IEIENOA?NOAI IA?ACIAAIEss ACA?AAEAeAEAINEIE ?ANIOAEEEE
AAEEINEEE EINOEOOO NIOeEAEUeIIAI OI?AAEAIEss E IIEEOIEIAEE
Oaeoeueoao Iieeoieiaee
Eaoaae?a “Iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioiioaiee e No?aiiaaaeaiey”
Aeeieiiiay ?aaioa ia oaio
INIIAIUA I?IAEAIU AIAOIAE IIEEOEEE THA?
IA NIA?AIAIIII YOAIA
Iao/iue ?oeiaiaeeoaeue
aeioe. I.Aeeaa
Nooaeaioa a?.544
A.A.Eiiaiei
AAEO-1997 AIAe
NIAeA?AEAIEA
no?.
AAAAeAIEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
AEAAA 1. NOUIINOUe E OA?AEOA? ?ACAEOEss IANOAIIAEE A THAEIIAO?EEAINEII
?AAEIIA E THA?: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1. ?annoaiiaea aioo?eiieeoe/aneeo nee a THA? a ia/aea 90-o aiaeia aei
iauaiaoeeiiaeueiuo auai?ia a ai?aea 1994 aiaea.
1.2. Aioo?eiieeoe/aneay ianoaiiaea e oaiaeaioeee aa ?acaeoey a THA? a
1994-1996 aa..
AEAAA 2. INIIAIUA IAI?AAEAIEss AIAOIAE IIEEOEEE THA?: . . . . . 30
2.1. Nia?aiaiiua aiaoiaiieeoe/aneea i?ei?eoaou THA? e eeeaeaeaoeey
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie ecieyoeee no?aiu:
a) ioiioaiey ni no?aiaie Caiaaea;
a) nio?oaeie/anoai ii eeiee iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo i?aaiecaoeee e ioiaia
naieoeee i?ioea THA?;
a) ioiioaiey THA? ni no?aiaie Ao?eee e Acee;
a) iniaaiiinoe ?aaeiiaeueiie iieeoeee THA?.
AEAAA 3. NINOIssIEA E IA?NIAEOEAU IOIIOAIEE ?INNEENEIE OAAeA?AOeEE N
THAEII-AO?EEAINEIE ?ANIOAEEEIE: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.1. Ec enoi?ee ioiioaiee iaaeaeo ?inneae e THA?.
3.2. Ioiioaiey iaaeaeo NNN? e THA? (1985a. iiya?ue – 1991 a.).
3.3. Ioiioaiey iaaeaeo ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeeae e THaeii-Ao?eeaineie
?anioaeeeie (aeaeaa?ue 1991 a. – 1996 a.).
CAEETH*AIEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
NIENIE ENIIEUeCIAAIIIE EEOA?AOO?U E IA?EIAeEEE . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
AAAAeAIEA
I?aaeiaoii enneaaeiaaiey aeeieiiiie ?aaiou yaeyaony eco/aiea iniiaiuo
i?iaeai aiaoiae iieeoeee THA? ia nia?aiaiiii yoaia, a oaeaea i?ioeanna
oi?ie?iaaiey i?ei?eoaoiuo iai?aaeaiee ?inneenei-thaeiiao?eeaineiai
nio?oaeie/anoaa.
A ?aaioa naeaeaia iiiuoea iaiaueoue, nenoaiaoece?iaaoue e
i?iaiaeece?iaaoue aeinooiiua ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue iaoa?eaeu i
i?ioeannao, io?aaeathueo ninoiyiea e ia?niaeoeau ioiioaiee ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee n THA?.
Aeooaeueiinoue aeaiiie ?aaiou ninoieo a oii, /oi n ono?aiaieai eiioeeeoa
ia THaa Ao?eee e nenoaiu aia?oaeaea THA? iiaeao noaoue aaaeiui ia?oia?ii
a ieaia ?aaeecaoeee yeiiiie/aneeo e iieeoe/aneeo eioa?ania ?innee, a
oaeaea ae?oaeo no?ai-/eaiia Niae?oaeanoaa Iacaaeneiuo Ainoaea?noa, a
o./. Aca?aaeaeaeaia.
I?ienoiaeyuea a THA? iiceoeaiua naeaeae i?aaenoaaeytho iaiin?aaenoaaiiue
eioa?an aeey ?innee e NIA a oeaeii. Io oniaoa ?aoi?i a THaeiie Ao?eea
aoaeoo caaenaoue oa?aeoa? e yoaiu ia?aniio?a iaoae iieeoeee a
thaeiiao?eeaineii ?aaeiia. Ia iaiueoaa cia/aiea aoaeao eiaoue e oi, a
eaeie noaiaie aeey ?innee ?aaeueia aiciiaeiinoue i?eia?aoaiey a eeoea
THA? oeaiiiai oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneiai ia?oia?a.
Iniaaiiinoueth aeaiiie ?aaiou yaeyaony oi ianoiyoaeuenoai, /oi aei
iaaeaaiaai a?aiaie i?iaeaiaoeea acaeiiioiioaiee ?O n THA? ia yaeyeanue
oaiie ioe?uoiai e oe?ieiai ianoaeaeaiey. Iiyoiio a aeeieiiiie ?aaioa
eceaaathony iaeioi?ua niia?aaeaiey ioiineoaeueii ia?niaeoea
?inneenei-thaeiiao?eeaineeo ioiioaiee ia nia?aiaiiii yoaia.
A oiaea ?aaiou iaae aeeieiiii i?aneaaeiaaeanue e oaeay oeaeue, eae
eco/aiea iiaeaeaeae a ioiioaieyo aeaoo no?ai ca iineaaeiea aiaeu,
niiinoaaeaiea eioa?ania ?innee e THA? e ii?aaeaeaiea eo aa?iyoiuo oi/ae
nii?eeiniiaaiey a ianoiyuaa a?aiy.
A ?aaioa eniieueciaaiu iaoa?eaeu iao/ii-i?aeoe/aneeo eiioa?aioeee IEAe
?O, a oaeaea niiauaiey ec ?inneeneeo e ca?oaaaeiuo n?aaenoa ianniaie
eioi?iaoeee, io?aaeathuea niauoey ia thaa Ao?eee a iineaaeiaa a?aiy.
Aaaeiia cia/aiea eiaee ioaeeeaoeee ecaanoiuo ?inneeneeo e niaaoneeo
aeeieiiaoia e aeo?iaeenoia, iinayuaiiua aiaeeco aioo?eiieeoe/aneiai
?acaeoey THA? e ?inneenei-thaeiiao?eeaineeo ioiioaiee.
Aeeieii ninoieo ec aaaaeaiey, o?ao aeaa, caeeth/aiey e aeaeeia?aoee.
Ai aaaaeaiee iainiiauaaaony aeooaeueiinoue oaiu, oi?ioee?othony oeaee e
caaea/e ?aaiou, aiaeece?oaony i?aeoe/aneee eioa?an ?innee e THA?.
A ia?aie aeaaa aiai?eony ia iniiaiuo iai?aaeaieyo ?acaeoey ianoaiiaee a
thaeiiao?eeaineii ?aaeiia. I?ineaaeeaathony i?ienoiaeyuea a THaeiie
Ao?eea ia?aiaiu, iai?aaeaiiua ia aeaiie?aoecaoeeth thaeiiao?eeaineiai
iauanoaa. Eco/athony aiciiaeiua iiaeaee iieeoe/aneiai ono?ienoaa THA?,
aeaaony ioeaiea i?eioeeieaeueii iiaie aioo?aiiae e
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeea THaeii-Ao?eeaineie ?anioaeeee.
Ai aoi?ie aeaaa eceaaathony iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey aiaoiae iieeoeee THA?,
aeathony naaaeaiey e ioeaiee, ioiinyueany e oneeeyi thaeiiao?eeaineiai
?oeiaiaenoaa ii eeeaeaeaoeee iaaeaeoia?iaeiie ecieyoeee naiae no?aiu e
ii i?aoai?aieth a aeeciue aa iiauo aiaoiaiieeoe/aneeo onoaiiaie.
E?iia oiai, a aeaiiie aeaaa enneaaeothony aa ?aaeiiaeueiay iieeoeea e
iaoaieciu ?aaeiiaeueiie aaciianiinoe THaa Ao?eee, iaiaoiaeeiinoue
iaania/aiey eioi?ie a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie ii?aaeaeyaony ino?ioie
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo i?iaeai, oa?aeoa?ii ioiioaiee THA? ni no?aiaie
?aaeiia e iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie.
A o?aoueae aeaaa aeaaony iaiin?aaenoaaiiue aiaeec ninoiyiey
?inneenei-tha?ianeeo ioiioaiee a ?acee/iuo iaeanoyo e ia?niaeoea
aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey nio?oaeie/anoaa iaaeaeo ?O e THA?.
A caeeth/aiee aeaeaaony auaiae a oii, /oi ?acaeoea iieeoe/aneeo e
oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneeo naycae iaaeaeo ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeeae e
THaeii-Ao?eeaineie ?anioaeeeie – yoi iauaeoeaiue i?ioeann, eioi?ue
ioaa/aao iaoeeiiaeueiui eioa?anai iaaeo no?ai.
AEAAA 1. NOUIINOUe E OA?AEOA? ?ACAEOEss IANOAIIAEE A
THAEIIAO?EEAINEII ?AAEIIA E THA?
1.1. ?annoaiiaea aioo?eiieeoe/aneeo nee a THA? a ia/aea 90-o aiaeia aei
iauaiaoeeiiaeueiuo auai?ia a ai?aea 1994 aiaea.
Ia thaa Ao?eee iiae aeeyieai i?ienoiaeyueo a ie?a ia?aiai a iineaaeiea
aiaeu eiaee ianoi aaaeiua iieeoe/aneea niauoey: a 1990 aiaeo i?eia?aea
naith iacaaeneiinoue Iaieaey e noaea /eaiii III; THA? i?ae?aoeea
i?iaaaeaiea aa?anneaiie iieeoeee i?ioea ninaaeieo ainoaea?noa; Eoaa
auaaea naie aienea ec Aiaieu; i?aaeoaeuenoaa Aiaieu e Iicaiaeea a
iieneao iaoeeiiaeueiiai eiinainona anooieee a i?yiua ia?aaiai?u n
aii?oaeaiiie iiiiceoeeae. A naiie THA? n oaa?aey 1990 aiaea eaaaeeciaaiu
iaoiaeeaoeany aieaa 30 eao iiae cai?aoii Ao?eeaineee iaoeeiiaeueiue
eiia?ann (AIE), THaeiiao?eeaineay eiiia?oey (THAEI), Iaiao?eeaienoneee
eiia?ann (IAE), a oaeaea niyou ia?aie/aiey n 33 ae?oaeo iieeoe/aneeo e
iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee, aeeth/ay naycaiiue n AIE Iauaaeeiaiiue
aeaiie?aoe/aneee o?iio (IAeO). A 1994 a. AIE iiaaaeee ia auai?ao e
i?eoae e aeanoe. I?aceaeaioii noae aai aannii?iue eeaea? Iaeuenii
Iaiaeaea.
Eae ecaanoii, auaoee i?aceaeaio THA? O?aaea?ee aea Eea?e e aai
i?aaeoaeuenoai oi?aaeyee no?aiie n naioya?y 1989 aiaea. N/eoaeinue, /oi
ii nai e /eaiu aai eiiaiaeu i?eiaaeeaaeaee e oiio iieieaieth aaeuo
ao?eeaia?ia, eioi?ua aieaa ?aaeueii iniciaee iianiinoue ia?anoathuaai a
no?aia e?ecena, aucaaiiiai i?iaiaeeaoaeny n 1948 aiaea a THA?
ioeoeeaeueiie iieeoeeie “?acaeaeueiiai ?acaeoey ?aniauo e iaoeeiiaeueiuo
a?oii” (oi anoue aia?oaeaea). A i?aayuae yeeoa nic?aea oaaaeaeaiiinoue,
/oi yoa iieeoeea ecaeeea naay e aaaeao no?aio a ooiee e aeaaea e
eaoano?ioa. Ii aa ioeaieai, aiaoiaiieeoe/aneee eo?n a?aiai i?aceaeaioia
Aeaeiia Oi?noa?a e Ieoa?a Aiou, nouiinoueth eioi?iai auea caueoa ia?aae
ie?iaui niiauanoaii nenoaiu aia?oaeaea, aaciaaeaaeii onoa?ae, ia i?eian
no?aia ie/aai, e?iia iaaeaeoia?iaeiie ecieyoeee, iieeoe/aneeo e
yeiiiie/aneeo naieoeee, i?ac?aiey oeeaeeeciaaiiiai /aeiaa/anoaa.
A oaeie ianoaiiaea a ie?oaeaiee O. aea.Eea?ea auee aaia?e?iaaiu eaeae,
niaeanii eioi?ui aaeeinoaaiiie ?acoiiie eeieae aeaenoaee
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa THA? a nia?aiaiiie ianoaiiaea iiaoo auoue
oieueei iinoaiaiiue aeaiiioaae aia?oaeaea ia iniiaa aioo?aiiaai
i?eie?aiey, auaiaea no?aiu ec iaaeaeoia?iaeiie ecieyoeee e iino?iaiey
aeaiie?aoe/aneiai iauanoaa.
Oa?aeoa?iu ia yoio n/ao auneacuaaiey ca?oaaaeiuo iieeoieiaia. Oae, ii
iiaieth aia?eeaineiai o/aiiai I.Aeoeaiaia, “THA? aeieaeia eaeoe oai aea
iooai, eioi?ui i?ioea Aiaeey e eioi?ui eaeao AYN. Iaeiaei Caiaae ia
aeieaeai o?aaiaaoue, /oiau THA? aaaea aeaiie?aoeth ii aia?eeaineiio
ia?acoeo. Eae ao?eeaineiio ainoaea?noao, THA? i?eaeaony nicaeaaaoue
naith aeaiie?aoeth, e, aiciiaeii, yoi aoaeao ae?oaay iiaeaeue, /ai
aeoiaaony”.
?acoeueoaoii ia?ainiuneaiey i?ioeiai e ?aoeoaeueiiai iiai?ioa e
?aaeueiinoe yaeeanue i?eioeeieaeueii iiaay aioo?aiiyy e aiaoiyy iieeoeea
Iaoeeiiaeenoe/aneie ia?oee, i?iaicaeaoaiiay i?aceaeaioii O.aea Eea?eii a
aai ?a/e 2 oaa?aey 1990 aiaea.1. I?aeoe/anee n yoiai iiiaioa THaeiay
Ao?eea ia/aea naie o?oaeiue, i?ioeai?a/eaue, ii?ith aieaciaiiue iooue
aeaiie?aoe/aneeo ?aoi?i e ecio?eoaeueioth ai?ueao ca aica?auaiea ae
aeinoieiiai ianoa a ie?iaii niiauanoaa.
Eiia/ii, iniaoth ?ieue a i?aia?aciaaieyo no?aiu i?ecaaia auea ea?aoue
?aoaoue a oi a?aiy i?aayuay II, eioi?ay, ii ioeaiea o?aioeocneie
enneaaeiaaoaeueieoeu Neeueaee AEaaeai, oioy e i?aaenoaaeyea niaie e
ia/aeo 1989 aiaea, eiaaea aa aicaeaaee aea Eea?e, ianeieueei
iieciineaoothny e aeiaiaoe/ioth ia?oeth, ii ana-oaee iaeaieaa oniaoii
au?aaeaea eioa?anu ao?eeaia?ia, ai?iaeneiai n?aaeiaai eeanna e
ao?aeoacee. E ia?aiaiu ia canoaaeee naay aeieai aeaeaoue. A aaaonoa
1990 aiaea ia nuacaea II a Iaoaee aea Eea?e iauyaee i oii, /oi aai
ia?oey ioe?uaaao aeinooi a naie ?yaeu iaaaeui e i?ecaae e iieeoe/aneiio
nithco iaaeaeo ia?oeyie, iaauay anooiaoue a aeueyinu n iieeoe/aneeie
a?oiie?iaeaie eae aaeuo, oae e /a?iuo.
Iiae/a?eeaay iauaeoeaii iaiaoiaeeiue oa?aeoa? i?aia?aciaaiee e
i?ienoaeathueo ec ieo eciaiaiee ai aiaoiae iieeoeea, THaeiiao?eeaineay
?aaeeiaauaoaeueiay ei?ii?aoeey (THA?E), a /anoiinoe, ioia/aea, /oi O.aea
Eea?e ioaaaeeeny ia i?iaaaeaiea i?iaicaeaoaiiuo ei ?aoi?i ia iioiio, /oi
oioae iii?aaeoueny Niaaeeiaiiui Ooaoai Aia?eee e Caiaaeo, a iioiio, /oi
iniciae: aia?oaeae aieueoa ia ?aaioaao. A aeaiiii aiaeeca ia?auaeinue
oaeaea aieiaiea ia oi, /oi i?aceaeaio “iinoiyiii i?iaiaeeo aiaeiaeth
iaaeaeo aia?oaeaeii e oioaeeoa?iui eiiioieciii, eioi?ua a ?aaiie ia?a
oi?iicyo ?acaeoea e ia eiatho ie ii?aeueiiai, ie yeiiiie/aneiai
ii?aaaeaiey”.1. N yoeo ii? i?i?ua iaaeaeoia?iaeiie ecieyoeee noaiiaeony
“iaeiei ec iniiaiuo iai?aaeaiee aeayoaeueiinoe IEAe THA?.2.
Aiaeec aeaiiie i?iaeaiu ii nouanoao, a ia oieueei aa oeenaoeey ii
aiaoiei neo/aeiui i?iyaeaieyi, canoaaeyao i?eciaoue iai?aaiia?iie oi/eo
c?aiey, ooaa?aeaeathuoth, /oi aa?uea? iaaeaeoia?iaeiie ecieyoeee THA?
aue anaaaea aeinoaoi/ii ioiineoaeai.3.
Eae i?aaeei, oniaoe thaeiiao?eeaineie aeeieiiaoee ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiie
a?aia niioiineeenue n i?iaeaeaeaieai ii iooe aeaiiioaaea aia?oaeaea e
nicaeaiey aeaaii?eyoiuo oneiaee aeey no?ieoaeuenoaa a no?aia
iiiai?aniaiai aeaiie?aoe/aneiai iauanoaa. A yoi a eiia/iii eoiaa
niinianoaiaaei onoaiiaeaieth ie?a e niieienoaey a oeaeii ai anai
thaeiiao?eeaineii ?aaeiia.4.
A iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea aeaiiiai oacena oianoii i?eaanoe ioaeaeueiua
iieiaeaiey oee?eoey?a IEAe THA?, iai?aaeaiiiai naiei ca?oaaaeiui
ienneyi a ieoya?a 1991 aiaea. Aeeieiiaoai THA? aiaiyeinue a
iaycaiiinoue no?iai niaethaeaoue i?eioeei i?ei?eoaoiinoe aioo?aiieo
i?iaeai iaae aiaoieie, ia aoyaeaaoueny a iieaieeo ii aii?ino i
naieoeeyo, i i?aaeeueiinoe eee iai?aaeeueiinoe iieeoeee oie eee eiie
no?aiu a ioiioaiee THA? e anaaaea iiiieoue, /oi aaoi?eoao a ie?a iaaei
caaiaauaaoue aeaaiui ia?acii niiniaiinoueth ?aoaoue aioo?aiiea i?iaeaiu
naiae no?aiu.
?aaioieee iennee i?ecuaaeenue e aioiaiinoe eaeoe ia ?acoiiua
eiii?iiennu, e aaeaeaaoiiio ?aaae?iaaieth ia eciaiaiey a ie?a e aie?oa
THA?. Ei i?aaeeaaaeinue ioeacaoueny io i?aaeiae i?yiieeiaeiinoe ,
eioi?ay iiaea oaia?ue oieueei iia?aaeeoue. Iie?aynue ia yoo onoaiiaeo “i
niaia aao” ?oeiaiaeeoaeue a?oiiu eioa?ania THA? e NIA (a caoai iinie
THA? a ?innee) Aa??eo Ieeauea cayaee: “Nae/an iaoa oeaeue – eiaoue oae
iiiai ae?ocae, eae oieueei aiciiaeii, ?ani?ino?aiyoue naia aeeyiea
ianeieueei oaaoeo nee”. Ii aai neiaai, THaeiay Ao?eea eaeao ooaea,
“eoaea iai?aaeytho ian iaoe eioa?anu”, e no?ieo naith iieeoeeo “n o/aoii
oiai, /oi a ie?a iao ie/aai aa/iiai, e?iia ia?aiai”.1.
I?aceaeaioo THA? O?aaea?eeo aea Eea?eo e aai ie?oaeaieth iio?aaiaaeinue
iyoue ianyoeaa, /oiau iinea i?eoiaea e aeanoe ?ac?aaioaoue e
oai?aoe/anee iainiiaaoue i?eioeeieaeueii iiaue eo?n aioo?aiiae e aiaoiae
iieeoeee i?aceaeaioa THA? e iaia?iaeiaaoue ieai aeaiie?aoe/aneeo ?aoi?i
(naioya?ue 1989 a. – oaa?aeue 1990 a.). Caoai eiiaiaea i?aceaeaioa e
?oeiaiaenoai i?aayuae Iaoeeiiaeenoe/aneie ia?oee oii?ii o?oaeeeenue a
oa/aiea aeaaaeoeaoe aeaoo ianyoeaa (oaa?aeue 1990 a. – aeaeaa?ue 1991
a.) iaae nicaeaieai iieeoe/aneie e nioeeaeueiie aacu aeey nicuaa e
ia/aea ?aaiou Eiiaaioa ca aeaiie?aoe/aneoth THaeioth Ao?eeo (EIAeANA),
i?ecaaiiiai aiaea/ue a neiaeiue, i?ioeai?a/eaue e o?oaeiue ia?aaiai?iue
i?ioeann iniiaiua iieeoe/aneea neeu no?aiu.
Naaiaeiy i?eoiaeeony eiinoaoe?iaaoue, /oi eoiae yoie iieeoeee
auaeyaeaee aanueia ne?iiii. Ia yoii oi?oia oaeaeinue au?aaioaoue eeoue
Aeaeea?aoeeth i iaia?aieyo e a iaueo /a?oao aeinoe/ue aeiaiai?aiiinoae i
ii?yaeea aaaeaiey iiiainoi?iiiaai ia?aaiai?iiai i?ioeanna ii aeaaiui
aii?inai iiaiai aeaiie?aoe/aneiai ia?aniaiai ono?ienoaa THaeiie Ao?eee.
*oiau noaeeoue i ?annoaiiaea iieeoe/aneeo nee a THA? ia aeaiiue iiiaio,
iieacii aniiiieoue, eae auaeyaeae EIAeANA ia noa?oa a aeaeaa?a 1991
aiaea.1.
A Eiiaaioa i?eiyee o/anoea 19 noauaeoia ia?aaiai?iiai i?ioeanna:
1. I?aaeoaeuenoai THA?;
2. I?aaeoaeuenoaa /aou?ao “iacaaeneiuo” aaioonoaiia (Aiiooaonaaia,
O?aineae, Aaiaea, Neneae);
3. 14 iieeoe/aneeo ia?oee e aeaeaeaiee: Ao?eeaineee iaoeeiiaeueiue
eiia?ann (AIE), Aeaiie?aoe/aneay ia?oey, Eiaeeeneee eiia?ann Iaoaee,
Eiaeeeneee eiia?ann O?ainaaaey, Ia?oey naiaiaeu “Eieaoa” (INE),
Eaeai?enoneay ia?oey, Iaoeeiiaeenoe/aneay ia?oey, Iaoeeiiaeueiia
aeaeaeaiea Eiueyiaeca, Iaoeeiiaeueiay ia?iaeiay ia?oey, Iauaaeeiaiiue
ia?iaeiue o?iio, Ia?oey nieeaea?iinoe, Ia?oey Aeeeaaieaaoea, ia?oey
Eioaiaei Anecaa, I?ia?anneaiay ia?oey, THaeii-Ao?eeaineay
eiiioienoe/aneay ia?oey (THAEI).
Oaeay aiaoiyy iano?ioa ninoaaa EIAeANA ia icia/aea, aea e ia icia/aao
naaiaeiy, aieueoiai ?aciiia?acey iiaiee e iiceoeee. Oaeoe/anee o/anoieee
ia?aaiai?ia ia?aciaaee o?e iniiaiua a?oiie?iaee, oeaio?aie eioi?uo noaee
II ai aeaaa n O. aea Eea?eii, AIE, aicaeaaeyaiue I.Iaiaeaeie, e INE
I.Aooaeace.1.
Ca ?aieaie EIAeANA iiaeaeaee inoaoueny Iaiao?eeaienoneee eiia?ann (IAE)
e Eiina?aaoeaiay ia?oey ni naieie 23 iauanoaaiiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie, oi
anoue, ia aioiaua e ?acoiiui eiii?iiennai eae /a?iieiaeea, oae e aaeua
yeno?aienou. Iaeiaei e eiioeo aiaea iaa yoe iieeoe/aneea neeu iiae
aeaaeaieai iauanoaaiiinoe auee auioaeaeaiu anooieoue a ia?aaiai?u n
i?aaeoaeuenoaii I?aoi?ee (?acoiaaony, eaaeaeay naia ii naaa) ii
au?aaioea oneiaee, ia eioi?uo iie niiaee au i?eieiooue e iiiainoi?iiiaio
ia?aaiai?iiio i?ioeanno
A aeaeaa?a 1991 aiaea o/anoieee EIAeANA, niciaaay naith na?ueacioth
ioaaonoaaiiinoue a yoio enoi?e/aneee ia?eiae, iaycaeenue:
– no?aieoueny e i?aa?auaieth THaeiie Ao?eee a aaeeiia e iaaeaeeiia
ainoaea?noai, naiaiaeiia io aia?oaeaea e anao i?i/eo oi?i
aeene?eieiaoeee;
– ?aaioaoue iaae iino?iaieai a THA? naiaiaeiiai, ioe?uoiai iauanoaa,
iniiaaiiiai ia aeaiie?aoe/aneeo oeaiiinoyo, a eioi?ii eaaeaeue
thaeiiao?eeaiaoe aoaeao caueuai caeiiii;
– oeo/oaoue ea/anoai aeecie ia?iaea, aa?aioe?iaaoue ?acaeoea
/aeiaa/aneie ee/iinoe, iaania/eaaoue ?aaiua aiciiaeiinoe e nioeeaeueioth
ni?aaaaeeeainoue aeey anao;
– nicaeaoue aeaaii?eyoiue eeeiao aeey ie?iuo eiinoeoooeeiiiuo ia?aiai,
enei?aiaiey ianeeey, no?aoa e ianoaaeeueiinoe;
– i?eaanoe a aeaeaeaiea i?ioeann au?aaioee e i?eiyoey iiaie
aeaiie?aoe/aneie, ia?aniaie eiinoeoooeee THA?.
Aeinoaoi/ii aaaeiai acaeyaea ia iuiaoithth neooaoeeth a THA?, /oiau
oaaaeeoueny, eae aeaeaee aua “aunieea aeiaiaa?eaathueany noi?iiu” io
aeinoeaeaiey iinoaaeaiiuo ia?aae niaie oeaeae. Aieaa oiai, ii anai
i?eioeeieaeueiui aii?inai ia oieueei aaaeaony, ii e iaino?yaony oii?iay
ai?ueaa, a iniiaa eioi?ie eaaeeo no?aieaiea aa o/anoieeia ioaiaaaoue
naaa aieueoee eonie aeanoe a ia?aniaie e iiiaiia?oeeiie THaeiie
Ao?eea.1.
II e aaeay iaueia a oeaeii oaa?aei noiyo ia oii, /oi 51% aieinia ia
aeieaeiu icia/aoue 100% aeanoe. Aeey ieo ia?eiae, ia/aaoeeny ni
ciaiaieoie ?a/e O. aea Eea?ea 2 oaa?aey 1990 aiaea, aue “iiaui yoaiii
ai?ueau”, a oiaea eioi?iai ioaeii auei caaiaoue AIE a oaie e ca?o/eoueny
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie iiaeaea?aeeie ?aoi?i, ia eaeoueo, iaeiaei, aeaeaa
?acaeaea aeanoe. O. aea Eea?e aiana ia aue icaai/ai oai, /oiau a oiaea
i?aia?aciaaiee iaania/eoue ni?aaaaeeeainoue e naiaiaeo aeey anao
a?aaeaeai no?aiu. Eiia/ii, iiae aeaaeaieai aeaiie?aoe/aneeo nee ai aeaaa
n AIE aai i?aaeoaeuenoai auei auioaeaeaii aeey aiciaiiaeaiey ia?aaiai?ia
niaeaneoueny n o?aaiaaieyie i oii, /oi “auai?u a Eiinoeoooeeiiioth
annaiaeath aoaeoo i?ioiaeeoue iinea nicaeaiey Ia?aoiaeiiai
eniieieoaeueiiai eiieoaoa, eioi?ue aeieaeai aoaeao eiio?iee?iaaoue
a?ieth, iieeoeeth, oeiainu, eiino?aiiua aeaea”. Iaeiaei i?e yoii ii
i?iyaee naay eae aeanoeee i?ioanneiiaeueiue iieeoee, eniieiaiiue
?aoeiinoe nio?aieoue i?aiaeaaeathuea i?aaa e i?eaeeaaee aaeuo e
aeiaeoueny, /oiau i?e ia?aaea/a iieeoe/aneie aeanoe aeaiie?aoe/anee
eca?aiiiio i?aaeoaeuenoao, eioi?ia a neeo aeaaea aeaiia?aoe/aneie
neooaoeee aoaeao /a?iui (niioiioaiea iaaeaeo /a?iuie e aaeuie a 5 : 1 a
1980 aiaeo aic?anoao aei 8 : 1 e 2000 aiaeo), nio?aieeinue au iao?iiooui
eee ii/oe iao?iiooui yeiiiie/aneia ainiiaenoai aaeie iaueiu. Aio auei
ioaeii ia i?aaeaiea aieueoeinoaa, a oaeia ?acaeaeaiea aeanoe, /oiau a
?oeao aaeuo ii-i?aaeiaio inoaaaeenue au iniiaiua ?u/aae oi?aaeaiey. Aio
ii/aio eoiae ?aoa?aiaeoia n?aaee aaeuo a ia?oa 1992 aiaea i?aceaeaio
aini?eiye eae iaiaeao ia oi, /oiau aanoe aeanoeee oi?a io eiaie aaeuo, a
ia eae aiciiaeiinoue aeinoeaeaiey i?eie?aiey n /a?iuie.
Nooue aeaea ia a oii, /oi i?aceaeaio O. aea Eea?e aae?oa ?aoee i?iaanoe
i?aia?aciaaiey. E?ecen a no?aia, aucaaiiue nenoaiie aia?oaeaea
ianoieueei iaino?eeny, /oi i?aia?aciaaiey noaee iaecaaaeiuie. I?e yoii,
eae naeaeaoaeuenoaotho niauoey, aea Eea?e ia?aiia/aeueii iaia?aaaeny
i?iaanoe ioiineoaeueii iacia/eoaeueiua eciaiaiey, ia oieueei ia
cao?aaeaathuea yeiiiie/aneoth aeanoue aaeuo, ii e nio?aiythuea a eo
?oeao iniiaiua iieeoe/aneea ?u/aae. E anee yoe i?aia?aciaaiey i?eia?aee
?aaeueiue oa?aeoa?, oi a iniiaiii eae ?acoeueoao aeoeaiie ai?ueau
iiiiceoeeiiiuo nee.
Aicaeaenoaea iauaeoeaiuo yeiiiie/aneeo oaeoi?ia e iieeoe/aneie ai?ueau
i?eaaei e oiio, /oi i?ia?aiia aeaenoaee O. aea Eea?ea a yoi a?aiy
cia/eoaeueii ioee/aeanue io oie, eioi?ay auea iiaeaioiaeaia e
i?iaiaeeeanue n oaa?aey 1990 aiaea. Iaeiei ec iniiaiuo iaaeiaiee i?aauo
i?ioea aea Eea?ea naaiaeiy noaei oi, /oi ii oaeoe/anee yeiau aeaenoaiaae
ii iiaanoea aeiy, ii?aaeaeaiiie AIE. Aa?iyoii, yoi ia noieue neeueiia
i?aoaaee/aiea.
Ni naiae noi?iiu, ?oeiaiaenoai AIE e THAEI a i?eioeeia oaea i?eoee e
auaiaeo i oii, /oi a iuiaoieo oneiaeyo THA? iie ia iiaoo i?eaeoe e
aeanoe ?aaiethoeeiiiui iooai.1. Eiaiii iiyoiio iniiaie eo oaeoeee a yoio
ia?eiae noaei ni/aoaiea ia?aaiai?ia n i?aaeoaeuenoaii n ianniauie
aeaenoaeyie ii ieacaieth aeaaeaiey eae ia ioeoeeaeueiua aeanoe e aaeoth
iaueio, oae e ia naieo /a?iieiaeeo iieeoe/aneeo i?ioeaieeia, a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue ia INE e aiaeaeae iyoe aaioonoaiia, ia iiaeaea?aeeaathueo AIE.
?acoiiie aeueoa?iaoeau ie?iiio o?aaoee?iaaieth ia auei. Eai
aaeeinoaaiiay ?aaeueiay aeueoa?iaoeaa – yoi i?iaeieaeaiea e oneeaiea
aii?oaeaiiiai i?ioeaiai?noaa, ana aieaa e?iaii?ieeoiiai e
?ac?ooeoaeueiiai aeey iaoeeiiaeueiie yeiiiieee. Yoa ia?niaeoeaa a?yae ee
i?eaeaeaea e?oiiua iannu /a?iuo e aaeuo. Aianoa n oai, aa?iyoiinoue
aicieeiiaaiey a?aaeaeaineie aieiu auea aeinoaoi/ii aaeeea ii aeaoi
i?e/eiai. Ai-ia?auo, anee au /a?iua ni/ee, /oi eo iaiaioee e /oi
eeeaeaeaoeey nenoaiu aia?oaeaea ia ninoiyeanue. A yoii neo/aa ?aii eee
iicaeii aii?oaeaiiua aeaenoaey aiciaiiaeeenue au. Ai-aoi?uo, anee au
cia/eoaeueiua neie aaeuo ni/ee, /oi eo iieeoe/aneea e yeiiiie/aneea
eioa?anu ouaieythony ianoieueei, /oi aeey eo caueou iiaeii e ioaeii
?eneiaaoue aeeciueth.
I?aaenoaaeyaony, iaeiaei, /oi e o /a?iuo, e o aaeuo eeaea?ia auei
aeinoaoi/ii aeoaieia iiieiaiea iaiaoiaeeiinoe iaithaeiuo eiii?iiennia
aeey oiai, /oiau ecaaaeaoue a?aaeaeaineie aieiu.
Anooiea a ia?aaiai?u n i?aaenoaaeoaeyie /a?iie iaueiu, aaeua a THA?
iie?aeenue ia enoi?e/aneee iiuo, ia/eiay n Eaiee, aaea n naia a?aiy
nicaeaiea, enoaoe, ia aac iiiiue aiaeeeneie “nae?ao eioaeeeaeaeain
na?aen”, iiiai?aniaie ia?oee Aeaiaeaeea iaania/eei aacaieaciaiiue
ia?aoiae aeanoe e /a?iui i?e nio?aiaiee eioa?ania aaeuo.1. Ceiaaaaa e
Iaieaey – aieaa iicaeiea oiio i?eia?u. I.Iaiaeaea e ae?oaea oia?aiiua
aeayoaee ec ?oeiaiaenoaa AIE io/aoeeai i?aaenoaaeyee naaa, /oi aeeaae
aaeiai ianaeaiey a nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneee i?ia?ann THA?, eae
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao iiuo ae?oaeo no?ai Ao?eee, aua aeieaea aiaeu aoaeao
inoaaaoueny iacaiaieiui.1. Oae, anee au yeiiiieea THA? ?acaeaaeanue
oaeeie aea oaiiaie, /oi e a 50-a aiaeu (5% a aiae), oi aeioiaeu
aaaeiaeoeo neiaa ianaeaiey, ninoaaeythuea 40% io aeeoaeae no?aiu,
oaeaieeenue au a oa/aiea 2-3-o eao aac iaaeaiey aeioiaeia ae?oaeo a?oii
ianaeaiey.2.
Ii i?iaeaia oooaeoaiey iieiaeaiey a no?aia ana oaee i?iaeieaeaea
inoaaaoueny aeooaeueiie. Iianaiey aucuaaee neeu, niiniaiua
aeanoaaeeece?iaaoue neooaoeeth a THA?. Yoi auee i?aaua a?oiie?iaee a
aaeie e /a?iie iaueiao. A aaeie iaueia – yoi Ao?eeaia?neia aeaeaeaiea
nii?ioeaeaiey e aio iiaeiaiua i?aaiecaoeee e a?oiiu. A /a?iie – yoi
aeaeaeaiea “Eieaoa”. I?aaua aaeua e naaiaeiy iie?athony a iniiaiii ia
iaeieiouea e n?aaeiea neie aaeuo, eioi?ua a ?acoeueoaoa eeeaeaeaoeee
aia?oaeaea iioa?yee iaiiiai aieueoa, /ai e?oiiue aecian, iiceoeee
eioi?iai ieacaeenue iaeicao?iioouie. Iaeiaei aac eiino?oeoeaiie
i?ia?aiiu iie auee niiniaiu eeoue ia iaeioi?ia a?aiy caoi?iiceoue
neooaoeeth a no?aia. A eiia/iii n/aoa iaeiieaoeany iieeoe/aneea e
yeiiiie/aneea i?iaeaiu i?eoeinue ?aoaoue eiaiii a oii iai?aaeaiee, a
eioi?ii iie ?aoathony nae/an, oi anoue /a?ac ia?aaiai?u e eiii?iiennu.
Oooaeoaiea nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai iieiaeaiey /a?iie iaueiu oaeaea
aaei e aeanoaaeeecaoeee ianoaiiaee a no?aia. I?e aaeaaiaeiii ?inoa
ianaeaiey i?eia?ii ia 5% oaiiu ?inoa yeiiiieee a iineaaeiaa a?aiy
ninoaaeyee iaiaa 1%. Auno?i ?inea aac?aaioeoea, i?iaeieaeaea ino?i
iuouaoueny iaoaaoea aeeeuey, ?acaaeeaaeanue nenoaia cae?aaiio?aiaiey e
ia?aciaaiey. A ia?aoaiiinoue i?iaeai iieeoe/aneiai naienoaa aucuaaea
aeaeueiaeooth iiey?ecaoeeth /a?iuo. Aeaeaei ia iineaaeithth ?ieue
caeanue ea?aee e i?iaeieaeatho ea?aoue yoie/aneea iioeau. Oae, a
?oeiaiaenoaa AIE aieueoeinoai, aeeth/ay I.Iaiaeaeo, yaeythony
i?aaenoaaeoaeyie ieaiaie eina. Yoi o?aoee ii /eneaiiinoe yoiin,
ianaeythuee aaioonoaiu O?aineae e Neneae.
Eina aieueoa, /ai coeo i?aaenoaaeaiu n?aaee /a?iiai ianaeaiey ai?iaeia
THA?. A aaioonoaia Eaacoeo i?iaeeaaao iaeaieueoay /anoue coeo – naiiai
e?oiiiai yoiina THA?. Ao?eeaineia ianaeaiea THA? ninoieo aeaaiui ia?acii
ec ia?iaeiinoae a?oiiu aaioo – eina, coeo, onaaia, nooi, aaiaea, oniiaa,
naace, oaiaaai, iaeaaaea, a oaeaea aooiaiia e aiooaioioia.1. Ca iei
eaeoo aaeua – 5 iei. /aeiaae.2.
A Iaoaee, oaeaea eae e a Eaacoeo, a iniiaiii i?iaeeaatho coeo. Yoi
naeueneea aeeoaee – iooiaeieee. Eo iaoa?eaeueiue aeinoaoie e
ia?aciaaoaeueiue oeaic ieaea, /ai o coeonia – ?aai/eo Iaoaee. Iineaaeiea
aieueoa iiaeaea?aeeaaee AIE, oiaaea eae ia?aua anaaaea i?aaenoaaeyee
niaie aeaaioth aaco “Eieaou”.
Oneeaiea niia?ie/anoaa iaaeaeo AIE e “Eieaoie” ioiineony e na?aaeeia
80-o aiaeia, eiaaea eeaea? “Eieaou” I.Aooaeace i?eoae e niaeaoaieth n
aiaeiycu/iuie aaeuie, i?aiaeaaeathueie a Iaoaee, e ianoiie e?oiiie
aceaoneie iaueiie i ?acaeaea aeanoe a ?aieao Iaoaee.1. Aeey yoiai aio
ioaeia auea iiaeaea?aeea ia oieueei a Eaacoeo, ii e ai anae Iaoaee.
Niia?ie/anoai iaaeaeo /a?iuie aueeeinue a naioth ianoiyuoth aieio,
eioi?ay ca ianeieueei eao oianea n iaaeo noi?ii nauoa 5 oun. aeeciae.
Iaeiaei, ianiio?y ia iaeanoi/aiioth ai?ueao, I.Aooaeace ia aeiaeeny
o?aaoaiie iiaeaea?aeee.2.
A ethea 1990 aiaea, iauyaea aeaeaeaiea “Eieaou” iieeoe/aneie ia?oeae,
I.Aooaeace ia?aian ai?ueao a O?ainaaaeue, aeiaeaaynue i?eciaiey ca iei
noaoona iauaiaoeeiiaeueiiai eeaea?a, a eioi?ii aio auei ioeacaii a
Iaoaee. Eae n/eoaao eco/athuee aeaeaeaiea “Eieaoa” Aeaea??e Iaa? ec
Aeo?aaineiai oieaa?neoaoa THA?, yoa iieeoeea n?aaioaea i?ioea
I.Aooaeace.3.
Ii ioeaiea aiaeeeneiai eioi?iaoeeiiiiai atheeaoaiy “Ao?eea eiioeaeaioe”,
iieeoe/aneiio nithco iaaeaeo II e AIE ii-i?aaeiaio oa?iaeae
neeaaeuaathueeny, ii aua ia iauyaeaiiue oiaaea nithc iaaeaeo i?aauie
aaeuie, “Eieaoie” e ae?oaeie eiina?aaoeaiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie /a?iuo,
oaeeie, iai?eia?, eae Annioeeaoeey iacaaeneiuo ?aoi?iaoi?neeo oea?eaae
THA?.1.
Naia aeeyiea ia ?annoaiiaeo iieeoe/aneeo nee a THA? a yoio ia?eiae
ieacuaaea e aa?a?iay i?iaeaia. O/eouaay, /oi a aaioonoaiao i?iaeeaaao
ieiei iieiaeiu /a?iuo THA? e ia eo aeieth i?eoiaeeony 17 iei. aaeoa?ia
eo/oeo caiaeue, i?eiaaeeaaeaueo 60 oun. aaeuo oa?ia?ia, noaiiaeony
iiiyoiui, eaeei ia?acii i?aaua yeno?aienou, aunooiaaoea i?ioea iieeoeee
i?aia?aciaaiee i?aaeoaeuenoaa aea Eea?ea, aa?aiaaee naieo iaeaieaa
?aoeoaeueiuo noi?iiieeia n?aaee aaeuo oa?ia?ia.2. Iiyoiio AIE aeeth/ee
aa?a?iue aii?in a i?ia?aiio enneaaeiaaiee, eioi?oth ii ia/ae i?iaiaeeoue
a Oeaio?a eco/aiey i?iaeai ?acaeoey a oieaa?neoaoa Caiaaeiiai Eaeia,
/oiau ciaoue enoeiioth neooaoeeth a aea?aaia e i?ioeaiai?noaiaaoue
iaia?aieyi i?aauo.
AIE noae oaeaea oe?aieyoue eiioaeou n nicaeaiiui a 1987 aiaeo
Eiia?annii o?aaeeoeeiiiuo aiaeaeae, iauaaeeieaoei ieiei iieiaeiu ec 670
aiaeaeae ieaiai THA?, ianiio?y ia a?aaeaeaaiia ioiioaiea e iaio 102
aiaeaeae coeonneeo ieaiai, o.a. noi?iiieeia I.Aooaeace.
“Eieaoa” iinoaiaiii oa?yea naie aan aeaaea a o?aaeeoeeiiiuo ?aeiiao
aeeyiey. Ii ii?inai iauanoaaiiiai iiaiey “Eieaoa” iiaea oaea i?eaea/ue
ia naith noi?iio ia aieaa 20% aeeoaeae aeaaea a i?iaeioeee Iaoaee e 2-3%
– ii anae no?aia. “Eieaoa” eae oaeoi? aeanoaaeeecaoeee e aiaiiue oaeoi?
nio?aiye aua naia cia/aiea, ii eae iieeoe/aneay neea auno?i
?ac?ooaeny.1. Iiyoiio anei?a iia ?acei niaieea eo?n e “i?eciaea” noa?ua
ioeaee, iioea ia nithc n AIE a ea/anoaa “ieaaeoaai ia?oia?a”.
N na?aaeeiu 1992 aiaea a THA? iiyaeeanue aua iaeia aaaeiay i?iaeaia,
eioi?ay ia auea aeooaeueiie n 1910 aiaea. Yoi aii?in i oaaea?aeueiii eee
oieoa?iii oa?aeoa?a iiaiai ia?aniaiai ainoaea?noaa. A ia/aea OO aaea
/aou?a i?iaeioeee, iieueciaaaoeany aanueia oe?ieie aaoiiiieae, naeaeaee
auai? a iieueco ia?aciaaiey oieoa?iiai THaeii-Ao?eeaineiai Nithca.
I?eioeei oieoa?ecia anaaaea aue iaeiei ec iniiaiuo a i?ia?aiia
Iaoeeiiaeenoe/aneie ia?oee. Iaeiaei n 1987 aiaea ?oeiaiaenoai II noaei
aunooiaoue ca “iiaeaeue oaaea?aoeaiiai oeia, eioi?ay au niaea?aeaea
yooaeoeaiua aa?aioee aeey iaiueoeinoaa”. Ca oaaea?aeeci auneacaeenue
eeaea?u INE e ?yaea aaioonoaiia, aeaeathuea ?acua?aoue yoie/aneoth
ea?oo. Iineieueeo AIE e aai nithcieee neeiiiu aeaeaoue ia?aniaoth THA?
oieoa?iui ainoaea?noaii, ai?ueaa ii aii?ino i aoaeouai ono?ienoaa no?aiu
oaeea a naaa aeiiieieoaeueiua “iiaeaiaeiua eaiie”, ia eioi?ua iia
ianei/eoue “ei?aaeue” EIAeANA a naiue iaiaeeaeaiiue iiiaio. Iiea aeaei a
THA? ia aeioei aei naia?aoenoneeo i?iyaeaiee, ii neeiiiinoue e iei oaea
iaia?oaeeaatho aaeua yeno?aienou, no?aiyueany e nicaeaieth iniaiai
ainoaea?noaa aeey ao?eeaia?ia – oieueenoaaoa, e ?yae eeaea?ia
Aiiooaonaaiu, oaeii ia/oathueo i ainniaaeeiaiee ia yoie/aneie iniiaa n
Aionaaiie. Iaeiaei o/anoieeai EIAeANA ana ?aaii i?eaeaony
aeiaiaa?eaaoueny iaaeaeo niaie ii aii?ino ainoaea?noaaiiiai ono?ienoaa
aoaeouae THA?. A yoii caeioa?aniaaiu aeaeiaua e?oae, eeaa?aeueiay
eioaeeeaaioeey e a oeaeii onoaaoaa io ianoaaeeueiinoe iauanoai. Eae
cayaee, a /anoiinoe, i?aaenoaaeoaeue oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiie iaeaou THA?
?aeiiiae Ia?niin, “aeey thaeiiao?eeaineiai ?aaeiia iiiaia iinoaaeaii ia
ea?oo, e iaaei, /oiau EIAeANA aiiaue anoae ia ?aeuenu. Aeiaiaa?eaaoueny
ana ?aaii i?eaeaony, iiyoiio aoaeao eo/oa, anee yoi i?iecieaeao aei
oiai, eae iu naie ?ac?ooei iaoo no?aio”.
Yiae?ueth Eaiie a aiaeeeneii aeo?iaea “Niaeoaeoi?” aeae oaeie noeaia?ee
aoaeouae THA?, niaeanii eioi?iio a no?aia aeieaeai aue i?iecieoe ?acaeae
noa? aeeyiey iaaeaeo o?aiy iniiaiuie neeaie no?aiu: AIE, II e e?oiiui
aecianii. Ii n/eoae, /oi II, aeaeeii, niiaeao ia ia?aoiaeiii ia?eiaea
iaania/eoue aaeieieno?aoeaiue eiio?ieue /a?ac ainaiia?ao; e?oiiue aecian
– i?aaeinoaaeoue ?aaeeio i?iiuoeaiioth e oeiainiaoth iiaeaea?aeeo; a AIE
iiiiaeao ioe?uoue iooue e iaaeaeoia?iaeiiio i?eciaieth e iaania/eoue
eiio?ieue iaae /a?iie ?aai/ae neeie. Niaeanii yoiio noeaia?eth,
I.Iaiaeaea aeieaeai aue noaoue aeaaie ainoaea?noaa, a “Eieaoa”,
eiathuay ii?aaeaeaiioth aaco iiaeaea?aeee, iieo/eoue naith aeieth.1.
Yoio aiaeec, eae iu ciaai, iiaeoaa?aeeee ai?aeueneea auai?u 1994 a..
1.2. Aioo?eiieeoe/aneay ianoaiiaea e oaiaeaioeee aa ?acaeoey a THA? a
1994-1996 aa..
26-29 ai?aey 1994 a. a THA? ninoiyeenue aeieaiaeaeaiiua
iauaiaoeeiiaeueiua auai?u. Ec 39,5 iei. /aeiaae, ianaeythueo no?aio, e
ecae?aoaeueiui o/anoeai i?eoei 22,7 iei., ec ieo 18 iei. ao?eeaioeaa,
/oi ii?aaeaeeei aacaeueoa?iaoeaioth iiaaaeo “/a?iiai” aieueoeinoaa. Aai
i?aaenoaaeoaeue – eeaea? Ao?eeaineiai iaoeeiiaeueiiai eiia?anna Iaeuenii
Iaiaeaea aue i?iaicaeaoai 10 iay 1994 a. i?aceaeaioii no?aiu.1.
Iaiaoiaeeii neacaoue, /oi ei a?aiaie auai?ia auei oaea ynii, /oi
?aoi?ieno O. aea Eea?e, iieo/eaoee iaiaeao a 1992 a. ia neii aia?oaeaea,
n yoie caaea/ae ni?aaeeny, ianiio?y ia nii?ioeaeaiea e i?ioeaiaeaenoaea
oe?ieeo neiaa aaeie iaueiu. Ii eiaaea ianooiee aoi?ie yoai – au?aaioea
niaeaoaiey i ia?aoiaea e ia?aniaie THA?, ii oo?aoee eiio?ieue ia oiaeii
niauoee, iiaeaeaaoenue ia oaioaae ni noi?iiu AIE, cayaeaoaai i
aiciiaeiinoe ooiaea n ia?aaiai?ia e aiciaiiaeaiey aii?oaeaiiie ai?ueao,
anee ia aoaeao nicaeai Ia?aoiaeiue eniieieoaeueiue eiieoao (IEE).
I?ioea oaeie iinoaiiaee aii?ina aunooiaee Eiina?aaoeaiay ia?oey e ia?oey
“Eieaoa”, eioi?ua i?ea?iceee aieeioii aoaeoueo auai?ia, anee i?aaiu
eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe aoaeoo noi?ie?iaaiu aei i?eiyoey Eiinoeoooeee.
Iaeiaei ia iiiaiia?oeeiii oi?oia iieeoe/aneeo ia?oee e
iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee, aeaaiaea?y oiio, /oi II e AIE
?aoeee aeaenoaiaaoue n i?aeoe/anee aaeeiuo iiceoeee a aii?ina nicaeaiey
IEE, eo oi/ea c?aiey aiciaeaaeaea.
Aeey iieeoe/aneie aeecie THA? auea a oi a?aiy (e inoaaony oaia?ue)
oa?aeoa?iie aua iaeia iniaaiiinoue a ioee/ea io ae?oaeo no?ai ie?a –
nithcieeii AIE aunooiaea THaeii-Ao?eeaineay eiiioienoe/aneay ia?oey
(THAEI), eioi?ay iinea auai?ia eaaaeueii iieo/eea ianoa a ia?eaiaioa e
i?aaeoaeuenoaa, o.a. aianoa n AIE iaeaaeaao iuia a THA? ii?aaeaeaiiuie
?u/aaaie ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe.1.
Ii ?acoeueoaoai ia?auo a enoi?ee THaeiie Ao?eee anaiaueo ia?aniauo
auai?ia auei noi?ie?iaaii eiaeeoeeiiiia I?aaeoaeuenoai iaoeeiiaeueiiai
aaeeinoaa (IIA). Aai ninoaa yaeeny io?aaeaieai iaoeeiiaeueiiai
eiii?iienna, aeinoeaiooiai a oiaea i?aaeoanoaiaaaoeo auai?ai
iiiaiia?oeeiuo ia?aaiai?ia iaaeaeo aeaaiuie iieeoe/aneeie neeaie no?aiu,
i?aaeaea anaai Ao?eeaineei iaoeeiiaeueiui eiia?annii e
Iaoeeiiaeenoe/aneie ia?oeae, a oaeaea Ia?oeae naiaiaeu “Eieaoa”.
Eiia/ii, iinea 350 eao ai?ueau i?ioea aaeuo, iinea i/aaeaeiie iiaaaeu ia
auai?ao “/a?iieiaeeo” iaeeaeaeinue, /oi ia iinou a i?aaeoaeuenoaa aoaeoo
iacia/aiu oieueei ethaee AIE e aai nithcieeia, ii i?aceaeaio I.Iaiaeaea
i?iyaee o?acaue ?an/ao, o/ae noaiaiue aeeyiey ae?oaeo iauanoaaiiuo nee a
no?aia e ?aoee iiaeaeeoue ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca i?aaeoaeuenoaaiioth
iieeoeeo ni naieie iieeoe/aneeie iiiiiaioaie.
O. aea Eea?e, eae ecaanoii, aue iacia/ai aeoea-i?aceaeaioii, a iyoaaeiue
aiaeaeue coeonia I.Aooaeace iieo/ee iino ieieno?a aioo?aiieo aeae.
Nio?aieee naie iinou ?oeiaiaeeoaee eeth/aauo oeiainiauo i?aaiia,
i?aaaea, ia aac ?aeiiaiaeaoeee IAO, oniao?eaaaoaai a yoii aa?aioeth
noaaeeueiinoe e i?aainoaaiiinoe yeiiiie/aneiai eo?na no?aiu.
No?ieoaeueiia aaaeiinoai aicaeaaee i?aaenoaaeoaeue THAEI Ae.Neiai.1.
N ai?aey 1994 a. aeaenoaiaaea a?aiaiiay eiinoeoooeey no?aiu, eioi?ay
cae?aieea i?eioeei ?acaeaeaiey aeanoae, i?aaeinoaaeea oe?ieea iieiiii/ey
aeaayoe i?iaeioeeyi no?aiu e aa?aioe?iaaea oe?ieee niaeo? iieeoe/aneeo e
a?aaeaeaineeo i?aa e naiaiae. Auee noi?ie?iaaiu i?aaiu caeiiiaeaoaeueiie
e noaeaaiie aeanoe.
A oa/aiea aeaoo eao i?aaeoaeuenoai I.Iaiaeaeu i?iaiaeeei eo?n ia
iaoeeiiaeueiia i?eie?aiea. A iniiao yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee IIA auea
iieiaeaia I?ia?aiia ?aeiino?oeoeee e ?acaeoey (I??), iai?aaeaiiay ia
i?iaaaeaiea a no?aia ianooaaiuo nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo i?aia?aciaaiee
a eioa?anao i?aaeaea anaai ao?eeaineiai ianaeaiey (?aoi?iu nenoaiu
ia?aciaaiey, cae?aaiio?aiaiey, i?ia?aiiu yeaeo?eoeeaoeee naeueneeo
?aeiiia, no?ieoaeuenoaa aeeeuey, ai?ueau n aac?aaioeoeae, iiiu?aiey
iaeeiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, i?aaeaea anaai o.i. “ao?eeaineiai
naeoi?a”, e o.ae.). Anaai ia ?aaeecaoeeth I?? ieaie?iaaeinue auaeaeeoue
a oa/aiea iyoe eao 10 ie?ae. ?aiaeia.
Ia?aua eoiae aeayoaeueiinoe IIA ioeaieaaeenue aieueoeinoaii
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo iaaethaeaoaeae iieiaeeoaeueii: i?iaeieaeaeny aeeaeia
iaaeaeo iniiaiuie iieeoe/aneeie neeaie THA?, oaeaeinue ecaaaeaoue
e?oiiuo noieeiiaaiee ia ?aniaie eee yoie/aneie iniiaa e i?enooieoue e
i?iaaaeaieth nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo i?aia?aciaaiee, ?aoi?i
ainaiia?aoa e neeiauo no?oeoo?.
Aianoa n oai, oaiiia yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa (ii iioeienoe/aneei ioeaieai,
a 1996 aiaeo iie ninoaaeee 3%, a yoio iieacaoaeue aeieaeai aue auoue ia
ieaea 6%), auei yaii iaaeinoaoi/ii aeey oniaoiie ?aaeecaoeee I??. A neeo
yoiai a iineaaeiaa a?aiy i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiay i?ia?aiia ?aoi?i noaea
caiaoii “i?iaoeniauaaoue”. Aieueoea iaaeaaeaeu aiceaaaeenue ia
ianne?iaaiiua eiino?aiiua eiaanoeoeee. Iaeiaei iie a cia/eoaeueiie
noaiaie ia ii?aaaeaeenue, o.e. iieiie aioo?eiieeoe/aneie noaaeeueiinoe a
no?aia aeinoe/ue iiea ia oaeaeinue..
Oaae i?aaeoaeuenoaa oai ia iaiaa i?iaeieaeaee aucuaaoue iaaeiaieuenoai
i?ionithcia, i?aaenoaaeoaeae iaeioueo neiaa /a?iiai ianaeaiey. A
oneiaeyo caiaoiiai ia?anoaiey eaai?aaeeeaeueiuo iano?iaiee iinoiyiii
oneeeaaeanue iiiiceoeey eo?no I.Iaiaeaeu eae a naiii AIE, oae e ni
noi?iiu aai ia?oia?ia ii aeueyino – i?iooeaio?a EINAOO e eiiia?oee
(THAEI).
Aieueooth aeooaeueiinoue i?eia?ae aii?in i aeinoeaeaiee ?aai/aai
eiinainona a IIA. Ni noi?iiu II e INE a aae?an AIE ana /aua cao/aee
iaaeiaiey a no?aieaiee iiae/eieoue naiaio aeeeoaoo aeayoaeueiinoue
i?aaeoaeuenoaa. Iniaoth icaai/aiiinoue o ieo aucuaaee i?aaei?eieiaaiua
AIE ?aoeoaeueiua oaae ii oe?aieaieth eiio?iey iaae neeiauie no?oeoo?aie
e NIE.1.
I no?aieaiee oneeeoue aeaaeaiea ia i?aaeoaeuenoai, /oiau aai iieeoeea
niioaaonoaiaaea eioa?anai “anao neiaa ianaeaiey”, cayaeei ?oeiaiaenoai
II. Aa eeaea?o O. aea Eea?eo n aieueoei o?oaeii oaeaaaeinue
naea?aeeaaoue oao, eoi i?ecuaae ia?aeoe e iieiiianooaaiie iiiiceoeee
Eiia?anno. Ia?oey naiaiaeu “Eieaoa” aiciaiiaeea aeoeaiua aeaenoaey ii
“iaania/aieth oaaea?aoeaiiai ono?ienoaa” THA?, i?aaeaea anaai i?aneaaeoy
oeaeue aeinoeaeaiey iacaaeneiinoe i?iaeioeee Eaacoeo-Iaoaeue, aaea
ii-i?aaeiaio i?ienoiaeyo noieeiiaaiey iaaeaeo i?aaenoaaeoaeyie
ia?iaeiinoae coeo e eina. Iaiaoeeinue iiaia naeeaeaiea INE n aaeuie
eiina?aaoi?aie, ia inoaaeaoeie eaeae ia?aciaaiey ia oa??eoi?ee THA?
iacaaeneiiai ao?neiai ainoaea?noaa – “oieueenoaaoa”.
8 iay 1996 aiaea ia?eaiaio THA? iiaeaaeythuei aieueoeinoai aieinia
i?eiye iinoiyiioth eiinoeoooeeth no?aiu, oioy II, AeI, IAE cayaeee naia
ianiaeanea n aa ioaeaeueiuie iieiaeaieyie. “Eieaoa” a aieiniaaiee ia
o/anoaiaaea, nnueaynue ia oi, /oi eiinoeoooeey ?ac?aaaouaaeanue aac aa
o/anoey e ia i?aaeoniao?eaaao aaoiiiiee Eaacoeo-Iaoaeue. I iai?eciaiee
eiinoeoooeee cayaeee oaeaea aieaa 30 ao?eeaineeo
iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee.1.
N?aco aea iinea i?eiyoey eiinoeoooeee ninoiyeinue yeno?aiiia canaaeaiea
oaaea?aeueiiai niaaoa II. A niioaaonoaee n i?eiyoui oai ?aoaieai 30
ethiy 1996 aiaea II auoea ec IIA, a O. aea Eea?e inoaaee iino
aeoea-i?aceaeaioa THA?. A ea/anoaa i?e/eiu oaeiai oaaa auei iacaaii oi,
/oi iiaay eiinoeoooeey i?aaeoniao?eaaao oi?ie?iaaiea iinea i/a?aaeiuo
auai?ia 1999 aiaea eniieieoaeueiuo i?aaiia aeanoe ii iaaei?eoa?iiio
i?eioeeio.
Yoe aeaenoaey II, a oaeaea noiaeiay iiceoeey “Eieaou” aucaaee
iieiiianooaaiue eiinoeoooeeiiiue e?ecen e i?eaaee e aicieeiiaaieth a
no?aia iiaie iieeoe/aneie neooaoeee. Iia ii?aaeaeyaony aein?i/iie
eeeaeaeaoeeae yooaeoeaii aeaenoaiaaaoae ia i?ioyaeaiee aeaoo eao nenoaiu
i?iii?oeeiiaeueiiai i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa iniiaiuo iieeoe/aneeo ia?oee a
eniieieoaeueiuo i?aaiao aeanoe ii anae aa?oeeaee e ia?aoiaeii aea-oaeoi
e iaeiiia?oeeiiio oi?aaeaieth aeueyina AIE-THAEI-EINAOO. Oaeay nenoaia
ia niioaaonoaoao nouanoaothuaio aaeaino aioo?eiieeoe/aneeo nee, /oi
nicaeaao ?aaeueioth oa?ico aeanoaaeeecaoeee iieeoe/aneiai e
yeiiiie/aneiai iieiaeaiey no?aiu (oaea nae/an ioia/aaony caiaoiia
iaaeaiea eo?na ?aiaea).
AIE, iieo/ea anth iieiioo aeanoe e aianoa n iae anth iieiioo
ioaaonoaaiiinoe, aoaeao auioaeaeai ?aoaoue ana oa aea ino?aeoea i?iaeaiu
(naia?aoeci, aac?aaioeoea, i?anooiiinoue, aii?inu
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai o?iaiy aeecie ianaeaiey e ae?oaea).
Oaeei ia?acii, iinea “aa?oaoiiai” ia?eiaea ioiineoaeueiie noaaeeueiinoe
THA? a na?aaeeia 1996 aiaea aiiaue aioea a “ciio ?enea”.1.
AEAAA 2. INIIAIUA IAI?AAEAIEss AIAOIAE IIEEOEEE THA?
2.1. Nia?aiaiiua aiaoiaiieeoe/aneea i?ei?eoaou THA? e eeeaeaeaoeey
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie ecieyoeee no?aiu:
a) ioiioaiey ni no?aiaie Caiaaea.
A ioeoeeaeueiuo aeieoiaioao THA? e cayaeaieyo i?aaenoaaeoaeae i?aayueo
e?oaia no?aiu iinoiyiii iiae/a?eeaaaony, /oi a ia?eiae aeaiie?aoe/aneeo
?aoi?i aeaaiui i?ei?eoaoii ai aiaoiae iieeoeea ii-i?aaeiaio inoaaony
i?eaioaoeey ia i?aeiouanoaaiiia ?acaeoea ioiioaiee n NOA e ae?oaeie
caiaaeiuie ainoaea?noaaie.1.
Iaaei neacaoue, /oi iniaay aeoeaiinoue e ianoie/eainoue
thaeiiao?eeaineie aeeieiiaoee a NOA e Aa?iia iauyniyaony oai, /oi
oa?aeoa? e ninoiyiea ioiioaiee eiaiii n yoeie no?aiaie iiaee a ?aoathuae
noaiaie iiaeeyoue ia eeeaeaeaoeeth iaaeaeoia?iaeiie ecieyoeee THA? e
iieioth ioiaio i?ioea iaa naieoeee.
Aeoeaecaoeey naycae n NOA ii anai iai?aaeaieyi iaoneiaeaia i?aaeaea
anaai, oaeoi?aie iauaeoeaiiai oa?aeoa?a, eai a THA? oi?ioi iiieiatho,
eaeei ?aaeueiui iieeoe/aneei e yeiiiie/aneei aanii e aaoi?eoaoii a
ie?iauo aeaeao iieuecoaony oaia?ue Aaoeiaoii. Yoa noa?a aeayoaeueiinoe
yaeyaony i?aaeiaoii iinoiyiiie caaiou e oeaeaiai?aaeaiiuo oneeee
thaeiiao?eeaineeo aeeieiiaoia. Ii naeaeaoaeuenoao aieeaiaeneiai aeo?iaea
“Aiaiaeea”, ii eeiee ii?aaeaeaiiuo aaaeiinoa THA? o?aoeony ianeieueei
ieeeeiiia aeieea?ia a aiae ia iieaoo oneoa eiaaenoia i?e Eiia?anna NOA e
Aaeii aeiia.1. A i?aeoeeo iinoaiaiii aiaae?yaony iia?aoeaiue iaiai
iiaieyie ii oaeouei aeaeai iaaeaeo ?oeiaiaeyueie aeayoaeyie iaaeo no?ai.
Iai?eia?, 14 aeaeaa?y 1991 a. oiaaeaoiee aia?eeaineee i?aceaeaio
Aeae.Aoo a aanaaea ii oaeaoiio n O. aea Eea?eii2. iaeia?ee i?iaiaeyueany
a THA? ?aoi?iu. Iie oaeaea ianoaeeee iieiaeaiea a Niaaoneii Nithca iinea
iauyaeaiey i nicaeaiee NIA, e O. aea Eea?e ieii/aoaeueii oaaaeeeny a
i?aaeeueiinoe e naiaa?aiaiiinoe naiaai ?aoaiey ia ioiaia aeceoa a
Iineao.
Aieaa eioaineaiui noaiiaeony iioie a THA? aia?eeaineeo aeceoa?ia
?acee/iuo ?aiaia. A iiya?a 1991 aiaea oai iiauaaee ioaeaeueii auaoee
iiiiuiee Ainoaea?noaaiiiai nae?aoa?y NOA ii ao?eeaineei aeaeai Aa?iai
Eiyi e /a?iieiaeee iy? Iueth-Ei?ea Aeyaeae Aeeieein a nii?iaiaeaeaiee 60
aeaeiuo a?aaeaeai yoiai e?oiiaeoaai ai?iaea. Iinea ianoiyoaeueiuo aanaae
n ainoaea?noaaiiuie e iieeoe/aneeie aeayoaeyie THaeiie Ao?eee, aeeth/ay
O. aea Eea?ea, i?aceaeaioa AIE I.Iaiaeaeo e eeaea?a “Eieaoa” I.Aooaeace,
ii aica?auaiee ia ?iaeeio A.Eiyi cayaee: “NOA ieaaeoo iiaeaea?aeeo
THaeiie Ao?eea a ieii/aoaeueiie eeeaeaeaoeee ?aaeeia aia?oaeaea,
?acaeoee ?uii/iie yeiiiieee e iiiaiia?oeeiie aeaiie?aoee.
Eaeaieiae/aneay ?eoi?eea e acaeiiua iaaeiaiey, eioi?ua aei neo ii?
oa?aeoa?iu aeey aaaeoueo iieeoe/aneeo nee THaeiie Ao?eee, aeieaeiu
onooieoue ianoi eiino?oeoeaiiio iiaeoiaeo e iauaaeeiaieth oneeee a
oeaeyo nicaeaiey ia?aniaiai aeaiie?aoe/aneiai iauanoaa”.1. Eoiae
oiiiyioouo auoa iiacaeie auee cae?aieaiu aeceoii aeaeaaaoeee Eiia?anna
NOA ai aeaaa n aeaiie?aoii, i?aaenaaeaoaeai eiieoaoa ii aeaeai ?acaaaeee
iaeaou i?aaenoaaeoaeae Aeyeaii Iaeey?aee a yiaa?a 1992 aiaea.2.
Aia?eeaineia niaeaenoaea iieeoe/aneiio e ?aniaiio i?eie?aieth a THA?
ii?ith i?eieiaao oaeea oi?iu, eioi?ua o?oaeii eaaeeoeoee?iaaoue eia/a,
eae ioe?iaaiiia aiaoaoaeuenoai ai aioo?aiiea aeaea yoie no?aiu.
Iai?eia?, auaoee iinie NOA a Naaceeaiaea ?.Oeii e caianoeoaeue
i?aaenaaeaoaey iiaeeiieoaoa ii aeaeai Ao?eee i?e Eiieoaoa iaeaou
i?aaenoaaeoaeae Aeye Ay?oii a noaouea “THaeiie Ao?eea ia ioaeiu
eiiioienou”, iioaeeeiaaiiie a aacaoa “Eioa?iyoie aa?aeueae o?eathi”,
aacaiaeeyoeeiiii iio?aaiaaee, /oiau AIE ?aci?aae nayce n
THaeii-Ao?eeaineie eiiioienoe/aneie ia?oeae. Anee aea AIE ia iiae/eieony
yoiio aeeeoaoo, oi aaoi?u ?aeiiaiaeiaaee aaeieieno?aoeee NOA naanoe aei
ieieioia ?aaeecaoeeth naieo i?ia?aii iiiiue THA?.3. I?aaenoaaeoaeue
iinieuenoaa NOA a I?aoi?ee a yiaa?a 1992 aiaea cayaee ioeoeeaeueii, /oi
NOA i?eioo ia?u e ecieyoeee Iaiao?eeaienoneiai eiia?anna, anee oio ia
i?eniaaeeieony e EIAeANA e “ia i?ae?aoeo oa??i?enoe/aneoth
aeayoaeueiinoue”. Aieaa oiai, aia?eeaioeu, ii aai neiaai, aioiau
ieacaoue aeaaeaiea ia Oaicaieth, Oaaiaeo e Ceiaaaaa n oai, /oiau iie
ia?aniio?aee naia aeaaiaeaeaoaeueiia ioiioaiea e yoie i?aaiecaoeee.1.
Ioeoeeaeueiue Aaoeiaoii ia aeaeeeaoie/ae e n i?aaeoaeuenoaii THA?, anee
n/eoae, /oi aai aeaenoaey ia ioaa/aee eioa?anai NOA. Oae, a oiaea
oiiieiaaoaainy auoa aeceoa A.Eiyi ia?aoee aieiaiea IEAe THA? ia
iaaeiionoeiinoue nio?oaeie/anoaa I?aoi?ee n Ec?aeeai a yaea?iie
iaeanoe.2. Iinie NOA a THA? Oeeueyi Naeia a?o/ee IEAe THA? e
?oeiaiaenoao eiiiaiee “A?ICEI?” niaoeeaeueioth iioo, a eioi?ie io
THaeiie Ao?eee a eaoaai?e/aneie oi?ia o?aaiaaeinue iaiaaeeaiii
i?ae?aoeoue ia?aaiai?u n Naoaeianeie A?aaeae i aiciiaeiie i?iaeaaea yoie
a?aaneie no?aia naiioiaeiuo aaoaeoe, a?iaeneeo a?iiaiaoei,
nei?ino?aeueiuo i?oaeee e n?aaenoa IAI, iniauaiiuo eiiiuethoa?aie.3.
Aeaeaeinue yoi, eae iiaeii iieaaaoue, aeaaiui ia?acii aeey oiai, /oiau
iiiaoaoue iiyaeaieth eiieo?aioa ia o?aaeeoeeiiii aia?eeaineii ?uiea
i?oaeey.
Iaeiaei a ioeoeeaeueiuo e?oaao THA? oai ia iaiaa n/eoaeinue, /oi
aeaenoaey Aaoeiaoiia ia aeieaeiu na?ueacii aaniieieoue I?aoi?eth, o.e.
aeaaiia ia “iiaeiaiuo iaei/ao”, a a oii, /oi NOA aini?eieiatho oaia?ue
THaeioth Ao?eeo eae no?aio, n eioi?ie iiaeii e aeieaeii eiaoue aeaei aac
?enea i?ineuoue iiniaieeii ?anenoneiai ?aaeeia a aeacao oeeaeeeciaaiiiai
/aeiaa/anoaa. Ioeoeeaeueiay aia?eeaineay iiceoeey ia yoio n/ao auea
iaeaoaia i?aaenoaaeoaeai ainoaea?noaaiiiai aeaia?oaiaioa Ia?aa?ao
Oaooaeea? e caeeth/aeanue a neaaeothuai: “Ainaeaia?oaiaio NOA iauyaee
THA? ae?oaeanoaaiiie no?aiie, /oi iicaieyao ei o/anoaiaaoue a i?ia?aiiao
?aoi?i a THaeiie Ao?eea n yoie oeaeueth aioiaeoue ii/ao aeey ?anoe?aiey
o/anoey Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoia a ?acaeoee ?anoouae e aeeiaie/iie
thaeiiao?eeaineie yeiiiieee”.1.
A oeaeyo iieo/aiey iieeoe/aneie iiaeaea?aeee e iaania/aiey oneiaee aeey
no?oeoo?iie ia?ano?ieee naiaai oicyenoaa e i?aiaeieaiey oaoiieiae/aneiai
ionoaaaiey ai iiiaeo iaeanoyo, /oi yaeyaony, enoaoe neacaoue, i?yiui
neaaenoaeai i?eiaiaiey a ioiioaiee THA? iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo naieoeee,
i?aaeoaeuenoai O. aea Eea?ea e iuiaoiaa ?oeiaiaenoai ai aeaaa n
I.Iaiaeaeie acyee eo?n ia i?aeiouanoaaiiia ?acaeoea naycae ia oieueei n
NOA, ii e n Aiaeeae e Aa?iaieae. I?e yoii o/eouaaaony oaeaea, /oi
oi?aiaua eioa?anu THA? nin?aaeioi/aiu ia oaea inaiaiiuo ?uieao eiaiii
yoeo no?ai. A /anoiinoe, Aaeeeia?eoaiey anaaaea auea aeaaiui oi?aiaui
ia?oia?ii THA?. Aa eaieoaeiaeiaeaiey a thaeiiao?eeaineoth yeiiiieeo
ninoaaeytho 50% anao eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee. Ia iaa aea i?eoiaeeony 6%
eiii?oa e 12% yenii?oa THA?. Aiaeeeneea aeaeiaua e?oae oeiaine?otho a
THaeiie Ao?eea 120 i?ia?aii iiiiue iauae noieiinoe 60 iei. ?aiaeia.2.
Aunooiay a ieoya?a 1991 aiaea ia 28-e ano?a/a aeaa ainoaea?noa e
i?aaeoaeuenoa no?ai-/eaiia Niae?oaeanoaa iaoeee a Oa?a?a (Ceiaaaaa),
i?aiuea?-ieieno? Aiaeee Ae.Iaeaeaea? auneacaeny ca oi, /oiau
“noeioee?iaaoue yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea e aeeaaeuaaoue eaieoae a THaeioth
Ao?eeo n oai, /oiau a?aiy aac?aaioeoeu ia ieacaeinue neeoeii oyaeaeui
aeey iiaiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa no?aiu iinea eeeaeaeaoeee aia?oaeaea”.1. Ii
aai oaaaeaeaieth, “iooue ?aoi?i, ia eioi?ue anooieea THaeiay Ao?eea –
aaeeinoaaiiay aiciiaeiinoue aeey yoie no?aiu aa?iooueny a eiii
oeeaeeeciaaiiiai ie?a”.2.
Ia ionoaao io Aiaeee a ?acaeoee nio?oaeie/anoaa n THA? e iauaaeeiaiiay
Aa?iaiey. A iiya?a 1991 aiaea a THaeiie Ao?eea n oanoeaeiaaiui aeceoii
iiauaae caianoeoaeue ieieno?a eiino?aiiuo aeae O?A O.Oaoa?. I?iaaaey
ia?aaiai?u n i?aaenoaaeoaeyie iniiaiuo ainoaea?noaaiiuo e iieeoe/aneeo
no?oeoo?, ii i?eoae e auaiaeo, /oi aeaiie?aoe/aneea i?ioeannu a THA?
i?eiyee iaia?aoeiue oa?aeoa?, oioy e i?ioiaeyo n aieueoeie o?oaeiinoyie,
ii /oi a?aiy iaaeaeoia?iaeiie ecieyoeee THA? enoaeaao.3. Ii aai noiiai a
oaa?aea 1993 a. a Eioaiianao?aa iiauaae ieieno? yeiiiieee O?A
TH.Iaeeaiai. Ii caaa?ee /eaiia Aa?iaii-THaeiiao?eeaineie
oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiie iaeaou, /oi Aa?iaiey ia inoaaeo THA? a o?oaeioth
ieiooo e aioiaa ieacaoue iiiiuue anai noi?iiai thaeiiao?eeaineiai
iauanoaa, i?eieiathuei o/anoea a aeaiie?aoe/aneeo i?aia?aciaaieyo.
THaeiay Ao?eea, ii aai ioeaiea, oaea iioa?yea neeoeii iiiai a?aiaie e
“iu ia iiaeai iicaieeoue ae oa?youe aai aeaeueoa”.4.
Aaaeiie caaea/ae aeey i?aaeoaeuenoaa THA? yaeyaony ii?iaeecaoeey e
?acaeoea ioiioaiee n oaeeie no?aiaie, eae Oeieyiaeey, Aeaiey e,
iniaaiii, Aieeaiaeey, iineieueeo iie anaaaea auee a /enea iaeaieaa
iai?eie?eiuo i?ioeaieeia aia?oaeaea. 5 iiya?y 1991 aiaea O.aea Eea?e
i?eiye aa?eoaeueiua a?aiiou io ia?aiai iinea Oeieyiaeee E.Yeaeiia,
eioi?ue i?e yoii cayaee, /oi aai aee?aaeeoaoeey aeieaeia
?anniao?eaaoueny eae “i?eciae aa?u Oeieyiaeee a oi, /oi i?ioeann
i?aia?aciaaiee ia iooe e nicaeaieth iiaie THaeiie Ao?eee iineo
iaia?aoeiue oa?aeoa?”.1.
Aeaiey ainnoaiiaeea ioiioaiey n THA? a 1990 aiaeo, a a ai?aea 1991 aiaea
ninoiyeny ?aai/ee aeceo O. aea Eea?ea a Eiiaiaaaai. I?aiuea?-ieieno?
I.Oethoa? e ieieno? eiino?aiiuo aeae O.Yeeaiai-Ainai iiiai nee iieiaeeee
ia oi, /oiau oaaaeeoue aeaoneee ia?eaiaio ioiaieoue ana naieoeee i?ioea
THA?, a oii /enea ia eiii?o ec THaeiie Ao?eee noaee, /oaoia e cieioa.
A oaa?aea 1992 aiaea aia?aua ca 40 eao I?aoi?eth iinaoeee aunieea
?oeiaiaeeoaee Ieaea?eaiaeia – i?aiuea?-ieieno? ?oaeieueo Ethaaa?n e
ieieno? eiino?aiiuo aeae Oain aai aea? A?oe. Yoa aeoeey eiaea aeey
?oeiaiaenoaa THA? iniaoth oeaiiinoue, oae eae auea aini?eiyoa a ea/anoaa
i?eciaiey “iaoa?ueth-Aieeaiaeeae iaia?aoeiinoe ?aoi?i ii aeaiiioaaeo
aia?oaeaea.2.
A iineaaeiea /aou?a aiaea THA? caiaoii oe?aieea naie iiceoeee a Aa?iia.
*oi eanaaony no?ai, ?aiaa aoiaeeaoeo a nioeeaeenoe/aneia niae?oaeanoai,
oi caeanue eiae ianoi iienoeia auno?ue e aeoaieee i?i?ua
aeeieiiaoe/aneie aeieaaeu. Ia?aie THaeioth Ao?eeo i?eciaea Aaia?ey,
eioi?ay ca yoi, ii neiaai aea Eea?ea, “iiaeao ?ann/eouaaoue ia aa iniaia
e iae ioiioaiea”.1. Ca iae iineaaeiaaee Iieueoa, *aoineiaaeey, ?oiuiey,
Aieaa?ey. Ainoaea?noaaiiua aeayoaee yoeo no?ai auno?i iaeaaeeee iaaeaeo
niaie eioaineaiua eiioaeou e caiyou iuia ii?aaeaeaieai eiie?aoiuo
iaeanoae acaeiiauaiaeiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa. Iiauaae a Ainoi/iie Aa?iia e
iiaue i?aceaeaio THA?.
a) nio?oaeie/anoai ii eeiee iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo i?aaiecaoeee e ioiaia
naieoeee i?ioea THA?.
Iniaoth aaniiinoue e cia/eiinoue a ioiaia naieoeee eiaei ianoaeaeaiea
yoie i?iaeaiu ia 28-e ano?a/a aeaa ainoaea?noa e i?aaeoaeuenoa
no?ai-/eaiia Niae?oaeanoaa iaoeee a ieoya?a 1991 aiaea a Oa?a?a.
Aiaeeeneee i?aiuea?-ieieno? Ae.Iaeaeaea? iaaeaoniuneaiii auneacaeny ca
ioiaio anao aeaeia iaaeaeoia?iaeiie ecieyoeee THA?, e?iia aieeioa ia
iinoaaee i?oaeey. I?eia/aoaeueiui a Oa?a?a auei oi, /oi aai
iiaeaea?aeaei aieueoeinoai eeaea?ia no?ai Niae?oaeanoaa, a oii /enea
iiiaea /a?iieiaeea ao?eeaioeu. Auea ?ac?aaioaia e i?eiyoa “i?ia?aiia
iiyoaiiie ioiaiu naieoeee, eioi?ay au niaeaniauaaeanue n i?aeoe/aneeie
oaaaie aioo?e naiie THaeiie Ao?eee ii aeaiie?aoecaoeee iauanoaa”.
Eiiiaioe?oy aa, i?aceaeaio Ceiaaaaa – ?.Ioaaaa neacae: “Ineaaeaiea
naieoeee a ioiioaiee I?aoi?ee n i?aeoe/aneie oi/ee c?aiey io?aaeaao oaeo
i?eciaiey Niae?oaeanoaii iiceoeaiuo ia?aiai a no?aia e i?aneaaeoao
oeaeue iiiu?eoue eo?n ia aeaiie?aoe/aneea i?aia?aciaaiey, nicaeaiea
ia?aniaiai ainoaea?noaa.1.
Anaie?iue yeiiiie/aneee oi?oi a a.Aeaaina (Oaaeoea?ey) a oaa?aea 1992
aiaea i?aaeinoaaee o?eaoio aeaaiui eeaea?ai i?ioeanna aioo?aiiaai
i?eie?aiey a THA? – O.aea Eea?eo, I.Iaiaeaea e I.Aooaeace. Ana o?ia
oaaaeaeaee neooaoaeae, /oi THA? a nei?ii a?aiaie noaiao iaaeaaeiui
ianoii iiiauaiey caiaaeiiai eaieoaea, /oi niiaeao iineoaeeoue o?aiieeiii
aeey aai i?iieeiiaaiey a ae?oaea no?aiu *a?iiai eiioeiaioa.
Ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue i?aayuea e?oae THA? aeiaeeenue nouanoaaiiuo
?acoeueoaoia. THaeiay Ao?eea no?aieoaeueii au?uaaaony ec ecieyoeee e
anooiaao a iaeio ca ae?oaie iaaeaeoia?iaeiua i?aaiecaoeee. THA? – oaea
/eai ?aaeiiaeueiiai iauaaeeiaiey THaa Ao?eee (NAAeE), I?aaiecaoeee
ao?eeaineiai aaeeinoaa (IAA), ?yaea ae?oaeo i?aaiecaoeee. Ao?eea
noaiiaeony iieiii?aaiui /eaiii III. Enoaoe, I?aaiecaoeey Iauaaeeiaiiuo
Iaoeee oaea niyea naieoeee i?ioea THA?, ?ac?aoea ae aani?aiyonoaaiioth
oi?aiaeth i?oaeeai. Aeey yeiiiieee THaeiie Ao?eee yoi oiaea iiaenii?uea.
Oaea a yoii aiaeo iai?iiiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue nicaeano 20 ouny/ iiauo
?aai/eo iano, a yenii?o aii?oaeaiee aeinoeaiao 1,8 ieeeea?aea ?aiaeia,
i?aaunea iuiaoiee o?iaaiue aieaa /ai aaeaia. Naieoeee ie?iaiai
niiauanoaa i?ioea ?aaeeia aia?oaeaea canoaaeee yoio ?aaeei nicaeaoue e
?acaeoue aanueia ia?aaeiaoth “iai?iieo”. Oaia?ue iniiaiie eo?aoi? AIE –
“A?ICEI?” – ia/ae oneeaiiue ia?eaoeia ia ?uieao Aa?iiu, Aeaeueiaai e
Aeeaeiaai Ainoiea. “A?ICEI?” ?ann/eouaaao, /oi eioa?an oai a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue auciaoo aa?oieaou, iooee-aaoaeoeu, a?iiaaeee, a oaeaea
n?aaenoaa nayce.1.
A 1995 a. THaeiay Ao?eea iinoaaeea i?iecaiaeeioth ae aiaiioth oaoieeo 68
ainoaea?noaai ia iauoth noiio 873 iei. ?aiaeia (ieiei 200 iei. aeieea?ia
NOA). I?e yoii aieaa iieiaeiu yenii?oa i?eoeinue ia no?aiu Aeeaeiaai
Ainoiea, niiauee i?aaenaaeaoaeue Iaoeeiiaeueiiai eiieoaoa ii eiio?ieth
ca iau/iuie aii?oaeaieyie E.Aniae, aunooiay a ia?eaiaioneii eiieoaoa ii
iai?iia. Ca ia?aua 6 ianyoeaa 1996 aiaea iauai oi?aiaee aiaiiie oaoieeie
ianeieueei nie?aoeeny e ninoaaee a aeaiaaeiii en/eneaiee 322 iei.
?aiaeia.2.
*oi aea eanaaony eiii?oa i?oaeey, oi ii oa?yao aueia cia/aiea. Ii
cayaeaieth auaoaai ieieno?a iai?iiu THA? ?.Iaea?a, iinea ooiaea ec
Iaieaee “thaeiiao?eeaineay a?iey aieueoa ia caaeaenoaiaaia ie ia iaeiii
OAAe e, niaeanii anai ia?niaeoeaiui enneaaeiaaieyi, iiaeii a iauai-oi ia
iaeeaeaoue ieeaeie oa?icu iaoae iaoeeiiaeueiie oa??eoi?ee a i?aaenoiyuea
aeanyoeeaoey”. Iiyoiio, n/eoaao ieieno?, iao aieueoa niunea aeeaaeuaaoue
aeaiueae a i?eia?aoaiea aei?iainoiyuae aiaaie oaoieee. A aeey ieacaiey
iiiiue iieeoeee a iiaeaaeaiee aioo?aiieo aanii?yaeeia e iyoaaeae a?iey
no?aiu iniauaia aeinoaoi/ii oi?ioi.3.
Iinoaiaiii ?ooaony oaeaea aa?uea?u, eioi?uie auea ioai?iaeaia THA? io
aiaoiaai ie?a a iaeanoe eoeueoo?u e nii?oa. Oae, a ieoya?a 1991 aiaea
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue Ieeiieeneee Eiieoao i?eaeanee Iaoeeiiaeueiue ia?aniaue
eiieoao THaeiie Ao?eee i?eiyoue o/anoea a eaoieo OOV Ieeiieeneeo ea?ao
1992 aiaea a Aa?naeiia.1. A aeaeaa?a 1991 aiaea a.Aeo?aai aeeth/eeny a
eiieo?n ca i?aai i?eiyoue o naay Ieeiieeneea ea?u 2000 aiaea, inia?eaay
yoo aunieoth /anoue o Neaeiay, Iaeeia, Aa?eeia e Noaiaoea,2. a Eaeioaoi
aianai a nienie ai?iaeia, eioi?ua i?iaeieaeao ai?ueao ca i?aai
i?iaaaeaiey eaoieo Ieeiieeneeo ea? 2004 a.3.
Ii aaeeiiaeooiie ioeaiea thaeiiao?eeaineie e ie?iaie iauanoaaiiinoe e ii
i?eciaieth iiiaeo ainoaea?noaaiiuo e iieeoe/aneeo aeayoaeae iaoae
ieaiaou, iaeaieueoee aeeaae a aeaei iaoeeiiaeueii-?aniaiai i?eie?aiey e
eeeaeaeaoeee iaaeaeoia?iaeiie ecieyoeee THA? aianee ee/ii O. aea Eea?e e
I.Iaiaeaea. Iiyoiio ei iaiei ii i?aao i?enoaeaeaia I?aiey Ie?a THIANEI
eiaie O.Oooy-Aoaiuee 1991 aiaea “ca ?aoathuee aeeaae a i?aiaeieaiea
?aciiaeanee iaaeaeo ia?iaeaie THaeiie Ao?eee”. I?e a?o/aiee i?aiee O.
aea Eea?e, a /anoiinoe, cayaee: “Oio oaeo, /oi ia?aay I?aiey Ie?a eiaie
O.Oooy-Aoaiuee – aaeeeiai nuia *a?iiai eiioeiaioa – i?enoaeaeaia
thaeiiao?eeaineei iieeoeeai, neiaiee/ai. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia niiauanoai
i?eciaei acyoue THaeiie Ao?eeie eo?n ia?aiai. E yoi icia/aao, /oi aeey
ian i?eoei a?aiy ea?aoue niceaeaoaeueioth ?ieue a Ao?eea e ai anai
ie?a”.1. A a 1993 aiaeo aea Eea?e e I.Iaiaeaea iaeiia?aiaiii noaee
iiaaeaaneeie eao?aaoaie ca aeeaae a aeaei ie?a e noaaeeueiinoe ia
eiioeiaioa e a ianooaaa iaoae ieaiaou.2.
a) ioiioaiey THA? ni no?aiaie Ao?eee e Acee.
Iaeiei ec aeaaiuo aiaoiaiieeoe/aneeo i?ei?eoaoia THA? ia nia?aiaiiii
yoaia yaeyaony ?anoe?aiea e oe?aieaiea iiceoeee no?aiu ia *a?iii
eiioeiaioa. I?eaa?aeaioeaie yoie iieeoeee auei i?aaeoaeuenoai O. aea
Eea?ea, i?iaeieaeeei yoo eeieth e i?aaeoaeuenoai I.Iaiaeaeu. A
iineaaeiaa a?aiy yoio i?ioeann i?eia?ae aia/aoeythuoth aeeiaieeo.
A ia/aeueiue eiioeuen yoiio i?ioeanno i?eaeaea i?ia?aiiiay ?a/ue O. aea
Eea?ea a Einoeoooa iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioiioaiee a Eioaiianao?aa 20 iiya?y
1991 aiaea. Aio iaeioi?ua aa eeth/aaua iieiaeaiey.
– “I/aaeaeiia oeo/oaiea ioiioaiee THA? n Ao?eeie” neaaeoao
?anniao?eaaoue eae ?acoeueoao eieoeeaoea i?aaeoaeuenoaa ai aioo?aiiae
iieeoeea, a oaeaea eae neaaenoaea ?inoa ?aaeecia ai aiaoiae iieeoeea
ao?eeaineeo ainoaea?noa;
– THaeiay Ao?eea “?aoeoaeueii i?aiaeieaaaao ecieyoeeth ia eiioeiaioa” e
“iaecaaaeii i?eniaaeeieony e IAA”;
– Ao?eea ioaeiu “iiiainoi?iiiea ia?aaiai?u, aiaeiae/iua oai, /oi
aaaeoony a ?aieao Niaauaiey ii aaciianiinoe e nio?oaeie/anoao a Aa?iia”,
/oiau “niiaua a eiioea eiioeia oniaoii ?aoeoue i?iaeaiu
thaeiiao?eeaineiai ?aaeiia”:
– Ioaeii no?aieoueny e nicaeaieth yeiiiie/aneie annioeeaoeee
thaeiiao?eeaineeo ainoaea?noa, a eioi?ie THA? n aa iiuoii a oi?aiaea e
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, a i?aaiecaoeee o?ainii?oa, eiiioieeaoeee e
ae?oaeo io?aneae aoaeao ea?aoue aeaeioth, ii ia aeiieie?othuoth ?ieue”.
Ao?eeaineia yeiiiie/aneia niiauanoai”, eioi?ia “iaoa?eaeecoaony a
i?ioeanna ia?aaiai?ia, iio?aaoao iaiaeuo aeeieiiaoe/aneeo oneeee”.1. A
1992 aiaeo THA? iiaeoaa?aeeea i?eaa?aeaiiinoue yoie ieaooi?ia n/eoay,
/oi ainoaea?noaa Ao?eee caeioa?aniaaiu a aic?iaeaeaiee THA?”.2.
Iuiaoiee i?aceaeaio I.Iaiaeaea oaea i?eieiaao o/anoea a ?aaioa Annaiaeae
aeaa ainoaea?noa e i?aaeoaeuenoa no?ai, aoiaeyueo a IAA.3. Eaeea au
iieeoe/aneea e aeeieiiaoe/aneea aaoaeee ie aaee no?aiu Ao?eee n THA?,
iie auioaeaeaiu n/eoaoueny n iae eae n ?aaeiiaeueiie aea?aeaaie,
yeiiiieea eioi?ie, oioy e iaaieueoay ii ie?iaui noaiaea?oai (iia
i?eia?ii ?aaia eniaineie) ana aea aieueoa, /ai o anao aa ninaaeae aianoa
acyouo.4.
Aioo?aiiee aaeiaue i?iaeoeo THA? a /aou?a ?aca i?aauoaao AAI anao
aeaayoe no?ai THaa Ao?eee.1. Caieiay anaai 3 i?ioeaioa oa??eoi?ee
eiioeiaioa, THA? aeaeaao aeaa iyouo aai i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa,
au?aaaouaaao aeaa o?aoe ao?eeaineie yeaeo?iyia?aee, aeiauaaao ii/oe
iieiaeio nu?uey. Enoaoe, cieioa iia i?iecaiaeeo – aeiauaaao e i/euaao –
nauoa 50 oiii a ianyoe. Aeey n?aaiaiey: ?inneeneee caian yoiai
ae?aaioeaiiiai iaoaeea aaeaa i?aauoaao 300 oiii.2. Acaeiiua
oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneea eioa?anu canoaaeytho THA? e ao?eeaineea no?aiu, a
oii /enea e “i?eo?iioiaua”, eneaoue iooe e naeeaeaieth e i?aiaeieaieth
i?ioeai?a/ee. Ianiio?y ia naieoeee, eiiia?/aneea eiioaeou n I?aoi?eae a
oie eee eiie oi?ia iiaeaea?aeeaaeenue i?aeoe/anee anae Ao?eeie ii/oe
anaaaea. Aeaaea ii ioeoeeaeueiui (yaii caieaeaiiui) aeaiiui, yenii?o
THA? ia *a?iii eiioeiaioa a 1991 aiaeo aeinoea 3,5 ie?ae. aeieea?ia.3.
Yenii?o oeie/aneie i?iaeoeoeee au?in ca aiae au?in ia 29%, i?iaeoeoeee
o?ainii?oiiai iaoeiino?iaiey – ia 33%, i?iiuoeaiiiai iai?oaeiaaiey – ia
20%.4. Eioa?an a yoii yaii acaeiiue. Aio aanueia aaoi?eoaoiia iiaiea
?.Ioaaaa: “Iu caaenei io THaeiie Ao?eee. *a?ac aa aeaeaciua aei?iae e
ii?ou eaeoo iaoe a?ocu. Iia iieoiaao ceiaaaaeeneea oiaa?u, neaaeai,
oaenoeeue e iinoaaeyao aioiaoth i?iaeoeoeeth, cai/anoe. Oae enoi?e/anee
i?eaioe?iaai iao yenii?oii-eiii?oiue iaoaieci. Neiiaoue aai – cia/eo
aci?aaoue eiathuothny eio?ano?oeoo?o. Iu ia naiioaeeoeu.1.
Nieeaea?ai n iei e i?aceaeaio Caiaee O.*eaoea. Aunooiay ia 10-e ano?a/a
aeaa ainoaea?noa e i?aaeoaeuenoa no?ai-/eaiia I?aoa?aioeeaeueiie
oi?aiaie ciiu a a.Eonaea a yiaa?a 1992 aiaea ii cayaee: “A ianoiyuaa
a?aiy iiiaea ainoaea?noaa ie?a, a oii /enea a Ao?eea, oi?ie?otho
?acaeoea ioiioaiee n THA?, ?anoe?ytho yeiiiie/aneea nayce. Anee IOC
iaia?aia aeiaeoueny iuooeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo ?acoeueoaoia a aoaeouai,
i?aaiecaoeee iaeuecy na?anuaaoue ni n/aoia nio?oaeie/anoai n THaeiie
Ao?eeie”.2. E aiaeiae/iiio auaiaeo i?eoee e /eaiu NAAeE, eioi?ua
n/eoatho, /oi eioaa?aoeey no?ai thaa Ao?eee a aaeeiia ?aaeiiaeueiia
niiauanoai n o/anoeai THA? – aaeeinoaaiiue iooue, niiniaiue iaania/eoue
eo ii?iaeueiia yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea”.3.
Eioa?anii, /oi caiaaeiua aea?aeaau n ii?aaeaeaiiui aaniieienoaii
aini?eieiatho no?aoaae/aneoth oeaeue THA? neiaeeoue a ia?niaeoeaa iiae
naiae yaeaeie ia/oi a?iaea “iauaai ?uiea” anae Ao?eee, oioy, ii ioeaiea
eo yenia?oia, THaeiay Ao?eea a aeeaeaeoea 5 eao aua ia niiaeao noaoue
na?ueaciui eiieo?aioii a yoii ?aaeiia aeey auaoeo iao?iiieee.
Acey aeey THA? iiea ia yaeyaony iauaeoii ia?ainoaiaiiie aaaeiinoe. Ii
oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneei e oeiainiaui niia?aaeaieyi eneeth/aiea aeaeaaony
aeey ssiiiee e a?oiiu “iiauo” eiaeono?eaeueiuo no?ai
Aceaonei-Oeoiieaaineiai ?aaeiia. Eeoae aeanoe THA? ia iiaee ia
o/eouaaoue, i?aaeaea anaai eae aaeeeoth aea?aeaao. I?eia/aoaeueii, /oi
aeceo O. aea Eea?ea ia Oaeaaiue a iiya?a 1991 aiaea ia aucaae ao?iie
io?eoeaoaeueiie ?aaeoeee Iaeeia,1. a nei?aa niinianoaiaae i?aaiecaoeee
inoaiiaee ieieno?a eiino?aiiuo aeae EI? Oeyiue Oee/yiy a Eioaiianao?aa a
yiaa?a 1993 aiaea ii iooe a Iaieaeth e Ceiaaaaa.2. Yoi aeaei naie
ieiaeu. A iiya?a 1996 aiaea THaeiay Ao?eea i?eiyea ?aoaiea ioeacaoueny
io aeeieiiaoe/aneiai i?eciaiey Oaeaaiy e onoaiiaeoue iaeiia?aiaiii
iieiua aeeieiiaoe/aneea ioiioaiey n Eeoaeneie Ia?iaeiie ?anioaeeeie. Eae
cayaee ia ninoiyaoaeny a I?aoi?ee i?ann-eiioa?aioeee i?aceaeaio THA?
I.Iaiaeaea, oianeaaeiaaiiia no?aiie io i?aaeiaai i?aaeoaeuenoaa
iieiaeaiea ia niioaaonoaoao aa iiaie aeoeaiie ?iee ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiie
a?aia, a /anoiinoe, a ?aieao I?aaiecaoeee ao?eeaineiai aaeeinoaa,
Aeaeaeaiey iai?eniaaeeiaiey e III. Ii aai neiaai, I?aoi?ey ii-i?aaeiaio
aoaeao ?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny no?aieaieai e iiaeaea?aeaieth oaniuo
ae?oaeanoaaiiuo naycae e yeiiiie/aneiai nio?oaeie/anoaa eae n Oaeayai,
oae e Iaeeiii. Ii au?acee iaaeaaeaeo, /oi a aeeaeaeoee aiae oaeanony
aeinoe/ue i?eaieaiiai aeey EI? e Eeoaeneie ?anioaeeee ieaaiiai ia?aoiaea
e iiaui ioiioaieyi, i?e eioi?ii THA?, i?eciaaay aeeieiiaoe/aneee noaoon
Iaeeia, niiaeao oaeaea i?iaeieaeeoue eiino?oeoeaiua nayce n Oaeayai.3.
Ioeoeeaeueiue i?aaenoaaeoaeue oaeaaiueneiai ieienoa?noaa eiino?aiiuo
aeae iacaae ?aoaiea THA? “/?acau/aeii iaae?oaeanoaaiiui” ii ioiioaieth e
Oaeaaith.1. Anoanoaaiii, /oi ?aaeoeey Iaeeia auea niaa?oaiii
i?ioeaiiieiaeiie. “Eeoae i?eaaonoaoao aeaeaiea THA? ii?iaeeciaaoue
ioiioaiey n EI?”, – cayaee ieieno? eiino?aiiuo aeae Eeoay Oeyiue
Oee/yiue ai a?aiy ano?a/e n iaoiaeeaoaeny a Iaeeia aeaeaaaoeeae
Ao?eeaineiai iaoeeiiaeueiiai eiia?anna.2.
Iniaia ianoi a nenoaia aiaoiaiieeoe/aneeo naycae THA? caieiaao Ec?aeeue.
A thaeiiao?eeaineeo iieeoe/aneeo e?oaao n/eoatho, /oi “i?aaeoaeuenoai
THaeiie Ao?eee anaaaea neiiaoece?iaaei aa?aeneiio ainoaea?noao e
iiaeaea?aeeaaei aai” e /oi “Ec?aeeue ieacae aieueooth iiiiuue iaoae
no?aia a ai?ueeea aeey ian aeie”.3.
A caeeth/aiee yoiai ?acaeaea ?aaiou iiaeii neacaoue neiaaie auaoaai
iinea THA? a ?innee A.Ieeauea “ii?iaeecaoeey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai
iieiaeaiey THaeiie Ao?eee nae/an oaea ii/oe naa?oeaoeeny oaeo”.4. Ii
aeaiiui IEAe THA?, no?aia e ia/aeo 1993 a. oaea eiaea ca ?oaaaeii ieiei
70 i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoa, ec ieo 35 – ni noaoonii iinieuenoaa. A I?aoi?ee
auei aee?aaeeoiaaii ieiei 30 iineia. E?iia oiai, eiaeinue 14
eiinoeuenoa e oi?aiauo iennee.5.
a) iniaaiiinoe ?aaeiiaeueiie iieeoeee THA?.
A naiae ?aaeiiaeueiie iieeoeea THA? i?iaeieaeaao i?iaiaeeoue, n
iii?aaeie ia iaoiaeu e eciaieaoothny aioo?aiithth e ?aaeiiaeueioth e
iaaeaeoia?iaeioth eiiuthieoo?o, ii nooe aeaea, i?aaeithth eeieth,
iai?aaeaiioth ia nicaeaiea oae iacuaaaiiai “nicaacaeey ainoaea?noa”,
a?oiie?othueony aie?oa THaeiie Ao?eee”.1. Naaiaeiyoiyy ioe?uoinoue
I?aoi?ee a aii?inao ?aaeiiaeueiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa ai iiiaii,
ii-aeaeeiiio, iauyniyaony oai, /oi caaea/e, eioi?ua a naia a?aiy
noaaeeenue thaeiiao?eeaineei i?aaeoaeuenoaii a ?aieao “oioaeueiie
no?aoaaee”, e ianoiyuaio a?aiaie oae eee eia/a ieacaeenue ?aoaiiuie.
A oi aea a?aiy, ianiio?y ia a oeaeii iiceoeaiia aini?eyoea aieueoeinoaii
ninaaeieo no?ai iieeoeee O. aea Eea?ea, a caoai anoanoaaiii I.Iaiaeaeu,
i?aaeoaeuenoai THA? i?iaeieaeaao iuouaoue a ioiioaieyo ni no?aiaie
?aaeiia ecaanoiue aeaoeoeeo aeiaa?ey. A ?yaea no?ai ?aaeiia ii-i?aaeiaio
i?iyaeytho ia?aiciinoue a nayce n i?eoiaeii e aeanoe a THA? /a?iiai
aieueoeinoaa. Oai ia eneeth/atho, /oi THaeiay Ao?eea iiaeao
i?aa?aoeoueny a ciio ianoaaeeueiinoe, eioi?ay, anoanoaaiii, aoaeao
ieacuaaoue aeeyiea ia ninaaeiea no?aiu. Oaea anoue i?eia?u aic?anoaiey
aioo?aiiae iai?yaeaiiinoe a THA?.
Iioeau caeioa?aniaaiiinoe THA? a nei?aeoai ainnoaiiaeaiee
iieiiianooaaiuo ioiioaiee ni no?aiaie thaeiiao?eeaineiai ?aaeiia, a
oaeaea a nicaeaiee ia THaa Ao?eee ?aaeiiaeueiuo yeiiiie/aneeo e
iieeoe/aneeo no?oeoo?, eioi?ua aeaenoaiaaee au iiae aa yaeaeie, iiiyoiu.
A yoii, ii anae aeaeeiinoe, aoaeao caeioa?aniaaii ethaia i?aaeoaeuenoaa
THaeiie Ao?eee.
No?aiu ?aaeiia oaeaea ioaeaeathony a ainnoaiiaeaiee iieiiianooaaiuo
ioiioaiee n THA?. Oaea naaiaeiy, ?aoay /anoue i?iaeai ?aaeiiaeueiiai
?acaeoey ia eieeaeoeaiie iniiaa, iie caeioa?aniaaiu a iiaeeeth/aiee e
yoei iiiainoi?iiiei oneeeyi e THaeiie Ao?eee. Iaeiaei noaiaiue eo
caeioa?aniaaiiinoe e eo iioeae?iaee ?acee/iu. Nouanoaoao oaeaea ?yae
iauaeoeaiuo oaeoi?ia, iaeeaaeuaathueo ia oaeea ieaiu ii?aaeaeaiiua
ia?aie/aiey.
No?aiu THaa Ao?eee, eae i?aaenoaaeyaony, aoaeoo no?aieoueny e oiio,
/oiau aui?aaeoue nio?aiythuothny ianaaeaine?iaaiiinoue naieo
yeiiiie/aneeo naycae n THA?.1. Aeey yoiai iie aoaeoo i?iaeieaeaoue
eniieueciaaoue eieeaeoeaiue iaoaieci – Niiauanoai ?acaeoey THaa Ao?eee
(NAAeE), eioi?ia oo?aoea iieeoe/aneoth aioeaia?oaeaeioth iioeaaoeeth,
no?ieo oaia?ue naith aeayoaeueiinoue ii eicoiaii “eioaa?aoeey /a?ac
?acaeoea”. THA? oaea iiaeeeth/eeanue e aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaiecaoeee, noaa
aa iieiii?aaiui /eaiii. *eaiu i?aaiecaoeee ioaeatho naaa io/ao a oii,
/oi aieiaiea i?aaeoaeuenoaa THaeiie Ao?eee ia iiaeao ia auoue
i?eaioe?iaaiiui i?aaeaea anaai ia ?aoaiea nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo
i?iaeai naiae nianoaaiiie no?aiu, ii ?acaeoea ?aaeiiaeueiuo
yeiiiie/aneeo naycae, ii eo iiaieth, ana aea iiaeao niaeaenoaiaaoue e
yeiiiie/aneiio ainnoaiiaeaieth ninaaeieo no?ai, au?aaieaaieth o?iaiae
yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey anao /eaiia Niiauanoaa.
Oai ia iaiaa, a yoeo no?aiao iiae/a?eeaatho, /oi e ?aaeiiaeueiie
eioaa?aoeee, oai aieaa n o/anoeai oaeiai ian?aaieii aieaa neeueiiai
ia?oia?a, eae THaeiay Ao?eea, iiaeii eaeoe oieueei /a?ac oi?ie?iaaiea e
oe?aieaiea naiae nianoaaiiie yeiiiie/aneie iniiau e
iaoeeiiaeueii-ainoaea?noaaiiiai noaa?aieoaoa. Iaaei neacaoue, /oi oaeie
aea iiaeoiae e eioaa?aoeee iaaethaeaaony o Aca?aaeaeaeaia, A?ocee, o
iaeioi?uo no?ai Oeaio?aeueiie Acee ii ioiioaieth e aieaa ?acaeoie a
yeiiiie/aneii ieaia ?innee – (i?ei.aaoi?a).
Anoue aua iaeia iniaaiiinoue iieeoeee nia?aiaiiie THA? a ?aaeiia. Yoi
aiaea/aiiinoue a o?aaoee?iaaiea oeaeiai ?yaea ?aaeiiaeueiuo aioo?aiieo
i?iaeai.
Oae, I?aoi?ey a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a caaeaenoaiaaia a o?aaoee?iaaiee
eiioeeeoia a Aiaiea e Iicaiaeea, a oaia?ue e a Cae?a. I?aaeoaeuenoao
THA? aaaeii nicaeaoue a Aiaiea e Iicaiaeea i?aoeaaeaio iniaiai ioiioaiey
e naiae no?aia, i?e eioi?ii aio auea au iaania/aia ii?aaeaeaiiay
iiaeaea?aeea n eo noi?iiu eo?na ia yooaeoeaiia o/anoea a iiauo
iieeoe/aneeo e yeiiiie/aneeo no?oeoo?ao eiioeiaioa.
Ae?oaie na?ueaciue iiiaio, eioi?ue ia iiaoo ia o/eouaaoue
thaeiiao?eeaioeu – yoi iieeoeea iuiaoieo e aoaeoueo aeanoae a Aiaiea e
Iicaiaeea, noaiaiue eo aiciiaeiiai aicaeaenoaey ia ?annoaiiaeo
iieeoe/aneeo nee a naiie THA?. Caeioa?aniaaiu a THA? e a oii, /oiau ia
neiaeiii iinoia?aoiaeiii yoaia naiaai ?acaeoey eiaoue a ea/anoaa
ninaaeae noaaeeueiua e oioy au ioiineoaeueii yeiiiie/anee aeaaiiieo/iua
no?aiu, a eioi?uo thaeiiao?eeaineee eaieoae eiae au i?i/iua ?aca?aiua
iiceoeee.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy naieie aeaenoaeyie ia aiaieueneii iai?aaeaiee
thaeiiao?eeaioeu ieacuaatho na?ueaciia aeeyiea ia o?aaoee?iaaiea a yoie
no?aia ii iauaio noeaia?eth n III, NOA, ?O, n eioi?uie ia iiaoo ia
n/eoaoueny iaa aiaieueneea noi?iiu.1.
Iiuo o/anoey THA? a aiaieueneii i?eie?aiee, anoanoaaiii, o/eouaaaony
iicaiaeeoeaie, iniaaiii i?aaeoaeuenoaii. I?aoi?ee oaeaeinue iiii/ue e
i?aayuae ia?oee a Iicaiaeea O?AEEII e aii?oaeaiiie iiiiceoeee,
aicaeaaeyaiie ?AIAII, iaeoe eiii?iienniia ?aoaiea a i?iaeaeaeaiee e
onoaiiaeaieth iaoeeiiaeueiiai ie?a a eo no?aia. Naaiaeiy THA? iuoaaony
iaania/eoue naaa aaaeouoth ?ieue a inouanoaeaiee a Iicaiaeea i?ia?aii
yeiiiie/aneiai ainnoaiiaeaiey.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy THA? aioea a /enei no?ai, niinianoaothueo
o?aaoee?iaaieth aioo?ecae?neiai eiioeeeoa. Eae ecaanoii, a yiaa?a 1997
aiaea eeaea? cae?neeo iianoaioeaa cayaee, /oi aai aieoeu, eioi?ua
eiio?iee?otho ii/oe iyooth /anoue oa??eoi?ee Cae?a, ?acaa?ioo
aaia?aeueiia ianooieaiea ia noieeoeo Eeioano, anee i?aceaeaio Nana Naei
Iiaooo ia iieaeao ia ie?iua ia?aaiai?u. Iiyoiio NOA e THA? i?aaei?eiyee
?yae yia?ae/iuo oaaia, /oiau oaaaeeoue i?ioeaiai?noaothuea noi?iiu iieoe
ia yoe ia?aaiai?u, ia?aue ?aoiae eioi?uo i?ioae a thaeiiao?eeaineii
ai?iaea Eaeioaoia e aue iinayuai iieneo iooae i?ae?auaiey iaiy.1.
A eiioea oaa?aey 1997 aiaea i?aceaeaio THA? I.Iaiaeaea ano?aoeeny a
iineaiieeii i?aceaeaioa Iiaooo, n eioi?ui ianoaeee aiciiaeiinoue iiaie
ano?a/e n i?aaenoaaeoaeai iianoaioeaa. Oioy I.Iaiaeaea ia o/anoaoao a
i?yiuo ia?aaiai?ao iaaeaeo a?aaeaeothueie cae?neeie a?oiie?iaeaie,
niaa?oaiii i/aaeaeii, /oi aai ee/iua aeaenoaey niinianoaotho iiiuoeai
i?eie?eoue eo e naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i caeioa?aniaaiiinoe I?aoi?ee a
onoaiiaeaiee noaaeeueiinoe e ie?a a ?aaeiia.2.
*oi aea eanaaony ?aaeecaoeee iiyaeaoaeny a iineaaeiaa a?aiy eaeae i
nicaeaiee ia THaa Ao?eee ?aaeiiaeueiiai iaoaiecia aiaiii-iieeoe/aneie
aaciianiinoe, oi iooue e yoiio, iaaei iieaaaoue, aanueia iaaeeceee. A
THA? e a ae?.no?aiao ?aaeiia n/eoatho, /oi aeey aai oi?ie?iaaiey
i?aaenoieo eco/eoue e eniieueciaaoue aanue eiathueeny ?aciinoi?iiiee
iiuo iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa a ?aaeiia: aeayoaeueiinoue NAAeE,
aaaaae acaeiiioiioaiee a auaoae a?oiia i?eo?iioiauo ainoaea?noa (IOA).
E?iia oiai, iio?aaothony iiaua niioaaonoaothuea niaeaoaiey iaaeaeo
no?aiaie ?aaeiia e THA?, eiioaeou THA? e no?ai ?aaeiia ii yoei aii?inai
n III, IAA, ae?oaeie iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie e ioaeaeueiuie
no?aiaie. Ii aeaaiia – iooue e nicaeaieth oaeeo no?oeoo? eaaeeo /a?ac
o?aaoee?iaaiea inoathueony eiioeeeoiuo neooaoeee e nieaeaiea ino?iou
i?aaeaea anaai nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo i?iaeai, niiniaiuo noaoue
enoi/ieeii ianoaaeeueiinoe e eiioeeeoia a thaeiiao?eeaineii ?aaeiia.
AEAAA 3. NINOIssIEA E IA?NIAEOEAU IOIIOAIEE ?INNEE N THA?
3.1. Ec enoi?ee ioiioaiee iaaeaeo ?inneae e THA?.
Ioiioaiey ?inneeneie eiia?ee e Niaaoneiai Nithca n oai ainoaea?noaaiiui
ia?aciaaieai, eioi?ia nae/an iacuaaaony THaeii-Ao?eeaineay ?anioaeeea,
ooiaeyo nae/an aeaeaei a i?ioeia. Iie neeaaeuaaeenue ia i?inoi e ia
aaciaea/ii.
Naiie y?eie no?aieoeae ?inneenei-thaeiiao?eeaineiai nio?oaeie/anoaa aei
1917 aiaea neaaeoao i?eciaoue aeia?iaieueiia o/anoea aeanyoeia ?onneeo
ioeoea?ia e a?a/ae a aiaei-ao?neie aieia 1899-1902 aiaeia ia noi?iia
ao?ia ca eo naiaiaeo e iacaaeneiinoue io Aaeeeia?eoaiee.1. A ia/aea
1920-o aiaeia aii?inai, naycaiiui n THaeii-Ao?eeaineei Nithcii (oae
eiaiiaaeanue oiaaea iuiaoiyy THA?), i?enoaeueiia aieiaiea oaeaeye
ia?iaeiue eiienna? ii eiino?aiiui aeaeai ?NON? A.*e/a?ei. Aai, a
/anoiinoe, caieiaea iuneue i oii, eae i?aaieciaaoue i?yiua iinoaaee
?inneeneie iaooe a THaeioth Ao?eeo, ia i?eaaaay e iin?aaeie/aneei
oneoaai “Noaiaea?o iee”. A 1925 aiaeo ii eieoeeaoeaa iieeoe/aneiai
i?aaenoaaeoaey ?NON? a Aiaeee E.E?aneia a Iineaa auei nicaeaii
Niaaonei-THaeiia?oeeaineia niaoaiiia oi?aiaia iauanoai. Iaeiie ec
aeaaiuo naieo caaea/ iii n/eoaei niaeaenoaea a inaiaiee ianoi?iaeaeaiee
iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo a Neae?e. Aeaeiaua e?oae Eioaiianao?aa auee aioiau
auaeaeeoue ia yoe oeaee 500 oun. ooioia noa?eeiaia, noiio ii oai
a?aiaiai aeinoaoi/ii nieeaeioth. Aeaiiue i?iaeo aue iaeia?ai oaeeie
aeaeiuie niaaoneeie ?oeiaiaeyueie aeayoaeyie oiai a?aiaie, eae
E.O?ioeeee e A.Nieieueieeia, iineieueeo, ii eo iiaieth, ii “iieiinoueth
ioaa/ae i?eioeeiai iiaie yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee”. A 1929 aiaeo a THA?
iiauaaea n aeaeiaui aeceoii aeaeaaaoeey niaaoneeo aaieiaia, /oiau
aeiaiai?eoueny i i?ia?aiia ?acaeoey iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai nio?oaeie/anoaa
ni naieie eieeaaaie. Ii anai yoei ia/eiaieyi ia noaeaeaii auei nauoueny
ii ?aciui i?e/eiai.
Iaeeaeaiea niaaonei-thaeiiao?eeaineeo eiioaeoia eiaei ianoi a ia?eiae
Aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu. THAN, yaeyaoeeny iaeiei ec aeiieieiiia A?eoaineie
eiia?ee, anoanoaaiii, aunooiae ia noi?iia aioeaeoea?ianeie eiaeeoeee. A
aiaauo aeaenoaeyo i?eieiaee o/anoea 350 oun.thaeiiao?eeaioeaa,
i?aaenoaaeyaoeo ?aciua ?anu. Aieaa 38 oun.aieoeia ia aa?ioeenue ia
?iaeeio, neiaeea aieiau ai eiy iiaaaeu iaae oaoeciii.1. Iauai ioiioaiee
iaaeaeo NNN? e THAN aeinoea oiaaea oaeiai o?iaiy, /oi a 1942 aiaeo
iiiaaeiaeeinue ioe?uoea a I?aoi?ee niaaoneiai aaia?aeueiiai
eiinoeuenoaa. Iaeiaei a 1956 aiaeo i?iecioae iieiue ?ac?ua ioiioaiee ii
eieoeeaoeaa i?aayueo e?oaia THAN, eioi?ua n 1948 aiaea ia/aee oe?iei
i?aeoeeiaaoue aia?oaeae e auee aeoeaiuie iiniaieeaie NOA e Caiaaea a
“oieiaeiie aieia”. Iiaiaeii aeey eeeaeaeaoeee iaoaai i?enoonoaey
iineoaeeee yeiau “ia?ooaiey” aeeieiiaoaie NNN? Caeiia i nie?oiuo
iaieoeao. Eae cayaee ieieno? eiino?aiiuo aeae THAN ny? Y?ee Eio, iie
ono?aeaaee “iaae?aniaua i?eaiu” e i?i/ea “aii?aeueiua nai?eua”, ia
eioi?uo “aaioo e eiaeeeoeai aeaaaee nie?oiia ia?aaia n aaeuie”.1.
Iiiaea aiaeu iinea ?ac?uaa ioiioaiee Niaaoneee Nithc e THaeiay Ao?eea
ioeoeeaeueii aeaiiino?aoeaii eaii?e?iaaee ae?oa ae?oaa.
?oeiaiaenoai EINN e NNN? ieacuaaee iiiiuue
iaoeeiiaeueii-inaiaiaeeoaeueiiio aeaeaeaieth ia?iaeia Ao?eee e
aaneiii?iienniie ai?ueaa i?ioea aia?oaeaea a THA?, iiaeaea?aeeaaei
Ao?eeaineee iaoeeiiaeueiue eiia?ann e i?aaeaea anaai THaeii-Ao?eeaineoth
eiiioienoe/aneoth ia?oeth, ?aaioaaooth iiae i?ee?uoeai AIE.
Ni naiae noi?iiu, i?aayuay yeeoa THA? niio?aea ia NNN? aeacaie NOA e
Caiaaea. A oaeie ianoaiiaea iaa noi?iiu ia iiaee ia eniuouaaoue acaeiiie
a?aaeaeaaiinoe, eeoaaoae eo niiniaiinoe e eiino?oeoeaiui oaaai e
aeaenoaeyi.
3.2. Ioiioaiey iaaeaeo NNN? e THA? (1985 – iiya?ue 1991 aiaeia).
Iinea ai?aeueneiai (1985 aiaea) ieaioia OeE EINN, i?iaicaeaneaoaai eo?n
ia ia?ano?ieeo, iinoaiaiii ia/aea nicaeaaaoueny aoiinoa?a, iicaieyaoay
eae NNN?, oae e THA? ia?aniio?aoue aaaaae i?ioeiai e i?aaei?eiyoue
oneeey ii ii?iaeecaoeee ioiioaiee.
A THA? e iaoae ia?ano?ieea i?eaeyaeuaaeenue aieiaoaeueii, ia?aaeei
aeia?iaeaeaoaeueii, iniaaiii iinea i?eoiaea e aeanoe O. aea Eea?ea.
Aieueii eee iaaieueii n?aaieaay iieiaeaiea a Niaaoneii Nithca n
ia/aaoeieny a THA? i?ioeannaie ii i?aoai?aieth a aeeciue eo?na ia
aeaiiioaae aia?oaeaea, thaeiiao?eeaineea enneaaeiaaoaee ii?ith
i?eoiaeeee e iaiaeeaeaiiui auaiaeai. A /anoiinoe, aee?aeoi? Einoeoooa
aeaiie?aoe/aneie aeueoa?iaoeau aeey THaeiie Ao?eee O?aaea?ee aai Ceae
Neaaaa?o cayaee, /oi “nenoaiu oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai oioaeeoa?ecia,
noi?ie?iaaaoeany a oneiaeyo iaeiiia?oeeiuo aeeeoaoo? i?e aia?oaeaea a
THaeiie Ao?eea e i?e eiiioiecia a NNN?, oaeeaeoaeueii noiaee”. Iiyoiio
“ai iiiaii noiaeeie ieacuaathony e iooe auoiaea iaoeo iiiai?aniauo,
iiiaiiaoeeiiaeueiuo no?ai e aeaiie?aoee”.1.
A /a?iieiaeee nioeeieia Inea? Aeeeaii i?aaeoi?aaeaeae: “Eae a THA?, oae
e a NNN? ia?aoiae e aieueoei iieeoe/aneei naiaiaeai iciaiaiiaaeny
?ane?aiiuaieai ia oieueei niceaeaoaeueiuo, ii e ?ac?ooeoaeueiuo nee. Ia
eiay iaiaoiaeeiiai aeeciaiiiai iiuoa a oneiaeyo iieeoe/aneie
aeaiie?aoee, iiiaea nioeeaeueiua e yoie/aneea a?oiiu, aioaaiienoe/aneea
ioiioaiey eioi?uo ia enoi?e/aneie, yoie/aneie, ?aeeaeiciie, eoeueoo?iie
e ae?oaie ii/aa ?aiaa naea?aeeaaeenue /enoi iieeoeaeneeie iaoiaeaie,
oaia?ue auyniytho ioiioaiey a aeia?o?ioe?iaaiiie oi?ia iaoeeiiaeueiuo
eiioeeeoia, oa?iaeathueo ia?a?anoe a e?iaii?ieeoea e caoyaeiia
i?ioeaiai?noai, a oi e a?aaeaeaineoth aieio”.1.
I?eaaonoaoy ia?aua oaae NNN? e THA? ii naeeaeaieth, iaic?aaaoaeue
aeo?iaea “A?aon” iiae/a?eeaae: “Anee iu e auee eaeaieiae/aneeie
i?ioeaieeaie, iaoiaeeaoeieny aeieaea aiaeu ii ?aciua noi?iiu aa??eeaae,
oi nae/an, eiaaea a THA? aeaiiioe?oaony aia?oaeae, a NNN? io?aeathony io
eiiioiecia, iu i?aa?auaainy i?aaeaea anaai a nithcieeia i?e ?aoaiee
i/aiue neiaeiuo e iiiai/eneaiiuo i?iaeai”.
Aeaeiue aeayoaeue Aeaiie?aoe/aneie ia?oee THaeiie Ao?eee Aeyien Oi??ie
i?ici?eeai iiaeiaoee aeaaiia ?acee/ea a neooaoeeyo, eiaaoeo ianoi a
iaaeo no?aiao: “A ioee/ea io Ai?aa/aaa, eca?aaoaai iooue oeo/oaiey e
iaiiaeaiey eiiioienoe/aneie nenoaiu, aea Eea?e ?aoee ia ?aoi?ie?iaaoue
aia?oaeae, a iieii/eoue n iei”.2.
Neiaeiui e i?ioeai?a/eaui ieacaeny oio io?acie a?aiaie, eiaaea iaaei
noi?iiai i?eoeinue i?eeiaeeoue iaiaei oneeee ii ainnoaiiaeaieth e
ii?iaeecaoeee ioiioaiee. A 1986-1989 aa. eieoeeaoeaa a yoii aii?ina
i?eiaaeeaaeaea niaaoneie noi?iia. Caeanue iiaeii oiiiyiooue ia
aee?aaeeoaoeee ei??aniiiaeaioa “Ecaanoee” A.Ieeyoeeeia a THA?, cae?uoii
aeceoa a I?aoi?eth caianoeoaey ieieno?a eiino?aiiuo aeae NNN?
A.Aaeaieoeia, iiacaeea a THA? niaaoneiai aeeieiiaoa A.Onoeiiaa a
ea/anoaa niaoeeaeueiiai i?aaenoaaeoaey ?oeiaiaenoaa NNN?, i i?eaeaoaiee
IEAe NNN? aaia?aeueiiio aee?aeoi?o IEAe THA? Iaeeo aai Oaa?aeaio
naeaeaoue inoaiiaeo a Iineaa o?aiceoii e, iaeiiaoe, i ?aoaiee nicaeaoue
a Iineaa e I?aoi?ee i?e iinieuenoaao Aano?ee naeoeee eioa?ania NNN? e
THA?.
Caoai ianooieea i/a?aaeue aeceoia a Iineao i?aaenoaaeoaeae ioeoeeaeueiuo
e?oaia THA?. Ieieno?o eiino?aiiuo aeae THA? ?.Aioa i?eoeinue aoeaaeueii
“i?iaeaaoue” naie aeceo a NNN? e aeiaeaaoueny iaiieiaiey aai eiie?aoiui
niaea?aeaieai. A ?acoeueoaoa, yoi ia?ii?eyoea ninoiyeinue 7-8 iiya?y
1991 aiaea. Ioeacaaoenue ioeoeeaeueii io acaeiiie io/oaeaeaiiinoe, NNN?
e THA? iiaeienaee i?ioieie i aiciaiiaeaiee eiinoeueneeo ioiioaiee. Auea
oaeaea aeinoeaiooa aeiaiai?aiiinoue i oii, /oi i?aceaeaio THA? iinaoeoue
Niaaoneee Nithc a aeaeaa?a 1991 aiaea. Niaaoneay iauanoaaiiinoue n
eioa?anii aini?eiyea cayaeaiea ?.Aiou a Iineaa i oii, /oi ?aoi?iu,
i?iaiaeyueany O. aea Eea?eii a THA? e I.Ai?aa/aaui e A.Aeueoeeiui a
NNN?, i?eia?aee iaia?aoeiue oa?aeoa?.1.
A THaeiie Ao?eea iiacaeeo aa ieieno?a eiino?aiiuo aeae a Iineao ioeaieee
aanueia iieiaeeoaeueii. Iniai iiae/a?eeaaeinue, /oi aio oaeaeinue
naeaeiooue n ia?oaie oi/ee ?aoaiea aii?ina i ii?iaeecaoeee ioiioaiee e
nicaeaoue i?aaeiinueee aeey iaeaaeeaaiey acaeiiauaiaeiiai
nio?oaeie/anoaa. Iaic?aaaoaeue THA?E, iai?eia?, aua aei aeceoa ?.Aiou
iin/eoae, /oi oaia?ue o THA? ana iniiaaiey aiai?eoue i “auaoae
?anenoneie ?anioaeeea”, iineieueeo ?oeiiiaeaoea Aiou n aai niaaoneei
eieeaaie iiae caacaeaie E?aiey aoaeao ynii icia/aoue i?eciaiea
o?aaeeoeeiiii aeaaiui aiaoiaiieeoe/aneei iiiiiaioii I?aoi?ee oiai oaeoa,
/oi aeaiiioaae aia?oaeaea a THaeiie Ao?eea i?eiye noieue iaia?aoeiue
oa?aeoa?, /oi a aiieo ca ainnoaiiaeaiea aeeieiiaoe/aneeo ioiioaiee n
iath iiaeao ioe?uoi aeeth/eoueny e Iineaa”. I?aaenoaaeoaee
iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneeo e?oaia iaaeo noi?ii, eiaaoea eanaoaeuenoai e
ao?eeaineei aeaeai ia i?inoi iiianeuoea, ioaeaaaee naaa io/ao oaeaea a
oii, /oi iiaeienaiiue ieieno?aie i?ioieie i aiciaiiaeaiee eiinoeueneeo
ioiioaiee – yoi ia oieueei e ia noieueei oaa ia iooe i?eciaiey Niaaoneei
Nithcii iuiaoiaai ?aaeeia THaeii-Ao?eeaineie ?anioaeeee, neieueei
aeacaaoe?iaaiea naiie I?aoi?eae ?aoaiey aa i?aaeieo i?aaeoaeae i
auaeai?aiee a 1956 aiaeo niaaoneeo aeeieiiaoia.1.
Iaaei i?eciaoue, /oi yoio oaa aue aeey thaeiiao?eeaineeo iieeoeeia ia ec
eaaeeo, anee o/anoue oioy au iiiaieaoithth niaaoneoth iiiiuue AIE a oie
aai aii?oaeaiiie ai?ueaa, eioi?oth ianoiue iauaaoaeue i?eau/ii
eaaeeoeoee?iaae ia eia/a, eae oa??i? n i?eiaiaieai i?oaeey niaaoneiai
i?iecaiaenoaa. No?aia aei neo ii? iaaiaeiaia niaaoneei i?oaeeai.
Eae e iaeeaeaeinue, iaoaeiaieuenoaea ii iiaiaeo aeceoa ?.Aiou e aai
eoiaia auneacaee a oi a?aiy i?aaenoaaeoaee AIE. Ii neiaai iaeiiai ec aai
aeayoaeae Ea?ea Ieaoaona, “?aoaiea Niaaoneiai Nithca i?eiyoue ?.Aioo a
Iineaa e iiaeienaoue i?ioieie i ainnoaiiaeaiee eiinoeueneeo ioiioaiee
auei ianeieueei i?aaeaeaa?aiaiiui”.
A iiiaea noi?iiieee AIE eae a naiie THA?, oae e a ?acee/iuo ca?oaaaeiuo
no?aiao aei neo ii? oaaaeaeaiu, /oi oieueei niaaoneay noi?iia iiaeiia a
oii, /oi I.Iaiaeaea ia niia iiauaaoue a Niaaoneii Nithca a ethea 1991
aiaea, eai ii aue i?eaeaoai i?aceaeaioii NNN? I.Ai?aa/aaui a Iineao ia
4-6 aeaeaa?y 1991 aiaea, oi anoue eae ?ac a oi a?aiy, eiaaea aeieaeai
aue iaoiaeeoueny a Iueth-Ei?ea e aunooiaoue ia nannee Aaia?aeueiie
Annaiaeae III.1.
I/a?aaeiie aaoie a eiioaeoao n THA? aeieaeai aue noaoue aeceo O.aea
Eea?ea a NNN?. A aeaeaa?a 1991 aiaea iaa noi?iiu aiceaaaee ia iaai
aieueoea iaaeaaeaeu. Iaeeaeaeinue, /oi yoi ia?ii?eyoea caaa?oeony eae
ieieioi ainnoaiiaeaieai aeeieiiaoe/aneeo ioiioaiee a iieiii iauaia.
Nayce iaaeaeo aeaoiy no?aiaie e oiio a?aiaie auoee ia oaeie o?iaaiue,
/oi eo ii?iaeecaoeey noaiiaeeanue iauaeoeaiie iaiaoiaeeiinoueth. Aac
ii?iaeueiie, iieiie?iaiie aeayoaeueiinoe aeeieiiaoe/aneeo
i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoa auei neiaeii iaania/eaaoue acaeiiua eioa?anu e
iia?aoeaii ?aoaoue aicieeathuea i?iaeaiu a iaeanoe
oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneeo, eoeueoo?iuo, nii?oeaiuo, iao/iuo e eiuo naycae.
Onoaiiaeaiea iieiie?iaiuo aeeieiiaoe/aneeo ioiioaiee i?aaenoaaeyeinue
oaea ia /ai-oi nainaoeeiiiui e ec ?yaea aii auoiaeyuei “iiaea?eii”
iaeiiai ae?oaiio, a aeaeii anoanoaaiiui e aaniethoii ii?iaeueiui.2.
Ioiaia aeceoa iinea iiaeienaiey ?inneae, Oe?aeiie e Aaei?onneae 8
aeaeaa?y 1991 aiaea Aeaeea?aoeee ia ia?aciaaiee NIA auea ano?a/aia
I?aoi?eae, n iaeiie noi?iiu, n iaeaa/aieai, a n ae?oaie, – n
niaeaeaieai. Aaeeiiaeooii i?eciaaaeinue i?aaeeueiui ?aoaiea O. aea
Eea?ea ia aeiaaaeyoue Iineaa i?iaeai naiae ia?niiie.1. Ii ana aea
ioia/aeinue, /oi “ioeiaeaiiue a iineaaeiee iiiaio aeceo iia au noaoue
aaioeii aeinoeaeaiee eaiiaiee i?aceaeaioa, i?aneaaeothuae oeaeue
aica?auaiey THaeiie Ao?eee a ie?iaia niiauanoai. Aea Eea?e eiae ana
oainu auoue oaeinoiaiiui /anoe i?ieoenue ii e?aniiio eia?o a E?aiea aua
aei oiai, eae ii aue au ?acinoeai auaoeie iiaeoiaie AIE ia?aae
I.Iaiaeaeie”.2.
3.3. Ioiioaiey ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee n THaeii-Ao?eeaineie ?anioaeeeie
(aeaeaa?ue 1991 a. – 1996 a.).
?aniaae Niaaoneiai Nithca ia ieacae eaeiai-eeai iaaneo?aaeeaathuaai
aicaeaenoaey ia ?oeiaiaenoai THA? e aa iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneea e?oae,
o.e. Iineaa anaaaea annioeee?iaaeanue caeanue i?aaeaea anaai e aeaaiui
ia?acii n ?inneae, e oioy ia?aciaaiea ia iaeiieao NNN? Niae?oaeanoaa
Iacaaeneiuo Ainoaea?noa, ii iiaieth iieeoeeia I?aoi?ee, canoaaeei THA?
caiyoue auaeeaeaoaeueioth iiceoeeth e ia oi?ne?iaaoue i?ioeann ?acaeoey
ioiioaiee n iiaie ?inneae, I?aoi?ey auea aioiaa i?iaeieaeeoue eiioaeou n
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeeae.
22 aeaeaa?y 1991 a. i?aaeoaeuenoai THA? ia?aui ec ao?eeaineeo no?ai
cayaeei i i?eciaiee iacaaeneiinoe ?innee, 30 aeaeaa?y – i i?eciaiee
?innee a ea/anoaa i?aaii?eaiieoeu NNN?. 27-29 oaa?aey 1992 aiaea
ninoiyeny oniaoiue aeceo a THA? ieieno?a eiino?aiiuo aeae ?O
A.Eicu?aaa, a ?acoeueoaoa eioi?iai auei iiaeienaii Niaianoiia cayaeaiea
ia onoaiiaeaiee aeeieiiaoe/aneeo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo THA? e ?O e ioe?uoee
a Iineaa e I?aoi?ee iieiie?iaiuo iinieuenoa (iinie ?O a THA? A.I.Aona?ia
a?o/ee aa?eoaeueiua a?aiiou 9 aeaeaa?y 1992 aiaea, iiaue iinie THA?
Neei N.Iaeaia niaiee ia?aiai iinea a Iineaa A.Ieeauea e oaea io eiaie
i?aceaeaioa I.Iaiaeaeu a?o/ee naie aa?eoaeueiua a?aiiou 29 yiaa?y 1996
a.).
?inneeneee ieieno? iai?aaee oaeaea naiaio thaeiiao?eeaineiio eieeaaa
niaoeeaeueioth iioo, a eioi?ie iiaeoaa?aeaeaeinue, /oi ?inney i?eciaao
ana iieiaeaiey, eceiaeaiiua a I?ioieiea i ainnoaiiaeaiee eiinoeueneeo
ioiioaiee iaaeaeo NNN? e THA? io 9 iiya?y 1991 aiaea, e au?aaeaao
iiaeaeaiea o/?aaeeoue a Eaeioaoia naia aaia?aeueiia eiinoeuenoai.1.
?inney i?aaeinoaaeea THA? i?aai ioe?uoue naia aaia?aeueiia eiinoeuenoai
a Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa. I?aceaeaioo O. aea Eea?eo auei ia?aaeaii i?eaeaoaiea
A.Aeueoeeia iinaoeoue ?inneth a oaeiaiia aeey iaai a?aiy aei eiioea 1992
aiaea. Auei aiciaiiaeaii, ii oaea io eiaie ?innee, i?eaeaoaiea
I.Iaiaeaea. N iniaie i?eciaoaeueiinoueth thaeiiao?eeaineay noi?iia
i?eiyea aeaa aeinuea n oioieiieyie a?oeaiuo aeieoiaioia, io?aaeathueo
iiaeaea?aeeo ?inneyiaie ai?ueau ao?ia ca naiaiaeo i?ioea aiaeeeneeo
eieiiecaoi?ia e oo iiiiuue, eioi?ay auea ieacaia THaeiie Ao?eeie no?aiai
– nithcieeai a aiaeu Aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu.1.
Eiiiaioe?oy eoiae aeceoa, ?.Aioa cayaee, /oi “?aoi?iu, i?iaiaeyueany a
THA? e ?innee, naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i niaiaaeaiee acaeyaeia Iineau e
I?aoi?ee ia iaiaoiaeeiinoue ooaa?aeaeaiey aeaiie?aoee e nicaeaiey
i?aaiauo ainoaea?noa”.2. A iioiio iaa no?aiu “iiaoo e aeieaeiu iiiiaaoue
ae?oa ae?oao ia iuiaoiai ia?aoiaeiii yoaia ?acaeoey, eiaaea ia?aae ieie
noiyo iauea i?iaeaiu e o?oaeiinoe, eiaaea iie iiaeaa?aathony iaiaaeeai
neaaa e ni?aaa”. ?inneeneay noi?iia niaeaneeanue n iiaeiaiie iinoaiiaeie
aii?ina.
Aiaeec ioeeeeia ia aeceo ?inneeneiai ieieiaeae iieacae, /oi a
ainoaea?noaaiii-iieeoe/aneeo e?oaao THA? oiaaea neiaeeeinue oaa?aeia
iiaiea i oii, /oi ?inneeneia ?oeiaiaenoai naeaeaei aeaaioth noaaeo ia
i?aceaeaioa O. aea Eea?ea, oioy e ia io?eoeaao oie aaaeiie ?iee,
eioi?oth ea?aee e i?iaeieaeatho ea?aoue ii anai aii?inai aioo?aiiaai
i?eie?aiey AIE e aai aaeeiiee/iue iai?a?aeaaiue eeaea? I.Iaiaeaea. E oai
ia iaiaa, ii iauaio i?eciaieth, aeceo A.Eicu?aaa e aai eoiae yaeeenue
“enoi?e/aneei niauoeai a aeecie aeaoo no?ai, ia?iaeu eioi?uo aeieaia
a?aiy auee ?acuaaeeiaiu eaeaieiae/aneeie aeiaiaie, aii?aee eo
o?aaeeoeeiiiiio ?aniieiaeaieth ae?oa e ae?oao”.1.
Oaeei ia?acii, iaa noi?iiu acyee neiaeiue iieeoe/aneee ?oaaae, iiaeaaee
/a?oo iiae ia anaaaea ?aaeinoiui i?ioeui e iiaeaioiaeee ii/ao aeey
i?eioeeieaeueii iiaiai yoaia acaeiiioiioaiee.
A ia/aeny ii ninoiyaoeiny 1-2 ethiy 1992 aiaea aeceoii a ?inneth
i?aceaeaioa THA? O. aea Eea?ea. Yoi aue ia oieueei ia?aue a enoi?ee
iaoeo ia?iaeia eiioaeo ?oeiaiaeeoaeae iaaeo no?ai ia aunieii o?iaia, ii
e “ia?aay iiacaeea aeaau ainoaea?noaa ao?eeaineiai eiioeiaioa a
iinoeiiioienoe/aneoth ?inneth”. Ninoiyaoeany ano?a/e e ia?aaiai?u
iiiiaee eo/oa iiiyoue ae?oa ae?oaa e ?aaeueii ioeaieoue ia?niaeoeau
aeaonoi?iiieo ioiioaiee. A i?eiyoii Niaianoiii
?inneenei-thaeiiao?eeaineii eiiithieea auea iiaeoaa?aeaeaia
caeioa?aniaaiiinoue a ?acaeoee acaeiiauaiaeiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa ai
iiiaeo iaeanoyo, a oaeaea cayaeaii i aeinoeaeaiee iieeoe/aneiai
acaeiiiiieiaiey. Aunooiay ia i?ann-eiioa?aioeee 1 ethiy 1992 aiaea O.
aea Eea?e cayaee, /oi a nei?ii a?aiaie aoaeoo caeeth/aiu oi?aiaia
niaeaoaiea e niaeaoaiea i i?yiii aicaeooiii niiauaiee. I?aaeoaeuenoai
THA? ?aoeei i?aaeinoaaeoue ?innee e?aaeeo a 100 iei. ?aiaeia aeey
noeioee?iaaiey oi?aiaee. Iniai i?aceaeaio THA? iiae/a?eioe oacen i oii,
/oi “?inney n aa iaaeaeoia?iaeiui aanii e aaoi?eoaoii aoaeao
niinianoaiaaoue iieiiio ainnoaiiaeaieth noaoona THA? a III e ae?oaeo
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo i?aaiecaoeeyo, caiyoeth aa aeinoieiiai ianoa a ie?iaii
niiauanoaa”.1.
A oeaeii ioeeeee ia yoi aaaeiia niauoea auee iiceoeaiuie eae a THA?, oae
e a ?innee. N iiieiaieai aini?eiyoi iii e ie?iaui iauanoaaiiui iiaieai.
Ia?acii aiai?y, iaaeaeo THA? e ?inneae ieii/aoaeueii iaea naiaai ?iaea
“aa?eeineay noaia”, nauoa o?ao aeanyoeeaoee ?acaeaeyaoay aeaa no?aiu.
Oaia?ue O. aea Eea?e e aai ni?aoieee n iieiui i?aaii iiaee neacaoue: “ia
aeieaii e io/eoaeueiii iooe auoiaea ec iaaeaeoia?iaeiie ecieyoeee
naeaeai ieii/aoaeueiue i?i?ua – ainnoaiiaeaia ae?oaeaa n ?inneae,
ooiaeyuay ei?iyie a eiiaoe ieioaoaai noieaoey”.2.
A oeaeii a ianoiyuee iiiaio ?inneenei-thaeiiao?eeaineea eiioaeou ai
iiiaii eeoeeenue iaeaoa nainaoeeiiiinoe e i?eia?aee aeaeiaie, ?aai/ee
oa?aeoa?. Iniiaiua oneeey, iai?aaeaiiua ia nicaeaiea i?eaioe?iaaiiie ia
ia?niaeoeao i?aaiaie aacu aeey ?acaeoey aeaonoi?iiieo ioiioaiee,
ieacaeenue oniaoiuie.
Ni a?aiaie onoaiiaeaiey aeeiioiioaiee noi?iiu iaeaaeeee i?aeoeeo iaiaia
iineaieyie ia o?iaia i?aceaeaioia e aeaa aiaoiaiieeoe/aneeo aaaeiinoa,
inouanoaeyeenue acaeiiua aeceou iieeoe/aneeo e ainoaea?noaaiiuo
aeayoaeae iaaeo no?ai.
Iaeiia?aiaiii ?inney iineaaeiaaoaeueii i?iaiaeeea eeieth ia niaeaniaaiea
n AIE ia?niaeoea aeaonoi?iiiaai nio?oaeie/anoaa a iinoaia?oaeaeiue
ia?eiae. A yoii ieaia aaaeiia cia/aiea eiae aeceo a Iineao a iaa 1993 a.
aeaeaaaoeee AIE a ninoaaa i?aaenoaaeoaeae Iaoeeniieeiia O.Iaaee (iuia
aeoea-i?aceaeaio AIE e THA?) e Aeae.Iiaeena (ieiiai?iiu a iiaii
i?aaeoaeuenoaa) e ninoiyaoeeny iaiai iiaieyie ii oe?ieiio e?oao
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo i?iaeai e aii?inia ?inneenei-thaeiiao?eeaineeo
ioiioaiee.1.
Aeey iaaethaeaiey ca oiaeii anaiaueo auai?ia (26-29 ai?aey 1994 a.) a
THA? aue iai?aaeai ii eeiee III eiioeiaaio ?inneeneeo iaaethaeaoaeae
(aieaa 60 /aeiaae), a oaeaea ?yae ioeoeeaeueiuo iaaethaeaoaeae io
?innee, a o./. i?aaenaaeaoaeue Oeaio?ecae?eiia I.?yaia e a?oiia
aeaiooaoia Ainoaea?noaaiiie Aeoiu.
A iaa 1994 a. aeey o/anoey a oea?aiiiee eiaoao?aoeee iiaiai i?aceaeaioa
THaeiie Ao?eee Iaeueniia Iaiaeaeu a THA? iaoiaeeeanue ?inneeneay
aeaeaaaoeey ai aeaaa n I?aaenaaeaoaeai Niaaoa Oaaea?aoeee Oaaea?aeueiiai
Nia?aiey ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee A.O.Ooiaeei.2.
Iiaaaea ia anaiaueo auai?ao a THA? AIE, oi?ie?iaaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa
iaoeeiiaeueiiai aaeeinoaa e eciaiaiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai noaoona THaeiie
Ao?eee iciaiaiiaaee niaie ia/aei iiaiai yoaia a ?acaeoee
?inneenei-thaeiiao?eeaineeo ioiioaiee, nicaeaee i?aaeiinueee aeey
aeoeaecaoeee iieeoe/aneiai aeeaeiaa iaaeaeo iaoeie no?aiaie e ?anoe?aiey
nio?oaeie/anoaa a ?acee/iuo iaeanoyo.
N yoie oi/ee c?aiey i?eioeeieaeueiia cia/aiea eiaei au inouanoaeaiea
iaiaeiie?aoii ioeeaaeuaathuaainy aeceoa I.Iaiaeaeu a ?inneth. Iineaaeiyy
ion?i/ea aeceoa i?aceaeaioa THA? a ?inneth, iiaeaioiaeaiiiai ia eiiaoe
ethey 1995 aiaea, i?iecioea ii eieoeeaoeaa thaeiiao?eeaineie noi?iiu.1.
Aii?inu iiaeaioiaee yoiai ia?ii?eyoey caiyee aaaeiia ianoi ai a?aiy
ioeoeeaeueiiai aeceoa a ?inneth ieieiaeae THA? A.Ici 11-13 naioya?y 1994
a.2. THaeiiao?eeaineee ieieno? ia?aaeae aae?aniaaiiia A.I.Aeueoeeio
ee/iia iineaiea I.Iaiaeaeu. A oiaea aeceoa ninoiyeenue ano?a/e A.Ici n
Ia?aui caianoeoaeai I?aaenaaeaoaey I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?innee I.I.Nineiaoeii,
a ?yaea ?inneeneeo ieienoa?noa e aaaeiinoa, a iy?ee Iineau. Auee
i?iaaaeaiu ianoiyoaeueiua ia?aaiai?u a ieienoa?noaa eiino?aiiuo aeae
?innee. 13 naioya?y aue iiaeienai I?ioieie i eiinoeueoaoeeyo iaaeaeo
IEAeaie aeaoo no?ai (iaaeieaeianeea iieeoe/aneea eiinoeueoaoeee
i?iaiaeyony ?aaoey?ii n naioya?y 1992 a., eo iineaaeiee ?aoiae i?ioae a
Iineaa a iaa 1996 a.).
Aii?in aeceoa ianoaeaeaeny oaeaea ai a?aiy i?aauaaiey a Iineaa aiaiiie
aeaeaaaoeee THA? ai aeaaa n ieiiai?iiu Aeae.Iiaeena (etheue 1995 a.).
Aaaeiui eoiaii yoiai aeceoa auei iiaeienaiea niaeaoaiey i
nio?oaeie/anoaa iaaeaeo ieienoa?noaaie iai?iiu aeaoo no?ai e
ia?aoe?iaaiea niaeaoaiey ii aiaiiiio e oaoie/aneiio nio?oaeie/anoao.
Iaoiaeynue a Iineaa, niaoei?aaenoaaeoaeue ia?aaeae i?eaeaoaiea
aeoea-i?aceaeaioa THA? O.Iaaee Ia?aiio caianoeoaeth I?aaenaaeaoaey
I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?innee I.I.Nineiaoeo iinaoeoue THA?, i /ai oaeaea
oiiieiaeinue a iineaiee I.Iaiaeaeu.
22 ieoya?y 1995 a. ninoiyeanue ano?a/a A.I.Aeueoeeia e I.Iaiaeaeu a
Iueth-Ei?ea a oiaea thaeeaeiie nannee III, a oiaea eioi?ie iie iiae?iaii
aiai?eee i aeaeueiaeoai ?acaeoee aeaonoi?iiieo ioiioaiee. I?aceaeaio
THA? aiiaue iiaeoaa?aeee naia iaia?aiea iinaoeoue Iineao.
26-30 iiya?y 1995 aiaea a THA? n ioeoeeaeueiui aeceoii iaoiaeeeanue
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiay aeaeaaaoeey ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ai aeaaa n Ia?aui
caianoeoaeai I?aaenaaeaoaey I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?innee I.I.Nineiaoeii. Ii
niinianoaiaae ?anoe?aieth i?aaiaie iniiau iaoeo ioiioaiee, auea
ia?aoe?iaaia Aeaeea?aoeey i i?eioeeiao ae?oaeanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee e
ia?oia?noaa iaaeaeo ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeeae e THaeii – Ao?eeaineie
?anioaeeeie .
Noi?iiu naeaeaee ia?aua oaae ii iaeaaeeaaieth aeaonoi?iiieo
iaaeia?eaiaioneeo naycae. A oaa?aea 1995 a. a ?innee iaoiaeeeanue
aeaeaaaoeey Naiaoa THA? (aa?oiyy iaeaoa ia?eaiaioa) ai aeaaa n aai
i?aaenaaeaoaeai O.ss.Eoonea, eioi?ue i?eaeanee aeaeaaaoeeth Niaaoa
Oaaea?aoeee Oaaea?aeueiiai Nia?aiey ?innee iinaoeoue THA? n ioaaoiui
aeceoii. I?iecioae iaiai iineaieyie iaaeaeo I?aaenaaeaoaeai Ainaeoiu
?innee e nieea?ii Iaoeeiiaeueiie annaiaeae THA? (ieaeiyy iaeaoa)
O.Aeiaaeie.
Eaeao noaiiaeaiea nio?oaeie/anoaa iaaeaeo noauaeoaie Oaaea?aoeee e
?aaeiiaie THA?.
?acaeaaaony ?inneenei-thaeiiao?eeaineia oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneia
nio?oaeie/anoai a ?acee/iuo iaeanoyo (ia?aaioea e ?aaeecaoeey aeiacia,
aaeaoeeiiiue e ii?neie o?ainii?o, aeiau/a e ia?a?aaioea ieia?aeueiiai
nu?uey). I?eiyoea Aaia?aeueiie Annaiaeaae III 8 ieoya?y 1993 a.
?aciethoeee ia ioiaia naieoeee a ioiioaiee THA? a a?aaeaeaineeo noa?ao e
niioaaonoaothuaa ?aoaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?innee io 19 iiya?y 1993 a.
ioe?uee aeey yoiai iiaua aiciiaeiinoe. N 3 ethey 1992 a. a THA?
aeaenoaoao i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoai OII ?innee, eco/aaony aii?in ia ioe?uoee
i?e iinieuenoaa ?innee Aiia?aoa oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneiai i?aaenoaaeoaey.
Aaaeaony ?aaioa ii nicaeaieth Niaoaiiie iaaei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiie eiiennee
ii oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneiio nio?oaeie/anoao, i?aaeoniio?aiiie iiaeienaiiui
noi?iiaie a ieoya?a 1993 aiaea ?aii/iui iaaei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiui
niaeaoaieai.
Aiaoiaoi?aiaue iai?io THA? n ?inneae a 1995 aiaeo (ieiei 100 iei.
aeiee.NOA) ianeieueei nieceeny e ninoaaee 425 iei. ?aiaeia ii n?aaiaieth
n 643 iei.?aiaeia a 1993 aiaeo. Iaeiaei iieiaeeoaeueiui iiiaioii a
?acaeoee aeaonoi?iiieo oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneeo naycae noaei cia/eoaeueiia
oaaee/aiea ?inneeneiai yenii?oa oiaa?ia a THA? aei o?iaiy 153,4
iei.?aiaeia – i?e iaeiia?aiaiiii nie?auaiee eiii?oa ec THaeiie Ao?eee
aei o?iaiy 271,6 iei.?aiaeia.1.
Iniiao ?inneeneiai yenii?oa a THA? ninoaaeytho iaoaeeu e ecaeaeey ec ieo
(35,7% iauae noieiinoe yenii?oa), i?iaeoeoeey oeie/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe
(25,6%) e aeeaioiiaiaenoaa (10,2%); e?iia oiai, ec ?innee auaiceeenue
i?iaeoeou ieoaiey, iaieoee e oaaae (9,6%), oaenoeeue e ecaeaeey ec iaai
(8,8%) e ae?.1.
A eiii?oa ec THA? a ?inneth i?aiaeaaeaao ieia?aeueiia nu?uea e aai
iieooaa?eeaou (40,6%), aeiey eioi?uo nie?aoeeanue i?aeoe/anee aaeaia ii
n?aaiaieth n 1993 aiaeii. Oaaee/eeny oaeaeueiue aan eiii?oe?oaiiai
i?iaeiaieuenoaey, iaieoeia e oaaaea – 37,8%. Nouanoaaiii aic?inee
caeoiee iaiuae e o?oeoia.2.
Ia?niaeoeaiui yaeyaony aiaiii-oaoie/aneia nio?oaeie/anoai (nia?aiaiiua
oaoiieiaee, niaianoiua ?ac?aaioee, ?aiiio e iiaeeoeeaoeey aii?oaeaiey e
aiaiiie oaoieee niaaoneiai i?iecaiaenoaa, eiathueony a no?aiao ?aaeiia e
o.ae.), oai aieaa, /oi ?aciethoeey 919 NA III io 25 iay 1994 aiaea niyea
nouanoaiaaaoea ?aiaa cai?aou a yoie iaeanoe (niioaaonoaothuaa ?aoaiea
i?eiyoi I?aceaeaioii ?innee 12 ethey 1994 a.). O/?aaeaeaiu ia acaeiiie
iniiaa aiia?aou aiaiiiai aooaoa.
Iao/iua nayce. 13 ethiy 1995 aiaea a oiaea ioeoeeaeueiiai aeceoa a
Iineao ieieno?a ii aeaeai eneonnoa, eoeueoo?u, iaoee e oaoiieiaee THA?
A.Iaoaaia aue iiaeienai I?ioieie i nicaeaiee Niaianoiie
?inneenei-thaeiiao?eeaineie eiiennee ii iao/ii-oaoie/aneiio
nio?oaeie/anoao. 28 oaa?aey 1996 aiaea a oiaea i?aauaaiey a THA?
?inneeneie aeaeaaaoeee ai aeaaa n caianoeoaeai ieieno?a iaoee e
oaoie/aneie iieeoeee ?O C.A.sseiaaoaeee ninoiyeinue ia?aia canaaeaiea
iaaei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiie eiiennee ii iao/ii-oaoie/aneiio nio?oaeie/anoao.
A i?ei?eoaoiuo iaeanoyo ION, oaeeo eae yaea?iua enneaaeiaaiey, aaieiaey
e aaioeceea, io?aia ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, iiaua iaoa?eaeu,
aeioaoiieiaey, noi?ie?iaaiu niaianoiua ?aai/ea a?oiiu, i?aaeoniio?aiiua
?inneenei-thaeiiao?eeaineei Niaeaoaieai i iao/ii-oaoie/aneii
nio?oaeie/anoaa. ?yae ?inneeneeo aunoeo o/aaiuo caaaaeaiee caeeth/eee
aeiaiai?u i nio?oaeie/anoaa n aaaeoueie aocaie THA?. A aaaonoa 1994
aiaea ninoiyeinue ioe?uoea Oeaio?a ?inneeneeo enneaaeiaaiee i?e
Eaeioaoineii Oieaa?neoaoa. Ii eieoeeaoeaa ?O aioiaeony nicaeaiea
niaianoiiai eiini?oeeoia “Oeaio? aunieeo oaoiieiaee”.
Eoeueoo?iua nayce. A 1991-1994 aa. a THaeiie Ao?eea iiauaaee iiiaea
?inneeneea ooaeiaeanoaaiiua eieeaeoeau e nieenou, a iniiaiii ii eeiee
eiiia?/aneeo naycae. Ia?aciaaiu iauanoaa “?inney-THaeiay Ao?eea” e
“Aeia?ay iaaeaaeaea”, oiiae “?inney-THa Ao?eee”.
A THA? ioe?uou ei?ioieou I?O (iae 1992 a.), EOA?-OANN (eaoi 1992 a.) e
?EA-“Iiainoe” (1994a.), ?aaioatho i?aaenoaaeoaee aacaou “O?oae”,
aeo?iaeia “Yoi ieaiaou” e “Aeaeiaie ie?”, naie ei?ioieou iaia?aiu
nicaeaoue oai e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea ?inneeneea n?aaenoaa ianniaie
eioi?iaoeee.
Caeanue aunooiaee a?oenou iaoaai aaeaoa ia eueaeo, ?inneeneiai oee?ea,
iaeioi?ua ainaiaee e ioaeaeueiua nieenou e eniieieoaee. A 1992, 1994,
1996 aa. iocueaiou Iineau i?eieiaee o/anoea a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
eiieo?nao, eioi?ua Oieaa?neoaoii THaeiie Ao?eee i?iaiaeyony ?ac a aeaa
aiaea a I?aoi?ee.
N niaeaeaieai i?eoiaeeony eiinoaoe?iaaoue, /oi ia?aua eiioaeou
ioeoeeaeueiuo eeoe e aeaeiauo e?oaia ?innee e THA? aeaeaei ia anaaaea
auee ieiaeioai?iuie. Oae, caianoeoaeue i?aceaeaioa oi?aiaie iaeaou THA?
?.Oaeaoae i?eciaeny, /oi aeceou ?inneyi iiea ia i?eianee ?aaeueiie
ioaea/e, ia nicaeaee caaeaeia ia aoaeouaa. “I?eieiay ainoae ec ?innee,
neacae ii, – iiaeii auei iiaeoiaoue, /oi iie i?eaoaee ia eiio?aeou
caeeth/aoue, a i?ieaoeoueny ii THA?”.1.
THaeiiao?eeaineee “Oieueenaaie” i?aaeeiaeee ?inneeneie noi?iia aueoieoue
ca 50% noieiinoe aeieae Iicaiaeea Niaaoneiio Nithco. Iinea ianeieueeeo
ianyoeaa iaiauynieiuo i?iaiei/ae ioaaoa ia yoi i?aaeeiaeaiea ia
iinooieei, ii caoai auynieeinue, /oi yoe aea naiua aeieae auee i?iaeaiu
ca aanoeaiie Oaaeoea?ee.2. *enei iiaeiaiuo i?eia?ia iiaeii eaaei
oaaee/eoue.
Iiniaoiinoue auea i?iyaeaia ?inneeneie noi?iiie e a i?aaeeiaeaiee
THaeiie Ao?eea naiae ?aai/ae neeu. Iia auea iniiaaia ia eiaeiii
i?aaenoaaeaiee i THA? eae no?aia iaaoiaaiiie aeey aaeiai /aeiaaea,
eioi?iai oai n iaoa?iaieai aeaeoo n i?aaeeiaeaieai iiea/eaaaiie ?aaiou e
oneiaee aeinoieiie aeecie. Iieacaoaeueia a yoii ioiioaiee enoi?ey 250
aa?aeneeo naiae (ieiei 600 /aeiaae), i?eauaoeo a THA? a eiioea 1991
aiaea ec auaoaai NNN? /a?ac Ec?aeeue “a iieneao ?ay aeey aaeuo”. Ia
iaeaey ie ?aaiou, ie aeeeuey, iie auee auioaeaeaiu iinaeeoueny a
ii/eaaeea a ?aeiia Oeeea?io, ecaanoiii a Eioaiianao?aa eae i?enoaieua
ieueo. Caieiaaoeeny eo aeaeii aaia?aeueiue aee?aeoi? IAAe THA? Ieo
Eieeei cayaee, /oi “a no?aia nouanoaoao ia?iiiay aac?aaioeoea, e iu ia
iiaeai o?oaeiono?aeaaoue aiiaue i?eauaathueo a oua?a oai, eoi eiaao
aeoaieea thaeiiao?eeaineea ei?ie”.
E oai ia iaiaa, ianiio?y ia ioaeaeueiua ioeaee, i?in/aou e iaeeaaeee a
nio?oaeie/anoaa, iauaeoeaiue aiaeec iieacuaaao, /oi iaaeaeo ?inneae e
THA? iiaoo neiaeeoueny e oniaoii ?acaeaaoueny acaeiiauaiaeiua
oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneea, iao/ii-oaoie/aneea, eoeueoo?iua e eiua nayce. Yoi
i?eciaaony e aiaoiaiieeoe/aneei aaaeiinoaii THaeiie Ao?eee. Auaiae aai
yenia?oia ninoieo a oii, /oi ?inney aeieaeia ?anniao?eaaoueny a ea/anoaa
ia?niaeoeaiiai ia?oia?a eae a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeaeao, oae e a noa?a
yeiiiieee.
Iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey oaeiai nio?oaeie/anoaa, eae i?aaenoaaeyaony, iiaee
au auaeyaeaoue neaaeothuei ia?acii.
1. Acaeiiaeaenoaea ia Ao?eeaineii eiioeiaioa. Oaea ioia/aeinue, /oi
iaeiei ec aeaaiuo aiaoiaiieeoe/aneeo i?ei?eoaoia THA? yaeyaony
oe?aieaiea naieo iiceoeee a Ao?eea.
Aeeieiiaou e iieeoeee I?aoi?ee oaaaeaeaiu, /oi iiae aeaaeaieai
yeiiiie/aneeo o?oaeiinoae iiaay ?inney a i?aaenoiyuee ia?eiae aoaeao
i?iaeieaeaoue naa?ouaaoue ioiioaiey n ao?eeaineeie no?aiaie. Iiyoiio
THaeiay Ao?eea aac iniauo oneeee iiaeao caiyoue aa ianoi e cae?aieoueny
ia iai.
Ai a?aiy aeceoa a THA? iaeiiai ec caiieieiaeae ?O aio i?yii iaiaeaee,
/oi “iaieioei iieeaiiii aeey eniuoaiee nio?oaeie/anoaa e acaeiiie
“i?eoe?ee” iiaee au noaoue o?aouee no?aiu a Ao?eea”.1.
Ii iaeioi?ui aeaiiui, ?oeiaiaenoai THA? neeiiyaony e oiio, /oiau
i?aaeeiaeeoue ?innee caaa?oaiea nii?oaeaiey ia/aouo i?iiuoeaiiuo
iauaeoia, a /anoiinoe, a Aiaiea, Iicaiaeea e Ceiaaaaa. Ii ioeaieai
thaeiiao?eeaineeo yenia?oia, a no?aiao THaeiie Ao?eee ian/eouaaaony
ieiei 120 iiaeiaiuo iauaeoia.2.
2. Eii?aeeiaoeey aeaenoaee ia ie?iaii ?uiea aeiacia, ae?aaioeaiiuo
iaoaeeia e ieia?aeueiiai nu?uey. Iniaiai aieiaiey caneoaeeaaao
nio?oaeie/anoai iaaeaeo “Aeaaaeiaccieioii” (iuia ?inaeiaccieioi”) e
eiiiaieae “Aea Ae?n naioeiy?e”, eioi?ia inouanoaeyaony ia ?aaoey?iie
aeiaiai?iie iniiaa ia iaiaa 30 eao. Aace?oaony iii ia oii, /oi ?inney
(?aiaa NNN?) aeiauaaao 25% anao aeiacia ie?a, a “Aea Ae?n” eiio?iee?oao
iai?yioth 90% ie?iauo i?iaeaae iaia?aaioaiiuo eaiiae.3.
A ?inneeneeo i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo e?oaao iniciaaony aaaeiinoue nio?aiaiey
ioiioaiee n “Aea Ae?n” e iaeaaeeaaiey nio?oaeie/anoaa n ae?oaeie
thaeiiao?eeaineeie eiiiaieyie, caieiathueieny ae?aaioeaiiuie iaoaeeaie e
?aaeeeie aeaeaie ieia?aeueiiai nu?uey. Yoi iiieiaiea i?eaaei a eiioea
eiioeia e iiaeienaieth iiaiai niaeaoaiey i nio?oaeie/anoaa iaaeaeo “Aea
Ae?n” e ?inneeneeie eiiiaieyie a ia/aea 1997 a., ianiio?y ia oeaeue ?yae
acaeiiuo i?aoaicee.1. Iaeiaei aeinoeaeaiea aaeeinoaa aeaenoaee a noieue
aeaeeeaoiie noa?a aeciana, yaeythuaeny “nie?iaaiiie ia/oie” iiiaeo oe?i
THA?, – yoi aeaei aoaeouaai e i?e iai?aiaiiii oneiaee, /oi iaa noi?iiu
na?ueacii e iniiaaoaeueii ii?aaioatho ai eiy iaueo eioa?ania. A?yae ee
noieo caauaaoue e na?anuaaoue ni n/aoia, /oi ?inney e THaeiay Ao?eea ii
aeiacai, cieioo e iaoaeeai ieaoeiiaie a?oiiu yaeythony ia oieueei
ia?oia?aie, ii e anoanoaaiiuie eiieo?aioaie.2.
3. Iaiai nia?aiaiiuie oaoiieiaeyie e iao/iuie ?ac?aaioeaie. N ia?auo
eiioaeoia n ?inneeneeie i?aaenoaaeoaeyie thaeiiao?eeaineay noi?iia
iaia?oaeeea no?aieaiea e i?eia?aoaieth a ?innee einie/aneeo,
aaeaoeeiiiuo e eiuo oieeaeueiuo oaoiieiaee, eioi?ua iiaeeaaeao
?annae?a/eaaieth a oiaea eiiaa?nee AIE. Ia yoii aeaeaiee ioe?uoi cayaee
a yiaa?a 1992 aiaea iinie THA? a ?O A.Ieeauea.3.
Iaaeaeo Aeaaeaieae iaoe ?O e Oiiaeii enneaaeiaaiee aeey ?acaeoey THA?
auei iiaeienaii niaeaoaiea i iao/iii nio?oaeie/anoaa a iaeanoe
aeioaoiieiaee, oaoiieiaee eiiaa?nee, aaciianiinoe yaea?iuo ?aaeoi?ia,
i?aaeioa?auaiey i?e?iaeiuo eaoano?io e inaiaiey einiina. Aeanoe THA?
aeaee oaeaea niaeanea ia ieacaiea anaia?iie iiiiue ?inneeneei
iiey?ieeai, caieiathueiny enneaaeiaaieai Aioa?eoeaeu.
4. ?acaeoea acaeiiauaiaeiie oi?aiaee. A yoie iaeanoe o iaaeo noi?ii
eiathony aeinoaoi/ii nieeaeiua aiciiaeiinoe, ianiio?y ia ia?aaeeaaaiue
?inneae nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneee e yeiiiie/aneee e?ecen e ecaanoiue
niaae a yeiiiieea THA?. Oae, thaeiiao?eeaineea oe?iu i?iyaeee
caeioa?aniaaiiinoue a yenii?oa a ?inneth iai?oaeiaaiey aeey
ai?iiaeiauaathuae, oeie/aneie, iaooaia?a?aaaouaathuae e ieuaaie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Iie iiaoo i?aaeeiaeeoue oaeaea oe?ieee anni?oeiaio
yeaeo?ioaoieee, iaaeeeaiaioia, oiaa?ia iianaaeiaaiiai ni?ina (iai?eia?,
aioiaoth iaeaaeaeo, iaoaue, oaenoeeue e o.i.). A aeaeueiaeoai aiciiaeiu
iinoaaee a ?inneth ec THA? i?iaeoeoia naeueneiai oicyenoaa: eoeo?ocu,
naoa?a, /ay, iyna, ?uau, iaiuae, o?oeoia, oaaaea. A nayce n
eeeiaoe/aneeie ?acee/eyie (eaoiee nacii a THaeiie Ao?eea i?eoiaeeony ia
?inneeneoth ceio) iaa noi?iiu iiaee au caaeaaia?aiaiii aeiaiai?eoueny ia
anni?oeiaioa, iauaiao e n?ieao iinoaaie e o/eouaaoue ana yoi a
ieaie?iaaiee naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. THaeiiao?eeaineay
noi?iia niaeania, i?aaaea, n iaeioi?uie iaiai?eaie, i?aaeinoaaeyoue
?innee e?aaeeou ia caeoieo naieo oiaa?ia, ii iiae ainoaea?noaaiiua
aa?aioee. Ia?aui i?aeoe/aneei oaaii a yoii aeaea iiaeii iacaaoue
auaeaeaiea ?innee e?aaeeoa 100 iei.?aiaeia ia ?acaeoea oi?aiaee.
Ec ?innee thaeiiao?eeaioeu oioaee au iieo/aoue acaiai iaooai?iaeoeou,
aiieae, ieia?aeueiua oaeia?aiey, caiea?ieiua iaoeiu, aieueoaa?ociua
aaoiiiaeee. E ianoiyuaio a?aiaie oaea auyaeeinue, /oi aeaeiaua ethaee
THA? i?aaeii/ee au onoaiiaeaiea ia no?iai ecae?aoaeueiie iniiaa i?yiuo
naycae n ?inneeneeie i?iecaiaenoaaiieeaie, a ia ae?aeaauie e i?i/eie
iin?aaeie/aneeie no?oeoo?aie.1.
5. Onoaiiaeaiea e ?acaeoea eoeueoo?iuo naycae. A yoie iaeanoe naeaeaiu
oieueei naiua ia?aua e i?aaeaa?eoaeueiua oaae.
Aeey thaeiiao?eeaineie ioaeeee ?inney iiea inoaaony caieae iaaaaeiiie e
iioiio aa iineaioeu eoeueoo?u caeanue aanueia aeaeaiiua ainoe.
6. Nio?oaeie/anoai a iaeanoe o?ainii?oa e nayce. Eae a THA?, oae e a
?innee oi?ioi iiieiatho, /oi iieiie?iaiia e onoie/eaia nio?oaeie/anoai
ia iiaeao ii?iaeueii ?acaeaaoueny e e?aiiooue aac iaaeaaeiiai
o?ainii?oiiai e eiiioieeaoeeiiiiai iaania/aiey. N iiya?y 1991 aiaea
iaaeaeo Ay?ioeioii e THaeiiao?eeaineeie aaeaeeieyie (THAA) aeaenoaoao
aeiaiai?aiiinoue i nio?oaeie/anoaa. 5 aeaeaa?y 1991 aiaea a Iineaa
aia?aua i?ecaieeeny naiieao “Aieia-747”, i?eiaaeeaaeauee THAA, eioi?ue
niaa?oee ia?aeao ii ia?o?ooo Eioaiianao?a-O?aieoo?o-ia-Iaeia-Iineaa. A
ia?aoiue ?aen ii acye ia ai?o 70 a?oenoia iaoaai oee?ea e 17 oiii eo
?aeaeceoa. ?inneeneee EE-76 ianeieueei ?ac eaoae a Eaeioaoi, aeinoaaeyy
ooaea nio?oaeieeia aioa?eoe/aneie noaioeee “Iieiaeaaeiay” e iaiaoiaeeiua
aeey ieo a?ocu. ?aaoey?iia aicaeooiia niiauaiea iaaeaeo ?O e THA? auei
ioe?uoi a 1994 aiaeo. Ia iiaanoea aeiy eco/aiea ia?niaeoea onoaiiaeaiey
ae?oaeo aeaeia eiiioieeaoeee: ?aaeeioaeaoiiiie, oaeaeniie, oaeneieeueiie
nayce e ii?neiai noaeioiaenoaa. Iioiaea, /oi iaa noi?iiu n/eoatho yoo
noa?o acaeiiaeaenoaey iiiaiiaauathuae e noeyuae iaieiooth iiceoeaioth
ioaea/o.
CAEETH*AIEA
Ia aeeaeaeooth ia?niaeoeao aeey i?aaeoaeuenoaa e iieeoe/aneeo e?oaia
THaeiie Ao?eee aaaeiaeoae e naiie ceiaiaeiaaiie i?iaeaiie inoaaony,
i/aaeaeii, aeinoeaeaiea aioo?aiiaai i?eie?aiey e caaa?oaiea i?ioeanna
aeaiiioaaea aia?oaeaea e cae?aieaiea aai eoiaia i?eiyoeai oeaeie na?ee
caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia ia iniiaa Eiinoeoooeee no?aiu.
Aiaeec aioo?eiieeoe/aneiai iieiaeaiey THA? oeacuaaao ia oi, /oi a
ianoiyuaa a?aiy ionoonoaotho i?aaeiinueee aeey aicieeiiaaiey
a?aaeaeaineie aieiu ia aeeaeaeooth ia?niaeoeao. Oioy ia eneeth/aiu
ioaeaeueiua aii?oaeaiiua noieeiiaaiey e aeou ianeeey, eiathuea
eieaeueiue oa?aeoa?.1.
Ao?eeaineee iaoeeiiaeueiue eiia?ann ii nouanoao ia iiaeao aunooiaoue io
eiaie anaai /a?iiai ianaeaiey THA?. Ionthaea auoaeaao ?aoaiea AIE iieoe
ia ?acaeae aeanoe n Iaoeeiiaeenoe/aneie ia?oeae e ia?oeae “EIEAOA”, /oi
oaeoe/anee oaea i?iecioei iinea ai?aeueneeo auai?ia 1994 a., a
iineieueeo a ethaii neo/aa ?a/ue eaeao i ?acaeaea aeanoe, “/a?iue
aia?oaeae” iiea eneeth/aaony.
No?aiu ?aaeiia aioiau e ethaiio aa?eaioo iieeoe/aneiai o?aaoee?iaaiey a
THA?. Iie iiieiatho, /oi ?ann/eouaaoue ia aaeeiiee/iue i?eoiae e aeanoe
/a?iuo ia?aaeueii, a iono?aiaiea aaeuo io aeanoe i?eaaaeao e ?acaaeo
yeiiiieee, a /ai ninaaeiea no?aiu ia caeioa?aniaaiu.
Aeoeaecaoeey iieeoe/aneeo e oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneeo naycae iaaeaeo
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeeae e THaeii-Ao?eeaineie ?anioaeeeie noaea
iauaeoeaiui e i/aaeaeiui oaeoii. A oeaeii iia ioaa/aao iaoeeiiaeueiui
eioa?anai iaaeo no?ai. Anee o/anoue, /oi anaai eeoue ianeieueei eao
iacaae yoe ainoaea?noaa ia i?inoi i?ioeaaeii ioiineeenue ae?oa e ae?oao,
a n/eoaeenue a?aaaie, oi aeinoeaiooue i?ia?ann ii ninoiyieth ia eiiaoe
1996 a. – ia/aei 1997 a. iaaei i?eciaoue cia/eoaeueiui. ?acaeoeth
iieiie?iaiiai e ananoi?iiiaai nio?oaeie/anoaa ai iiiaii niaeaenoaoao e
aeieaeii niaeaenoaiaaoue a aeaeueiaeoai oi ianoiyoaeuenoai, /oi iaaeaeo
aeaoiy noi?iiaie, e?iia eaeaieiae/aneiai i?ioeainoiyiey, ieeiaaea a
i?ioeii ia auei ieeaeeo eiioeeeoia.
Aianoa n oai, n o/aoii i?aeiouanoaaiiie i?eaioaoeee THA? ia NOA e
ae?oaea caiaaeiua aea?aeaau e aa nianoaaiiuo ono?aieaiee a Ao?eea, iai
ia neaaeoao iaeeaeaoue auno?iai ?acaeoey ?inneenei-thaeiiao?eeaineeo
naycae e ?ann/eouaaoue ia ecaea/aiea ec ieo iaiaaeeaiiie e nouanoaaiiie
auaiaeu a ?aoaiee a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue yeiiiie/aneeo i?iaeai ?innee.
*oi aea eanaaony Caiaaea e, i?aaeaea anaai NOA , oi iie oaea naaiaeiy
iianathony aicieeiiaaiey neooaoeee, a eioi?ie ?inney e THA? aoaeoo
eii?aeeie?iaaoue naith iieeoeeo ia ie?iauo ?uieao no?aoaae/aneiai
nu?uey.
Aeoaieia nio?oaeie/anoai iaaeaeo ?inneae e THA? a ia?niaeoeaa iauaeoeaii
i?ioeai?a/eo eioa?anai ?acaeouo no?ai ie?a. A yoie nayce neaaeiaaei au
ioiaoeoue, /oi a iieeoe/aneeo e ainoaea?noaaiiuo e?oaao I?aoi?ee
ooaa?aeeeanue oaaaeaeaiiinoue a oii, /oi i?aaeoaeuenoao iaiaoiaeeii
n/eoaoueny n ?inneae eae n aaeeeie aea?aeaaie, eae n iinoiyiiui /eaiii
NA III. Iaeiaei, iiea ?inney inoaaony ineaaeaiiie e ia aueaeao ec
yeiiiie/aneiai e nioeeaeueiiai e?ecena, aeey THaeiie Ao?eee iia aoaeao
inoaaaoueny ia aeeaeaeoea aiaeu a ecaanoiii niunea ia ia?eoa?ee aa
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo eioa?ania.
Ni?aaaaeeeainoe ?aaee iaaei oaeaea i?eciaoue, /oi e aeey ?innee
nio?oaeie/anoai n THA? a iaic?eiii aoaeouai a?yae ee noaiao i?ei?eoaoiui
iai?aaeaieai aiaoiae iieeoeee. Enoiaey ec yoiai, ?inneeneei aaaeiinoaai
i?e iiaeaea?aeaiee ioiioaiee n THA? auei au oeaeaniia?aciui
aeaenoaiaaoue nei?aa a ?an/aoa ia ia?niaeoeao, iaaeaee ia auno?ua e
eaaeea aeeaeaeaiaeu io naieo oneeee.
I?e yoii, eae i?aaenoaaeyaony, iieeoeea ?innee a ioiioaiee THA? iiaea au
aace?iaaoueny ia neaaeothueo iniiaiuo iieiaeaieyo:
– aeia?iaeaeaoaeueiie e o/anoeeaie iiceoeee eae ioeoeeaeueiuo no?oeoo?,
oae e iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneeo e?oaia ?innee e i?iaeaiai, naycaiiui n
aioo?aiiei i?eie?aieai e ieii/aoaeueiie eeeaeaeaoeeae aia?oaeaea a THA?.
Iaeia?aiee aeaenoaee o/anoieeia yoiai neiaeiiai, i?ioeai?a/eaiai e
aeeeoaeueiiai i?ioeanna, anee iie aaaeoo e ooaa?aeaeaieth iiaeeeiiie
aeaiie?aoee e iaua/aeiaa/aneeo oeaiiinoae a yoie no?aia. Iaaeiiouaiee
aeenaaeaina a iaoeo eiioaeoao n o?aiy iniiaiuie ninoaaeythueie
iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneeo nee THA? (AIE, Iaoeeiiaeenoe/aneay ia?oey,
Ia?oey naiaiaeu “Eieaoa”);
– inoi?iaeiii e acaaoaiiii iiaeoiaea e ioiioaieyi n THA? ii
ainoaea?noaaiiie eeiee. Iaiaoiaeeiinoe ia?aaiaea naycae n iae ia
aeiaiai?ii-i?aaiaoth iniiao, eioi?ay iie?aeanue au ia eoiae auai?ia
ai?aey 1994 a., nicaeaiioth eio?ano?oeoo?o aeanoe THA? e iiaoth
Eiinoeoooeeth no?aiu;
– aieiaoaeueiii eco/aiee aiaoiaiieeoe/aneeo ono?aieaiee THA?, a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue ia aeaaiuo i?ei?eoaoiuo iai?aaeaieyo, e i?eiyoee naiaa?aiaiiuo
e yooaeoeaiuo ia? ii i?aaeioa?auaieth aeaenoaee, ouaieythueo eioa?anu
?innee, aaea au oi ie auei e a eaeeo au oi?iao yoi ie au?aaeaeinue;
– eii?aeeiaoeee ?inneae naiae iieeoeee a ioiioaiee THA? n ae?oaeie
/eaiaie NIA;
– aeinoeaeaiee i?eioeeieaeueiie aeiaiai?aiiinoe, a caoai e caeeth/aiee
ioaeaeueiuo ?aciauo niaeaoaiee n THA? i niaianoiuo aeaenoaeyo a Ao?eea.
Yoi aaaeii eae aeey i?ioeaiaeaenoaey iieeoe/aneiio auoaniaieth ?innee n
*a?iiai eiioeiaioa, oae e a oeaeyo ecaea/aiey eiie?aoiuo auaiae aeey
?inneeneie yeiiiieee;
– no?iaii niaeaniaaiee ?acaeoey oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneeo,
iao/ii-oaoie/aneeo e i?i/eo naycae n THA? n iaoeeiiaeueiuie eioa?anaie
?innee. Iieiii eneeth/aiee, ii aiciiaeiinoe, aaneiio?ieueiuo aeaenoaee
?inneeneeo oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneeo no?oeoo?, ia i?eiinyueo iieuecu no?aia
e iauanoao a oeaeii e aaaeoueo e aeene?aaeeoaoeee ?innee;
– i?iaeieaeaiee nio?oaeie/anoaa n THA? ii eii?aeeiaoeee aeaenoaee ia
ie?iaii ?uiea aeiacia, ?anoe?aiee iiaeiaiiai acaeiiaeaenoaey ia noa?o
oi?aiaee cieioii, iaoaeeaie ieaoeiiaie a?oiiu e ae?oaeie aeaeaie nu?uey;
– anaia?iii niaeaenoaee ?acaeoeth eoeueoo?iuo e aoiaieoa?iuo naycae e
/aeiaa/aneeo eiioaeoia i?e no?iaii o/aoa enoi?e/aneeo e
yoii-ineoieiae/aneeo iniaaiiinoae ia?iaeia, ianaeythueo iaa no?aiu.
NIENIE ENIIEUeCIAAIIIE EEOA?AOO?U E IA?EIAeEEE
Iioaoei E.E., Oi?ie?iaaiea iaoeeiiaeueiie iauiinoe thaeiiao?eeaineeo
aaioo, I. 1955 a.
ssno?aaiaa E.I., THaeii-Ao?eeaineee Nithc iinea Aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu, I.
1952 a.
Ia?iaeu Ao?eee, iiae ?aaeaeoeeae A.Ieueaea?iaaa e E.E.Iioaoeia, I. 1955
a.
No?aiu Ao?eee a nenoaia yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee THa-THa, “Iaoea”. I.,
1991 a.
Ni?aai/iua iaoa?eaeu Aeaia?oaiaioa Ao?eee IEAe ?O, 1996 a.
Aniyi A., THA? o ii?iaa oeeaeeeciaaiiiai ie?a, “Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay
aeeciue”, N 4, 1991 a.
Ieeieaaiei A., THaeiay Ao?eea: o?oaeiue iooue iaiiaeaiey,
“Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay aeeciue”, N 10, 1991 a.
Iao/ii-i?aeoe/aneay eiioa?aioeey IEAe ?O “I?aia?aaeaiiay ?inney a iiaii
ie?a”, “Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay aeeciue”, NN 3-4, 1992 a.
Ea?anei A., ?inney e Ao?eea, “Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay aeeciue”, N 1, 1993 a.
Ieeyoeeei A., I?iuae, no?aia “aaeiai ieaiaie”, “Iiaia a?aiy”, N 18-19,
1994 a.
Ioiiyineee A., No?aia-aeaeueoa aoaoue iaeoaea – e aa eeaea?u, “Iiaia
a?aiy”, N 10, 1994 a.
AEeoiie?neee A., Ceia o?aaiae eoiae eee ioae?inoue Iaiaeaeu, “Iiaia
a?aiy”, N 25, 1994 a.
Oeoia A., Ao?eea a oi?ie?othuainy iinoeiio?iioaoeeiiiii ie?a,
“Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay aeeciue”, N 7, 1991 a.
Oacaiia A., Aieia a Aiaiea. Iinone?eiooi, “Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay aeeciue”, N
10, 1991 a.
“Acey e Ao?eea naaiaeiy”
– NN 3,5,6, 1994 a.;
– NN 9,10, 1995 a.
“Ie?iaay yeiiiieea e iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ioiioaiey”, N 2, 1994 a.
“Eiiian” (AIE)
– N 224, 20 iiya?y.1991 a.;
– N 239/240, 11-12 aeaeaa?y 1991 a.
Aacaoa “I?aaaea”, 1991-1997 aa.
“Iacaaeneiay aacaoa”, 1991-1997 aa.
“Ecaanoey”, “Oeiainiaua ecaanoey”, 1992-1997 aa.
OANN
– ec Oa?a?a,1991-1992 aa.
– ec Iana?o,1992-1995 aa.
EOA?-OANN
– ec Iaiooo, 1992-1993 aa.
– ec Eonaee, 1992 a.
– ec Ia?eaea, 1992-1993 aa.
– ec Eiiaeiia, 1992 a.
– ec Iineau, 1996-1997 aa.
THA?E, 1991-1992 aa.
“?aeoa?”, 1991-1993 aa.
“O?ain i?ann”, 1991-1994 aa.
Aacaoa “Athiae”, Aaeo, 1997 a.
“Ca?eaei”, Aaeo, 1996-1997 aa.
“International Ierald Tribune”, 1991, Nivember, 21.
“Star”, 1991.
“Sunday Star”, 1991-1992.
“Sunday Times”, 1991.
“Weekly Mail”, 1991, November, 10.
“Liberation”, 1992, Avril, 8.
“Business Day”, 1991.
“Bild”, 1991, November, 20.
“Citizen”, 1991, November, 21.
“Burger”, 1992, March, 1.
“Sowetan”, 1991, November, 25.
“World Country Report Service”, vol. OO, N 7, South Africa, 1990.
“Vital Speeches of the Day”, 1990, p. 469-470.
“Observer”, 1990, September, 16, p. 19.
“Africa Economic Digest”, 1990, October, 15.
“Spectator”, 190, August, 18, ?.14-16.
“Africa Economic Digest”, 1990, November, 12, ?.12.
“Afrigue Contemporaine”, N 155, Mars 1990, ?. 50-51, 53.
“Africa Confidential”, 1990, May, 18, ?. 1-2.
“Washington Post”, 1990, March, 13, ?.8.
“Reuter”, Harare”, 1990, August, 12.
“Boston Glob”, 1990, April, 2, ?. 9.
“International Herald Tribune”, 1990, August, 8, ?.2, 44.
Walker E.A., A history of South Afrika, L-N-Y, 1928.
Aschinger F., Die Wirtschaft Sudafrikas, Zurich, 1954.
I O C U A
ia aeeieiiioth ?aaioo
nooaeaioa IV eo?na oaeoeueoaoa iieeoieiaee AENOI Eiiaiei A.A.
ii oaia “Iniiaiua i?iaeaiu aiaoiae iieeoeee THA?
ia nia?aiaiiii yoaia”.
Nooaeaio auioneiiai eo?na einoeoooa Eiiaiei A.A. enneaaeiaae
aeooaeueioth oaio “Iniiaiua i?iaeaiu aiaoiae iieeoeee THA? ia
nia?aiaiiii yoaia” e noiae a aeeieiiiie ?aaioa i?aaenoaaeoue ?acoeueoaou
naiae iao/ii-iieneiaie ?aaiou.
Oioaeinue au ioiaoeoue, /oi Eiiaiei A.A., a i?ioeanna eco/aiey oaiu,
noiae ia?a?aaioaoue cia/eoaeueiia eiee/anoai niaoeeaeueiie eeoa?aoo?u,
aeieoiaioia. No?aiynue aeiaanoe enneaaeoaioth i?iaeaiaoeeo aei
“naaiaeiyoiaai” aeiy, Eiiaiei A.A. iciaeiieeny oaeaea ni anaie iaeaieaa
aaaeiuie aeo?iaeueii-aacaoiuie ioaeeeaoeeyie ii i?iaeaiai aiaoiae
iieeoeee THA?.
Aeaaiia a yoie iieneiaie ?aaioa – oiaiea auae?aoue e ia?aaaouaaoue
iaoa?eae. ?acoeueoaoii oi?ioi iniuneaiiie ?aaiou aeeieiiaioa n
eeoa?aoo?ie yaeyaony niauoeeiay e oaeoe/aneay niaea?aeaoaeueiinoue,
no?oeoo?iay ?acaeaoaeaiiinoue e oaniay acaeiinaycue aiaeece?oaiuo
aniaeoia ?aaiou. Aaaeiui aeinoieinoaii aeeieiiiie ?aaiou yaeythony
oaeaea aaoi?neea auaiaeu a “Caeeth/aiee”, i?aaenoaaeaiiua eae eoia
eco/aiey oaiu.
A oeaeii i?aaenoaaeaiiay ?aaioa – naeaeaoaeuenoai i?eia?aoaiiuo
nooaeaioii Eiiaiei A.A. a ia?eiae iao/aiey a AENOI aaaeiiai iaauea
i?aaieciauaaoue e oeaeaiai?aaeaii aanoe enneaaeiaaoaeueneoth ?aaioo.
O/eouaay auoaneacaiia, n/eoath /oi aeeieiiiay ?aaioa Eiiaiei A.A.
ioaa/aao i?aaeuyaeyaiui o?aaiaaieyi e iiyoiio ?aeiiaiaeoaony e caueoa.
Aeioeaio
eaoaae?u iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
ioiioaiee e no?aiiaaaeaiey I.AEEAA
? A Oe A I C E ss
ia aeeieiiioth ?aaioo nooaeaioa IV eo?na AENOI Eiiaiei A.A.
ii oaia “Iniiaiua i?iaeaiu aiaoiae iieeoeee THA? ia nia?aiaiiii yoaia”
Aeeieiiiay ?aaioa nooaeaioa auioneiiai eo?na Eiiaiei A.A. iinayuaia
eco/aieth i?iaeai aiaoiae iieeoeee THA? ia nia?aiaiiii yoaia.
No?oeoo?ii ?aaioa ninoieo ec aaaaeaiey, 3-o ?aaiiiauaiiuo aeaa e
caeeth/aiey. Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi nooaeaio Eiiaiei A.A.
eaaeeoeoee?iaaiii ii?aaeaeea no?oeoo?o eco/aiey oaiu, noiae iaania/eoue
a ?aaioa i?eioeei iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe a eceiaeaiee iaoa?eaea e aueoe ia
cia/eiua iieeoeei-i?aeoe/aneea auaiaeu, ii?aaeaeythuea iniaaiiinoe
aiaoiae iieeoeee THA?.
Anaio niaea?aeaieth ?aaiou nooaeaio Eiiaiei A.A. no?aieony i?eaeaoue
oeaeaaie oa?aeoa?. Oi?ioi i?ineaaeaiu aaoi?ii ?aaiou
i?ienoiaeyuea a THA? ia?aiaiu, iai?aaeaiiua ia aeaiie?aoecaoeeth
thaeiiao?eeaineiai iauanoaa. Ia o?iaia ?aaiou iiaoo naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaoue
?anniio?aiea aiciiaeiuo iiaeaeae iieeoe/aneiai ono?ienoaa THA?,
auaeaeaiea ia?aiao?ia, ii?aaeaeythueo acaeiinaycue aiaoiae iieeoeee n
aioo?aiiae.
Iieiioa aiaeeca i?iaeaiu aeinoeaaaony Eiiaiei A.A. e ioo?i ?anoe?aiey
iauaeoia eco/aiey, oaeeo eae ?aaeiiaeueiay iieeoeea THA?, iieeoeea a?
?oeiaiaenoaa ii auaiaeo no?aiu ec iaaeaeoia?iaeiie ecieyoeee.
Aeeieiiiay ?aaioa auaeaeyaony ?acai?/eaui ioiioaieai Eiiaiei A.A. e
aaaeiui iieeoe/aneei e aiaoiaiieeoe/aneei niauoeyi THA?, oiaieai
auaeaeeoue n?aaee ieo ii?aaeaeythuea e enoi?e/anee cia/eiuo.
Aeeieiiiay ?aaioa Eiiaiei A.A. ioaa/aao i?aaeuyaeyaiui o?aaiaaieyi e
iiyoiio ?aeiiaiaeoaony e caueoa ia?aae AYE.
Aeieoi? enoi?e/aneeo iaoe, i?ioanni? I.AeA?AAAAeE
1. Ni.: Aniyi A., THA? o ii?iaa oeeaeeeciaaiiiai ie?a, “Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay
aeeciue”, N 4, 1991.
1. Ni.: AEo?iae “Eiiian” (AIE), N 224, 1991, 20 iiya?y.
2. Ni.: Aacaoa “I?aaaea”, 11 yiaa?y 1992 a.
3. Ni.: Aacaoa “I?aaaea”, 03 aeaeaa?y 1991 a.
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