IEIENOA?NOAI IA?ACIAAIEss ?ANIOAEEEE EACAONOAI
EACAONEEE AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE TH?EAeE*ANEEE OIEAA?NEOAO
Eaoaae?a iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa
Eo?niaay ia oaio:
INIIAIUA CAAeA*E, I?EIOeEIU E
IAI?AAEAIEss AIAOIAE IIEEOEEE
?ANIOAEEEE EACAONOAI
Auiieieea: nooaeaioea
OII-95-4
Iaiuoiaa E. A.
I?iaa?eea: Eaneeaaaaa N. O.
Aeiaou, 1997 a.
IEIENOA?NOAI IA?ACIAAIEss ?ANIOAEEEE EACAONOAI
EACAONEEE AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE TH?EAeE*ANEEE OIEAA?NEOAO
Eaoaae?a iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa
Eo?niaay ia oaio:
INIIAIUA CAAeA*E, I?EIOeEIU E
IAI?AAEAIEss AIAOIAE IIEEOEEE
?ANIOAEEEE EACAONOAI
Auiieieea: nooaeaioea
OII-95-8
Nei A.
I?iaa?eea: Noai?ia E. N.
Aeiaou, 1997 a.
I E A I:
A A A Ae A I E A
I?ioei ianeieueei eao ni a?aiaie auoiaea ?E ia ie?iaoth a?aio a
ea/anoaa iiaiai naiinoiyoaeueiiai noauaeoa iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioiioaiee.
Iiaeii neacaoue, aeey noaiiaeaiey iieiaeie ainoaea?noaaiiinoe, ia?aoaiey
naiaai ianoa a ie?a i?ioaaeoea aiaeu auee i?eioeeieaeueii aaaeiuie e
ieiaeioai?iuie. Ai iiiaii yoi naycaii n iuiaoiae neooaoeeae ia ie?iaie
a?aia. I?ioei iaiaei eao eae caeii/eeanue aieia. A oo ii?o ainoaea?noaa
oieueei ia/eiaee i?enooiaoue e no?ieoaeuenoao iiaiai ie?a, eiaiii a oa
aiaeu i?iecioei noaiiaeaiea i?eioeeieaeueii iiauo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
i?aaiecaoeee, oaeeo eae III, caoai NANA e ae?oaeo. Iaeiaei iieiie
?aaeecaoeee ie?ioai?/aneeo oneeee, ianiiiaiii, iaoaee eiio?iioaoeey e
i?ioeainoiyiea aeaoo nenoai. E aio oaia?ue ia?aae ie?iaui niiauanoaii
anoaee i?aeoe/anee oa aea, oieueei ianeieueei iaiiaeaiiua e aieaa
aoiaiiua caaea/e. Iinea ia?eiaea i?ioeainoiyiey iiyaeeny oain
onoaiiaeoue iiaeeeiii iiaue ie?iii?yaeie, iino?iaiiue ia aeiaa?ee e
nio?aiaiee aaciianiinoe, ianuuaiiiai aeeaeiaa iaaeaeo no?aiaie – eae
?acaeouie, oae e ?acaeaathueieny, eae n onoiyaoaeny
ainoaea?noaaiiinoueth, oae e iieiaeuie. E aeey ian /?acau/aeii aaaeii,
/oi yoe i?ioeannu a iineaaeiea aiaeu i?ienoiaeeee i?e iaiin?aaenoaaiiii
o/anoee Eacaonoaia.
Iia oioaeinue au caiaoeoue, /oi i?e ?aniaaea NNN? ninoaaeythuea aai
nithciua ?anioaeeee, noaa noaa?aiiuie, iacaaeneiuie ainoaea?noaaie,
naa?ioee n eca?aiiiai Niaaoneei Nithcii iooe e ?aoeee neaaeiaaoue eo?nii
anaai /aeiaa/anoaa. E Eacaonoai, eae iaeia ec 15 nithciuo ?anioaeee
auaoaai NNN?, eneeth/aieai ia noae, aieaa oiai, noae iaeiei ec
eieoeeaoi?ia aoiaeaeaiey a ie?iaia niiauanoai ainoaea?noa,
eioaa?e?iaaiey a ie?iaoth yeiiiieeo. 16 aeaeaa?y 1991 a. Eacaonoai ec
iacaaeneiie ?anioaeeee Nithca NN? noae noaa?aiiui, iacaaeneiui
ainoaea?noaii. N yoiai aeiy, iiaeii neacaoue, aa?ao ion/ao e
iaaeaeoia?iaeiay i?aainoauaeoiinoue ?anioaeeee Eacaonoai, iaiieiaiiay
iiaui niaea?aeaieai.
Iia oioaeinue au neacaoue, /oi y aua?aea aeaiioth eo?niaoth ?aaioo,
iioiio /oi aa oaia aeey iaiy i/aiue eioa?ania e iiciaaaoaeueia.
25 aeaeaa?y 1990 a. Aa?oiaiue Niaao ?anioaeeee Eacaonoai i?eiye
Aeaeea?aoeeth i ainoaea?noaaiiii noaa?aieoaoa Eacaoneie NN?. Ia?aoaiea
noaa?aieoaoa a oeaeii onei?eei oa/aiea aeaiie?aoe/aneeo i?ioeannia a
Eacaonoaia, eioi?ua auee oanii acaeiinaycaiu n niauoeyie,
i?ienoiaeeaoeie a no?aia. Oaea e na?aaeeia 1991 a. Eacaonoai a /enea
ae?oaeo ?anioaeee oaeoe/anee ninoaaeye iiiiceoeeth oeaio?o. Ii
eieoeeaoeaa Eacaonoaia auee caeeth/aiu aeaonoi?iiiea aeiaiai?u n
Aaei?onneae, Oe?aeiie, ?inneae e ae?oaeie ?anioaeeeaie, i?eciathueie
noaa?aieoao ae?oa ae?oaa, neiaeeaoeany a?aieoeu, onoaiaaeeaathuea
acaeiiauaiaeiua yeiiiie/aneea nayce. A aeaeaa?a 1990 a. /aou?a
?anioaeeee – ?inney, Oe?aeia, Aaea?onue e Eacaonoai aunooieee n
eieoeeaoeaie nicaeaiey Nithca noaa?aiiuo ainoaea?noa. Ia/aeanue
niaianoiay ?aaioa ii au?aaioea iiaiiaa?aaneiai niaeaoaiey.
Aaaonoianeea niauoey 1991 a. i?a?aaee yoo ?aaioo, onei?eee ?aniaae NNN?
e noaa?aiecaoeeth auaoeo nithciuo ?anioaeee, a oii /enea Eacaonoai. Ooea
n iieeoe/aneie a?aiu EINN e eae /anoue aa EI Eacaonoaia.
A yoeo neiaeiuo oneiaeyo iac?aea iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?aaeinoaaeaiey a
?aieao aeaiie?aoecaoeee eacaonoaineie ainoaea?noaaiiinoe aeinoaoi/iuo
iieiiii/ee I?aceaeaioo Eac.NN?, eae aeaaa aunoae eniieieoaeueiie e
?anii?yaeeoaeueiie aeanoe a ?anioaeeea. Iie auee i?aaeinoaaeaiu Caeiiii
Eac.NN? “I niaa?oainoaiaaiee no?oeoo?u ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe, e
oi?aaeaiea Eac.NN? e aianaiee eciaiaiee e aeiiieiaiee a Eiinoeoooeeth
Eac.NN?”, i?eiyoui ia?eaiaioii ?anioaeeee 20 iiya?y 1991 a. 1 aeaeaa?y
1991 a. ninoiyeenue anaia?iaeiua auai?u ia?aiai a enoi?ee Eacaonoaia
I?aceaeaioa ?anioaeeee. A ?acoeueoaoa aeaiie?aoe/aneiai aieaecuyaeaiey
ia?iaea ei noae I.A.Iaca?aaaa.
10 aeaeaa?y 1991 a. anooiee a aeieaeiinoue ia?aue anaia?iaeii eca?aiiue
I?aceaeaio, Aa?oiaiue Niaao ?anioaeeee i?eiye ?aoaiea i ia?aeiaiiaaiee
Eac.NN? a ?anioaeeeo Eacaonoai, a 16 aeaeaa?y 1991 a. Aa?oiaiue Niaao
i?iaicaeanee ainoaea?noaaiioth iacaaeneiinoue ?E – aeaiie?aoe/aneiai
ainoaea?noaa, iaeaaeathuaai anae iieiioie aeanoe, ia naiae oa??eoi?ee,
naiinoiyoaeueii ii?aaeaeythuaai e aiaoithth iieeoeeo.
Ia aooaaaaeneie ano?a/e eeaea?u ?anioaeee N?aaeiae Acee e Eacaonoaia
i?iaiaeece?iaaee aaeiaaaeneia niaeaoaiea e au?aceee aioiaiinoue e
iieiii?aaiiio o/anoeth a oi?ie?iaaiee iiaiai niae?oaeanoaa. 21 aeaeaa?y
1991 a. a Aeia-Aoa ia niaauaiee aeaa 11 iacaaeneiuo ainoaea?noa,
aoiaeeaoeo a ninoaa auaoaai Nithca NN?, aue iiaeienai i?ioieie
niaeaoaiey i nicaeaiee NIA.
Ii i?aaeaea /ai i?iaeieaeeoue i aeaeueiaeoai noaiiaeaiee ?E, iia au
oioaeinue inoaiiaeoueny iaiiiai ia oioaeeoa?iii ?aaeeia NNN?, aai
e?ooaiee.
Noaeueaa ?anii?yaeeeanue oae, /oi a?aiy o?oaeiuo ?acaeoiee e ?aoaiee
?aaeeeaeueiiai ia?aono?ienoaa aeecie auiaei ia iao ia?iae. Oioaeeoa?iia
iauanoai, nicaeaaoaany iiiaieaoieie oneeeyie eiiioienoe/aneiai ?aaeeia,
?acaaeeeinue aoeaaeueii ia aeacao. Iiaeii iacaaoue iaiaei i?e/ei noieue
auno?iai e iaia?aoeiiai ?ac?ooaiey, eacaeinue au, iiuiaeoae
naa?oaea?aeaau. ss niaeania n iiaieai I.A.Iaca?aaaaa, /oi aeaaiay ec ieo
caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi a NNN? ecia/aeueii ionoonoaiaae iaoaieci
naiiaini?eyoey e naiiii?aaeaeaiey /aeiaaea. Niaaoneea ethaee ieeiaaea
ii-ianoiyuaio ia /oanoaiaaee naay enoeiiuie oicyaaaie naiae aeecie,
naiae nianoaaiiinoe, naiae no?aiu, a auee eeoue aacaeaniuie aeioeeaie
ia?oeeii-ainoaea?noaaiiie iaoeiu. Ia neo/aeii, eae oieueei i?aaeiea
eaeaieiae/aneea oi?iu ?acaayeenue a i?ao, iiiaea ?anoa?yeenue e naaiaeiy
aeeaoo iuouaieyie iooieea, iioa?yaoaai ciaeiiua i?eaioe?u. Iu
ioeacaeenue io no?ieoaeuenoaa “naaoeiai aoaeouaai” ii ooiaiiui i?iaeoai
ia?enecia-eaieiecia. Iai iaiaoiaeeia auea /aoeay e eiie?aoiay
eiioeaioeey ?acaeoey eacaonoaineiai iauanoaa, eioi?ay aeaaaea au
aiciiaeiinoue oaeaeaoue eaaeaeiio aceioou aeaeaeaiey, ia?anoe
oaa?aiiinoue a i?aaeneacoaiinoe niauoee. Iia eaaeaony “No?aoaaey
noaiiaeaiey e ?acaeoey noaa?aiiie ?anioaeeee Eacaonoai” Iaca?aaaaa
ioaa/aea yoie iaiaoiaeeiinoe.
Enoi?ey oae ?anii?yaeeeanue, /oi Eacaonoai a ia?eiae ?aniaaea
aeiiey?iiai ie?a ieacaeny a yieoeaio?a ie?iaie iieeoeee. Ia ianoa
naa?oaea?aeaau iiyaeeenue iiaua ainoaea?noaa, e a eo ?yaeo iniaia
aieiaiea oaeaeyeinue eiaiii iaoae no?aia. Ii eai?eco noaeueau yoi
aieiaiea auei aucaaii ia oieueei iaoae ia?iiiie oa??eoi?eae, eiathuae
eieinnaeueiua i?e?iaeiua aiaaonoaa, ia oieueei iano?ui yoie/aneei
ninoaaii ianaeaiey, ii, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, yoi auei naycaii n oai, /oi
eiaiii caeanue ieacaeanue iaiaeay aeiey yaea?iiai iioaioeeaea auaoaai
NNN?. Yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai i?eaaei e oiio, /oi iacaaiea iaoae ?anioaeeee
caiaeueeaei a ie?iauo n?aaenoaao ianniaie eioi?iaoeee.
Iaciaiea iaoeo ?aaeee iiia/aeo aucaaei oi?ie?iaaiea iaaaoeaiiai ia?aca
Eacaonoaia eae eneaineiai ainoaea?noaa, iaeaaeathuaai yaea?iui i?oaeeai
e oa?iaeathuaai anaio ie?iaiio niiauanoao. Yoio iaaaoeaiue ia?ac
aeaenoaiaae e iaoae ia oieueei iai, ii e iaoei aoaeouei ia?oia?ai. 90-a
aiaeu – ia?eiae ei?aiiie eiiee i?aaeieo ioiioaiee a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
aeaeao, ia?eiae e?aeiae ianoaaeeueiinoe e iiyaeaiey iiauo “aeaiiiia” –
?aaeiiaeueiuo e aioo?aiieo aiei, ?inoa ianooaaia oa??i?ecia.
Ia?aae iaie noiyea ia oieueei caaea/a iaeaaeeaaiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
naycae, ii e i?aiaeieaiey iiuiiai iaaaoeaiiai aa?uea?a, nicaeaiiiai
iaeioi?uie iieeoeeaie e n?aaenoaaie ianniaie eioi?iaoeee. Iu aeieaeiu
auee ?aoeoue ianeieueei i?iaeai.
Ai-ia?auo, iieacaoue, /oi ia naiii aeaea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iaoa
ainoaea?noai.
Ai-aoi?uo, iaania/eoue ia oieueei iaaeaeoia?iaeiia i?eciaiea
Eacaonoaia, ii e aai aaciianiinoue, oa??eoi?eaeueioth oeaeinoiinoue.
A-o?aoueeo, aeeth/eoueny a ie?ioicyenoaaiiua yeiiiie/aneea nayce. Oiaaea
aea ia/aeinue noaiiaeaiea iaoae aiaoiae iieeoeee.
A oio ia?eiae oieueei ee/iua eiioaeou, ia?aaiai?u n ?oeiaiaeeoaeyie
ainoaea?noa ie?a, aaaeoueo yeiiiie/aneeo aeaaioia, iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
i?aaiecaoeee iiaee ia?aeiieoue neooaoeeth. Eiaiii iiyoiio iaoaio
i?aceaeaioo I. Iaca?aaaao i?eoeinue i?iaanoe oeaeoth na?eth ca?oaaaeiuo
iiacaeie.
A oiaea yoeo aeceoia ?aoaeenue ia oieueei aeeieiiaoe/aneea i?iaeaiu.
Ioaeii auei caiiai nicaeaaaoue anth aeiaiai?ioth aaco
iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Aac iiaeienaiey niaeaoaiee i ae?oaeaa e
nio?oaeie/anoaa, aeiaiai?ia ia iniiaao acaeiiioiioaiee ia iiaee auoue
onoaiiaeaiu aeaeiaua eiioaeou. Iu aeiaeeenue oiai, /oi n ia?auo aeiae
iaoae iacaaeneiinoe iiiaea ?acaeoua no?aiu caeeth/eee n iaie
iieiiianooaaiua yeiiiie/aneea niaeaoaiey, onoaiiaeee ?aaeei
aeaaii?eyonoaiaaiey a oi?aiaea.
E?iia oiai aeey iiiaeo Eacaonoai aue terra incognito, caieae
iaecaaaeaiiie. Iaaei auei i?aaenoaaeoue aai aiciiaeiinoe, aai ia?iae,
aai iioaioeeae, iiyoiio a ninoaa iaoeo ainoaea?noaaiiuo aeaeaaaoeee
anaaaea aoiaeeee aeaiooaou, i?aaenoaaeoaee eioaeeeaaioeee, o/aiua,
aeo?iaeenou. Iie i?eniao?eaaeenue e ?acee/iuie iiaeaeyi yeiiiie/aneiai e
iieeoe/aneiai ?acaeoey. Iaiaoiaeeii auei ia ianoa ?acia?aoueny a
aeinoieinoaao e iaaeinoaoeao ?acee/iuo iiaeaeae iiaea?iecaoeee, eco/eoue
aiciiaeiinoe ia?aianaiey ca?oaaaeiiai iiuoa ia eacaonoaineoth ii/ao. Ii
iiaio iiaieth, yoi iaeaieaa iiceoeaiue iooue aeey ?acaeoey a Eacaonoaia
iieeoe/aneie, yeiiiie/aneie e ae?oaeo nenoai. Aiiaua auea i?iaeaeaia
ia?iiiay ?aaioa, eioi?ay aeaea iieiaeeoaeueiua ?acoeueoaou.
N ia?aoaieai noaa?aieoaoa, anooieaieai a III e oeaeue ?yae
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo i?aaiecaoeee Eacaonoai noieeioeny n iiauie aeey iaai
i?iaeaiaie nianoaaiiie aiaoiae iieeoeee, iai?iiu e iaoeeiiaeueiie
aaciianiinoe, n i?iaeaiaie naiinoiyoaeueiiai aoiaeaeaiey a ie?iaoth
yeiiiieeo e ie?iaia niiauanoai.
Ieacaaoenue ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiie a?aia, Eacaonoai ieoioeny a ea/anoaaiii
eioth n?aaeo, a eioi?ie aai aiaoiaiieeoe/aneee eo?n, eae e o ethaiai
ae?oaiai ainoaea?noaa, ?acaeaaaony ii nianoaaiiie eiaeea, aeeeooaiie
iaoeeiiaeueii-ainoaea?noaaiiuie eioa?anaie. Ii i?e anai yoii aiaoiyy
iieeoeea Eacaonoaia i?ecaaia ianoe a naaa e iaua/aeiaa/aneee ca?yae, /oi
a aoaeouai iaania/eo aai ia?iaeai aeinoieiia ianoi a ie?iaii niiauanoaa.
Niaoeeoeea aaiiieeoe/aneiai iieiaeaiey e yoii-aeaiia?aoe/aneiai ninoaaa,
o?iaaiue ?acaeoey yeiiiieee e aiaiiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa Eacaonoaia
aeaeatho aeiieie?othuei a iaania/aiee aai aaciianiinoe ia aiaiiua, a
iieeoe/aneea n?aaenoaa n iii?ie i?aaeaea anaai ia nianoaaiiua neeu e
?acoiioth, acaaoaiioth aeeieiiaoeth, iniaaiii ia iuiaoiai, ae?aiaoe/iii
io?acea noaiiaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiinoe ?anioaeee auaoaai Nithca.
A ?acoeueoaoa ?acaaea niaaoneie eiia?ee aiciee aaniethoii iiaue
aaiiieeoe/aneee ?aneeaae, a eioi?ii Eacaonoai caieiaao auaiaeiia ai
aiaoiaiieeoe/aneii e no?aoaae/aneii aniaeoao i?ino?ainoai, naycothuaa
Aa?iio n Aceaonei-oeoiieaaineei ?aaeiiii, a oaeaea ?inneth n thaeiuie
no?aiaie.
Iaoa ?anioaeeea, iiyaeaoenue ia iieeoe/aneie ea?oa 6 eao iacaae,
iaeciaiii i?iaiaeeo iieeoeeo ionoaeaaiey naieo
iaoeeiiaeueii-ainoaea?noaaiiuo eioa?ania, iiae?acoiaaay iiae yoei
i?aaeaea anaai oa??eoi?eaeueioth oeaeinoiinoue e noaa?aieoao,
aeaaiiieo/ea a?aaeaeai e caueoa eo eiinoeoooeeiiiuo i?aa. N o/aoii
i?ienoiaeyueo a Eacaonoaia e?oiiuo nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneeo
i?aia?aciaaiee I?aceaeaioii I. A. Iaca?aaaaui a ea/anoaa aeieain?i/iie
oeaee aiaoiae iieeoeee Eacaonoaia auei ii?aaeaeaii oi?ie?iaaiea e
iiaeaea?aeaiea aioo?e no?aiu, noaiiaeaiey e ?acaeoey Eacaonoaia eae
noaa?aiiiai ainoaea?noaa.
A ea/anoaa iai?aiaiiiai oneiaey auea iinoaaeaia caaea/a aeinoieiiai
aoiaeaeaiey Eacaonoaia a ie?iaia niiauanoai iooai ?acaeoey
aeaonoi?iiiaai nio?oaeie/anoaa ni anaie caeioa?aniaaiiuie no?aiaie e
aeoeaiie ?aaiou a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo i?aaiecaoeeyo.
Eacaonoai, cayaeaoee i ie?iethaeaii oa?aeoa?a naiae aiaoiae iieeoeee,
caeiiiia?ii oaycuaaao aii?in iaania/aiey iaoeeiiaeueiie aaciianiinoe n
nicaeaieai aoiinoa?u acaeiiiai aeiaa?ey e nio?oaeie/anoaa eae a ?aaeiia,
oae e ai anai ie?a.
A nicaeaiee iiaeiaiie aoiinoa?u iaiaeoth ?ieue ea?aao i?ia?ann a
i?ioeanna ?aci?oaeaiey. ss a ia/aea aua ioiaoeea, /oi naiei
aeia?iaieueiui ioeacii io iaeaaeaiey yaea?iui i?oaeeai Eacaonoai ia
oieueei nouanoaaiii iiaunee iaaeaeoia?iaeiue aaoi?eoao,
i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaa ie?o c?aeue iiaeoiae e ioaaonoaaiiinoue a aii?inao
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie aaciianiinoe, ii e ?aoeoaeueii i?iaeaeioeny a
oe?aieaiee noaa?aieoaoa e aaciianiinoe no?aiu. Yoi iaaeyaeii i?iyaeeinue
a ?aoaiee yaea?iuo aea?aeaa – NOA, ?innee, Aaeeeia?eoaiee, EI?, O?aioeee
– i?aaeinoaaeoue iaoaio ainoaea?noao aa?aioee aai oa??eoi?eaeueiie
oeaeinoiinoe e aaciianiinoe.
Enoiaey ec oiai, /oi iooue e nicaeaieth iiaiai ie?iaiai ii?yaeea,
eneeth/athuaai aicieeiiaaiea aii?oaeaiiuo eiioeeeoia, eaaeeo /a?ac
nicaeaiea ?aaeiiaeueiuo e aeiaaeueiuo nenoai aaciianiinoe, /a?ac
niaeaniaaiiua aeaenoaey iieeoeeia anao no?ai, Eacaonoai a ea/anoaa
iaeiie ec i?ei?eoaoiuo caaea/ aeaeeo aeoeaioth ?aaioo a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
i?aaiecaoeeyo, i?aaeaea anaai n III e aai o/?aaeaeaieyo.
Oaea 5 ia?oa 1992 aiaea Eacaonoai aue i?eiyo a III. Oaeei ia?acii, iu
iieo/eee aiciiaeiinoue auoue i?e/anoiuie e ie?iaui aeaeai e
iaua/aeiaa/aneei i?iaeaiai, iaoiaeeoueny a ?onea nia?aiaiiiai
oeeaeeeciaaiiiai ?acaeoey /aeiaa/anoaa, eiaoue aeinooi e aai
aeinoeaeaieyi a iieeoe/aneie, yeiiiie/aneie, nioeeaeueiie, aoiaieoa?iie
e ae?oaeo aaaeiaeoeo noa?ao aeayoaeueiinoe. A noa?a oe?ieiai niaeo?a
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aii?inia, ?anniao?eaaaiuo a III, /?acau/aeii aaaeii
eiaoue a oieaa?naeueiie i?aaiecaoeee nianoaaiiua /aoeea iiceoeee ii
iniiaiui iieeoe/aneei i?iaeaiai nia?aiaiiinoe, enoiaey ec ianoa e ?iee
Eacaonoaia a ie?iaie iieeoeea, caueou e iaania/aiey eioa?ania iaoaai
ainoaea?noaa. A yoie nayce ii?aaeaeythuaa cia/aiea eiaei ia?aia
aunooieaiea a III I?aceaeaioa ?E I.A.Iaca?aaaaa, ninoiyaoaainy ia 47-e
nannee Aaia?aeueiie Annaiaeae, a eioi?ii auee eceiaeaiu i?eioeeiu
o/anoey iacaaeneiiai Eacaonoaia a aeayoaeueiinoe yoie iaaeaeoia?iaeiie
i?aaiecaoeee, iaoa aeaeaiea aa ?iee a nia?aiaiiii ie?a. Ii iauaio
i?eciaieth, aunooieaiea I?aceaeaioa ?E, auaeaeiooua ei ianooaaiua
aiaoiaiieeoe/aneea eieoeeaoeau, noaee na?ueaciie cayaeie iieiaeiai
ainoaea?noaa ia o/anoea a ie?iaie iieeoeea, ai iiiaii niinianoaiaaee aai
i?eciaieth ai Anaie?iie i?aaiecaoeee. Acaaoaiiue e i?aaiaoe/iue eo?n
aeaau iaoaai ainoaea?noaa, i?eaa?aeaiiinoue ?anioaeeee niaethaeaieth
ii?i iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa aucuaatho oaaaeaiea e iiaeaea?aeeo ni
noi?iiu ainoaea?noa – /eaiia e ?oeiaiaenoaa I?aaiecaoeee.
A aeeieiiaoe/aneeo e?oaao e Aaia?aeueiui nae?aoa?ai I?aaiecaoeee
i?eciaaony, /oi niaea?aeaiea eieoeeaoeau I?aceaeaioa Eacaonoaia ii
nicuao Niaauaiey ii acaeiiaeaenoaeth e ia?ai aeiaa?ey a Acee iieiinoueth
niioaaonoaoao oeaeyi e i?eioeeiai Onoaaa III. O?e niaauaiey n o/anoeai
iinoiyiiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae aieaa 20-oe aceaoneeo no?ai i?e III e
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo i?aaiecaoeee, i?iaaaeaiiuo a NOA (Iueth-Ei?ea) ii
eoiaai niaauaiee ii NAIAeA a Aeiaou, iieacaee aeoeaioth iiaeaea?aeeo
yoie eieoeeaoeau ni noi?iiu iiiaeo no?ai. Iinoi?aaenoaii oaeaea
i?iaiaeeony oeaeaiai?aaeaiiay ?aaioa ii i?iaeaeaeaieth eieoeeaoea
Eacaonoaia i nicuaa niaoeeaeueiie nannee Aaiannaiaeae III, iinayuaiiie
i?iaeaiai iinoeiio?iioaoeeiiiie y?u. Aeoeaiue eioa?an aucaaea a III
auaeaeiooay I?aceaeaioii Eacaonoaia eaeay nicaeaieth Aa?aceeneiai
nithca. I?aaenoaaeoaee ainoaea?noa – /eaiia iiae/a?eeaatho
aeaeueiiaeaeiinoue yoie eieoeeaoeau a naaoa iauaeoeaiuo oaiaeaioeee
nia?aiaiiiai ?acaeoey, aa iai?aaeaiiinoue ia oe?aieaiea noaaeeueiinoe e
aaciianiinoe eae a ?aaeiiaeueiii, oae e a aeiaaeueiii eiioaenoa.
No?aieaieai Eacaonoaia niinianoaiaaoue oe?aieaieth iaaeaeoia?iaeiie
aaciianiinoe e noaaeeueiinoe iaoneiaeai naaeaine?iaaiiue e
?aaeenoe/aneee iiaeoiae iaoaai ainoaea?noaa e ie?iaui iieeoe/aneei
i?iaeaiai. Iiceoeey iaoae ?anioaeeee i?e aieiniaaiee ii iaeaieaa ino?ui
e /oanoaeoaeueiui aii?inai iiaanoee aeiy Aaiannaiaeae i?eciaaony e
iieo/aao a oeaeii iiceoeaioth ioeaieo ia yoii iaaeaeoia?iaeiii oi?oia.
Aaaeiaeoei niauoeai aiaea yaeeanue Eiioa?aioeey o/anoieeia Aeiaiai?a i
ia?ani?ino?aiaiee yaea?iiai i?oaeey ii ?anniio?aieth e i?iaeeaieth
aeaenoaey Aeiaiai?a, eioi?ay i?ioea a Iueth-Ei?ea. Yoio Aeiaiai?,
o/anoieeaie eioi?iai yaeythony 175 ainoaea?noa, ia i?ioyaeaiee 25 eao
aue naiui oe?iei i?eciaiiui eino?oiaioii eiio?iey iaae aii?oaeaieyie.
Eacaonoai a aeaeaa?a 1993 aiaea ?aoeoeoee?iaae Aeiaiai? i
ia?ani?ino?aiaiee yaea?iiai i?oaeey a ea/anoaa iayaea?iiai ainoaea?noaa.
Yoi auei iiceoeaii ioeaiaii ie?iaui niiauanoaii eae i?aeoe/aneee aeeaae
iaoae no?aiu a aeaei oe?aieaiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ie?a e aaciianiinoe.
Ca ia?aua aiaeu naiae iacaaeneiinoe Eacaonoai, aeaaiaea?y
aiaoiaiieeoe/aneiio eo?no aai ?oeiaiaenoaa, i?eia?ae ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiie
a?aia iiceoeaiue eieaeae, ?aniieaaaao nouanoaaiiuie iioaioeeaeueiuie
aiciiaeiinoyie aeey aa?iiie/iie eioaa?aoeee a ie?iaia niiauanoai.
Iiyoiio, eae au ie auei o?oaeii, iaiaoiaeeii n naiiai ia/aea no?ieoue
aeeieiiaoe/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue, i?eaioe?oynue ia iauai?eciaiiua a
yoii aeaea ii?iu. Neaaeoao /aoei ii?aaeaeyy i?ei?eoaou, iaania/eaaoue
aeoeaiia o/anoea ?anioaeeee a ?aaioa eeth/aauo oi?oiia iiiainoi?iiiae
aeeieiiaoee. I?eieiay aeoeaiia o/anoea a ?aaioa III, Eacaonoai eiaao
?aaeueioth aiciiaeiinoue aeoeaii o/anoaiaaoue a au?aaioea ?aoaiee ii
iiiaei iaaeaeoia?iaeiui aii?inai a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue oai, eioi?ua
aoiaeyo a noa?o aeeciaiii aaaeiuo eioa?ania ?anioaeeee. I?e yoii,
aaconeiaii, /eainoai a III aeieaeii aeaaaoue Eacaonoaio iieeoe/aneoth,
yeiiiie/aneoth e eioth ioaea/o, niinianoaiaaoue i?ia?anneaiiio ?acaeoeth
iaoaai ainoaea?noaa – oe?aieaieth iaoeeiiaeueiie aaciianiinoe.
AEeciaiii aaaeiui eioa?anai Eacaonoaia niioaaonoaoao aeaeueiaeoaa
cae?aieaiea oaiaeaioeee e ooaa?aeaeaieth a ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo
ainoaea?noaaie iniiaiiieaaathueo i?eioeeiia iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa eae
n?aaenoaa ?aoaiey e ?aaoee?iaaiey nii?ia e i?ioeai?a/ee. A neeo
iniaaiiinoae naiaai aaiiieeoe/aneiai iieiaeaiey Eacaonoai
i?eaea?aeeaaaony iieeoeee iiiaiaaeoi?iinoe, inouanoaeyy eo?n ia ?acaeoea
naaeaine?iaaiiuo ioiioaiee eae n aa?iiaeneeie, oae e n aceaoneeie
no?aiaie.
*oi aea eanaaony eiie?aoiuo aiaoiaiieeoe/aneeo i?ei?eoaoia, oi aeey
Eacaonoaia iaeiie ec aaaeiaeoeo oeaeae yaeyaony eioaa?aoeey
iinoniaaoneiai i?ino?ainoaa. Yoio i?ioeann i?ioiaeeo eae a ?aieao NIA,
oae e iooai ?acaeoey aeaonoi?iiieo naycae ni no?aiaie Niae?oaeanoaa.
Auaeaeiooay eacaonoaineei I?aceaeaioii eaeay Aa?aceeneiai Nithca eae
eioaa?aoeeiiiiai ia?aciaaiey n aeaenoaaiiui iaoaieciii auiieiaiey
niaianoiuo ?aoaiee iaoea oe?ieee ioeeee a iieeoe/aneeo e?oaao anao no?ai
Niae?oaeanoaa e noaea eaoaeecaoi?ii eioaa?aoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia iaaeaeo
iiauie noaa?aiiuie ainoaea?noaaie. Oi?ie?iaaiea Oaiiaeaiiiai nithca e
ia?aciaaiea iauaai yeiiiie/aneiai i?ino?ainoaa a ?aieao
Oeaio?aeueii-aceaoneiai nithca yaeythony iaaeyaeiui iiaeoaa?aeaeaieai
aa?iinoe aua?aiiiai Eacaonoaiii eo?na.
Eaeay ?aeioaa?aoeee, iieeoe/aneie, iao/ii-eoeueoo?iie, aoiaieoa?iie e,
iniaaiii, yeiiiie/aneie ia oa??eoi?eyo auaoaai Niaaoneiai Nithca
iieo/aao ana aieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea e iiaeaea?aeeo. Eioaa?e?oynue,
eaey iaano?a/o ae?oa ae?oao, no?aiu – o/anoieee Niae?oaeanoaa
Iacaaeneiuo Ainoaea?noa iiaoo oniaoii ?aoaoue oa yeiiiie/aneea i?iaeaiu,
eioi?ua iaaiciiaeii ?aoeoue a iaeeii/eo.
Ianiio?y ia ?aciua iiaeoiaeu ii ioiioaieth e aoaeouaio Niae?oaeanoaa,
aieueoeinoai ainoaea?noa – /eaiia aaeeiu ai iiaiee i iaiaoiaeeiinoe aai
na?ueaciiai niaa?oainoaiaaiey. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, NIA, eae oi?ia
eioaa?aoeee iinoniaaoneeo ?anioaeeee, ia ?aoeei iiea anao iieeoe/aneeo,
yeiiiie/anee e nioeeaeueiuo i?iaeai, noiyueo ia?aae no?aiaie – /eaiaie.
Aai aeiaiai?aiiinoe inoathony iaei eiai iaycuaathueie aeaeea?aoeeyie,
nicaeaiiua no?oeoo?u iiae/an aii?oiu. A i?iaeoa “I oi?ie?iaaiee
Aa?aceeneiai nithca ainoaea?noa”, I?aceaeaio ?E I. A. Iaca?aaaa
iiae/a?eioe: “… nouanoaothuay a ianoiyuaa a?aiy no?oeoo?a i?aaiia NIA
ia iicaieyao ?aaeeciaaoue eiathueeny eioaa?aoeeiiiue iioaioeeae a iieiii
iauaia. Ia yoi ia?auaao aieiaiea ia oieueei ?oeiaiaeeoaee no?ai
Niae?oaeanoaa, ii e aieueoay /anoue ianaeaiey yoeo ainoaea?noa”. Iiyoiio
ia neo/aeii ana aieueoaa /enei iieeoeeia neeiiythony e iaiaoiaeeiinoe
?aoi?ie?iaaiey eae Niae?oaeanoaa a oeaeii, oae e aai einoeoooia.
Nouanoaoao iaiaoiaeeiinoue ?ac?aaioee eiioeaioeee eioaa?aoeee ia
iinoniaaoneii i?ino?ainoaa.
Naaiaeiy ie o eiai ia aicieeaao aii?ina a iaiaoiaeeiinoe yeiiiie/aneie
eioaa?aoeee ainoaea?noa – /eaiia NIA.
Iaiaoiaeeii iiae/a?eiooue, /oi eiaiii yeiiiieea auea e inoaaony
i?ei?eoaoiui iai?aaeaieai a aeayoaeueiinoe Niae?oaeanoaa. Caeanue a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue iniiaiia cia/aiea eiatho oaeoi?u aeieaia?aiaiiiai
nio?oaeie/anoaa acaeiicaaeneiinoe ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, neiaeiiai
ia?aieaoaiey yeiiiie/aneeo naycae. Iaeuecy ia aeaeaoue e oi, /oi /a?ac
yeiiiie/aneia nio?oaeie/anoai no?aiu-o/anoieee NIA oe?aieytho e
iieeoe/aneea ioiioaiey. Ai iiiaii aeaaiaea?y Niae?oaeanoao oaeaeinue
ecaaaeaoue eiio?iioaoeee, na?ueaciiai iaino?aiey ioiioaiee n eaeie au oi
ie auei ec auaoeo nithciuo ?anioaeee, iinoaiaiii ?aaeeciaaoue eo?n ia
naeeaeaiea. E oiio aea nio?aiaiea Niae?oaeanoaa nieiaao i?iaeaiu,
?aoaiea eioi?uo aiciiaeii oieueei a oneiaeyo iauaaeeiaiey ainoaea?noa.
Ainoaea?noaa, eioi?ua oaea naaiaeiy no?aiyony e aieaa oaniiio nithco,
eiatho aiciiaeiinoue naeaeaoue yoi a ?aieao NIA. Aeinoaoi/ii a ea/anoaa
i?eia? i?eaanoe iauaaeeiaiea a Oaiiaeaiiue nithc Aaea?one, Eacaonoaia e
?innee. Eacaonoai, Eu?aucnoai e Ocaaeenoai oaeaea ?aaeeciaaee oaeia
iaia?aiea, iiaeienaa a ethea 1994a. Aeiaiai? i aaeeiii yeiiiie/aneii
i?ino?ainoaa.
I?aceaeaio ?anioaeeee Eacaonoai I. A. Iaca?aaaa iaiaeiie?aoii
iiae/a?eeaae, /oi aeieain?i/iui eioa?anai iaoaai ainoaea?noaa
niioaaonoaoao aeoaieay aiaea/aiiinoue a aeayoaeueiinoue NIA. I?e yoii
aeey iaania/aiey no?aoaae/aneeo oeaeae Eacaonoaia iaoa aeeieiiaoey
iiaeaea?aeeaaao oe?ieia iiea iieeoe/aneiai iaiaa?a aeey ?acaeoey
eiino?oeoeaiiai ia?oia?noaa e acaeiiauaiaeiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa n
ae?oaeie no?aiaie e iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie.
A yoie nayce i?aaenoaaeyaony, /oi iieeoeea Eacaonoaia a ioiioaiee iiauo
iacaaeneiuo ainoaea?noa aeieaeia i?iaiaeeoueny ia?aeeaeueii ia aeaoo
o?iaiyo. Ai-ia?auo, neaaeoao ?acaeaaoue nayce ia aeaonoi?iiiae iniiaa,
ai-aoi?uo, aaaeii ia nieaeaoue aeoeaiinoe ii i?aa?auaieth NIA a
aeaaniiniaiia iauaaeeiaiea, niiniaiia ?aoaoue e?oiiua caaea/e a oeaeyo
iiauoaiey yooaeoeaiinoe yeiiiieee ainoaea?noa – o/anoieeia e
niaa?oainoaiaaiey nio?oaeie/anoaa iaaeaeo ieie.
*oi eanaaony ia?aie caaea/e, oi ca a?aiy, i?ioaaeoaa iinea ia?aoaiey
iacaaeneiinoe, ia?aaioaia aeinoaoi/iay i?aaiaay aaca aeaonoi?iiiaai
nio?oaeie/anoaa n aieueoeinoaii no?ai-/eaiia NIA, ii?aaeaeaiu i?ei?eoaou
aiaoiae iieeoeee ia iinoniaaoneii i?ino?ainoaa. Aiai?y i i?ei?eoaoao
iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue aaaeiia cia/aiea acaeiiioiioaiee n ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeeae. ?aaiii?aaiia e acaeiiauaiaeiia ia?oia?noai n ?inneae eiaao
no?aoaae/aneee oa?aeoa? e ieacuaaao na?ueaciia aeeyiea ia oe?aieaiea
acaeiiauaiaeiiai yeiiiie/aneiai, iai?iiiiai, eioi?iaoeeiiiiai e
aoiaieoa?iiai i?ino?ainoaa a ?aieao NIA. Ia?oia?noao, aeia?ininaaenoao e
nio?oaeie/anoao n ?inneae aeueoa?iaoeau ia nouanoaoao. Iu oaeaea
enoiaeei ec ooiaeaiaioaeueiie iinueee i oii, /oi aeaiie?aoe/aneea
?acaeoea ?innee yaeyaony iaiaoiaeeiui oneiaeai noaaeeueiiai e
aaciianiiai ?acaeoey Eacaonoaia. Ae?oaeanoaaiiua eacaonoainei-?inneeneea
ioiioaiey – iiuiue oaeoi? noaaeeecaoeee neooaoeee ia ia?iiiie /anoe
aa?aceeneiai i?ino?ainoaa, aaniiue aeeaae a aeiaaeueioth noaaeeueiinoue
e aaciianiinoue. Ia noieo iaoiaeeoue oaeie aniaeo
eacaonoainei-?inneeneeo ioiioaiee, eae i?iaeeaaiea a Eacaonoaia
ieeeeiiia yoie/aneeo ?onneee e aicieeathuea a nayce n yoei
inaaaeieiioeeeoiua neooaoeee. Eae au oi ie auei, iiaeienaiiua a Iineaa a
yiaa?a 1995 aiaea niaeaoaiey a yeiiiie/aneie, aoiaieoa?iie,
aiaoiaiieeoe/aneie iaeanoyo ia oieueei iai?aaeaiu ia ?aoaiea
neiaeeaoeony aii?inia, naycaiiuo n auai?ii a?aaeaeainoaa, ii e noaee, ii
i?eciaieth ?yaea iieeoeeia, oaaii ia iooe e ia?aciaaieth iauaai
i?ino?ainoaa – a ecaanoiie noaiaie i?aaeoa/e Aa?aceeneiai nithca.
Enoi?e/aneay iauiinoue, acaeiinaycue e acaeiicaaeneiinoue yeiiiieee
aeaoo no?ai ninoaaeytho iniiao eacaonoainei-?inneeneeo ioiioaiee.
Neaaeoao enoiaeeoue oaeaea ec oiai, /oi ?inney a ianoiyuee iiiaio e a
ia?niaeoeaa i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iaeaieaa oe?ieee e iaaeaaeiue ?uiie aeey
?aciiia?aciie eacaonoaineie i?iaeoeoeee, e iaiai?io, enoi/iee iieo/aiey
iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey ian oiaa?ia e oaoiieiaee. Noaaeeueiia e aeeiaie/iia
?acaeoea eacaonoainei-?inneeneeo naycae a iiauo enoi?e/aneeo oneiaeyo
iaania/eaaaony na?ueaciie aeiaiai?ii-i?aaiaie aacie. Iniiao ninoaaeyao
Aeiaiai? i ae?oaeaa, nio?oaeie/anoaa e acaeiiie iiiiue iaaeaeo ?E e
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeeae io 25 iay 1992a., a oaeaea – aeiaiai?u e
niaeaoaiey, iiaeienaiiua a oiaea ia?aiai ioeoeeaeueiiai aeceoa a ?inneth
I?aceaeaioa I. A. Iaca?aaaaa a ia?oa 1994 a. e aai ?aai/ae ano?a/e n
I?aceaeaioii A. I. Aeueoeeiui a yiaa?a 1995 a. 28 ia?oa 1994 a. aue
iiaeienai iaeao ec 22 aeiaiai?ia e niaeaoaiee, a oii /enea 4 ia o?iaia
aeaa ainoaea?noa.
I?aaeaea anaai – yoi Aeiaiai? i aeaeueiaeoai oaeoaeaiee yeiiiie/aneiai
nio?oaeie/anoaa e eioaa?aoeee, Aeiaiai? i aiaiiii nio?oaeie/anoaa,
Niaeaoaiea ia iniiaiuo i?eioeeiao eniieueciaaiey einiiae?iia Aaeeiio? e
Iaii?aiaeoi ii aii?inai a?aaeaeainoaa e i?aaiaiai noaoona a?aaeaeai
aeaoo no?ai. 20 yiaa?y 1995 aiaea i?aceaeaiou I. A. Iaca?aaaa e A. I.
Aeueoeei ne?aieee naieie iiaeienyie Aeiaiai? iaaeaeo ?E e ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeeae i i?aaiaii noaoona a?aaeaeai ?O, iinoiyiii i?iaeeaathueo ia
oa??eoi?ee ?E e a?aaeaeai ?E, iinoiyiii i?iaeeaathueo ia oa??eoi?ee ?O,
a oaeaea Niaeaoaiea iaaeaeo ?O e ?E ia oi?iuaiiii ii?yaeea i?eia?aoaiey
a?aaeaeainoaa a?aaeaeaiaie ?O, i?eauaathueie aeey iinoiyiiiai
i?iaeeaaiey a ?E e a?aaeaeaiaie ?E, i?eauaathueie, aeey iinoiyiiiai
i?iaeeaaiey a ?O. Oiaaea aea a E?aiea auee iiaeienaiu Niaeaoaiea iaaeaeo
aeaoiy i?aaeoaeuenoaaie i aaeeiii ii?yaeea ?aaoee?iaaiey
aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, I?ioieie i aaaaeaiee ?aaeeia
naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee aac ecuyoee e ia?aie/aiee i?e iauaaeeiaiee
oaiiaeaiiuo oa??eoi?ee ?E e ?O, oeaeue ?yae aeaonoi?iiieo niaeaoaiee a
iaeanoe aiaiiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa, a oeiainiaie noa?a e, iaeiiaoe,
o?aonoi?iiiaa Niaeaoaiea i Oaiiaeaiiii nithca iaaeaeo Eacaonoaiii,
?inneae e Aaea?onueth.
28 yiaa?y 1995 aiaea ia ano?a/a aeaa i?aaeoaeuenoa iaoeo ainoaea?noa aue
iiaeienai ?yae o?aonoi?iiieo aeieoiaioia, i?aaeaea anaai I?ia?aiia
aeaenoaee i?aaeoaeuenoa ?E, ?O e ?anioaeeee Aaea?onue ii ?aaeecaoeee
aeiaiai?aiiinoae i aeaeueiaeoai ?anoe?aiee e oaeoaeaiee acaeiiiai
nio?oaeie/anoaa, i?aaeoniao?eaathuay ia oieueei eiie?aoiua ia?ii?eyoey e
n?iee eo ?aaeecaoeee ii nicaeaieth Oaiiaeaiiiai nithca, ii e
aeaeueiaeoea ia?u ii aa?iiiecaoeee caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, ?acaeoeth
i?iecaiaenoa e i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, a oaeaea a iaeanoe oeiainia e
ieaoaaeiuo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo o?aiy no?aiaie. Oaeea oaae oi?ioi
niaeanothony n eioaa?aoeeiiiuie oneeeyie iaoeo ainoaea?noa a ?aieao NIA.
Iieiaeaii ia/aei nicaeaieth Yeiiiie/aneiai e Ieaoaaeiiai nithcia, a
Iineaa ia/ae ooieoeeiie?iaaoue Iaaeainoaea?noaaiiue yeiiiie/aneee
eiieoao (IYE), eioi?ue yaeyaony eii?aeeie?othuei e eniieieoaeueiui
i?aaiii Yeiiiie/aneiai nithca. Iaoe no?aiu au?aaioaee aaeeiue i?iaeo
Eiioeaioeee io?aiu aiaoieo a?aieoe NIA e niaeaniaaiioth iia?aie/ioth
iieeoeeo.
Naaiaeiy iiaeii n oaeiaeaoai?aieai eiinoaoe?iaaoue, /oi, ianiio?y ia
ecaanoioth i?ioeai?a/eainoue iieeoe/aneeo e nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo
i?ioeannia, i?ioaeaaoeo a 1991-1993 aiaeao eae a ?innee, oae e a
Eacaonoaia, iaaeaeo iaoeie aeaoiy ainoaea?noaaie oa?aeoa? aeaonoi?iiieo
ioiioaiee iaeciaiii nio?aiyeny aeia?ininaaeneei e ae?oaeanoaaiiui. Ana
yoe aiaeu i?iaeieaeaeinue iineaaeiaaoaeueiia e ieaiiia?iia ia?aueaaiea
nio?oaeie/anoaa ai anao noa?ao. Ii a iaoai aeaonoi?iiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa
?yae aii?inia ?aoaaony o?oaeii. Aei neo ii? ?inneeneay noi?iia ia
?aoeoeoee?iaaea Aeiaiai? i aiaiiii nio?oaeie/anoaa e Niaeaoaiea i
no?aoaae/aneeo yaea?iuo neeao, a?aiaiii ?aniieiaeaiiuo ia oa??eoi?ee
Eacaonoaia, iiaeienaiiua a ia?oa 1994 a. Ia ?aoeoeoee?iaaiu iiea e
aaaeiua aeieoiaiou ii a?aaeaeainoao. Aianoa n oai, a ?innee
iieiaeeoaeueii ioeaieaaaony aeoeaiay iiaeaea?aeea Eacaonoaiii i?iaeoa
Eiioeaioeee io?aiu aiaoieo a?aieoe NIA e niaeaniaaiiay iia?aie/iay
iieeoeea n ?inneae. A eioa?anao noeioee?iaaiey aeaonoi?iiiaai
oiaa?iiaiaia iiaeienaii eacaonoainei-?inneeneia Niaeaoaiea i aaeeinoaa
oi?aaeaiey Oaiiaeaiiuie neoaeaaie.
I?aceaeaio I. A. Iaca?aaaa ia niaauaiee ii aii?inai aiaoiae iieeoeee,
ninoiyaoaeny a oaa?aea 1995 a., iiaeaiaey eoiae aiaoiaiieeoe/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoe ca 3 aiaea, ioiaoee, /oi neiaeeeny iaaeaeoia?iaeiue
eieaeae iaoae ?anioaeeee eae na?ueaciiai e iaaeaaeiiai ia?oia?a,
caeiaeaiu iaiaoiaeeiua i?aaeiinueee aeey eioaa?e?iaaiey Eacaonoaia a
ie?ioicyenoaaiiua nayce. A ianooieaoai iiaii yoaia ?acaeoey aiaoieo
naycae, iiae/a?eioe I?aceaeaio, any iaoa iieeoeea aeieaeia auoue
iiae/eiaia eioa?anai aeeiaie/iiai yeiiiie/aneiai e eoeueoo?iiai ?acaeoey
aiaoieo naycae. A ianooieaoai iiaii yoaia ?acaeoey aiaoieo naycae,
iiae/a?eioe I?aceaeaio, any iaoa iieeoeea aeieaeia auoue iiae/eiaia
eioa?anai aeeiaie/iiai yeiiiie/aneiai e eoeueoo?iiai ?acaeoey
Eacaonoaia, i?eaycea aiaoiayeiiiie/aneiai eo?na e nianoaaiiui ?aaeeyi.
I?aceaeaio iaoeaeee aiaoithth iieeoeeo ?anioaeeee ia oi?ie?iaaiea e
iiaeaea?aeaiea aeaaii?eyoiuo oneiaee aeey oniaoiie ?aaeecaoeee no?aoaaee
noaiiaeaiey e ?acaeoey Eacaonoaia eae noaa?aiiiai ainoaea?noaa. A yoie
nayce i?aa?auaiea Eacaonoaia a iieiii?aaiiai noauaeoa iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai
i?aaa nicaeaei niaa?oaiii iiaoth neooaoeeth a ooieoeeiie?iaaiee
ianniaiai niciaiey ia oieueei a naiie iaoae ?anioaeeea, ii e a no?aiao –
ninaaeyo. Nae/an Eacaonoai e ?inney – noaa?aiiua e iacaaeneiua
ainoaea?noaa. A?aiy eae au ii?aaeaeeei iiaoth oi/eo ion/aoa a eo
ainoaea?noaaiiii no?ieoaeuenoaa. E oio oaeo, /oi a?aaeaeaia Eacaonoaia
eiatho naith no?aio – ?aaeueiinoue. Aeoiaaony, ii?aaeaeaiiua
oa?ioiaaoinoe a aeaonoi?iiieo ioiioaieyo n ?inneae eae au auoaeatho ia
oieueei ec iauaeoeaiuo ?acee/ee a iiaeoiaeao, aeeeooaiuo ia aiieia
eaeaioe/ii cao/aueie iaoeeiiaeueii-ainoaea?noaaiiuie eioa?anaie aeaoo
no?ai, ii e ec ii?aaeaeaiiie i?ioeai?a/eainoe iinueie a ii?aaeaeaiee
aeey naay i?ei?eoaoia ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiie a?aia a oneiaeyo
iacaaa?oaiiiai oi?ie?iaaiey aiaoiaiieeoe/aneeo aeieo?ei. Iao niiiaiee a
enoeiiinoe, aeoaieie aeeciaiiinoe ono?aieaiee ia?iaeia e ae?oaeaa e
niaeaneth, eo iiieiaiee oiai, /oi o ?innee e Eacaonoaia – iauay
noaeueaa. Ia?aaeeaaaiue iaie enoi?e/aneee ia?eiae iinoaaee ia?aae
iauanoaii neiaeiua aii?inu, iiaeaa?a eaaeaeiai ec ian na?ueaciui
eniuoaieyi. Ia?iaeu Eacaonoaia e ?innee, noiyuea iea/ii e iea/o ia
ii?iaa iiaie yiioe, aianoa, n /anoueth i?aiaeieatho eiathueany i?iaeaiu
e aieaeoo a 21 aae, i?aeniieiaiiua iniciaieai aaee/ey noiyueo ia?aae
ieie caaea/.
Iaeuecy ia ioiaoeoue ioiioaiey Eacaonoaia n aeeaeaeoeie ninaaeyie
Eu?aucnoaiii e Ocaaeenoaiii. Aaaeiinoue iaoeo naycae, iiieii oe?aieaiey
aeaonoi?iiiaai nio?oaeie/anoaa, ii?aaeaeyaony iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?eaeaiey
yooaeoeaiinoe nithco o?ao ainoaea?noa, eioi?ue, ia iie acaeyae, eiaao
aieueoia aoaeouaa. A 1992 aiaeo ii eieoeeaoeaa iaoaai I?aceaeaioa auea
caeiaeaia iniiaa nicaeaieth nithca Oeaio?aeueii-aceaoneeo no?ai.
Iiyaeeanue i?ae?aniay yiaeaia oaeiai aoaeouaai Nithca – iiao/ay /eia?a n
aeoaieeie ei?iyie e iiuiuie aaoayie, neiaieece?othueie aaeeiua ei?ie e
iauiinoue oeaeae noaiiaeaiey e ?acaeoey ?iaenoaaiiuo ainoaea?noa.
Eeaea?aie Eacaonoaia, Eu?aucnoaia e Ocaaeenoaia auee iiaeienaiu
aeieoiaiou i nicaeaiee iaaeainoaea?noaaiiiai niaaoa, aaeeiiai
yeiiiie/aneiai i?ino?ainoaa o?ao no?ai. Nicaeaiu aaeeiue eniieieoaeueiue
i?aai, niaaou io?aneaauo ieieno?ia e ?oeiaiaeeoaeae aaaeiinoa. I?eiyo
Iaii?aiaeoi i nio?oaeie/anoaa a iaeanoe iea?aoeee. Ia/ae
ooieoeeiie?iaaoue Oeaio?aeueii-aceaoneee aaie ?acaeoey, iieiaeaii ia/aei
niaeaniaaiiui aeaenoaeyi a iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuo ioiioaieyo e ia ie?iaie
a?aia. I?aceaeaiou o?ao no?ai i?eiyee ?aoaiea i iiaeaea?aeea eieoeeaoeau
I?aceaeaioa I. Iaca?aaaa i nicuaa niaauaiey ii acaeiiaeaenoaeth e ia?ai
aeiaa?ey a Acee (NAIAeA), eieoeeaoeau i?aceaeaiou E. Ea?eiiaa i
niaauaiee – naieia?a a Oaoeaioa. Anee cao?iiooue aieaa ?aiiea
acaeiiioiioaiey yoeo ainoaea?noa, oi iiaeii neacaoue aua a 1990 a. ii
eieoeeaoeaa Eacaonoaia, a Aeiaou aia?aua ano?aoeeenue ?oeiaiaeeoaee
?anioaeee Eacaonoaia, Ocaaeenoaia, Eu?aucnoaia, Oaaeaeeeenoaia,
Oo?eiaienoaia e iiaeienaee Niaeaoaiea ia yeiiiie/aneii,
iao/ii-oaoie/aneii e eoeueoo?iii nio?oaeie/anoaa. Ia ninoiyaoaeny a
yiaa?a 1993 a. a Oaoeaioa ia ano?a/a aeaa ainoaea?noa Oeaio?aeueiie Acee
auee i?eiyou ?aoaiey ii aeaeueiaeoaio oaeoaeaieth acaeiiiai
nio?oaeie/anoaa. ?aaeecaoeee eioaa?aoeeiiiuo aiciiaeiinoae ?aaeiia
niinianoaotho aeaonoi?iiiea aeiaiai?a e niaeaoaiey iaaeaeo
ainoaea?noaaie Oeaio?aeueii-aceaoneeo ainoaea?noa.
Ai a?aiy aeceoa I?aceaeaioa ?E I. A. Iaca?aaaaa a ?anioaeeeo Ocaaeenoai
10-12 yiaa?y 1994 aiaea iaa noi?iiu aeiaiai?eeenue a aeaeueiaeoeo oaaao
ii ?acaeoeth eacaonoainei-ocaaeenoaineeo ioiioaiee. A oeaeyo
aeaeueiaeoaai oaeoaeaiey e ?acaeoey ioiioaiee, iaaeaeo no?aiaie
i?aceaeaiou E. A. Ea?eiia e I. A. Iaca?aaaa iiaeienaee aeiaiai? i
nicaeaiee aaeeiiai yeiiiie/aneiai i?ino?ainoaa iaaeaeo ?anioaeeeie
Ocaaeenoai e ?anioaeeeie Eacaonoai, i?aaeiieaaathuaai naiaiaeiie
ia?aiauaiea oiaa?ia, oneoa, eaieoaeia, ?aai/ae neeu e iaania/eaathuaai
niaeaniaaiioth e?aaeeoii-?an/aoioth, athaeaeaoioth, iaeiaiaoth,
oeaiiaoth, oaiiaeaiioth e aaethoioth iieeoeeo. Acaeiiioiioaiey iaaeaeo
aeaoiy aaaeoueie oeaio?aeueii-aceaoneeie ainoaea?noaaie no?iyony e
?acaeaathony ia iniiaa Oo?eanoaineiai aeiaiai?a i ae?oaeaa,
nio?oaeie/anoaa e acaeiiie iiiiue iaaeaeo ?anioaeeeie Ocaaeenoai e
?anioaeeeie Eacaonoai, iiaeienaiiiai 24 ethiy 1992 aiaea.
Aeiaiai? i nicaeaiee aaeeiiai yeiiiie/aneiai i?ino?ainoaa iaaeaeo o?aiy
oeaio?aeueii-aceaoneeie ainoaea?noaaie ie a eiae iaia ia i?ioeai?a/eo
iieiaeaieyi aeiaiai?a i nicaeaiee yeiiiie/aneiai nithca no?ai
Niae?oaeanoaa e ioe?uo aeey aoiaeaeaiey anao ainoaea?noa NIA.
EACAONOAI E ACEAONEI-OEOIIEAAINEEE
?AAEII
IA?NIAEOEAU NIO?OAeIE*ANOAA
Naia onoie/eaia ?acaeoea Eacaonoai iaania/eaaao a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue
oeaeaiai?aaeaiiie e aeoeaiie aiaoiaiieeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoueth.
Oi?ioi iiieiay, /oi oniaoiia i?iaaaeaiea iieeoe/aneeo e
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo ?aoi?i aiciiaeii eeoue a aoiinoa?a
noaaeeueiinoe, ?anioaeeea aeoeaii aeeth/eeanue a i?ioeannu ?aci?oaeaiey
e nicaeaiey nenoaiu iaaeaeoia?iaeiie aaciianiinoe \. ?aoaiey i cae?uoee
Naieiaeaoeineiai iieeaiia e ioeac io yaea?iuo aii?oaeaiee,
i?eniaaeeiaiea, aaciaiai?i/iay iiaeaea?aeea eieoeeaoeau, iai?aaeaiiie ia
i?iaeeaiea aeiaiai?a i ia?ani?ino?aiaiee yaea?iiai i?oaeey ia oieueei
i?eianee Eacaonoaio oaaaeaiea ie?iaiai niiauanoaa, ii e oe?aieee
aaciianiinoue, iaania/eee oa??eoi?eaeueioth oeaeinoiinoue ca n/ao
niioaaonoaothueo aa?aioee ni noi?iiu ?innee, NOA, EI?, Aaeeeia?eoaiee e
O?aioeee. Aeinoeaeaiea onoie/eaiai ?acaeoey e iaania/aiea iaoeeiiaeueiie
aaciianiinoe ia ?aoaaony iaeieie oieueei aiaiii-iieeoe/aneeie ia?aie.
Naioth iaaeaaeioth iniiao aeey oi?i/aiey ie?a e aeia?ininaaenoaa
nicaeatho oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneea nayce. Iaeiaei o Eacaonoaia ?acia?u yoeo
naycae ni no?aiaie AO? iiea /oi iacia/eoaeueiu. A oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneeo
ioiioaieyo Eacaonoaia n ?aaeiiii iaeaaeeaaaony aiaoiyy oi?aiaey,
iieo/atho ?acaeoea eo aieaa i?ia?anneaiua oi?iu – i?yiua oicyenoaaiiua
nayce, iiaua oeiu eiaanoeoeeiiiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa, niaianoiua
i?aaei?eyoey. A oeaeii i noaiaie aiaea/aiiinoe Eacaonoaia a iaua
?aaeiiaeueiua i?ioeannu yeiiiie/aneiai nio?oaeie/anoaa aiai?eoue aua
?aii. Ii eae aceaoneia ainoaea?noai Eacaonoai, anoanoaaiii, cayaeo i
naaa a Acee. Aia?aua aeaeaaaoeey Eacaonoaia i?eiyea o/anoea a ?aaioa
nannee yeiiiie/aneie e nioeeaeueiie eiiennee (I?aaiecaoeee Iauaaeeiaiiuo
Iaoeee aeey Acee e Oeoiai ieaaia (YNEAOI). Aaconeiaii, auoiaeo
Eacaonoaia aaeoaue aceaoneiai eiioeiaioa e e iiuaathuei aai ii?yi e
ieaaiai aoaeao niinianoaiaaoue o/anoea aai a I?aaiecaoeee yeiiiie/aneiai
nio?oaeie/anoaa, e o/?aaeeoaeyi eioi?ie – E?aio, Iaeenoaio e Oo?oeee –
i?eniaaeeieeenue Aoaaienoai, Aca?aaeaeaeai e oeaio?aeueii-aceaoneea
ainoaea?noaa. ?anioaeeea Eacaonoai anooieea a Aceaoneee aaie ?acaeoey –
yoi oaeaea ?oaaaeiia niauoea a i?ioeanna aa eioaa?aoeee a
ie?ioicyenoaaiiua nayce a Acee.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ai aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe ?anioaeeee ana
aieueoaa cia/aiea i?eaeaaony ?anoe?aieth oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneiai
nio?oaeie/anoaa ni no?aiaie AO?. Ia o?iaaiue e?oiiiianooaaiiai
nio?oaeie/anoaa a naiuo ?acee/iuo noa?ao e aeoaieiai acaeiiiiieiaiey ca
aanueia ei?ioeee n?ie iinea ia?aoaiey Eacaonoaiii iacaaeneiinoe auoee
eacaonoainei-aia?eeaineea ioiioaiey. Iie noaee iiaeeeiii ia?oia?neeie,
/oi e iaoei io?aaeaiea a iiaeienaiiie 14 oaa?aey 1994 a. a Aaoeiaoiia
I?aceaeaioii A.Eeeioiiii e I?aceaeaioii Eacaonoaia I. Iaca?aaaaui
“Oa?oee i aeaiie?aoe/aneii ia?oia?noaa”. NOA e Eacaonoai aeiaiai?eeenue
eioaineoeoee?iaaoue eiioaeou a noa?a iieeoeee, yeiiiieee, eoeueoo?u,
ia?aciaaiey, yeieiaee, iaoee e oaoieee, cae?aaiio?aiaiee e ae?oaeo
iaeanoyo. Aanueia aaaeiia cia/aiea a eiioaenoa eacaonoainei-aia?eeaineeo
ioiioaiee eiatho aii?inu iaania/aiey aaciianiinoe, iacaaeneiinoe,
oa??eoi?eaeueiie oeaeinoiinoe e aeaiie?aoe/aneiai ?acaeoey Eacaonoaia.
Nio?oaeie/anoai a yoie noa?a aoaeao inouanoaeyoueny eae ia aeaonoi?iiiae
iniiaa, oae e a ?aieao aeaenoaothueo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo e ?aaeiiaeueiuo
no?oeoo? aaciianiinoe: III, IANA. NOA aoaeoo ieacuaaoue iaiaoiaeeioth
oeiainiaoth e oaoie/aneoth iiaeaea?aeeo oneeeyi Eacaonoaia a yoii
iai?aaeaiee. Eiie?aoiuie i?eia?aie oaeiai ?iaea acaeiiaeaenoaey yaeyaony
caeeth/aiea aeaonoi?iiiaai oi?aiaiai niaeaoaiey, aeiaiai? i acaeiiie
caueoa eiaanoeoeee, o/anoey Eacaonoaia i?e iiaeaea?aeea NOA a i?ia?aiia
nenoaiiie o?ainoi?iaoeee IAO, a oaeaea aeayoaeueiia e aeathuaa
cia/eoaeueiua i?aeoe/aneea ieiaeu, iiiu?aiea aaeieieno?aoeeae A.
Eeeioiia ianooaaiiai i?eoiea eiaanoeoeee aia?eeaineiai /anoiiai naeoi?a
a yeiiiieeo Eacaonoaia. Aieueoie i?ia?ann ca iineaaeiea aiaeu aeinoeaioo
a eacaonoainei-eeoaeneeo ioiioaieyo. Eeoae iaeiei ec ia?auo i?eciae
iacaaeneiinoue Eacaonoaia. Auee onoaiiaeaiu iaaeaeo ieie
aeeieiiaoe/aneea ioiioaiey. A Iaeeia e Aeiaou ioe?ueenue iinieuenoaa.
Iaeaaeaii o?ainii?oiia niiauaiea ii aicaeooo, aeaeaciie aei?iaa,
aaoio?annai, oi anoue nicaeaiu iaiaoiaeeiay aaca e i?aaeiinueee aeey
?acaeoey e oaeoaeaiey aeaonoi?iiiaai nio?oaeie/anoaa.
Aaaeiaeoei niauoeai a enoi?ee aeaoonoi?iiieo ioiioaiee noae aeceo I. A.
Iaca?aaaaa a EI? inaiueth 1993 aiaea, a oiaea eioi?iai auea iiaeienaia
“Niaianoiay aeaeea?aoeey ia iniiaao ae?oaeanoaaiiuo acaeiiioiioaiee
iaaeaeo ?anioaeeeie Eacaonoai e Eeoaeneie Ia?iaeiie ?anioaeeeie”.
N ia/aea nio?oaeie/anoaa iaaeaeo no?aiaie i?eiyoi aieaa 30 aeieoiaioia,
?aaoee?othueo eo acaeiiioiioaiey a ?acee/iuo noa?ao iauanoaaiiie aeecie.
Caiaoii i?iyaeei naay oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneia nio?oaeie/anoai. Iauai
oiaa?iiai?ioa iaaeaeo Eacaonoaiii e Eeoaai ca 10 ianyoeaa 1995 aiaea
aeinoea o?iaiy ii/oe 300 iei. aeiee. NOA, /oi ia 17 % aieueoa ii
n?aaiaieth n oai aea ia?eiaeii i?aaeuaeouaai aiaea. Ai a?aiy iineaaeieo
ia?aaiai?ia ?oeiaiaeeoaee iaaeo no?ai ioia/aee, /oi o?iaaiue oi?aiaee
iiaeao auoue aeiaaaeai aei 500 iei. aeiee. NOA. Iineieueeo i?eiueathuea
e a?aieoea Eacaonoaia i?ea?aie/iua ?aeiiu Eeoay, a ioee/ea io ainoi/iuo
i?eii?neeo aai ?aeiiia (aaea iaoiaeyony niaoeeaeueiua yeiiiie/aneea
ciiu), iaiueoa io iieeoeee ?aoi?i e aiaoiae ioe?uoinoe, iie
i?iyaeytho ?anoouoth caeioa?aniaaiiinoue a nio?oaeie/anoaa n
Eacaonoaiii. Aianoa n oai ia eacaonoaineee ?uiie ia/eiatho auoiaeeoue
i?iecaiaeeoaee e ec aeoaeiu Eeoay, ec aai oeaio?aeueiuo, naaa?iuo,
naaa?i-ainoi/iuo, thaeiuo ?acaeouo ?aeiiia. Eacaonoai e Eeoae eiatho
aiaaoua i?e?iaeiua ?ano?nu, acaeiiaeiiieiythuea yeiiiieee, oaeiaiua
o?ainii?oiua eiiioieeaoeee a yoii caeeth/aaony aieueoie iioaioeeae aeey
aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey acaeiiauaiaeiuo ioiioaiee.
Oi?iooth iniiao aeey ?acaeoey aeia?ininaaeneeo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo
Eacaonoaiii e ssiiieae caeiaeee ioeoeeaeueiue aeceo a ai?aea 1994 a. I.
Iaca?aaaa. A 1994 a. iaaeaeo no?aiaie caeeth/ai aeiaiai? i
nio?oaeie/anoaa a iaeanoe oie/oiaeaiey yaea?iiai i?oaeey, iiaeeaaeauaai
nie?auaieth a Eacaonoaia. Oiaaea i?aaeoaeuenoai ssiiiee aianei 11 iei.
aeiee. a niioaaonoaothuee yiiii-eacaonoaineee eiieoao. Aaaeiaeooth ?ieue
a oe?aieaiee naycae, acaeiiiaiaia aeaeaaaoeeyie ea?atho o/?aaeaeaiiua a
Eacaonoaia e ssiiiee eiieoaou ii yeiiiie/aneiio nio?oaeie/anoao.
Aeaeiaua e?oae ssiiiee caeioa?aniaaeenue Eacaonoaiii e ana iniiaiua
e?oiiua oi?aiaua eiiiaiee: “Ieoeoaene”, Ieoeoe”, “Eoi/o” e ae?oaea
ioe?uee a Aeiaou naie i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa. *a?ac yiiineee oiiae
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai yeiiiie/aneiai nio?oaeie/anoaa Eacaonoaio
i?aaeinoaaeai eueaioiue eaiiaue e?aaeeo aeey inouanoaeaiey i?iaeoa ii
?aeiino?oeoeee aeaeaciiaei?iaeiie noaioeee Ae?oaeaa (a ia?aaiaea ia
aeieea?u – 72 iei.). Iiaeienaiiua e?aaeeoiua niaeaoaiey n aaieii ssiiiee
ia aanueia e?oiiua noiiu. E?aaeeou aoaeoo iai?aaeaiu ia iiaeaea?aeeo
yeiiiie/aneeo ?aoi?i a ?anioaeeea.
aieueoea ia?niaeoeau e o oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneiai nio?oaeie/anoaa
Eacaonoaia n THaeiie Ei?aae. A oiaea aeceoa i?aceaeaioa Eacaonoaia I. A.
Iaca?aaaaa a Naoe aue iiaeienai ?yae aeieoiaioia, caeeaaeuaathueo
i?aaiaoth aaco aeey ia?aueaaiey oe?ieiianooaaiiai ia?oia?noaa aeaoo
no?ai.
Iaa ainoaea?noaa noaioo ?acaeaaoue eioaineaiia nio?oaeie/anoai a iaeanoe
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, eiaanoeoeee, oi?aiaee, ?ac?aaioee i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia,
iaoee, oaoiieiaee, naeueneiai oicyenoaa e o?ainii?oa, a i?ei?eoaoiii
ieaia niaeaenoaiaaoue oaniui eiioaeoai iaaeaeo i?aaenoaaeoaeyie eo
aeaeiauo e?oaia. Aoaeao oaeaea ?acaeaaoueny oe?ieiianooaaiia ia?oia?noai
a iaeanoe eoeueoo?u, eneonnoaa, ia?aciaaiey, n?aaenoa ianniaie
eioi?iaoeee, nii?oa, oo?ecia. Noi?iiu aeiaiai?eeenue i nio?oaeie/anoaa a
?aaeiiaeueiuo e ie?iauo i?aaiecaoeeyo, aeeth/ay III, aeey iaania/aiey
ie?a e i?ioeaaoaiey iooai niaianoiie ?aaiou a iaeanoyo, i?aaenoaaeythueo
acaeiiue eioa?an, oaeeo, eae iiiu?aiea oi?aiaee, io?aia ie?oaeathuae
n?aaeu, ia?ani?ino?aiaiea i?oaeey ianniaiai oie/oiaeaiey.
A iaaei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiii niaeaoaiee i iao/iii e oaoiieiae/aneii
nio?oaeie/anoaa, iiaeienaiiii ieieno?aie eiino?aiiuo aeae, noi?iiu
iaycaeenue niaeaenoaiaaoue ia?oia?noao a iaeanoe iaoee e oaoiieiaee ia
iniiaa ?aaiii?aaey e acaeiiie auaiaeu. Iiaeienaii oaeaea niaeaoaiea i
eoeueoo?iii nio?oaeie/anoaa. Noi?iiu aeiaiai?eeenue i?eeaaaoue oneeey e
nei?aeoaio caeeth/aieth niaeaoaiee ia ecaaaeaiee aeaieiiai
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey e ii caueoa eiaanoeoeee.
N 1991 a. a Eacaonoaia nicaeai ?yae niaianoiuo i?iecaiaenoa n oaeeie
e?oiiuie thaeiiei?aeneeie oe?iaie, aee?aaeeoiaaiiuie a ?anioaeeea eae
“Ei?on eioa?iyoie”, “Aieaeai Aaeea EiEOAe), “Oai ssi eaieea Ei?ii?aoei”
e ae?oaeie. Ca?aaeno?e?iaaii aieaa 40 niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee, iaeaieaa
e?oiiua ec ieo caiyou a i?iecaiaenoaa oeaaoiuo oaeaaeci?ia ia?ee “Iai”
ia aaca eacaonoaineiai ?aaeeioaoie/aneiai caaiaea, yeaeo?iauoiaie
oaoieee, iioeaa iaeaaeaeu, no?ieoaeuenoaa, oa?iaeieiaee, i?iecaiaenoaa
iaeii?aciauo oi?eoeaa.
Aeaenoaoao niaianoiia i?aaei?eyoea ii i?iecaiaenoao oieiaeeeueieeia e
ii?iceeueieeia ia aaca Ea?aaaiaeeineiai caaiaea auoiaie oaoieee. A a.
AEaceacaaia aaaeaony no?ieoaeuenoai iaaeeoeeineiai eiiieaena n o/anoeai
ei?ii?aoeee “Nainoia Ei?ii?aeoi”, eioi?ue aeeth/aao noaoeeiia?ioth
ea/aaieoeo ia 300 eiae e iieeeeeieeo ia 800 iinauaiee a aeaiue. Nicaeaiu
niaianoiua i?aaei?eyoey ii ?aaeecaoeee, aa?aioeeiiio ianeoaeeaaieth e
iinoaaea cai/anoae e aaoiiiaeeyi “Aeyo”, ii auioneo iee?iaieiiauo ia/ae,
eiiaeeoeeiia?ia, noe?aeueiuo iaoei. Aiaoiaoi?aiaue iai?io Eacaonoaia n
THaeiie Ei?aae ca 1994 aiae ninoaaee aieaa 35 iei. aeiee. A yenii?oa
i?aiaeaaeatho ieia?aeueiua oaeia?aiey, o?iiiaua niaaeeiaiey, /oaoi,
ei?ie nieiaeee. THaeiay Ei?ay caaiceo a Eacaonoai iaaeeeaiaiou, oeaie,
iaeaaeaeo, aeaeaaoaee. Niaianoii n ei?aeneei Aaaionoaii
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa inouanoaeyaony iiaeaioiaea
niaoeeaeenoia ii inaiaieth ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee a aa?ii?iiuoeaiiii
eiiieaena, ii aiaae?aieth ia?aaeiauo oaoiieiaee o?aiaiey e ia?a?aaioee
naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee.
A oiaea aeceoa I. A. Iaca?aaaaa a Eiaeiiaceth i?ioae iaiai iiaieyie n
i?aceaeaioii Nooa?oi ii aii?inai eacaonoainei-eiaeiiaceeneiai
nio?oaeie/anoaa, ?aaeiiaeueiui e iaaeaeoia?iaeiui i?iaeaiai. Auee
caeeth/aiu niaeaoaiey i nio?oaeie/anoaa iaaeaeo iaoeeiiaeueiuie aaieaie
e oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiuie iaeaoaie aeaoo no?ai, eioi?ua io?aaeatho
iaithaeiia aeaeaiea oe?aieyoue aeaeiaua ioiioaiey e iiiu?youe ?acaeoea
oi?aiaee, eiaanoeoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, onoaiiaeoue aeaaii?eyoiue
?aaeei aeey ia?oia?noaa iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaaiiuie e /anoiuie
no?oeoo?aie, aeinoeaiooa aeiaiai?aiiinoue i oaniii nio?oaeie/anoaa a
?aieao iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo i?aaiecaoeee. Eacaonoai ?anniao?eaaao
Eiaeiiaceth eae i?ei?eoaoiiai ia?oia?a a THai-ainoi/iie Acee, /a?ac
eioi?iai aiciiaeai auoiae ia i?yiia nio?oaeie/anoai n ANAAE e AOYN. Yoa
oaia i?ioiaeeea e?aniie ieoueth a ia?aaiai?ao a noieeoea Eiaeiiacee.
?anioaeeea Eacaonoai onoaiiaeea nayce n aaaeoueie ainoaea?noaaie THaeiie
Acee – Eiaeeae e Iaeenoaiii. A oaa?aea 1992 aiaea a yoe ainoaea?noaa
ninoiyeny aeceo I. Iaca?aaaaa, ai a?aiy eioi?iai auea iiaeienaia
eacaonoainei-eiaeeeneay aeaeea?aoeey i i?eioeeiao acaeiiioiioaiee
iaaeaeo Eacaonoaiii e Eiaeeae, niaeaoaiea ia onoaiiaeaiee
aeeieiiaoe/aneeo e eiinoeueneeo ioiioaiee, a oaeaea iaeao niaeaoaiee n
Iaeenoaiii, ia iniiaa eioi?iai aoaeao ?anoe?youeny acaeiiay oi?aiaey,
oeiainiaia nio?oaeie/anoai, nicaeaaaoueny iaaeaaeiay nenoaia
eiiioieeaoeee. Iaeenoaineay noi?iia i?aaeeiaeeea i?aaieciaaoue oi?aiaeth
a ?aieao eee?eiaa. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy aiaoiayeiiiie/aneia nio?oaeie/anoai
iaaeaeo Eacaonoaiii e Eiaeeae auoiaeeo ia ea/anoaaiii iiaue o?iaaiue.
Eiaeey auaeaeeea Eacaonoaio e?aaeeou a ?acia?a 20 iei. aeiee. NOA ia
nicaeaiea NI a oaeeo iaeanoyo yeiiiieee, eae oa?iaoeaaoeea, ieuaaay
eiaeono?ey, oaenoeeueiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue. A aeeaeaeoaa a?aiy ia/iaony
?aaeecaoeey aeaoo niaeaoaiee ii /ath, oiaeiaea eioi?iai aoaeao
inouanoaeyoueny ia eacaonoaineeo /aa?acaani/iuo oaa?eeao e ii
i?iecaiaenoao oiaeiai/iiai iaoa?eaea aeey ieuaaie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. A
iauai iauaia eiaeeeneiai eiii?oa a Eacaonoaia i?aiaeaaeatho oiaa?u
oe?ieiai iio?aaeaiey (/ae, oa?iaoeaaoe/aneay i?iaeoeoeey e o.ae.).
Eiaeey caeoiaao a Eacaonoaia aeaaiui ia?acii oa?noue, eiaeo, oeaaoiua
iaoaeeu.
Eae aeaeii Eacaonoai naeaeae ia?aua oaae ii onoaiiaeaieth
acaeiiioiioaiee ni NOA, EI?, ssiiieae, THaeiie Ei?aae e ae?oaeie
aeeiaie/ii ?acaeaathueieny ainoaea?noaaie AO?. Iaeiaei iiea /oi ana
iioaioeeaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe a ioiioaiee eniieueciaaiey i?e?iaeiuo
caiania, a /ai ioaeaeathony no?aiu AO?, inoathony i?aeoe/anee
ia?aaeeciaaiiuie. Eo oe?ieia caaeaenoaiaaiea iiiiaei au ?anioaeeea
aeeth/eoueny a nenoaio neeaaeuaathueony caeanue no?oeoo?
oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneeo naycae.
N oi/ee c?aiey i?ioeannia Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie aeecie Eacaonoai ia aeaiiii
yoaia iaoiaeeony ia noaaeee aoiaeaeaiey a iiaoth aeey ainoaea?noaa noa?o
aeayoaeueiinoe. Caaa?oaaony ia?eiae iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?eciaiey
aea-th?a, i?iaeieaeaaony i?ioeaaeo?a onoaiiaeaiey aeeieiiaoe/aneeo
ioiioaiee n ae?oaeie ainoaea?noaaie. Noaiiaeaiea Eacaonoaia, eae
iieiii?aaiiai noauaeoa iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioiioaiee ia iiaeao i?iecieoe
iaeiiiiiaioii. A ioiioaiee ia?auo eao naiinoiyoaeueiiai nouanoaiaaiey
iiaeii eiinoaoe?iaaoue oniaoiia anooieaiea Eacaonoaia a aaaeouea
iaaeaeoia?iaeiua i?aaiecaoeee, aeeth/ay III, iieo/aiea aa?aioee
aaciianiinoe io yaea?iuo aea?aeaa, iaeaaeeaaiea a oeaeii ia?oia?neeo
naycae n aiaoiei ie?ii. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy neaaeoao acaaoaiii
?anniio?aoue aii?in i /eainoaa Eacaonoaia a I?aaiecaoeee Eneaineay
eiioa?aioeey )IEE). O?oaeii ioeaieoue iieeoe/aneee, yeiiiie/aneee,
oeiainiaue, ethaeneie, oa??eoi?eaeueiue IEE. Yoa i?aaiecaoeey aeeth/aao
a naay 52 ao?i-aceaoneeo ainoaea?noaa, ana nouanoaothuea a?aaneea e
ii/oe ana oth?eneea no?aiu, o.a. i?eaeeceoaeueii iaeio o?aoue /eaiia
III. Oeaee e caaea/e, cae?aieaiiua a Onoaaa IEE, iieiinoueth
niioaaonoaotho i?eioeeiai III e iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa. I?aaiecaoeey
Eneaineay Eiioa?aioeey caneoaeeaaao oaaaeeoaeueiia ioiioaiea e naaa ni
noi?iiu ie?iaie iauanoaaiiinoe naaeaine?iaaiiinoueth, naea?aeaiiinoueth
e iauaeoeaiinoueth naiae iieeoeee. IEE, a ninoaa eioi?ie aoiaeyo no?aiu
n ia?iiiui aanii a ie?iaie yeiiiieea e aaethoii-oeiainiaie nenoaia,
eiaao naoue yeiiiie/aneeo e oeiainiauo oiiaeia e o/?aaeaeaiee. N?aaee
ieo aeaaiui yaeyaony Eneaineee aaie ?acaeoey (EA?), /a?ac eioi?ue eaeoo
eiaanoeoeee a no?aiu – /eaiu IEE e yoiai Aaiea. Ca/anooth yoe
eiaanoeoeee i?aaeeaaathony iiae aanueia ieceee i?ioeaio, a eiiaaea
i?aaeinoaaeythony a aeaea aacaiciacaeiie iiiiue. Iaeiicia/ii iiaeii
ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi /ai aeieueoa aoaeoo aeeeoueny eieaaaiey n ?aoaieai i
anooieaiee Eacaonoaia a /eaiu IEE, oai aieueoa iu iioa?yai io oiouaiiuo
aiciiaeiinoae ii i?eaea/aieth eiaanoeoeee ec no?ai-/eaiia IEE e eo aa
yeiiiie/aneeo e oeiainiauo o/?aaeaeaiee. Aiieia iiiyoii, /oi iaeiei ec
aaaeiuo iai?aaeaiee aiaoiae iieeoeee Eacaonoaia nae/an e a ia?niaeoeaa
aeieaeii yaeyoueny aeeaeiaainoi/iia. Aeeaeiee Ainoie i?aaenoaaeyao
eioa?an ia oieueei aeey Eacaonoaia, ii e aeey inoaeueiuo no?ai ie?a ia
oieueei naieie yeiiiieei-oeiainiauie aiciiaeiinoyie, ii e naiei
aaiiieeoe/aneei iieiaeaieai. A?aai-ec?aeeueneea, iaaea?aaneea,
a?aai-?aaeiiaeueiua ioiioaiey, aii?in i aiciiaeiinoe nouanoaiaaiey
ec?aeeueneiai e iaeanoeineiai ainoaea?noa, noaoon Ea?onaeeia, ioiioaiea
no?ai ?aaeiia e AeIssI, ia?anoathuay i?iaeaia i?aniie aiaeu e ae?oaea
nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneea, aiaiiua, yeiiiie/aneea i?iaeaiu, ia?eiaoeyie
naieo ?aoaiee iiaoo e ieacuaatho aieueoia aeeyiea ia ie?iaoth iieeoeeo.
Acaeiiioiioaiey Eacaonoaia n a?aaneeie ainoaea?noaaie Aeeaeiaai Ainoiea
iiea aua ia ii?iaa naiaai noaiiaeaiey. E?iia ninoiyaoaainy a oaa?aea
1993 a. aeceoa I?aceaeaioa ?E I.A.Iaca?aaaaa a A?aaneoth ?anioaeeeo
Aaeiao e iiaeienaiey n iei Aeiaiai?a ia iniiaao acaeiiioiioaiee ieeaeeo
eiuo na?ueaciuo aeinoeaeaiee a aeoeaa eacaonoaineie aeeieiiaoee ia
aeeaeiaainoi/iii iai?aaeaiee iiea ia eiaaony. Neaaeoao i?eciaoue, /oi e
iiiaea aeinoeaiooua eacaonoainei-aaeiaoneea aeiaiai?aiiinoe ieacaeenue
ii oai eee eiui i?e/eiai ia?aaeeciaaiiuie.
I/aaeaeii, /oi n?aaee i?e/ei neaauo eiioaeoia n a?aaneeie ainoaea?noaaie
neaaeoao i?eciaoue ia oieueei aaia?aoe/aneoth oaeaeaiiinoue, ii e
eneaineee oaeoi?, a?aai-ec?aeeueneee eiioeeeo. E yoiio iiaeii aeiaaaeoue
caiooaiiinoue acaeiiioiioaiee a naiii a?aaneii ie?a e iaaeaeo ?yaeii
ainoaea?noa Aeeaeiaai e N?aaeiaai Ainoiea, iai?eia?, iaaeaeo Naoaeianeie
A?aaeae e E?aiii, ?aciia ioiioaiea a?aaneeo ainoaea?noa e
e?aii-e?aeneiio eiioeeeoo e e neooaoeee a Aoaaienoaia.
Ninoiyaoeeny a ai?aea 1994 a. aeceo ieieno?a eiino?aiiuo aeae ?E E.
Naoaeaaaaaa a Naoaeianeoth A?aaeth e ioaaoiue aeceo aeaau
aiaoiaiieeoe/aneiai aaaeiinoaa Naoaeianeie A?aaee, a inaiueth –
ioeoeeaeueiue aeceo a Y?-?eyae i?aceaeaioa I. A. Iaca?aaaaa – iiaoo
noaoue i?i?uaii eacaonoaineie aeeieiiaoee ia Aeeaeiee Ainoie. ?acaeoea
ioiioaiee Eacaonoaia n a?aaneeie ainoaea?noaaie, iniaaiii n oaeeie
aiaaoaeoeie ec ieo eae Naoaeianeay A?aaey, iiaeao niinianoaiaaoue
i?eaea/aieth eiaanoeoeee e e?aaeeoia, noieue iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey ?acaeoey
eacaonoaineie yeiiiieee. Iaiaeiaaaeii e eniieueciaaiea iiuoa a?aaneeo
iaooaaeiauaathueo ainoaea?noa e eiiiaiee. ?inoo eacaonoaineie yeiiiieee,
aaconeiaii, aoaeao niinianoaiaaoue e ?acaeoea oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneeo
naycae n ainoaea?noaaie Aeeaeiaai Ainoiea. Iiiaea ec ieo caeioa?aniaaiu
a eiii?oa ioaieoeu, iyna, ?ena, ?acee/iuo iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo e
iaoaeeia. A naith i/a?aaeue, a?aaneea ainoaea?noaa iiaoo iinoaaeyoue a
Eacaonoai iaiaei ioiineoaeueii aeaoaaie, ii aeia?iea/anoaaiiie
i?iaeoeoeee. Iaeiaei, /oiau caionoeoue aeaeaaoaeue eacaonoainei-a?aaneeo
ioiioaiee ia iieioth iiuiinoue, Eacaonoaio neaaeoao ii?aaeaeeoueny ii
oeaeiio e?oao aanueia /oanoaeoaeueiuo aeey a?aaneiai ie?a i?iaeai,
naycaiiuo n aanueia neiaeiie neooaoeeae a yoii ?aaeiia, n ioiioaieai e
eneaio e e I?aaiecaoeee Eneaineay Eiioa?aioeey. Eacaonoaio i?eaeaony
eaeei-oi ia?acii naaeaine?iaaoue naie ioiioaiey n caiaaeiui ie?ii e
ainoaea?noaaie N?aaeiaai Ainoiea, /oiau eiaoue oi?ioea ioiioaiey n
a?aaneeie ainoaea?noaaie. Yoi aeinoaoi/ii e?aieee i?aoae, eioi?ue aoaeao
ia oae i?inoi ?aneieioue eacaonoaineie aeeieiiaoee.
EACAONOAI E N?AAeIEE AINOIE
Eacaonoai aeeiaie/ii ?acaeaaao naie ioiioaiee n ainoaea?noaaie N?aaeiaai
Ainoiea – n Oo?oeeae e E?aiii, eae ia aeaonoi?iiiae iniiaa, oae e ia
iiiainoi?iiiae a ?aieao I?aaiecaoeee yeiiiie/aneiai nio?oaeie/anoaa.
Eacaonoai e Oo?oeey eiatho iaiaei iaueo ei?iae: aaia?aoe/aneeo – iie
?aniieiaeaiu ia nouea Aa?iiu e Acee, e yoiia?aoe/aneeo – eacaoneee e
oo?aoeeee ia?iaeu ?iaenoaaiiu ii i?ienoiaeaeaieth e ycueo, ii
eoeueoo?iui o?aaeeoeeyi. Eacaonoainei-oo?aoeeea ioiioaiey ?acaeaathony
aeinoaoi/ii aeeiaie/ii, i?ienoiaeeo oaeoaeaiea e ?anoe?aiea
aeaonoi?iiiaai nio?oaeie/anoaa a iieeoe/aneie, yeiiiie/aneie e
eoeueoo?ii-aoiaieoa?iie noa?ao. Oniaoii ?aaeecoaony oo?aoeeee e?aaeeo,
oaea ooieoeeiie?oao Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue eacaonoainei-oo?aoeeee oieaa?neoao
ei. ssnnaae ?anoaa?e?oaony oo?aoeeeie ianoa?aie.
Ia/aei eacaonoainei-oo?aoeeei ioiioaieyi iieiaeee ninoiyaoeeny 15 ia?oa
1991 a. aeceo I?aceaeaioa Oo?oeee Oo?aooa Icaea a Aeiaou. Oiaaea auei
iiaeienaii Niaeaoaiea i nio?oaeie/anoaa iaaeaeo ENN? e Oo?aoeeie
?anioaeeeie, a eioi?ii auei au?aaeaii no?aieaiea ia?iaeia, eiathueo
iauiinoue eoeueoo?, ycuea, aeooiaiiai ianeaaeey e o?aaeeoeee, e
aeaeueiaeoaio ?anoe?aieth e oaeoaeaieth acaeiiauaiaeiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa
ia aeieaia?aiaiiie iniiaa a iieeoe/aneie, oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneie,
iao/ii-oaoie/aneie, yeieiae/aneie, eoeueoo?iie, aoiaieoa?iie,
eioi?iaoeeiiiie e ae?oaeo noa?ao. A ia?eiae n 25 ii 29 naioya?y 1991 a.
ninoiyeny aeceo ioeoeeaeueiie ainoaea?noaaiiie aeaeaaaoeee Eacaonoaia a
Oo?aoeeoth ?anioaeeeo. A oiaea aeceoa aue iiaeienai ?yae aaaeiaeoeo
aeieoiaioia: aeaeea?aoeey i i?eioeeiao e aeyo acaeiiioiioaiee,
iaii?aiaeoi i acaeiiuo aeiaiai?aiiinoyo, niaeaoaiey a iaeanoe o?ainii?oa
e oaeaeiiioieeaoeee, i oi?aiaea, yeiiiie/aneii e iao/ii-oaoie/aneii
nio?oaeie/anoaa iaaeaeo Eacaonoaiii e Oo?oeeae.
Aoi?ie ioeoeeaeueiue aeceo I?aceaeaioa Oo?aoeeie ?anioaeeee a ?anioaeeeo
Eacaonoai a ai?aea 1993 aiaea aeae iiaue eiioeuen ?acaeoeth
nio?oaeie/anoaa iaaeaeo Eacaonoaiii e Oo?oeeae.
Oniaoii ?acaeaathony e eacaonoainei-e?aineea ioiioaiey. Ii eoiaai
ioeoeeaeueiiai aeceoa I?aceaeaioa ?E a E?ai a ieoya?a-iiya?a 1992 a. ii
e i?aceaeaio iiaeienaee Aeaeea?aoeeth i acaeiiiiieiaiee e
nio?oaeie/anoaa iaaeaeo aeaoiy no?aiaie. Auei i?eiyoi e niaianoiia
Cayaeaiea.
*a?ac aiae I?aceaeaio E?aia niaa?oee ioaaoiue aeceo a Eacaonoai. Aeey
ia?aueaaiey iiiaiia?aciuo aeaeiauo naycae iaaeaeo aeaoiy no?aiaie
eiaaony oi?ioee iioaioeeae, eioi?ue iiaeao auoue caaeaenoaiaai oaia?ue n
aieueoie i?iaeoeoeaiinoueth aeaaiaea?y nicaeathuaeny ?acaaoaeaiiie
o?ainii?oiie nenoaia, aeeth/athuae a naay aeaeaciiaei?iaeiua,
aaoiiiaeeueiua, aaeaoeeiiiua e ii?neea eiiioieeaoeee.
A ia?niaeoeaa E?ai iiaeao noaoue iaeiei ec e?oiiaeoeo eiii?oa?ia
i?iaeoeoeee naeueneiai oicyenoaa Eacaonoaia. Oneeeyie aeaoo no?ai
?anoe?yaony e ?aeiino?oe?oaony ii?neie ii?o a Aeoao. Caeanue
i?aaeiieaaaaony nicaeaoue oaeoth eio?ano?oeoo?o, eioi?ay iicaieeo
inouanoaeyoue ii?neea ia?aaicee ii Eanieth iaaeaeo Eacaonoaiii e E?aiii
aieueoiai eiee/anoaa iaooe, ca?ia, aeeaioiiaiae/aneie i?iaeoeoeee,
i?iiuoeaiiuo oiaa?ia, iai?oaeiaaiey. Nae/an ioiioaiey iaaeaeo
Eacaonoaiii e E?aiii ?aaoee?othony ii/oe 25 ?acee/iuie niaeaoaieyie,
eioi?ua nicaeatho oi?iooth iniiao aeey ia?aueaaiey iiiaiia?aciiai
nio?oaeie/anoaa.
Nio?oaeie/anoai n ainoaea?noaaie N?aaeiaai Ainoiea a ?aieao I?aaiecaoeee
yeiiiie/aneiai nio?oaeie/anoaa (IYN) ioe?uaaao aeey Eacaonoaia aieueoea
aiciiaeiinoe aeey ?acaeoey e aoiaeaeaiey a ie?iaia niiauanoai. Aeey
aioo?eeiioeiaioaeueiuo, ia eiathueo auoiaea e ii?yi
oeaio?aeueii-aceaoneeo ainoaea?noa, iii eiaao iienoeia no?aoaae/aneia
cia/aiea, ioe?uaay ia?niaeoeao o?ainii?oe?iaee naieo a?ocia e ii?oai
Eiaeeeneiai ieaaia e Ia?neaeneiai caeeaa. IYN ?anniao?eaaaony a
Eacaonoaia ia eae aeueoa?iaoeaa, a eae aeiiieiaiea NIA. Yoi i?aaiecaoeey
annioeeaoeaiiai oeia, aaaeiaeoei i?aaeiacia/aieai eioi?ie yaeyaony
anaia?iia niinianoaiaaiea yeiiiie/aneiio nioeeaeueiiio i?ia?anno anao aa
o/anoieeia. Aeaaiay aa ienney – niaaeeieoue ia?oia?ia aei?iaaie e
oi?aiaeae.
EACAONOAI – AA?IIA
Inaiueth 1992 aiaea ninoiyeny aeceo I?aceaeaioa ?E Iaca?aaaaa a O?A. A
oiaea aeceoa auei iiaeienaii niaianoiia cayaeaiea ia iniiaao ioiioaiee
iaaeaeo aeaoiy ainoaea?noaaie. I?aaenoaaeoaee iaaeo noi?ii iinoaaeee
naie iiaeiene iiae Aeiaiai?ii i ?acaeoee oe?ieiianooaaiiai
nio?oaeie/anoaa a iaeanoe yeiiiieee, i?iiuoeaiiinoe, iaoee e oaoieee e
Aeiaiai?ii i iiiu?aiee e acaeiiie caueoa eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee.
Eacaonoainei-o?aioeocneea ioiioaiey iinooiaoaeueii ?acaeaathony ia
iniiaa “Aeiaiai?a i ae?oaeaa, acaeiiiiieiaiee e nio?oaeie/anoaa”,
iiaeienaiiiai 23 naioya?y 1992 a. a Ia?eaea i?aceaeaioaie Eacaonoaia e
O?aioeee. Eo ?acaeoeth niinianoaotho e ee/iua eiioaeou iaaeaeo
?oeiaiaeeoaeyie aeaoo ainoaea?noa. I?aceaeaio O?aioeee O. Ieooa?ai
ia?aui ec eeaea?ia Caiaaea iinaoee Eacaonoai n ioeoeeaeueiui aeceoii. Ia
ia?aoiii iooe ec NOA I?aceaeaio Eacaonoaia I. A. Iaca?aaaa niaa?oee
inoaiiaeo a Ia?eaea aeey ee/iie ano?a/e n I?aceaeaioii O?aioeee O,
Ieooa?aiii. Aieueoie eioa?an e Eacaonoaio i?iyaeytho o?aioeocneea
aeaeiaua e?oae. Ia yoii naeaeaoaeuenoaotho aunieay aeoeaiinoue a
?anioaeeea oaeeo ecaanoiuo o?aioeocneeo oe?i eae “Yeo-Aeoiai”,
“Oioaeue”, “Oiinii”, Aoea”, “Nthe?-YAeae?”, “E?aaee eiiia?neaeue aea
O?ain”, “Nee Aaoeiueii” e iiiaeo ae?.
Eacaonoai ?aniieaaaao aiaaouie nu?ueaauie ?ano?naie. Aano?ey –
aunieii?iecaiaeeoaeueiie oaoiieiaeae. Ia yoie iniiaa iaaeaeo aeaoiy
no?aiaie, oniaoii ?acaeaaaony nio?oaeie/anoai. Aano?eeneay ?anioaeeea
iaeiie ec ia?auo cayaeea i i?eciaiee iacaaeneiinoe Eacaonoaia e ioe?uea
e?aaeeoioth eeieth “Aano?ey – Eacaonoai”. I?eia/aoaeueiue oaeo – a
yiaa?a 1994 a. a oaaeoea?neii ai?iaea Oeth?eo ninoiyeny iaaeaeoia?iaeiue
naieia? ia oaio “Eacaonoai – oaa e ?acaeaathuaiony ?uieo Acee”.
I?aeoe/aneei ?acoeueoaoii iaiaia iiaieyie, noaei ?aoaiea Oaaeoea?neie
eiioa?aioeee ioe?uoue e?aaeeoioth eeieth aeey Eacaonoaia.
A oeaeyo oi?ie?iaaiey acaeiiauaiaeiuo naycae aa?iiaeneeie ainoaea?noaaie
i?aceaeaio Eacaonoaia I. A. Iaca?aaaa niaa?oee aeceou a Aaeueaeth e
Aano?eth a oaa?aea 1993 a. Ia ano?a/a a eiiennee Aa?iiaeneee Niiauanoa
auei iiaeienaii niaeaoaiea ia iaiaia i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaaie iaaeaeo AN e
Eacaonoaiii. Iinie ?anioaeeee Eacaonoai a Ei?ieaanoaa Aaeueaey iacia/ai
ii niaianoeoaeuenoao iieiiii/iui i?aaenoaaeoaeai Eacaonoaia e AN.
?anioaeeea Eacaonoai ?acaeaaao ioiioaiey e n ainoaea?noaaie Ainoi/iie
Aa?iiu. I?aiuea? ieieno? Eacaonoaia iaian aeceou a Aaia?eth e Aieaa?eth
e iiaeienae n eo ?oeiaiaeeoaeyie acaeiiauaiaeiua niaeaoaiey a iaeanoe
i?iiuoeaiiinoe e naeueneiai oicyenoaa. A ethea 1995 aiaea ninoiyeny
aeceo i?aceaeaioa Aieaa?ee AEaeth AEaeaaa a Aeiaou. Yoi auea ia?aay
ioeoeeaeueiay aeaeaaaoeey ec no?ai Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu, iinaoeaoay
Eacaonoai n aeceoii iinea ?acaaea NYA. Ii eoiaai ia?aaiai?ia aue
iiaeienai Aeiaiai? i ae?oaeanoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo e nio?oaeie/anoaa
iaaeaeo Eacaonoaiii e Aieaa?eae, niaeaoaiey i oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneii
nio?oaeie/anoaa, nicaeaiee niaianoiuo eacaonoainei-aieaa?neeo
i?aaei?eyoee, e?aaeeoii-eiaanoeoeeiiiiai aaiea e oieaeeiaa, eiiaaioeee i
nio?oaeie/anoaa a iaeanoe naeueneiai oicyenoaa e ae?oaea aeieoiaiou.
EACAONOAI – AANO?AEEss
Eaoii 1993 a. a Aano?aeeth iaian aeceo i?aiuea?-ieieno? ?E, a 12-15
ai?aey 1994 a. a Aeiaou iaoiaeeeny n ioeoeeaeueiui aeceoii
aaia?ae-aoaa?iaoi? Aano?aeee Oeeueyi Aeaei?oe Oyeaeai.
Iaaeaeo aeaoiy ainoaea?noaaie, ianiio?y ia aeaeueiaa ?annoiyiea oniaoii
?acaeaathony oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneea, iao/ii-oaoie/aneea e eoeueoo?iua
nayce.
A no?oeoo?a yeiiiieee iaieo ainoaea?noa iiiai iauaai. E i?eia?o,
ai?ii?oaeiay iaeanoue e oai, e caeanue caieiaao nauoa 40 % i?iiuoeaiiiai
iioaioeeaea. A a naeueneii oicyenoaa i?aiaeaaeatho i?iecaiaenoai ca?ia e
iaoeaaiaenoai. Eacaonoainei-aano?aeeeneia yeiiiie/aneia nio?oaeie/anoai
eiaao oi?ioea ia?niaeoeau, iniaaiii a aeaea eiiaa?nee iai?iiiie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, cieioi aeiau/e, niaianoiie ?ac?aaioee ianoi?iaeaeaiee
ieia?aeueiiai nu?uey, iaooe e aaca. Iauai oiaa?iiai?ioa iinoiyiii ?anoao
e aeinoea 27 iei. aeieea?ia NOA. I?aaeoaeuenoai e aeaeiaua e?oae
Aano?aeee au?aceee aioiaiinoue iiaeaeeoueny n Eacaonoaiii naiei iiuoii a
i?aaiecaoeee iaoeaaiaenoaa, aicaeaeuaaiee ca?iiauo eoeueoo?,
o?ainii?oe?iaee e o?aiaiee o?iaeay, iieo/eaoei ie?iaia i?eciaiea.
Aano?aee ia?aaeaea Eacaonoaio ia?oeth iaaoe, i?aaenoaaeythueo
aaiaoe/aneea oeaiiue iaoa?eae aeey naeaeoeeiia?ia, /oi iicaieeo a
aeaeuei?aeoai oeo/oeoue ea/anoai i?iecaiaeeiiai iyna e oa?noe. Eacaonoai
e Aano?aeey aoaeoo niaianoii ?ac?aaaouaaoue cieioiiiniua ianoi?iaeaeaiey
a Aeaaeaeneii ?aaeiia, i?e/ai aano?aeeeneay noi?iia eiaanoe?oao i?iaeou
e aiaae?yao nia?aiaiioth oaoiieiaeth. Iacaiiay noaioeey
oaeaeiiioieeaoeeiiiie nayce, ni?eaioe?iaaiiay n iiiiuueth Aano?aeee,
nouanoaaiii niinianoaoao aeeth/aieth Eacaonoaia a ie?iaoth
oaeaeiiioieeaoeeiiioth naoue.
Oaia?ue au iia oioaeinue iiae?iaiaa ?ane?uoue aiaoiaiieeoe/aneea caaea/e
?anioaeeee Eacaonoai, a oaeaea i?eioeeiu aiaoiae iieeoeee e
aiaoia-yeiiiie/aneea caaea/e.
A iaic?eiii aoaeouai ia?aae ?anioaeeeie Eacaonoai noieo iaiaei
ia?aoaiiuo aiaoiaiieeoe/aneeo caaea/ e iainaiaiiuo noa?
aiaoiaiieeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Eacaonoai iiea aua ia yaeyaony
iieiie?iaiui /eaiii ?yaea aaaeiuo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo i?aaiecaoeee, ni
iiiaeie ainoaea?noaaie ie?a aua ia onoaiiaeaiu aeeieiiaoe/aneea
ioiioaiey. Eacaonoaineay aeeieiiaoey iiea aua ia auoea ia ii?aaeaeyaiue
nia?aiaiiuie iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie ioiioaieyie o?iaaiue aeoeaiinoe e
i?ioanneiiaeecia.
Eaeea aiaoiaiieeoe/aneea caaea/e aeieaeiu auoue iinoaaeaiu a ea/anoaa
i?ei?eoaoiuo a iaic?eiii aoaeouai? I?aaeaea anaai, n ?aoaieai eioi?uo
naycaii aeaeueiaeoaa oe?aieaiea ainoaea?noaaiiiai noaa?aieoaoa,
oa??eoi?eaeueiie oeaeinoiinoe, ia?ooeiinoe a?aieoe, yeiiiie/aneie e
yeieiae/aneie aaciianiinoe, iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneie e yoiiiieeoe/aneie
noaaeeueiinoe a ?E.
Ia?aaeoay aiaoiaiieeoe/aneay caaea/a – nio?aiaiea e oi?i/aiea
ae?oaeanoaaiiuo e nithcie/aneeo ioiioaiee n ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeeae,
ianiio?y ia ana eiathueany i?ioeai?a/ey e ia?acaycaiiua oceu ai
acaeiiioiioaieyo n iae e ceacaae aa aioo?e- e aiaoiaiieeoe/aneiai eo?na.
I/aaeaeii, /oi ?inneeneia iai?aaeaiea ai aiaoiaiieeoe/aneii eo?na
Eacaonoaia aeieaeii auoue naiui i?ei?eoaoiui e o?aaoao iaeaieueoae
eiioeaio?aoeee aieiaiey e oneeee. Iia?aoeaiinoue, aeaeinoue e
aeaeueiiaeaeiinoue eacaonoaineie aeeieiiaoee aeieaeiu neiiiaine?iaaoue
iiuo e eneonnoai ?inneeneie aeeieiiaoee, iie?athuaeny e oiio aea ia
yeiiiie/aneoth e aiaiioth iiuue ?inneeneiai ainoaea?noaa e aai aeaaiea e
i?i/iua nayce a ie?iaii niiauanoaa. Iniiaiua oeaee eacaonoaineie
aeeieiiaoee ia ?inneeneii iai?aaeaiee – niinianoaiaaoue ?ac?aoaieth
iauaeoeaiuo i?ioeai?a/ee e i?iaeai a eacaonoainei-?inneeneeo ioiioaieyo,
naycaiiuo n ?acaaeii NNN? e noaiiaeaieai e ?acaeoeai Eacaonoaia eae
noaa?aiiiai ainoaea?noaa. Ia cae?uaaoue aeaca ia eo nouanoaiaaiea, a
?aoaoue iooai ia?aaiai?ia e eiuo iaoaieciia ia iniiaa o/aoa acaeiiuo
eioa?ania. I?iaeaiu yeiiiie/aneeo e oeiainiauo acaeiiioiioaiee,
Aaeeiio?a e aiaiiuo iieeaiiia, noaoona Eanieeneiai ii?y, i?ieeaaeee
iaooai?iaiaeia e eiuo eiiioieeaoeee a thaeiii iai?aaeaiee, yoie/aneie
aeeanii?u, a?aaeaeainoaa, eaca/anoaa e ae?oaea aeieaeiu auoue ?ac?aoaiu
oaeei ia?acii, /oiau iie ieeiaaea ia iineoaeeee enoi/ieeii eiioeeeoia e
eiio?iioaoeee iaaeaeo aeaoiy a?aoneeie ainoaea?noaaie-ninaaeyie.
Aoi?ie ii cia/eiinoe aiaoiaiieeoe/aneie caaea/ae neaaeoao, i/aaeaeii,
iacaaoue aeeth/aiea ?E a iaaeaeoia?iaeiua e ?aaeiiaeueiua nenoaiu e
no?oeoo?u aaciianiinoe a oeaeyo oe?aieaiey ainoaea?noaaiiiai
noaa?aieoaoa, oa??eoi?eaeueiie oeaeinoiinoe e ia?ooeiinoe a?aieoe. A
yoii eiioaenoa e?aeia aaaeii, /oiau Eacaonoai e ai?aaeue anaia?ii
niinianoaiaae aiaiii-iieeoe/aneie eioaa?aoeee ainoaea?noa NIA ia iniiaa
Oaoeaioneiai Aeiaiai?a i eieeaeoeaiie aaciianiinoe e no?ieoaeuenoao
eiaeeoeeiiiuo ie?ioai?/aneeo nee NIA ia iniiaa niaeaniaaiiie i?aaiaie
iniiaa.
O?aoueae aiaoiaiieeoe/aneie caaea/ae iiaeii iacaaoue iaania/aiea aiaoieo
oneiaee e oaeoi?ia onei?aiiiai yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey, no?oeoo?iie
ia?ano?ieee, nicaeaiey ?uii/iuo iaoaieciia e eio?ano?oeoo?. A oeaio?a
aiaoiaiieeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe Eacaonoaia aeieaeiu auoue e aii?inu
yeiiiie/aneie aaciianiinoe, yia?aaoe/aneie iacaaeneiinoe,
aeeaa?neoeeaoeee o?ainii?oiuo eiiioieeaoeee e eaiaeia nayce.
Ia?yaeo n ieienoa?noaaie e aaaeiinoaaie, iaiin?aaenoaaiii ioaaonoaaiiuie
e ca eo ?aoaiea, aeinoaoi/ii aaniiie aeieaeia auoue e ?ieue IEAe
?anioaeeee Eacaonoai. Eacaonoaineay aeeieiiaoey ia iiaeao auiieieoue yoo
?ieue, anee ia aueaeao ca ?aiee ?aoaiey eeoue iaeiiai aii?ina –
niinianoaiaaiey aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe ?anioaeeee.
*aoaa?oie aaaeiaeoae aiaoiaiieeoe/aneee caaea/ae ?E yaeyaony
aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea e oe?aieaiea a?aoneeo ioiioaiee n
oeaio?aeueii-aceaoneeie no?aiaie, ainoaea?noaaie, n eioi?uie aa
iauaaeeiyao ia oieueei aaia?aoe/aneia ninaaenoai, ii e iauea
enoi?e/aneea noaeueau, ?iaenoai eoeueoo?, o?aaeeoeee e iau/aaa.
Oaia?ue y iaciao aaaeiaeoea i?eioeeiu aiaoiae iieeoeee ?E:
oaniay acaeiinaycue aiaoiae iieeoeee n aioo?aiiae;
acaeiiia oaaaeaiea noaa?aieoaoa e iacaaeneiinoe ainoaea?noa;
?aaiii?aaea ainoaea?noa;
i?eioeeieaeueiinoue e aeaeinoue i?e ionoaeaaiee ainoaea?noaaiiuo
eioa?ania, niiniaiinoue e iiceoeeiiiiio iaiaa?e?iaaieth, ioeac io
“caeinoaiaaoeo” noa?aioeiia;
naaeaine?iaaiiinoue e iiiaiaaeoi?iinoue aiaoiae iieeoeee,
i?aaiaoe/iinoue i?e auai?a nithcieeia e ia?oia?ia;
iaaeaeeiinoue, aaciianiinoue, oi anoue oaniay acaeiinaycue aa ?acee/iuo
o?iaiae (iieeoe/aneie, yeiiiie/aneie, aiaiiie, yeiiiie/aneie e o. ae.);
aeinoeaeaiea aaeaina iaaeaeo aeiaaeueiuie ?aaeiiaeueiuie,
noa?aaeiiaeueiuie e iaoeeiiaeueiuie iiaeoiaeaie a ?aoaiee i?iaeai ie?a e
aaciianiinoe;
Eacaonoai, eae /eai III, i?iaiaeeo aiaoithth iieeoeeo ia iniiaa
i?eioeeiia iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa;
Eacaonoai, eae o/anoiee IANA, a naiae aiaoiaiieeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe
iie?aaony ia 1- i?eioeeiia aeaeea?aoeee Oaeueneineiai caeeth/eoaeueiiai
aeoa.
Oaia?ue ?ane?ith aiaoiayeiiiie/aneea caaea/e Eacaonoaia:
iiene ?uieia aeey nauoa eacaonoaineie i?iaeoeoeee, o/eouaay nu?ueaaie
oa?aeoa? yeiiiieee, iai ioaeiu iioeiaeueiua iooe aeey yenii?oa iaooe
(yoi no?aoaae/aneay oeaeue);
Eacaonoai ioaeaeaaony a eiaanoeoeeyo (V – 7,6 ie?ae., ii?aaeaeyao 2
ianoi n?aaee NIA ii yenii?oo, iinea ?innee);
e?aeia aaaeii aeey Eacaonoaia ainnoaiiaeoue ?ac?ooaiiua yeiiiie/aneea
nayce n iaoeie ninaaeyie ia iinoniaaoneii i?ino?ainoaa;
Eacaonoaio ioaeai iiuo auaoeo nioeeaeenoe/aneeo no?ai Aa?iiu e Acee
(i?aaeaea anaai Eeoay).
Iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey ai aiaoiaiieeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe:
oe?aieaiea ainoaea?noaaiiinoe e iacaaeneiinoe ?E;
eo?n ia iiaea?iecaoeeth iieeoeee, nicaeaiea ?uii/iie yeiiiieee;
iaania/aiea iauanoaaiiie e iieeoe/aneie noaaeeueiinoe, aac eioi?ie ia
iiaeao auoue ?acaeoey;
a?aaeaeaineee ie?, iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiia niaeanea;
eioaa?aoeey ni no?aiaie NIA e ie?iaui niiauanoaii.
No?aoaaey aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo naycae aeieaeia neeaaeuaaoueny ec
neaaeothueo iai?aaeaiee:
“NIA”. Nio?aiaiea e oi?i/aiea yeiiiie/aneiai nithca n ?inneae, Oe?aeiie,
Aaea?onueth, Ocaaeenoaiii e ae?oaeie ainoaea?noaaie Niae?oaeanoaa.
“AO?”. Iaeei – Naoe – Oieei n auoiaeii ia ae?oaea no?aiu THii-ainoi/iie
Acee. Yoi iai?aaeaiea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aieueoia cia/aiea eae ?aaeii
ia?aaeiauo oaoiieiaee, enoi/iee e?aaeeoia n aiciiaeiinoueth
e?oiiiianooaaiuo eiaanoeoeee, a a ia?niaeoeaa – eae ?uiie nauoa iaoae
i?iaeoeoeee e i?eaea/aiea ?aai/ae neeu aeey ?aaeecaoeee ?yaea i?iaeoia a
Eacaonoaia.
“Aceaoneia”. Iniaia aieiaiea – Oo?oeee eae iioaioeeaeueiiio ?uieo nauoa
e iaeiiio ec i?eia?ia ?acaeoey ?uii/iie yeiiiieee. Nio?oaeie/anoai ni
no?aiaie A?aaneiai Ainoiea e ia?aaeiae Acee aeey i?eaea/aiey eiaanoeoeee
a yeiiiieeo.
“Aa?iiaeneia”. I?ei?eoaoiia cia/aiea – Aa?iaiey, eioi?ay aieueoa anao
aioiaa aeeaaeuaaoueny a NIA. Aeaaiaea?y iaee/eth cia/eoaeueiie iaiaoeeie
aeeanii?u aiciiaeii e?oiiiianooaaiia nio?oaeie/anoai n Eacaonoaiii.
Nio?oaeie/anoai n AYN aeey iieo/aiey oaoie/aneie iiiiue e e?aaeeoia a
oeaeyo ?acaeoey eio?ano?oeoo?u e iao/aiey eaae?ia.
“Aia?eeaineia”. Aeaaiia aieiaiea – NOA eae aaaeouae yeiiiie/aneie
aea?aeaaa ie?a.
Ia iaiaa aaaeiui iai?aaeaieai yaeyaony nio?oaeie/anoai Eacaonoaia n
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie yeiiiie/aneeie i?aaiecaoeeyie, oaeeie eae Anaie?iue
Aaie, niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua o/?aaeaeaiey III yeiiiie/aneiai i?ioeey
(THIEOAAe, THIEAeI, EEAI e ae?.), Aaia?aeueiia niaeaoaiea ii oi?aiaea e
oa?eoai.
Iiiuoathnue ?ane?uoue ioiioaiey Eacaonoaia n IAOI. Nae/an ?ieue IAOI
auaeyaeeo eiui ia?acii, /ai ?aiueoa. O IAOI e Aa?iiaeneiai Niiauanoaa
anoue eioa?an a ?anoe?aiee naiaai aeeyiey ia ?anioaeeee auaoaai NNN?. A
naith i/a?aaeue, yoe ?anioaeeee, a oii /enea Eacaonoai, caeioa?aniaaiu a
nio?oaeie/anoaa n IAOI. Oaeay iaithaeiay caeioa?aniaaiiinoue a
nio?oaeie/anoaa ioi?ieeanue a aeaea Niaaoa naaa?i-aoeaioe/aneiai
nio?oaeie/anoaa (NNAN), aaea Eacaonoai yaeyaony iaeiei ec aai
o/anoieeia. Iaiaoiaeeiinoue oaeiai o/anoey i?eianao iieueco Eacaonoaio,
o.e. ainoaea?noaa – /eaiu IAOI iaycaeenue i?aaeinoaaeoue Niaaoo
iaeiieaiiue iiuo e ciaiey ii aii?inai iai?iiiiai oa?aeoa?a. Eaey ia
eiioaeo n IAOI Eacaonoai aeaeaao yoi ia a oua?a aiaiiiio nio?oaeie/anoao
n NIA e aeaonoi?iiiei aiaiiui naycyi. Nayce Eacaonoaia e IAOI
niaeanothony n aeaeaieai e eioa?anaie Eacaonoaia ii iaania/aieth
aa?iiaeneie aaciianiinoe. Eacaonoai n/eoaao iaiaoiaeeiui
iaoeinieoaeueiia niaethaeaiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo i?eioeeiia, ioeoeeaeueii
caoeene?iaaiiuo a Oaeueneineii Caeeth/eoaeueiii Aeoa niaauaiey ii
aaciianiinoe e nio?oaeie/anoao a Aa?iia: i?eioeeiia ia?ooeiinoe a?aieoe
e oa??eoi?eaeueiie oeaeinoiinoe ainoaea?noa. Eiaiii yoi ii?aaeaeyao
iaiaoiaeeiinoue ?anoe?aiey naycae n IAOI e aeeth/aiey a ?aaioo Niaauaiey
(iuia IANA), o/anoieeii eioi?iai Eacaonoai noae eae iaeei ec
i?aaii?aaiieeia auaoaai NNN?.
Eae e anai, eacaonoaioeai eiiiie?oao oe?ieee niaeo? caaea/,
iaicia/aiiuo THIANEI ia?aae /aeiaa/anoaii a n?aaeian?i/iie no?aoaaee ia
ii?iaa XXI aaea: iaiiaeaiea nenoai ia?aciaaiey; niaeaenoaea
i?iaeaeaeaieth, ia?aaea/a e ?ani?ino?aiaieth ciaiee; iiauoaiea ?iee
eoeueoo?iiai ianeaaeey e iiiu?aiea oai?/anoa; niaeaenoaea naiaiaeiiio
?ani?ino?aiaieth eioi?iaoeee e ?acaeoey eiiioieeaoeee; iiaeaea?aeea e
oe?aieaiea aeaiie?aoe/aneeo i?ioeannia; niaeaenoaea i?aaeoi?aaeaeaieth
eiioeeeoia e iinoeiioeeeoiiio ie?ino?ieoaeuenoao.
I?iaeieaeay oaio i nio?oaeie/anoaa, oioaea au iiae/a?eiooue: aaaeii a
iieiie ia?a ainiieueciaaoueny oe?ieeie aiciiaeiinoyie ia oieueei
THIANEI, ii e ae?oaeo iiae?acaeaeaiee III: YNEAOI, I?III, THIAI, AIC.
CAEETH*AIEA
Aaia?aoey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo naycae iaoae ?anioaeeee ioaaouaaao
i?aeoe/anee ana eiioeiaiou. N?aaee iaoeo ia?oia?ia anoue aaaeouea no?aiu
Acee, Aa?iiu, Aia?eee e aeaeaeay Aano?aeey. Aeaaiaea?y naaeaine?iaaiiie
e iiiainoi?iiiae iieeoeea oniaoii ?acaeaathony ioiioaiey Eacaonoaia n
NOA, Eeoaai, ssiiieae, O?aioeeae, Eaiaaeie, Oo?oeeae, E?aiii, Eiaeeae,
Iaeenoaiii, Aaeioii, Naoaeianeie A?aaeae, Aaia?eae e ae?oaeie
ainoi/ii-aa?iiaeneeie ainoaea?noaaie, n I?eaaeoeeie, Neaiaeeiaaeae,
Oe?aeiie e Caeaaeacueai. Iaiaoeeenue iiaeaeaeee a eaoeiiaia?eeaineii
iai?aaeaiee e n ainoaea?noaaie THai-ainoi/iie Acee. Aeoeaece?othony
nayce n a?aaneei e a oeaeii n ionoeueiaineei ie?ii.
Iai oaeaeinue ecaaaeaoue “i?iaeioeeaeecia” a iieeoeea, aueoe ia o?iaaiue
aiaoiaiieeoe/aneeo eieoeeaoea, ioaa/athueo iniiaiui oaiaeaioeeyi
ie?iaiai ?acaeoey.
A oeaeii, ?acthie?oy eoiae aiaoiaiieeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, iiaeii
naeaeaoue auaiae i oii, /oi a iniiaiii noi?ie?iaaeenue aa eio?ano?oeoo?u
e aeiaiai?ii-i?aaiaay aaca. Neiaeeeny iaaeaeoia?iaeiue eieaeae
?anioaeeee eae na?ueaciiai e iaaeaaeiiai ia?oia?a. Caeiaeaiu
iaiaoiaeeiua i?aaeiinueee eioaa?e?iaaiey Eacaonoaia a ie?ioicyenoaaiiua
nayce.
NIENIE
ENIIEUeCIAAIIIE EEOA?AOO?U
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I. A. Iaca?aaaa. “Ia ii?iaa XXI aaea”. 1996 a.
Eiinoeoooeey 1995 a.
I. A. Iaca?aaaa. “No?aoaaey noaiiaeaiey e ?acaeoey Eacaonoaia eae
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A. E. Io?iaenia, A. E. Eioia. “Ainoaea?noai Eacaonoai: io oaineie aeanoe
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“Eacaonoai e ie?iaia niiauanoai”. 1996 a. ? 3.
N. O?eiaaoia. “I nithca o?ao oeaio?aeueii-aceaoneeo ainoaea?noa”.
“Eacaonoai e ie?iaia niiauanoai”. 1994 a. ? 1.
O. Eanaiia. “Eoiae aiaoiaiieeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe ?E e aa
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I/a?e “Enoi?ey Eacaonoaia”. Aeiaou, 1993 a.
Aeiaiai? i eieeaeoeaiie aaciianiinoe iaaeaeo no?aiaie NIA. “Eac.
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Iaoei A. “ssiiineea aecianiaiu na?ueacii caeioa?aniaaeenue Eacaonoaiii”
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