E?ecen nenoaiu.
Niaia iieeoe/aneiai eo?na.
“Ionoaaea” I. N. O?ouaaa. 14 ieoya?y 1964 a. ia Ieaioia OeE EINN I. N.
O?ouaa aue niauai ni anao ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ia?oeeiuo iinoia e
ioi?aaeai ia iaineth. A ioeoeeaeueiii niiauaiee aiai?eeinue ia ionoaaea
ec-ca i?aeeiiiiai aic?anoa e ninoiyiey caei?iauey. Oaeoe/anee ia Ieaioia
OeE, EINN,O?ouaao auee i?aaeuyaeaiu iiiai/eneaiiua iaaeiaiey a ?acaaea
yeiiiieee, i?eieaeaiee ?iee niaaoneeo e ia?oeeiuo i?aaiia, ee/iie
iane?iiiinoe, no?aieaiee aaeeiiee/ii ?aoaoue aaaeiaeoea aii?inu.
A oneiaeyo ionoonoaey /aoeiai eiinoeoooeeiiiiai iaoaiecia niaiu
?oeiaiaenoaa no?aiu iiaeaioiaea niauaiey I. N. O?ouaaa oaeii aaeanue
a?oiiiaie aunieiiinoaaeaiiue caaiai?ueeia n ia/aea 1964a. Aeaeioth ?ieue
a iae ea?aee nae?aoa?ue OeE EINN A. I. Oaeaiei, ?oeiaiaeeoaeue EAA A. A.
Naie/anoiue e I?aaenaaeaoaeue I?aceaeeoia Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?NON? I. A.
Eaiaoia. I/aaeaeii, E.E.A?aaeiaa, caieiaaoee a oi a?aiy iino nae?aoa?y
OeE EINN, iiaeeeth/eeny e caaiai?ueeai ia caeeth/eoaeueiii yoaia.
Canaaeaiea I?aceaeeoia OeE EINN 13 naioya?y, ia eioi?ia n?i/ii ec
ioionea aue i?eaeaoai I. N. O?ouaa, i?oiaeeei i/aiue ao?ii. O?ouaa
aeieai ia aeaaae niaeaney ia “aeia?iaieueiue” ooiae a ionoaaeo. Oieueei
ia neaaeothuaa oo?i aai nii?ioeaeaiea auei neiieaii, e ii iiaeienae
ca?aiaa iiaeaioiaeaiiue oaeno cayaeaiey i naiai ooiaea.
I. N. O?ouaa e ia/aeo 60-o aiaeia iieiinoueth en/a?iae naie
?aoi?iaoi?neee iioaioeeae, ieacaeny ianiiniaiui e iaiiaeaieth naieo
oai?eoe/aneeo i?aaenoaaeaiee, noa?iai iiuoa. Aua iaiueoa e yoiio auei
niiniaii aai aeeaeaeoaa ie?oaeaiea. Yoi auei iieieaiea aiia?ao/eeia,
eniieieoaeae /oaeie aiee, noi?ie?iaaiiuo noaeeineie nenoaiie.
Aaneiia/iua ia?ao?ynee, eaae?iaua ia?anoaiiaee, iinoiyiii oa?iaeathuea
ea?uea?a e i?aaeeaaeyi, iinoaaeee eo a iiiiceoeeth O?ouaao, oae aea eae
iiiai/eneaiiue neie ianoiuo oicyenoaaiiuo ?oeiaiaeeoaeae e aiaiiuo.
Aaoi?eoao O?ouaaa, iniaaiii iinea ea?eaneiai e?ecena e iiai/a?eanneeo
niauoee, no?aieoaeueii iaaeae ai anao neiyo niaaoneiai iauanoaa. A
no?aia ia i?iecioei ie iaeiiai ieoeiaa, ia auei i?eiyoi ie iaeiie
?aciethoeee a aai caueoo. Ii nouanoao, niauaiea O?ouaaa ioaa/aei
aeoaieei eioa?anai e iio?aaiinoyi iauanoaa. Iaeiaei naeaeaii yoi auei a
oaeia io ia?iaea, aac aeaniiai ianoaeaeaiey, aac aeoaieiai eco/aiey
o?ieia ?aoi?i.
A niioaaonoaee n i?eiyouie ia Ieaioia ?aoaieyie aeieaeiinoe ia?aiai
nae?aoa?y OeE Eiiia?oee e I?aaenaaeaoaey Niaaoa Ieieno?ia auee
?acaeaeaiu. Ia?aui nae?aoa?ai noae E. E. A?aaeiaa, i?aiuea?- ieieno?ii-
A. I. Einuaei. Ia?eiae ?oeiaiaenoaa E.E. A?aaeiaaa ia aue “yiioie
canoiy”, oae aea eae ia noae ii e ia iia noaoue ia?eiaeii ioeoeeaeueii
i?iaicaeaoaiiiai ?acaeoiai nioeeaeecia. Yoia aue caeiiiia?iue e
iaecaaaeiue yoai e?eceniiai ?acaeoey aaeieieno?aoeaii- eiiaiaeiie
nenoaiu. Cae?uoinoue ia?aae eeoeii aiaoiaai ie?a, iaaeaiie?aoe/iinoue
nenoaiu, ionoonoaea a iae ia?aoiuo naycae iaaeaeo ?oeiaiaenoaii e
iannaie iaa?aaeii aaee aa a ooiee.
Ia?anoaiea eiina?aaoeaiuo oaiaeaioeee.Ioeoeeaeueii i?iaicaeaoaiiue
iinea ieoya?y 1964a. eo?n iiaiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ia aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea
nioeeaeenoe/aneie aeaiie?aoee, inaiaiaeaeaiea ia?oee io ianaienoaaiiue
ae oicyenoaaiiuo ooieoeee, ia iao/iia ?oeiaiaenoai iauanoaii aue ca?aiaa
ia?a/ai ia iaoaea/o. Aiiaue aue i?iaicaeaoai i?eioeei
eieeaeoeaiiai?oeiaiaenoaa. Ia niaio iiniaoiui ?ai?aaiecaoeeyi ia?iaeo
auee iaauaiu iao/ii iainiiaaiiua aeieain?i/iua eiiieaeniua i?ia?aiiu.
Anei?a iinea iono?aiaiey O?ouaaa io aeanoe auea ?aaaeeeoe?iaaia
aaiaoeea. A oaa?aea 1965a. i?aceaeaio AI NNN? I.A.Eaeaeuo ?aoeoaeueii
inoaeee O.Eunaiei, aaaonoianeoth nanneth AANOIEE 1948a. e
aaeieieno?aoeaiua ia?u, eioi?ua ca iae iineaaeiaaee.
Auee eni?aaeaiu iaeioi?ua “aiethioa?enoneea” ioeaee i?aaeiaai
?oeiaiaenoaa, aeaaiui ia?acii ia ono?aeaoea ia?oeeii- ainoaea?noaaiioth
ath?ae?aoeth. Iacia/eoaeueiua eciaiaiey i?iecioee a eaae?iaii ninoaaa
aunoaai ?oeiaiaenoaa no?aiu. A 1965a. I.A. Iiaeai?iue aue eca?ai
I?aaenaaeaoaeai I?aceaeeoia Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa.
Iiai?io ai?aai ia/aeny a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue e eaeaieiaee. A oeaio?a
iauanoaaiiiai aieiaiey aiiaue ieacaeny aii?in i noaeeineii ianeaaeee. Ec
ioeoeeaeueiuo aeieoiaioia iinoaiaiii en/acatho anyeea oiiieiaiey i XX
nuacaea. Iioea ia oaueue ?aaaeeeoaoeey aea?oa AOEAAa, aeaaea naii
oiiieiaiea i ieo auei cai?auaii. Iiiuoee ?aaaeeeoe?iaaoue Noaeeia
io?eoeaoaeueii neacaeenue ia anao noi?iiao aeecie iauanoaa. A iaoea,
iniaaiii iinea iacia/aiey N.I.O?aiacieeiaa caaaaeothuei ioaeaeii iaoee
OeE EINN, aiiaue ooaa?ae aeaaony ia?oayuee aeiaiaoeci.
A 70-a aiaeu iiieii iaaieueoie /anoe eioaeeaaaioeee naie i?ioano a
?aceie oi?ia au?aaeaee e ae?oaea neie niaaoneiai iauanoaa.
Iaaeiaieuenoai ?aai/eo ia?yaeo n iaiiiai/eneaiiuie caaanoiaeaie
i?iyaeyeinue a ianneaiuo oi?iao: i?iaoeao, aeeiaieecia, ieceie
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea.
Auee a a?aaeiaaneoth “yiioo” e aaeeie/iua i?eia?u ioe?uoiai
i?ioeainoiyiey ?aaeeio. A iiya?a 1975a., a aeaiue naieaeanyoeeaoey
ia?aie ?onneie ?aaiethoeee, caiiieeo aieueoiai i?ioeaieiaei/iiai ei?aaey
“Noi?iaeaaie” eaieoai 3-ai ?aiaa Aaea?ee Naaeei, a?anoiaaa eiiaiaee?a,
auaae naia noaeii ec ia?aaeiiai no?iy aiaiiuo ei?aaeae a ?eaeneii caeeaa
a ioe?uoia ii?a. Naaeei oioae ia?aeoe ec ?eae a Eaieia?aae e ia?aoeoueny
ii ?aaeei n aiccaaieai e ia?iaeo e aai ?oeiaiaeeoaeyi: “Aaeeeay ?inney
aeieaeia noaoue ia?aaeiaui e i?aaiaui ainoaea?noaii, a ia aieiaeiie
ionoaeie no?aiie”. Naie ieai Naaeeio inouanoaeoue ia oaeaeinue. Ii aue
oaeii inoaeaeai ca “eciaio ?iaeeia” e ?anno?aeyi. Eeoue a aiaeu
ia?ano?ieee iauanoaaiiinoue no?aiu ociaea i iinooiea iyoaaeiiai
iieiaeiai caiiieeoa.
Nieaeaiea aeeiaieee oicyenoaaiiiai ?acaeoey NNN?.
Eo?n ia oe?aieaiea nioeeaeueii- yeiiiie/aneie noaaeeueiinoe niaaoneiai
iauanoaa, caeiaeaiiue a iniiaaiea iieeoe/aneeo ?aoaiee n ia/aea 70-o
aiaeia, iaa?ioeny ioeacii io iaiiaeaiey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee. Io
iyoeeaoee e iyoeeaoee iaaeaee aeaaiua yeiiiie/aneea iieacaoaee. Ia
?aaeiaaea n?aaeiaaiaeiaay i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue o?oaea ii a?oiia
aaaeoueo io?aneae: 8-y iyoeeaoea- 6,8%, 9-y- 4,4%, ia enoiaea 10-e- oaea
3,8. Noaoenoeea neaiaeece?iaaea i caiaaeeaiee a 70-a aiaeu oaiiia ?inoa
iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea. Ii e oaeay ienoiaeyuay iinooiaoaeueiinoue
nii?iaaaeaeaeanue nieaeaieai ea/anoaa ?inoa. Oaea?iia oeiaine?iaaiea
“?aoathueo” o/anoeia oicyenoaa a oua?a anai i?i/ei aeaoi?ie?iaaea
yeiiiieeo: i?iecaiaenoaaiiay noa?a iiaeaaeyea oicyenoaaiioth ia?eoa?eth,
oyaeaeay i?iiuoeaiiinoue- eaaeoth e o.ae. I?aeoe/anee ana oiaa?u iiiaee
a ?ac?yae aeaoeoeeoiuo. Aeiey iaoaeiaeaoai?aiiiai ni?ina a i?e?inoa
ee/iuo naa?eaeaiee oaaee/eeanue a 70-a aiaeu i?eia?ii a 2,5 ?aca.
“Ionoua” eee “ai?y/ea” aeaiueae oaeaaee oi?aiaeth, aeaaaeueae?iaaee oo
/anoue o?oaea, eioi?ay ii ii?aaeaeaieth ia iiaea i?aa?aoeoueny a
oiaa?iua oeaiiinoe. *a?ac 10-15 eao eeaa?aeueiua ioaeeoeenou neaaeoo,
/oi aeaiaaeiua naa?aaaoaeueiua aeeaaeu noa?oeo iieieaiee, yeiau ia
ca?aaioaiu. A eiioea 70-o aiaeia ia?oaeiia aeuoaiea yeiiiieee auei
oneuoaii niaoeeaeenoaie, aue ninoaaeai ?aaeenoe/aneee aeieeaae
i?aaeoaeuenoao, ii “iiuoiua oicyenoaaiieee”, 40 eao i?ineaeaaoea a
i?aaeoaeuenoaa, auianee ii iaio aa?aeeeo-aiaeec ia ninoiyoaeai e ia
iiaeao auoue acyo ca iniiao aeey aee?aeoeaiuo ?aoaiee.
Iaoaeiaeaoai?aiiinoue ninoiyieai yeiiiieee aueeeanue a aua iaeio
iiiuoeo iaiiaeaiey oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia iaoiaeii /ane/iuo ?aoi?i.
Aeieoiaioii, ii?aaeaeeaoei nenoaio oaeeo ia?, noaei i?eiyoia 12 ethey
1979a. Iinoaiiaeaiea OeE EINN e Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? “Ia oeo/oaiee
ieaie?iaaiey e oneeaiey aicaeaenoaey oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia ia
iiauoaiea yooaeoeaiinoe i?iecaiaenoaa e ea/anoaa ?aaiou”. Oioy
i?iaicaeaoaeanue i?eaioaoeey i?iecaiaeeoaeae ia eiia/iue ?acoeueoao e ia
cai?inu iio?aaeoaey, aee?aeoeaiua caaeaiey ?oeiaiaeyueo einoaioeee
inoaeenue e?aaoaieueiui eaiiai ieaie?iaaiey.
Iaeaieaa na?ueacaeiui no?oeoo?iui eciaiaieyi a eiioea 70-o- ia/aea 80-o
aiaeia aue iiaeaa?aiuo aiia?ao oi?aaeaiey aa?a?iui naeoi?ii yeiiiieee. A
oaa?aea 1979a. Niaao Ieieno?ia NNN? ooaa?aeee iieiaeaiea i
i?iecaiaenoaaiiii iauaaeeiaiee a naeueneii oicyenoaa.
I?in/aou yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee 70-o aiaeia ni anae i/aaeaeiinoueth
auyaeeenue a 11-e iyoeeaoea, eiaaea, aeaaea ii ioeoeeaeueiui aeaiiui,
iaoeeiiaeueiue aeioiae noae nie?auaoueny.
Ia?oey e iauanoaaiiua i?aaiecaoeee.
I?aoey yoi noaiiaie o?aaao niaaoneie nioeeaeueii- yeiiiie/aneie nenoaiu,
i?iaeieaeaea ?acaeaaoueny. *enei aa /eaiia e 1985 a. aeinoeaei 19 iei. A
70-a aiaeu i?aeoe/anee ia inoaaaeinue i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee e
no?iae, eieoicia e niaoicia, o/?aaeaeaiee e o/aaiuo caaaaeaiee, a
eioi?uo ia auei au ia?ae/iuo ia?oeeiuo i?aaiecaoeee. N 1917 ii 1986 aa.
eo eiee/anoai au?inei n 369,7 oun. aei 440,4 oun. Ii nooe, ana iie auee
eino?oiaioii i?yiiai aiaoaoaeuenoaa ia?oee ai ana noa?u iauanoaaiiie
aeecie, n?aaenoaii iieeoe/aneiai e eaeaieiae/aneiai eiio?iey.
?acaeaaeenue ia oieueei ia?oeeiua, ii e ainoaea?noaaiiua no?oeoo?u.
Iiaua ieienoa?noaa e aaaeiiinoe iiyaeyeenue ii/oe eaaeaeue aiae. Anee a
ieoya?a 1965a.auei ia?aciaaii29 iauanithciuo e nithcii-?anioaeeeaineeo
ieienoa?noa, oi oaea e 1975a. eo ian/eouaaeinue 135. Ninoaaiui yeaiaioii
yoie nenoaiu auee iauanoaaiiua i?aaiecaoeee. A 60-a -80-a aiaeu eo /enei
auno?i oaaee/aeinue. Ia?yaeo n i?ioanneiiaeueiuie nithcaie e
eiiniiieueneie i?aaiecaoeeae iiyaeeinue iiiai iiauo eee “iaiiaeaiiuo”
iauaaeeiaiee iauanoaaiiinoe. Yoi- Eiieoao niaaoneeo aeaiuei, Niaaoneee
eiieoao caueou ie?a, Eiieoao iieiaeaaeiuo i?aaiecaoeee, niaaoneee
E?aniue E?ano e ae?oaea. A aieueoeinoaa naiai iie yaeyeenue
athaeaeaoiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie, a ?oeiaiaeyuea iinou a ieo a?iie?iaaeenue
ca ia?oeeii- ainoaea?noaaiiie iiiaieeaoo?ie. Oo?aoa yeaiaioia
aeaiie?aoecia /aoei iaicia/eeanue e a i?ionithcao, e a eiiniiiea,
/eainoai a ieo iinoaiaiii noaiiaeeinue oi?iaeueii- iaycaoaeueiui.
E?ecen aeiaa?ey e aiaoiae e aioo?aiiae iieeoeea ia?oee ia?anoae. Yoio
i?ioeann ianeieueei i?einoaiiaeeny a nayce ni nia?oueth a 1982a.
E.A?aaeiaaa. Aaia?aeueiui nae?aoa?ai OeE EINN noae TH. Aiae?iiiiia,
aeieaea aiaeu aicaeaaeyaoae EAA. Aaia?aeueiue nae?eoa?ue OeE EINN
iaeaaeae, ii nooe, iaia?aie/aiiie aeanoueth, iiyoiio niaia iieeoe/aneiai
eeaea?a no?aiu icia/aea /?acau/aeii iiiai. AEanoeea aaeieieno?aoeaiua
ia?u ii iaaaaeaieth yeaiaioa?iiai ii?yaeea e aic?iaeaeaieth ia anao
o/anoeao i?iecaiaenoaa aeenoeeieeiu o?oaea auee iieiaeeoaeueii oe?ieeie
neiyie o?oaeyueony.
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia iieiaeaiea ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 60-o- ia/aea80-o aiaeia.
E na?aaeeia 60-o aiaeia n?aaieoaeueii n ia?auie aiaeaie ie? ieacaeny a
nouanoaaiii eciaieaoaeny neooaoeee.Iaicia/eaoaeny oiaaea i?ioeai?a/ey
iaaeaeo nithcieeaie ii aioeaeoea?ianeie eiaeeoeee aueeeenue oaia?ue a
aeanoeia i?ioeai?a/ea aeaoo ioi?ieaoeony iauanoaaiii- iieeoe/aneeo
nenoai. Ainoi/iay Aa?iia iaoiaeeeanue iiae iieiui eiio?ieai NNN?, oiaaea
eae Caiaaeiay- a i?i/iii aiaiii-iieeoe/aneii e yeiiiie/aneii nithca n
NOA. “Oieiaeiay aieia ” auea a naiii ?acaa?a. Iniiaui iauaeoii ai?ueau
“nioeeaeecia” e “eaieoaeecia” yaeyeenue no?aiu “o?aoueaai ie?a”,
ia?aciaaaoaeny ia ?acaaeeiao ie?iaie eieiieaeueiie nenoaiu. NNN? e
NOA,noiyaoea ca ieie iniiaiua aiaiii- iieeoe/aneea aeiee IAOI e
I?aaiecaoeey Aa?oaaneiai Aeiaiai?a, ecaaaaee i?yiie aiaiiie
eiio?iioaoeee. Iaeiaei niia?ie/anoai ca aeeyiea a ?acaeaathueony no?aiao
inoaaaeinue aanueia ino?uie, e ia?aaeei i?eaiaeeei e eieaeueiui aiaiiui
eiioeeeoai.
Nia?aiiaaiea aeaoo nenoai ?acaa?ouaaeinue e a yeiiiie/aneie noa?a,
i?e/ai a 60-a-80-a aiaeu iii noaiiaeeinue ana aieaa aeanoeei. Caiaae
eiae a iai yaiia i?aeiouanoai: auaiaeiaa auee noa?oiaua iiceoeee, i?e/ai
a NOA a aiaeu aei?ie ie?iaie aieiu yeiiiie/aneee iioaioeeae cia/eoaeueii
au?in. Aieaa niaa?oaiiie auea e nenoaia eiiia?aoeee ?acaeouo no?ai,
oiaaea eae a “nioeeaeenoe/aneee aeie” aoiaeeee, iiieii NNN?, ne?aiu,
ea?aaoea ianouanoaaiioth ?ieue a ie?iaii oicyenoaa, iiiaea ec eioi?uo
iiianee ia?iiiue oua?a a aiaeu aiuiu.
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