. Ii/oiaay neoaeaa. 40.
Ainoaea?noaaiiua caeaiey, eiouanoai e iauanoaaiiua ?aaiou. 41.
Ainoaea?noaaiiua eiio?aeou. 42. Cae?aaiio?aiaiea e aeaaininoiyiea. 43.
Ainoaea?noaaiiua caiee. 44. Ainoaea?noaaiiia ia/aoaiea e aeieoiaiou. 45.
AEaeaciua aei?iae. 46. Noaeioiaenoai. 47. Oaeaa?ao, oaeaoii e
?aaeeioaeaa?ao. 48. Oa??eoi?ee e iniiaiua aeaaeaiey. 49. O?ainii?o. 50.
Aieia e iaoeeiiaeueiay iai?iia.

Eiei?ii?aoeee ia iiaeaa?aioou Eiinoeoooeey NOA e ?yae i?aaeoanoaiaaaoeo
ae aeoia — Aeaeea?aoeey iacaaeneiinoe 1776 a., Noaouee Eiioaaea?aoeee
1781 a. e Aeo i Naaa?i-caiaaeiuo oa??eoi?eyo 1787 a. Ii iie ioaeeeothony
a Naiaea a ?acaeaea “I?aaie/aneea caeiiu NOA”.

A oeaeii, a yoi i?eciatho e naie aia?eeaioeu, iiaeiaiay no?oeoo?a Naiaea
caeiiia ia a iieiie ia?a niioaaonoaoao nia?aiaiiiio ?acaeoeth
aia?eeaineiai i?aaa. Ii iaee/ea iiaeiaiie nenoaiaoecaoeee i?e anao aa
ianiaa?oainoaao aianoa n oai eiaao aeinoieinoaa. I?aaeaea anaai — yoi
oaeianoai e aeinooiiinoue ia?auaiey n caeiiiaeaoaeueiui iaoa?eaeii.
Aaaeii oaeaea oi, oi iia iicaieyao auyaeyoue i?ioeai?a/ey e i?iaaeu a
caeiiiaeaoaeueiii ?aaoee?iaaiee e iaiaaeeaiii eo ono?aiyoue.

Ia?aecaeaaony Naiae caeiiia ?ac a oanoue eao. Iineaaeiaa ecaeaiea auei a
1989 a. Aaeaaiaeii ioaeeeothony “Aeiiieiaiey e Naiaeo”, a eioi?uo a oao
aea i?aaeiaoiuo ?aieao oeene?othony eciaiaiey, aianaiiua oaeouei
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ca aiae.

Eiua aeaeu i?ioeaaeo? eiia?anna

I?ioeaaeo?a i?eiyoey oeiainiauo caeiiii?iaeoia. I?ioeaaeo?a i?eiyoey
oeiainiauo caeiiii?iaeoia ia iiiaei ioee/aaony io ii?yaeea i?ioiaeaeaiey
caeiiii?iaeoia, ii ei??aeoe?oaony neaaeothueie iieiaeaieyie.
Caeiiii?iaeou i

ainoaea?noaaiiuo aeioiaeao (iaeiaao e o.ae.) iiaoo auoue i?aaeeiaeaiu
oieueei iaeaoie i?aaenoaaeoaeae. Naiao ai?aaa eeoue ioeeiieoue eo eee
aianoe a eo oaenou iii?aaee. A ioee/ea io eiuo caeiiii?iaeoia oeiainiaua
caeiiii?iaeou iiaoo auoue i?aaenoaaeaiu oieueei a oi?ia aeeeae. A iaeaoa
i?aaenoaaeoaeae iie iaeaaeatho i?eaeeaaeae auoue iinoaaeaiiuie ia
ianoaeaeaiea i?aeoe/anee a ethaia a?aiy canaaeaiee. Iniaoth ?ieue a
i?ioiaeaeaiee oeiainiauo aeeeae ea?atho oeiainiaua eiieoaou iaeao. Oae,
iai?eia?, a naiaoa ana inoaeueiua eiieoaou ia ai?aaa aiineoue
i?aaeeiaeaiey ia oaaee/aiee anneaiiaaiee, anee oieueei iie ia eiatho
oeaeueth auiieiaiea o?aaiaaiee aeaenoaothueo caeiiia eee aeiaiai?ia, a
oaeaea aeoia e ?aciethoeee, ?aiaa i?eiyouo ia oie aea nannee eiia?anna.

Iniai neaaeoao auaeaeeoue ii?yaeie ooaa?aeaeaiey athaeaeaoa.
Onoaiiaeaiiue caeiiii i naaeaine?iaaiiii athaeaeaoa e /?acau/aeiii
eiio?iea ca aeaoeoeeoii 1985 a. ii onoaiaaeeaaao neaaeothuea yoaiu aai
i?ioiaeaeaiey. E ia?aiio iiiaaeaeueieeo iinea 3 yiaa?y i?aceaeaio
iai?aaeyao eiia?anno i?iaeo athaeaeaoa ia neaaeothuee oeiainiaue aiae.
Eiia?ann ionueaao aai a Athaeaeaoiia oi?aaeaiea eiia?anna, eioi?ia e 15
oaa?aey aeieaeii i?aaenoaaeoue io/ao ii iaio athaeaeaoiui eiieoaoai
iaeao. N yoiai iiiaioa e ?ac?aaioea athaeaeaoa iiaeeeth/athony
iinoiyiiua eiieoaou iaeao, eioi?ui aiaiyaony a iaycaiiinoue aei 26
oaa?aey i?aaenoaaeoue naie caeeth/aiey e i?aaeeiaeaiey. E 1 ai?aey
athaeaeaoiua eiieoaou aioiayo i?iaeo niaiaaeathuae ?aciethoeee ii
athaeaeaoo, e aei 16 ai?aey eiia?ann i?eieiaao aa. A aeaeueiaeoai eaeao
?ac?aaioea caeiiii?iaeoia ia anneaiiaaieyo ia neaaeothuee oeiainiaue
aiae, ia/eiathueeny n 1 ieoya?y oiai aea eaeaiaea?iiai aiaea.

I?ioeaaeo?a ooaa?aeaeaiey aeiaiai?ia. I?ioeaaeo?a iaeia?aiey aeiaiai?ia
iiiaeie naieie /a?oaie iaiiieiaao caeiiiaeaoaeueiue i?ioeann. Ia?aae
aieiniaaieai a naiaoa aeiaiai? aeieaeai i?ieoe o?e /oaiey a ?acee/iua
aeie. Ia?aia /oaiea neoaeeo aeey iciaeiieaiey naiaoa n aeiaiai?ii. Ia
yoie noaaeee aeiioneathony i?aaeeiaeaiey oieueei ia ionueea aeiaiai?a a
iinoiyiiua eiieoaou, i iaia/aoaiee aai oaenoa e ia ioiaia ?aiaa
i?eiyoiai ?anii?yaeaiey i aai ?anniio?aiee ia cae?uoii canaaeaiee
naiaoa. Ana aeiaiai?u ionueathony a iinoiyiiue eiieoao ii aiaoiei
ioiioaieyi, anee oieueei naiao a ii?yaeea aaeeiiaeooiiai niaeaney ia
?aoeo eia/a. Eiieoao iinea ianoaeaeaiey aeiaiai?a i?eieiaao ?aoaiea,
aeieeaaeuaay i iai iaeaoa. Ia?aaeee neo/ae, eiaaea eiieoao i?inoi
ioeacuaaaony i?eiyoue ?aoaiea, ioeeaaeuaay ?anniio?aiea aeiaiai?a ia
iaii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie.

Aeiaiai?u, ia?aaeaiiua eiieoaoii a iaeaoo, aeeth/athony a “Eaeaiaea?ue
aii?inia, i?aaenoaaeaiiuo naiaoo ia ooaa?aeaeaiea eniieieoaeueiie
aeanoueth”. N yoiai iiiaioa oi?iaeueii th?enaeeeoeey eiieoaoa iaae
aeiaiai?ii oo?a/eaaaony. Oaeoe/anee aea ?oeiaiaenoai eiieoaoa
i?iaeieaeaao ?oeiaiaeeoue i?ioiaeaeaieai aai /a?ac iaeaoo, iaeaaeay, a
/anoiinoe, i?aeiouanoaaiiui i?aaii ia aunooieaiey a aeaaaoao.

Naiao i?enooiaao e ianoaeaeaieth aeiaiai?a, anee ii iaoiaeeony a iaeaoa
ia iaiaa iaeiiai aeiy. Aeiaiai? ca/eouaaaony aoi?ie ?ac e, anee iao
aeaaaoia, noaaeony ia aieiniaaiea. A oii neo/aa, anee i?aaeeaaathony
iii?aaee e iaiai?ee, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue aeieeaaeuaathony oa eo ieo,
eioi?ua i?aaeeiaeaiu iinoiyiiui eiieoaoii ii aiaoiei ioiioaieyi.

Iii?aaee e aeiaiai?o i?eieiathony naiaoii eeai ii ioaeaeueiinoe, eeai a
niaieoiiinoe. Caoai i?eieiathony iaiai?ee, eioi?ua aeeth/athony a
i?eeiaeaiea e ?aciethoeee ia iaeia?aiee. Iii?aaee e iaiai?ee
i?eieiathony i?inoui aieueoeinoaii aieinia. Aeaeaa aeiaiai? auiineony ia
iaeia?aiea naiaoa e n/eoaaony ooaa?aeaeaiiui, anee ca iaai iiaeaii aeaa
o?aoe aieinia i?enoonoaothueo naiaoi?ia. Ianoaeaeaiea aeiaiai?ia
i?ioiaeyo ioaee/ii, ii i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe canaaeaiey i?iaiaeyony oaeii.
A iineaaeiai neo/aa naiaoi?u e aeieaeiinoiua eeoea iaeaou aa?oo ia naay
iaycaoaeuenoai o?aieoue eioi?iaoeeth a oaeia. Ia?ooaiea aai iiaeao
iiaea/ue eneeth/aiea naiaoi?a ec ninoaaa iaeaou.

Ia?aiin ?anniio?aiey aeiaiai?a ia nanneth iiaiai eiia?anna ia
aeiioneaaony, ii a i?aaeaeao n?iea oiai aea eiia?anna ?anniio?aiea
aeiaiai?ia, ia caaa?oaiiia ia iaeiie nannee, aiciaiiaeyaony ia
neaaeothuae n oiai iiiaioa, ia eioi?ii iii auei i?a?aaii.

I?ioeaaeo?a iaeia?aiey iacia/aiee ia aeieaeiinoe. I?aaeeiaeaiiua
i?aceaeaioii iacia/aiey ia?aaeathony naiaoii a niioaaonoaothuee eiieoao.
?aaeaiaio naiaoa ia ii?aaeaeyao i?aaeiaoioth eiiiaoaioeeth eiieoaoia a
yoii aii?ina. Iaeiaei i?aoeaaeaioaie onoaiiaeaii, iai?eia?, oi, /oi i?e
iacia/aiee noaeae iaoa?eaeu ionueathony a th?eaee/aneee eiieoao, i?e
iacia/aiee aeeieiiaoia — a eiieoao ii aiaoiei ioiioaieyi e o.ae. Ionueea
aeae a iinoiyiiua eiieoaou i?iecaiaeeony aac i?iaaaeaiey aeaaaoia,
i?aaenaaeaoaeai iaeaou aaeeiiee/ii. Iaeiaei, a neo/aa ia?ooaiey
i?aaeiaoiie eiiiaoaioeee naiao aieueoeinoaii aieinia iiaeao eciaieoue
?aoaiea i?aaenaaeaoaey e iai?aaeoue aii?in a ae?oaie eiieoao. Iieo/ea io
iaeaou iaoa?eaeu, iinoiyiiue eiieoao ia?aaeaao eo ia?aaeei a naie
iiaeeiieoao. Iineaaeiee ?anniao?eaaao aii?in ia ioe?uoii canaaeaiee,
auiineo ?aoaiea e aica?auaao iaoa?eaeu eiieoaoo ni naieie
?aeiiaiaeaoeeyie. Eiieoao, a naith i/a?aaeue, ianoaeaeaao aeieeaae
iiaeeiieoaoa e i?eieiaao ?aoaiea, eioi?ia aeieeaaeuaaao naiaoo.

Iacia/aiey ?anniao?eaathony naiaoii a oii ii?yaeea, a eioi?ii iie auee
caianaiu a “Eaeaiaea?ue aii?inia, i?aaenoaaeaiiuo naiaoo ia
ooaa?aeaeaiea eniieieoaeueiie aeanoueth”. Caiauaiea iacia/eoaeueiuo
aeieaeiinoae ?anniao?eaaaony oeaeuie nieneaie.

A oii neo/aa, anee naiao ia auian ?aoaiey ii ianoaeaeaaiiio aii?ino a
oiaea nannee, ia neaaeothuae nannee ii ia ?anniao?eaaaony, anee
i?aceaeaioii ia aoaeao aiiaue aianaii i?aaenoaaeaiea. Oaeie aea ii?yaeie
i?aaeoniio?ai i?e ia?aiina canaaeaiee naiaoa ia n?ie, i?aauoathuee 30
aeiae.

Yeno?ai?aeeia?iay i?ioeaaeo?a eca?aiey i?aceaeaioa. Niaeanii XII
iii?aaea e Eiinoeoooeee, anee ie iaeei ec i?aoaiaeaioia ia iaaa?ao
aaniethoiiai aieueoeinoaa aieinia eieeaaee auai?ueeia, i?aceaeaio ec
/enea o?ao i?aoaiaeaioia, iaa?aaoeo iaeaieueoaa /enei aieinia,
ecae?aaony iaeaoie i?aaenoaaeoaeae. Aieiniaaiea a yoii neo/aa
i?iaiaeeony ii ooaoai, i?e/ai i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoai io eaaeaeiai ooaoa
eiaao, iacaaeneii io /enea aeaiooaoia, oieueei iaeei aiein. Eai?oi
ninoaaeytho /eaiu iaeaou i?aaenoaaeoaeae ii e?aeiae ia?a io aeaoo o?aoae
ooaoia. Aieiniaaiea i?iaiaeeony ii atheeaoaiyi. Eca?aiiui ec
eaiaeeaeaoia noaiiaeony oio, eoi iaaa?ao aieueoeinoai aieinia anao
ooaoia.

I?ioeaaeo?a eiie/iaioa. N eieoeeaoeaie eiie/iaioa aunooiaao iaeaoa
i?aaenoaaeoaeae. I?aneaaeiaaiea ii eiie/iaioo i?iecaiaeeony ii iaoeoeee,
iineaieth i?aceaeaioa e o.i. Ii aianoe ?aciethoeeth i aicaoaeaeaiee
aeaea iiaoo oieueei /eaiu iaeaou. Iieo/aiiua iaeaoie i?aaenoaaeoaeae
iaoa?eaeu ionueathony a th?eaee/aneee eee a niaoeeaeueiue eiieoao,
eioi?ue auyniyao noaiaiue iainiiaaiiinoe iaaeiaiey e aeieeaaeuaaao
iaeaoa, eiathony ee iniiaaiey i?iecaiaeeoue ?anneaaeiaaiea. A neo/aa,
anee eiieoao ia n/ae aiciiaeiui i?iaeieaeeoue ?anneaaeiaaiea aeaea, iii,
n niaeaney iaeaou, i?ae?auaaony. A oii neo/aa, anee iaeaoa auianao
?aciethoeeth i aicaoaeaeaiee aeaea, iaoa?eaeu, eae i?aaeei, ionueathony
a th?eaee/aneee eiieoao, eioi?ue oi?ioee?oao noaouee eiie/iaioa. Noaouee
eiie/iaioa a neo/aa ooaa?aeaeaiey iaeaoie (i?inoui aieueoeinoaii
aieinia) ia?aaeathony naiaoo aeey ?anniio?aiey aeaea ii nouanoao.

Naiao ia iiaeao ioeeiieoue noaouee eiie/iaioa e aeieaeai i?eiyoue aeaei
e naiaio ?anniio?aieth. Aeey eniieiaiey iaycaiiinoae “noaeae” naiaoi?u
i?eaiaeyony e i?enyaa eeai aeatho caaa?aiea. I?e ?anniio?aiee aeaea ii
iaaeiaieth i?aceaeaioa aaaeao canaaeaiey i?aaenaaeaoaeue Aa?oiaiiai
noaea NOA. “I?aaeea ?anniio?aiey aeae a ii?yaeea eiie/iaioa”
i?aaeoniao?eaatho iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?aaeuyaeaiey aeieacaoaeuenoa,
aeii?ina naeaeaoaeae e caneooeaaiey iiaiee noi?ii. Caaa?oaao noae
eiie/iaioa — aieiniaaiea ii ioieoai iaaeiaiey, i?aaeuyaeaiiui iaeaoie
i?aaenoaaeoaeae. Aeey i?eciaiey aeiiaiui iaiaoiaeeii niaeanea ii
iaiueoae ia?a aeaoo o?aoae naiaoia.

*EAIU EIIA?ANNA NOA

Nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneee ii?o?ao /eaiia eiia?anna aeinoaoi/ii
iaeii?iaeai. Yoi, eae i?aaeei, ninoiyoaeueiua, a aic?anoa io 50 aei 60
eao eeoea, a iniiaiii ioae/eiu, aaeua, i?ioanoaiou, aeey eioi?uo
iieeoeea — aeaei e i?ecaaiea aeecie. Iiiaea ec ieo i?ioee ianoiyuoth
oeieo iieeoeee — io ieciauo auai?iuo aei aunoeo i?aaenoaaeoaeueiuo
i?aaiia ooaoia. A eiia?anna i?aiaeaaeatho th?enou (a naiaoa aieaa 50%).
Aunie i?ioeaio aecianiaiia, i?aiiaeaaaoaeae, ia?oeeiuo ooieoeeiia?ia e
aeo?iaeenoia. Eae i?aaeei, aei 90% anao aeaiooaoia, o/anoaothueo a
auai?ao, ia?aecae?aaony aiiaue.

I?aaiaie noaoon aeaiooaoia ii?aaeaeyaony oaeeie iieeoeei-i?aaiauie
i?eioeeiaie, eae iacaaeneiinoue, iaaeiionoeiinoue niaiauaiey iinoia e
?aaiii?aaea anao /eaiia eiia?anna.

I?eioeei iacaaeneiinoe. Oi?iaeueii aeaiooaou ia aeieaeiu iiae/eiyoueny
aiea ecae?aoaeae, ia?oeeiuo i?aaiia e i?aaiia aeanoe ooaoia. Ii ia aeaea
ana ianoieo eia/a.

*eai eiia?anna aeieaeai iinoiyiii aeaenoaiaaoue n iaeyaeeie ia naieo
ecae?aoaeae: o/eouaaoue ia oieueei aiciiaeioth ?aaeoeeth a naieo ie?oaao
ia oa eeai eiua aeou eiia?anna, ii e aeiaeaaoueny i?eiyoey ?aoaiee
(oeiainiaua i?ia?aiiu ieacaiey iiiiue, eiaanoeoeee, eiio?aeou e o. i.),
eioi?uo aeaeoo io iaai ecae?aoaee.

A iaiueoae noaiaie iuouaaony caaeneiinoue /eaiia io ia?oeeiuo o?aeoeee
eiia?anna. Oi?iaeueii iineaaeiea eeoaiu eaeeo-eeai oi?i aicaeaenoaey ia
aeaiooaoia. Iiceoeee /eaiia eiia?anna ii?aaeaeaiu a iniiaiii ia
ia?oeeiie eo i?eiaaeeaaeiinoueth, a neiaeiie ?annoaiiaeie iieeoe/aneeo
nee, aaea ?aciaaeaaaiea eaeao ia ii eeiee “?anioaeeeaineay —
aeaiie?aoe/aneay ia?oee”, a ii eeiee “eiina?aaoi?u — oeaio? — eeaa?aeu”.
Ii e na?anuaaoue ni n/aoia aicaeaenoaea o?aeoeee ia aeaiooaoia oaeaea ia
noieo. Io ieo caaeneo ia oieueei iiaeaea?aeea i?inuea aeaiooaoa a
aii?inao, oeacaiiuo auoa, ii e oaeoe/aneee noaoon naieo aeaiooaoia a
eiia?anna (iacia/aiea a i?anoeaeiua eiieoaou, i?aaeinoaaeaiea neiaa a
aeaaaoao e o.i.).

Ia aeiioneaaony aeaaeaiea ia /eaiia eiia?anna e ni noi?iiu
ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia ooaoia. Ii ia o/eouaaoue eo o?aaiaaiey
aeaiooaou oaeaea ia iiaoo, eiay a aeaeo oa?ico aiciiaeiie iiiiceoeee ia
aoaeoueo auai?ao.

I?eioeei iacaaeneiinoe aeaiooaoia aeeth/aao oaeaea oa ia?eaiaioneea
i?eaeeaaee, eioi?ua cae?aieaiu a no. 1, ?acae. 6 Eiinoeoooeee: “Naiaoi?u
e i?aaenoaaeoaee… e?iia oao neo/aaa, eiaaea… aeiiaiu a eciaia,
oyaeeii i?anooieaiee e ia?ooaiee iauanoaaiiiai ii?yaeea, ia iiaoo auoue
iiaeaa?aioou a?anoo ai a?aiy iaoiaeaeaiey ia nannee, neaaeiaaiey ia
nanneth e aica?auaiey n iaa; e ie ca eaeea aunooieaiey, eeai o/anoea a
aeaaaoao eo ia iiaoo iiaeaa?aiooue aeii?ino a eaeii-eeai eiii ianoa”. A
nayce n auoa i?eaaaeaiiie ii?iie neaaeoao iiae/a?eiooue neaaeothuaa.
Eiioieoao io a?anoa oaeoe/anee aacaeaenoaoao. Oi?ioea Eiinoeoooeee
ioaaouaaao i?aeoe/anee ana aeaeu i?ioeaii?aaiiai iiaaaeaiey. Iiyoiio
aeaenoaaiiie inoaaony oieueei aoi?ay /anoue ?acae. 6. Ii e a yoie nayce
iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue: naiaiaea neiaa a eiia?anna eiaao aiieia
ii?aaeaeaiiua ?aiee. Eiinoeoooeeiiiua aa?aioee ?ani?ino?aiythony oieueei
ia noa?o “i?aaiia?iie caeiiiaeaoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe”.

I?eioeei ianiaianoeiinoe niaiauaiey iinoia onoaiiaeai no. 1, ?acae. 6
Eiinoeoooeee (aoi?ie aacaoe): “Ie naiaoi?, ie i?aaenoaaeoaeue ia iiaeao
auoue iacia/ai a oa/aiea n?iea, ia eioi?ue ii eca?ai, ia eaeoth-eeai
a?aaeaeaineoth aeieaeiinoue, ia?aciaaiioth Niaaeeiaiiuie Ooaoaie,
eioi?ay nicaeaia eeai niaea?aeaiea ii eioi?ie oaaee/aii ca oio aea n?ie;
e ie iaeii eeoei, ninoiyuaa ia aeieaeiinoe, ia?aciaaiiie Niaaeeiaiiuie
Ooaoaie, ia iiaeao auoue /eaiii eaeie-eeai iaeaou, iiea i?aauaaao ia
iae”.

Oeacaiiay ii?ia auea onoaiiaeaia a ?acaeoea i?eioeeia ?acaeaeaiey
aeanoae, ii iia neoaeeo e oeaeyi iaania/aiey iacaaeneiiai iieiaeaiey
/eaiia eiia?anna. Ioaeaeueiuie caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie aeaenoaea aa
?ani?ino?aiaii ia ei?ii?aoeee, iaoiaeyueany a nianoaaiiinoe ainoaea?noaa
eeai iiae eiio?ieai ia?aciaaiiuo oaaea?aeueiui i?aaeoaeuenoaii i?aaiia.

I?eioeei ?aaiii?aaey aeaiooaoia au?aaeai a i?aaa ecae?aoue e auoue
eca?aiiui ia aeieaeiinoe a iaeaoa e a ninoaa eiieoaoia, a i?aaa
caeiiiaeaoaeueiie eieoeeaoeau, a i?aaa o/anoey a aeaaaoao e a
aieiniaaiee. Oi?iaeueii ana aeaiooaou iaaeaeaiu ?aaiuie i?aaaie. Ii
iaiaoiaeeii o/anoue ?yae iaoaieciia, iaania/eaathueo i?eaeeaae?iaaiiia
iieiaeaiea oai aeaiooaoai, eioi?ua caieiatho eeth/aaua iinou eeai
aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy i?aauaatho a eiia?anna (nenoaia “noa?oeinoaa”).

Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, ?aaeaiaiou e i?aoeaaeaiou iaeao cae?aieytho
neaaeothuea iaycaiiinoe /eaiia eiia?anna.

Ia?aae anooieaieai a aeieaeiinoue eaaeaeue aeaiooao i?eieiaao i?enyao
(aeaao caaa?aiea) a neaaeothuae oi?ia: “ss oi?aeanoaaiii eeyionue (eee
caaa?yth), /oi aoaeo iiaeaea?aeeaaoue e caueuaoue Eiinoeoooeeth
Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoia io anao aa a?aaia, aiaoieo e aioo?aiieo; /oi aoaeo
enoeiii aa?ai e i?aaeai ae; /oi y i?eieiath yoi iaycaoaeuenoai
naiaiaeii, aac eaeeo-eeai iioaaiiuo iaiai?ie e iunee oeeiieoueny io aai
auiieiaiey; /oi y aoaeo aeinoieii e aeia?iniaanoii eniieiyoue
iaycaiiinoe ii aeieaeiinoe, e eioi?ie y i?enooiath; aea iiiiaeao iia a
yoii Aia” (oeooe 5 Naiaea caeiiia NOA, §3331).

Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi /eaiu eiia?anna ia iiaoo o/anoaiaaoue a
caeiiiaeaoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe aei oao ii?, iiea ia i?eioo i?enyao.
*oi aea eanaaony oi?ioeu i aeinoieiii e aeia?iniaanoiii eniieiaiee
iaycaiiinoae ii aeieaeiinoe, iia ?ane?uaaaony a niioaaonoaothueo
o?aaiaaieyo, onoaiiaeaiiuo eae ?aaeaiaioaie, oae e i?aoeaaeaioaie iaeao.

Oae, iai?eia?, Iinoiyiiua i?aaeea naiaoa cae?aieytho neaaeothuea iyoue
i?aaee, ia?ooaiea eioi?uo ?anniao?eaaaony eae i?ioeai?a/ea onoaiiaeaiiui
o?aaiaaieyi:

“1. Naiaoi?… ia aeieaeai iieo/aoue eaeia-eeai aiciaa?aaeaeaiea eeai
aeiioneaoue iinooieaiea ia aai oeiainiaua n/aoa eaeeo-eeai aeaiaaeiuo
n?aaenoa, eaeei au ie aue enoi/iee eo iinooieaiee, anee iiaeiaiia
iieo/aiea eee iinooieaiea aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ia aeieaeiui ia?acii
ieaaeoo aeeyiea ia aai aeayoaeueiinoue eae naiaoi?a…

2. Ie iaeei naiaoi?… ia aeieaeai o/anoaiaaoue a eaeii-eeai iinoi?iiiai
i?aaei?eyoee, eeai a iinoi?iiiae i?ioanneiiaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe, eeai
iinooiaoue ia neoaeao, ii eioi?ie auiea/eaaaony aeaeiaaiuea, anee yoi
i?ioeai?a/eo o?aaiaaieyi aeia?iniaanoiiai eniieiaiey aiceiaeaiiuo ia
iaai iaycaiiinoae ii aeieaeiinoe…

3. Ie iaeei naiaoi?… ia aeieaeai niciaoaeueii eniieueciaaoue naia
aeieaeiinoiia iieiaeaiea, ieacuaay niaeaenoaea aianaieth eeai
iiaeaea?aeea a ?ac?aaioea e i?eiyoee caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, anee i?e yoii
iniiaiie oeaeueth yaeythony eneeth/eoaeueii oeiainiaia aai aeaaiiieo/ea,
aeaaiiieo/ea aai naiuee eeai oeiainiaia aeaaiiieo/ea ia?aie/aiiiai e?oaa
eeoe eee i?aaei?eyoee, e eioi?ui i?eiaaeeaaeeo ii, aai naiuey, eeai
eiio?iee?oaiua ei, eeai /eaiaie aai naiuee i?aaei?eyoey.

4. Ie iaeei naiaoi?… ia aeieaeai (a) iinooiaoue ia neoaeao a
eaeoth-eeai oe?io, eiiiaieth, annioeeaoeeth eee ei?ii?aoeeth n oeaeueth
i?aaeinoaaeaiey ca aiciaa?aaeaeaiea naieo i?ioanneiiaeueiuo oneoa eae
naiaoi?a; (a) iicaieyoue eniieueciaaoue naia eiy iiaeiaiie oe?ia,
eiiiaiee, annioeeaoeee eee ei?ii?aoeee; (a) caieiaoueny eaeie-eeai
aeayoaeueiinoueth ca aiciaa?aaeaeaiea a onoaiiaeaiiua /anu ?aaiou a
naiaoa…

5. Ie iaeei naiaoi?… ia aeieaeai ninoiyoue ia neoaeaa eeai auoue
/eaiii niaaoa eaeie-eeai ainoaea?noaaiiie eeai iiaeeiio?ieueiie
ainoaea?noao ei?ii?aoeee, oeiainiaiai o/?aaeaeaiey eee
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie i?aaiecaoeee” (I?aaeei XLV Iinoiyiiuo i?aaee
naiaoa).

Aeinoaoi/ii ?ac?aaioaiu o?aaiaaiey e iiaaaeaieth aeaiooaoia a eiia?anna.
Caeiiiaeaoaee iaycaiu i?enoonoaiaaoue ia canaaeaieyo naieo iaeao. A
i?ioeaiii neo/aa — i?e ionoonoaee eai?oia — eo yaea aoaeao iaania/aia
neeie. Iie ia ai?aaa oeeiiyoueny io aieiniaaiey, anee oieueei naia
iaeaoa, caneooaa eo iauyniaiey, ia aeano ia yoi niaeaney. I?e iieiaiiii
aieiniaaiee ioaao aeiioneaaony oieueei a oi?ia “aea” e “iao” aac
iaiai?ie e iioeaaoeee ?aoaiey. *eai eiia?anna a naieo aunooieaieyo ia
ai?aaa auneacuaaoueny a inei?aeoaeueiii oiia eee aeiioneaoue
inei?aeoaeueiua au?aaeaiey a aae?an ae?oaeo aeaiooaoia e ooaoia,
i?a?uaaoue ae?oaea aunooieaiey ooiii e e?eeii.

Aeaaii io?aaioaiu e oi?iu ia?auaiey aeaiooaoia ae?oa e ae?oao. Ia/eiay
naia aunooieaiea, /eai eiia?anna aeaaiaea?eo i?aaenaaeaoaey ca
i?aaeinoaaeaiiia aio neiai. I?e ia?auaiee e ae?oaiio aeaiooaoo
iai?aiaiiie yaeyaony oi?ioea: “naiaoi? (eiia?anniai)” eee “oaaaeaaiue
naiaoi? (eiia?anniai)”.

Iniai neaaeoao auaeaeeoue oeiainiaua ia?aie/aiey. “Iinoi?iiiea aeioiaeu”
/eaiia eiia?anna ia aeieaeiu i?aauoaoue 15% io iniiaiiai eo aeaeiaaiuey.
Ai?i/ai, neaaeoao iiae/a?eiooue, /oi a iiiyoea “iinoi?iiieo aeioiaeia”
ia aoiaeeo aiciaa?aaeaeaiea, iieo/aiiia /eaiii eiia?anna a aeaea
eiiiainaoeee ca aeaenoaeoaeueii ieacaiiua ei ee/ii oneoae; aaoi?neea
aiii?a?u; aeioiaeu, iieo/aiiua io i?iaeaaee oai?/aneeo eee
ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo i?iecaaaeaiee; aeaiaaeiua iinooieaiey io i?iaeaaee
aeoeee, anee oeaia eo niioaaonoaoao iainiiaaiiui e ni?aaaaeeeaui
?uii/iui oeaiai; aeioiaeu io naiaeiuo i?aaei?eyoee e aeeaeaeaiaeu ii
aeoeeyi.

Noaaee aaoi?neeo aiii?a?ia /eaiia eiia?anna ia aeieaeiu i?aauoaoue
aeaenoaothueo e iiiaioo caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?ia iaueo ?anoeaiie. Ca
eaaeaeia aunooieaiea, ?a/ue eee noaoueth /eai eiia?anna iiaeao iieo/eoue
aiciaa?aaeaeaiea a noiia ia aieaa 2 oun. aeiee. Cai?auaii, n iaeioi?uie
iaiai?eaie, iieo/aiea iiaea?eia io eaeeo au oi ie auei eeoe.

Aaeaaiaeii /eaiu eiia?anna i?aaeinoaaeytho iiae?iaiua oeiainiaua
aeaeea?aoeee, a eioi?uo oeacuaatho ana enoi/ieee iieo/aiiuo eie
aeioiaeia.

Ioaaonoaaiiinoue aeaiooaoia ca oa eee eiua i?inooiee au?aaeaaony a
neaaeothueo oi?iao: ii?eoeaiea, auaiai?, eeoaiea noaoona “noa?oeinoaa”,
eneeth/aiea ec ninoaaa eiieoaoa e eneeth/aiea ec ninoaaa iaeaou.
Iineaaeiaa iaeacaiea i?eiaiyaony ii ?aoaieth ia iaiaa aeaoo o?aoae
/eaiia iaeaou (Eiino., no. 1, ?acae. 5).

Aaeainee a iaeaoa a oeacaiiii auoa neo/aa, a oaeaea a neo/aa nia?oe eee
ionoaaee caiieiythony neaaeothuei ia?acii. A iaeaoa i?aaenoaaeoaeae
i?iaiaeyony aeiiieieoaeueiua auai?u. A naiaoa — iacia/aiea ia aaeaioiia
ianoi i?iecaiaeeony aoaa?iaoi?ii ooaoa.

AEaeiaaiuea e eiua iaoa?eaeueiua eueaiou aeaiooaoia eiia?anna
?aciiia?aciu. Aei 1990 a. naiaoi?u e /eaiu iaeaou i?aaenoaaeoaeae eiaee
aeaeiaaiuea a ?acia?a 89500 aeiee. aaeaaiaeii. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy yoa
noiia iiaeiyoa aei 120 oun. aeiee. a aiae. Iiieii ioeoeeaeueii — ii
caeiio — onoaiiaeaiiiai aeaeiaaiuey aeaiooaou eiatho ?acee/iua
eiiiainaoeeiiiua auieaou e i?eaeeaaee. Oae, iai?eia?, a oa/aiee nannee
iiea/eaathony aei?iaeiua ?anoiaeu ia 15 iiacaeie /eaiia eiia?anna a naie
ie?oaa. Aieueoia cia/aiea eiaao ii/oiaay i?eaeeaaey caeiiiaeaoaeae.
Aanieaoiay ?annueea iaoa?eaeia ii ii/oa aeaao aiciiaeiinoue oniaoii
?aeeaie?iaaoue ia?aae ecae?aoaeyie naith aeayoaeueiinoue e oai naiui
oi?ie?iaaoue a i?aaeaeaa?ee auai?ia aeaaii?eyoiia iauanoaaiiia iiaiea.
E?iia ii/oiaie i?eaeeaaee caeiiiaeaoaee eiatho i?aai ia aanieaoiia
iieueciaaiea oaeaoiiiie e oaeaa?aoiie naycueth. Aanieaoii
i?aaeinoaaeyaony ei Naiae caeiiia NOA e ?aciiia?aciua ni?aai/iua
ecaeaiey. Aaeaaeiaaii /eaiai eiia?anna aeinoaaeythony auionee “Eiia?aoie
?aei?ae” — ioeoeeaeueiiai atheeaoaiy, eioi?ie?othuaai i ?aaioa eiia?anna
ca i?ioaaeoee caeiiiaeaoaeueiue aeaiue (auoiaeeo ec ia/aoe ia iicaea 8
/ania oo?a).

E?iia oiai, /eaiu eiia?anna eiatho i?aai ia no?aoiaaiea aeecie ia noiio
45 oun. aeiee. e i?aai ia no?aoiaaiea caei?iauey (40% aciinia a
iineaaeiai neo/aa iiea/eaaaony ec athaeaeaoa). *eaiu eiia?anna eiatho
i?aai ia iieo/aiea aanieaoiie ia?aie iaaeeoeeineie iiiiue. Iaeiiaoe,
aeaiooaoai iiea/eaathony ?anoiaeu ia iaaee?iaeo e oaoie/aneia
iai?oaeiaaiea (a oii /enea e YAI) eo ioenia.

Neaaeoao oaeaea ioiaoeoue ?yae eiuo eueaio e i?eaeeaaee iaoa?eaeueiiai
naienoaa. Ia Eaieoieee anoue ieaaaoaeueiue aannaei, nii?oeaiue cae e
naoia. *eaiu eiia?anna iieuecothony niaoeeaeueii i?aaeiacia/aiiuie aeey
ieo ia?eeiaoa?neeie, noieiauie e eaoaoa?eyie. A iaeioi?uo caaaaeaieyo
auoiaiai ianeoaeeaaiey ?anoeaiee ca oneoae ieaea iauaaeaenoaothueo.

*eaiu eiia?anna eiatho neoaeaaiua iiiauaiey eae a Aaoeiaoiia, oae e a
oii ecae?aoaeueiii ie?oaa, eioi?ue iie i?aaenoaaeytho. Naiaoi?u,
i?aaenoaaeythuea ooaou n ianaeaieai iaiueoa 2 iei, eiatho neoaeaaiua
iiiauaiey ieiuaaeueth aei 4 800 ea. oooia (1 ea. ooo ?aaai 929 ea. ni.)
Iaeneiaeueiay ieiuaaeue neoaeaaiuo iiiauaiee naiaoi?ia — 8000 ea. oooia
(naiaoi?u io ooaoia n ianaeaieai nauoa 17 iei).

Eaaeaeue /eai eiia?anna eiaao nianoaaiiue ooao nio?oaeieeia. A iaeaoa
i?aaenoaaeoaeae a ooaoa eiia?anniaia—18 nio?oaeieeia. A ooaoa naiaoi?a
—io 20 aei 30 /aeiaae.

I?e iaeia nio?oaeieeia a ooao /eaiu eiia?anna ia aeieaeiu aeiioneaoue
aeene?eieiaoeee a caaeneiinoe io ?anu, oeaaoa eiaee, iaoeeiiaeueiiai
i?ienoiaeaeaiey, iiea, ?aeeaee, aic?anoa eee oece/aneeo iaaeinoaoeia.
I?eai a ooao ?iaenoaaiieeia cai?auai.

A iniiaiii ooao /eaiia eiia?anna ?ae?ooe?oaony ec iieiaeuo ethaeae,
i?iyaeythueo neeiiiinoue e iieeoeea. A caaea/e aiia?aoa aoiaeeo
iaania/aiea aanueia iiiainoi?iiiae aeayoaeueiinoe caeiiiaeaoaey i?e
iiaeaioiaea caeiiii?iaeoia e iiaeai?ea iaoa?eaeia aeey neooaiee,
aaaeaiee aeieoiaioaoeee e iiaeaea?aeaiee nayce /eaia eiia?anna n
ecae?aoaeueiui ie?oaii.

Iaeneiaeueiay noaaea iiiiuieea naiaoi?a — 39 909 aeiee. a aiae.

ANIIIIAAOAEUeIUA I?AAIU EIIA?ANNA

Eiia?ann NOA eiaao ?acaaoaeaiioth nenoaio aniiiiaaoaeueiuo i?aaiia,
iaania/eaathueo ?aaeecaoeeth eiio?ieueiuo ooieoeee eiia?anna, a oaeaea
iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneia e ni?aai/ii-eioi?iaoeeiiiia ianeoaeeaaiea
caeiiiaeaoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Aaia?aeueiia io/aoiia oi?aaeaiea (AIO) ia?aciaaii a 1921 a. Aicaeaaeyao
aai aaia?aeueiue eiio?iea?, iacia/aaiue i?aceaeaioii ia 15-eaoiee n?ie.
A ooaoa AIO — aieaa 5 oun. /aeiaae, a iniiaiii niaoeeaeenoia a iaeanoe
oeiainia, yeiiiieee e i?aaa. A caaea/e oi?aaeaiey aoiaeeo oeiainiaue
eiio?ieue ca aeayoaeueiinoueth eniieieoaeueiuo i?aaiia aeanoe e
inouanoaeaieai ooaa?aeaeaiiuo eiia?annii i?ia?aii. I ?acoeueoaoao naieo
?anneaaeiaaiee oi?aaeaiea iaiin?aaenoaaiii aeieeaaeuaaao eiia?anno.
Iiieii eiio?ieueiuo ooieoeee AIO aaaeao enneaaeiaaoaeueneea ?aaiou ii
ioeaiea yooaeoeaiinoe i?aaeeaaaaiuo i?aceaeaioii e i?eieiaaiuo
eiia?annii i?ia?aii.

Oi?aaeaiea oaoiieiae/aneeo ioeaiie (OOI) nicaeaii a 1972 a. Aicaeaaeyao
aai niaao, a eioi?ue aoiaeyo aee?aeoi? OOI, oanoue naiaoi?ia e oanoue
/eaiia iaeaou i?aaenoaaeoaeae. A ooaoa oi?aaeaiey ieiei 200 /aeiaae, ii
aaeaaiaeii ii aeiaiai?ai e aai ?aaioa i?eaeaeathony aieaa 2 oun.
yenia?oia. A caaea/e OOI aoiaeeo: ieacaiea iiiiue eiieoaoai i?e
?ac?aaioea niioaaonoaothueo caeiiii?iaeoia e oeiaine?oaiuo ec athaeaeaoa
i?ia?aii, i?iaaaeaiea aeieaia?aiaiiuo iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo ?aaio
ii ?acee/iui iai?aaeaieyi iaoee e oaoieee.

Athaeaeaoiia oi?aaeaiea eiia?anna (AOE) nicaeaii a 1974 a. A ooaoa
oi?aaeaiey ieiei 250 /aeiaae. A caaea/e AOE aoiaeeo ?ac?aaioea
aaeaaiaeiuo aeieeaaeia ii athaeaeaoo athaeaeaoiui eiieoaoai iaeao. Iii
?ac?aaaouaaao oaeaea 5-eaoiea i?iaiicu yeiiiie/aneiai aicaeaenoaey
?ac?aaaouaaaiuo eiia?annii oeiainiauo aeeeae e ?aciethoeee. A ia/aea
eaaeaeiai oeiainiaiai aiaea i?aaenoaaeyao 5-eaoiee i?iaiic iinooieaiee
iaeiaia a athaeaeao e oaeoueo ?anoiaeia i?aaeoaeuenoaa. Ii o?aaiaaieth
athaeaeaoiuo e eiuo eiieoaoia eiia?anna oi?aaeaiea inouanoaeyao
enneaaeiaaiey e ii ae?oaei aii?inai athaeaeaoiie iieeoeee. I ?iee
oi?aaeaiey iiaeii noaeeoue ii neaaeothuaio oaeoo. I?e ?ac?aaioea
athaeaeaoa ia 1983 oeiainiaue aiae i?aceaeaio n/ae iaiaoiaeeiui a iniiao
athaeaeaoa iieiaeeoue ?an/aou, auiieiaiiua AOE, a ia i?aaenoaaeaiiua
iiae/eiaiiui aio aiia?aoii.

Iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneay neoaeaa eiia?anna (IENE) ooieoeeiie?oao a
?aieao Aeaeeioaee eiia?anna n 1914 a. Ii ii?o/aieth /eaiia eiia?anna e
iinoiyiiuo eiieoaoia iaeao i?iaiaeeo neaaeothuea aeaeu ?aaio:
aiaeeoe/aneea ni?aaee, eiinoeueoaoeee, caeeth/aiey ii caeiiii?iaeoai e
ia?aaiaeu. Iiieii yoiai, IENE ieacuaaao niaeaenoaea a i?iaaaeaiee
neooaiee a eiia?anna, i?iaiaeeo naieia?u aeey /eaiia eiia?anna e
eii?aeeie?oao i?ia?aiiu iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo ?aaio. Oi?ie?oaony
iia ia iaia?oeeiie iniiaa (aac o/aoa ia?oeeiie i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe, eae,
ai?i/ai, e ana eiua aniiiiaaoaeueiua i?aaiu eiia?anna). A 1989 a. a IENE
auei caiyoi 896 /aeiaae, ec ieo 860 — ia iieiie noaaea. No?oeoo?ii
neoaeaa ninoieo ec /aou?ao iiae?acaeaeaiee: aiaeeoe/aneeo enneaaeiaaiee
a iaeanoe iieeoeee; aeieoiaioaoeee e caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia;
ni?aai/ii-eioi?iaoeeiiiie neoaeau; aaeieieno?aoeaiuo neoaea. A 1987
oeiainiaii aiaeo IENE i?aaenoaaee eioi?iaoeeth ia 443 400 cai?inia
/eaiia e eiieoaoia eiia?anna.

A ?yaeo aniiiiaaoaeueiuo i?aaiia eiia?anna neaaeoao oeacaoue oaeaea
Caeiiiaeaoaeueiue niaao e Niaao ii caeiiiaeaoaeueiiio ia?aniio?o. A
ooaoa ia?aiai — 52, aoi?iai — 18 /aeiaae. A ooieoeee yoeo i?aaiia
aoiaeeo nai?, aiaeec e iaiauaiea eioi?iaoeee ii i?aaiaui aii?inai,
?ac?aaioea ia?niaeoeaiuo ieaiia caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo ?aaio, eiinoeueoaoeee,
?ac?aaioea caeiiii?iaeoia e o.ae.

A /enei aniiiiaaoaeueiuo i?aaiia eiia?anna aoiaeyo oaeaea Aeaeeioaea
eiia?anna e Aeaeeioaea i?aaa eiia?anna. Aeaeeioaea eiia?anna nicaeaia a
1800 a. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iia iaeaaeaao e?oiiaeoeie aeaeeioa/iuie
oiiaeaie ie?a.

E?oiiaeoae a ie?a yaeyaony e Aeaeeioaea i?aaa eiia?anna. A aa oiiaeao —
1 iei 900 oun. aaeeieoe o?aiaiey. Aeaeeioaea i?aaa ianeoaeeaaao
eiia?ann, Aa?oiaiue noae NOA, i?aaiu eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe. A 1987
oeiainiaii aiaeo aa nio?oaeieee iiaeaioiaeee 825 enneaaeiaaiee,
ia?aaiaeia e aeaeeia?aoe/aneeo ni?aai/ieeia iauei iauaiii 12825
no?aieoe. I?aaenoaaeaia eioi?iaoeey ia 672165 cai?inia /eaiia e
eiieoaoia eiia?anna. A iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneie ?aaioa Aeaeeioaea
i?aaa eiia?anna i?eaioe?oaony a iniiaiii ia eco/aiea ca?oaaaeiiai e
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa. A ooaoa — 102 /aeiaaea.

A iauae neiaeiinoe /eneaiiinoue neoaeaueo, caiyouo iaiin?aaenoaaiii a
eiia?anna eeai a aai aniiiiaaoaeueiuo i?aaiao, i?aauoaao 30 oun.
/aeiaae. ?acia?u auaeaeyaiuo anneaiiaaiee ia aeayoaeueiinoue eiia?anna a
ianoiyuaa a?aiy aeinoeaee 2 ie?ae aeiee. a aiae.

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