Ecae?aoaeueiue i?ioeann: iaoaieci e i?ioeaaeo?a.
N i?eioeeiii i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa ia?oee eae caeiiiie iiiiceoeee oanii
naycaia eaeay auai?iinoe, i?ecaaiiie iaania/eoue ia?iaeiue noaa?aieoao e
i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoai anao caeioa?aniaaiiuo a?oiie?iaie e neiaa ianaeaiey
a nenoaia aeanoe /a?ac ia?oee. ?ieue au?aceoaey ia?iaeiiai noaa?aieoaoa
ioaiaeeony eeoue ecae?aoaeueiiio ei?iono. Auai?u, ii nooe aeaea,
yaeythony iaeiei ec aaaeoueo einoeoooia eaaeoeiecaoeee nouanoaothuae
iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu e iieeoe/aneiai ?aaeeia. O/eouaay yoio oaeo, a
eiaeono?eaeueii ?acaeouo no?aiao aieueoia aieiaiea oaeaeyaony
iiaeaioiaea iiae?anoathuaai iieieaiey e o/anoeth a iieeoe/aneii e
iniaaiii a ecae?aoaeueiii i?ioeanna. Aieueoay ?ieue a yoii ieaia
ioaiaeeony nenoaia ia?aciaaiey, a oae aea ?acee/iui iaoaieciai – io
ioeoeeaeueiuo oi?aeanoa ii neo/ath iaoeeiiaeueiuo i?acaeieeia aei
ia?ii?eyoee iao?eioe/aneeo e iieeoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee. Ecae?aoaeueiua
eaiiaiee oaea naie ii naaa iaania/eaatho aiciiaeiinoe aeey i?iiaaaiaeu
aeinoieinoa o/anoey a aieiniaaiee. Ia?ii?eyoey n oeaeueth noeioee?iaaiey
o/anoey a auai?ao ia oieueei oneeeaatho iieeoe/aneee eioa?an, ii e
ieacuaatho cia/eoaeueiia aeeyiea ia onoaiiaee a?aaeaeai a ioiioaiee
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiiai i?ioeanna. Aeo o/anoey a auai?ao oaea nai ii naaa
oaaee/eaaao aa?o a?aaeaeai a caeiiiinoue e ioaaonoaaiiinoue
i?aaeoaeuenoaa.
Ioeaieaay ?ieue einoeoooa anaiaueo auai?ia, iaiaoiaeeii i?iaiaeeoue
?acee/ea iaaeaeo aeeyieai ia ninoaa eiie?aoiiai eca?aiiiai
i?aaeoaeuenoaa e eiio?ieai iaae i?aaeoaeuenoaii eae
ainoaea?noaaiii-iieeoe/aneei einoeoooii. Iai?eia?, i?aaeea eca?aiey
/eaiia ia?eaiaioa aeaeatho naiaoi?a oycaeiui ni noi?iiu yeaeoi?aoa, a oi
aea a?aiy eciee?oaony ia?eaiaio eae iieeoe/aneee einoeooo io aeeyiey
eciaiaiee a iiaaaeaiee ecae?aoaeae. Ioiineoaeueiay eaaeinoue, n eioi?ie
iiaeao auoue caiaiaii eiie?aoiia aeaenoaothuaa i?aaeoaeuenoai, nieaeaao
ino?ioo aiciiaeiuo o?aaiaaiee ia eciaiaiee naiiai ?aaeeia e aai
einoeoooia. Yoei iaoneaaeeaaaony, /oi einoeooo anaiaueo auai?ia yaeyaony
iaeiei ec aaaeiaeoeo yeaiaioia nia?aiaiiie iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu. Eiaiii
?ieue einoeoooa auai?ia eae eino?oiaioa eaaeoeiecaoeee e noaaeeecaoeee
nouanoaothuae nenoaiu e iaoneiaeei oi, /oi a ianoiyuaa a?aiy a
iiaeaaeythuai aieueoeinoaa no?ai aeaenoaoao anaiauaa ecae?aoaeueiia
i?aai. Ii aeey aai ooaa?aeaeaiey iiiaaeiaeeanue aeeeoaeueiay ai?ueaa
aeaiie?aoe/aneeo nee ia i?ioyaeaiee aieaa /ai aeaoo aaeia. A
Ieaea?eaiaeao, iai?eia?, a 1800a. yeaeoi?ao aeeth/ae anaai 12% ac?ineiai
ianaeaiey, e 1890a. yoa oeeo?a iiaeiyeanue aei 27%, a 1900a. – aei 63%.
Caeanue anaiauaa i?aai auei aaaaeaii aeey ioae/ei a 1917a., a aeey
aeaiuei – a 1919a.
A NOA aieioue aei ieii/aiey A?aaeaeaineie aieiu oeaaoiua aia?eeaioeu, ca
eneeth/aieai iacia/eoaeueiuo a?oii iaa?ia a iiaiaiaeeeneeo ooaoao, ia
o/anoaiaaee a ecae?aoaeueiii i?ioeanna. A 1870a., o.a. /a?ac naiue eao
iinea iaia?iaeiaaiey i?aceaeaioneie i?ieeaiaoeee ia inaiaiaeaeaiee ?aaia
a 1863a. Auea i?eiyoa XV iii?aaea e eiinoeoooeee, i?aaeinoaaeythuay
i?aai aieina iaa?ai. Iaeiaei, iinea iocuaa oaaea?aeueiuo aiene n THaa a
1877a. iaa?u i?aeoe/anee auee eeoaiu aiciiaeiinoe o/anoey a aieiniaaiee.
Eeoue ia/eiay n 20-o aiaeia XX aaea iaa?u noaee aeiaeaaoueny iaeioi?uo
oniaoia a ?anoe?aiee eo o/anoey ia auai?ao. Aaaeiia cia/aiea eiaee
caeiiu 50-70-o aiaeia, niyaoea ia?aie/aiey ia o/anoea iaa?ia a
ecae?aoaeueiii i?ioeanna. A 1971a. eiia?ann NOA iaeia?ee XXVI iii?aaeo e
eiinoeoooeee i nieaeaiee aic?anoiiai oeaica ia o/anoea a aieiniaaiee n
21 aei 18 eao. Iiaeiaiua caeiiu a 60-70-o aiaeao auee i?eiyou e a
aieueoeinoaa ae?oaeo eiaeono?eaeueii ?acaeouo no?ai. AEaiueiu iieo/eee
i?aai aieina a NOA a 1918a. (ii aia?aua i?eiyee o/anoea a auai?ao
1920a.), ai O?aioeee – a 1944a., a Eoaeee a 1945a., a A?aoeee – a
1956a., a Oaaeoea?ee – eeoue a 1971a.
Oeaio?aeueiay i?iaeaia, eioi?ie caieiathony ia?oee – yoi ecae?aoaeueiue
i?ioeann. Eeoue auea?uaay ia auai?ao e caaiaauaay auai?iua aeieaeiinoe,
ia?oey e aa ?oeiaiaenoai a ninoiyiee ooaa?aeeoue naie iiceoeee e
aeiaeaaoueny aeanoe aeey aeinoeaeaiey naieo oeaeae. Oniao ia auai?ao
yaeyaony iai?aiaiiui oneiaeai auaeeaaiey ia?oee e ia?ie aa yooaeoeaiinoe
e aeecianiiniaiinoe. Iiyoiio anoanoaaiii, /oi eiie?aoioth iieeoe/aneoth
ia?oeth ioee/aao io anao ae?oaeo oi?i iieeoe/aneie i?aaiecaoeee oi, /oi
a oeaio?a aa aieiaiey anaaaea noieo aii?in i auai?ao. Iia ia anaaaea
iiaeao i?eieiaoue ?aoaiey oaeoe/aneiai oa?aeoa?a, a a naiie i?aeoeea
ia?aaeei aiciiaeiu ioeaee. Ii a aeieaia?aiaiiie ia?niaeoeaa, anee iia
no?aieony inoaoueny aeaaniiniaiui eiieo?aioii, caaiaaaiea auai?iuo
iinoia aeieaeii auoue eeth/aaui oaeoi?ii a ia?oeeiuo ?aoaieyo.
A aeacao ecae?aoaeae ia?eeii iieiaeeoaeueiie eee io?eoeaoaeueiie ioeaiee
aeayoaeueiinoe ia?oee iiyoue aea yaeyaony oniao iineaaeieo ia auai?ao. A
nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo aeey aieueoeinoaa ianaeaiey iniiaiie, a ca/anooth e
aaeeinoaaiiie oi?iie o/anoey a iieeoeea yaeyaony o/anoea a
ecae?aoaeueiii i?ioeanna. Anaiauea auai?u iicaieytho auyaeoue
?annoaiiaeo iieeoe/aneeo nee a no?aia a oeaeii, A ioaeaeueiie iaeanoe, a
ooaoa, a caiea, ia ioieoeeiaeueiii o?iaia, a ecae?aoaeueiii ie?oaa,
ii?aaeaeeoue noaiaiue aeiaa?ey ecae?aoaeae e oie eee eiie ia?oee,
eiie?aoiui aa eeaea?ai, eaiaeeaeaoai, i?ia?aiiiui onoaiiaeai e o.ae. Iie
iicaieytho ecae?aoaeyi aeaeaoue i?iaeoiaiiue, iniciaiiue auai? a iieueco
oie ia?oee e i?ia?aiiu, eioi?ua, ia eo acaeyae, a iaeaieueoae noaiaie
niioaaonoaotho eo iiceoeeyi e eioa?anai.
A naith i/a?aaeue, ia?oey, i?aoaiaeothuay ia oniao ai a?aiy
i?aaeauai?iie eaiiaiee aeieaeia oaaaeeoue eae iiaeii aaeaa oe?ieee e?oa
ecae?aoaeae a oii, /oi eiaiii iia eo/oa anao ae?oaeo ia?oee niiniaia
?aoeoue noiyuea ia?aae iauanoaii i?iaeaiu, caueuaoue eioa?anu
aieueoeinoaa ianaeaiey. Oniao ia auai?ao iaania/eaaao i?eoie oeiainiauo
n?aaenoa a ia?oeeioth eanno e oiiae ecae?aoaeueiie eaiiaiee. Yoi, a
naith i/a?aaeue, yaeyaony iaiaoiaeeiui oneiaeai yooaeoeaiiai
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey e auaeeaaiey ia?oee.
Ia?a/aiue ?aciiai ?iaea aeieaeiinoae e iinoia, caiauaaiuo n iiiiuueth
auai?ia, aeiaieueii aaeee. Auai?u eae iaoaieci caiauaiey oe?ieiai e?oaa
aeieaeiinoae ioaaouaatho ana o?iaie ainoaea?noaaiiinoe – io
oeaio?aeueiiai aei ianoiiai, io i?aceaeaioa eee aeaau i?aaeoaeuenoaa
no?aiu aei ?oeiaiaeeoaeae ianoiiai oi?aaeaiey. A NOA, iai?eia?, ?ac a
/aou?a aiaea i?iaiaeyony iauaiaoeeiiaeueiua auai?u, ia eioi?uo
ecae?athony i?aceaeaio e aeoea-i?aceaeaio no?aiu, /eaiu iaeaou
i?aaenoaaeoaeae e naiaoa eiia?anna NOA; auai?u ia ooaoiii o?iaia aeey
eca?aiey aoaa?iaoi?ia, /eaiia caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo nia?aiee, aaia?aeueiuo
i?ieo?i?ia e ae?oaeo aeieaeiinoae; auai?u ia ianoiii o?iaia aeey
caiauaiey auai?iuo aeieaeiinoae ianoiuo aeanoae. *anoue aeieaeiinoae ia
anao o?iaiyo, e?iia i?aceaeaioneiai, caiauaaony ia oae iacuaaaiuo
i?iiaaeooi/iuo auai?ao, eioi?ua i?iaiaeyony /a?ac eaaeaeua aeaa aiaea.
A aieueoeinoaa no?ai i?ioeann e ii?yaeie i?iaaaeaiey ecae?aoaeueiuo
eaiiaiee ?aaeaiaioe?oaony caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie ii?iaie. Iai?eia?,
ioee/athuaany aieueoie no?iainoueth ecae?aoaeueiia i?aai ssiiiee
cai?auaao aeaeaoue iiaea?ee ecae?aoaeyi, i?eaeaeaoue eo iaauaieai
i?iaeaeaeaiey ii neoaeaa, iaoiaeeoue aeiia ecae?aoaeae n oeaeueth
i?aaeauai?iie aaeoaoeee e o.ae. A O?A cai?auaii ioaeeeiaaoue ?acoeueoaou
ii?inia iauanoaaiiiai iiaiey ca aeaa iaaeaee aei auai?ia, a a Aiaeee – a
aeaiue auai?ia. Aeinoaoi/ii ?aaeaiaioe?iaaii eniieueciaaiea n?aaenoa
ianniaie eioi?iaoeee, iniaaiii oaeaaeaeaiey e ?aaeei. Oae,
caeiiiaeaoaeueii onoaiaaeeaathony iauee ia?eiae a?aiaie ioaiaeeiiai ia
NIE aeey aaaeaiey ecae?aoaeueiuo eaiiaiee, i?eioeeiu aai ?ani?aaeaeaiey
iaaeaeo ia?oeyie e eaiaeeaeaoaie, ninoaaeyaony ?anienaiea, a
niioaaonoaee n eioi?ui iauaa a?aiy ?acaeaaaony ii aeiyi ecae?aoaeueiie
eaiiaiee.
A iniiaa ?aaeaiaioaoeee ecae?aoaeueiuo eaiiaiee eaaeao o?e aaaeiaeoeo
i?eioeeia. Yoi i?aaeaea anaai iaania/aiea ?aaainoaa aiciiaeiinoae aeey
anao o/anoaothueo a auai?ao ia?oee e eaiaeeaeaoia. Nooue aai ninoieo a
oii, /oi anai ei i?aaeinoaaeyaony ?aaiue iaeneiaeueiue eeieo ?anoiaeia
ia i?iaaaeaiea auai?ia. Ai-ia?auo, ia?aie/eaathony noiiu iiaea?oaiaaiee
/anoiuo eeoe e i?aaiecaoeee a oiiaeu ecae?aoaeueiuo eaiiaiee, ai-aoi?uo
– ai iiiaeo no?aiao ainoaea?noai aa?ao ia naay oeiaine?iaaiea
i?aaeauai?iie eaiiaiee. A oi aea a?aiy anai ia?oeyi e eaiaeeaeaoai
i?aaeinoaaeythony ?aaiia a?aiy ia ?aaeei e oaeaaeaeaiee e o.ae.
Ai-aoi?uo, oae iacuaaaiue i?eioeei eiyeueiinoe, a niioaaonoaee n eioi?ui
eaiaeeaeaou iaycaiu aanoe naay eiyeueii ii ioiioaieth e naiei
i?ioeaieeai, ia aeiioneaoue eaeeo au oi ie auei oaeueneoeeaoeee,
inei?aeaiee i?ioeaieea e o.ae. A-o?aoueeo, yoi iaeo?aeeoao
ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa, aai iaaiaoaoaeuenoai a oiae i?aaeauai?iie
ai?ueau e o.ae.
A ecae?aoaeueiie nenoaia aaaeai einoeooo ?aaeno?aoeee, eioi?ue
?aaoee?oaony niioaaonoaothueie caeiiaie. Eae i?aaeei, a nienee
ecae?aoaeae caiinyony ana a?aaeaeaia, eiathuea i?aai aieina. A
aieueoeinoaa eiaeono?eaeueii ?acaeouo no?ai nienee ecae?aoaeae
ninoaaeythony ianoiuie i?aaiaie aeanoe. Iie aaoiiaoe/anee iaiiaeytho
?aaeno?aoeeth ecae?aoaeae, e eiaaea yoe iineaaeiea iaiytho ianoi
aeeoaeuenoaa, ?aaeno?aoeey oaeaea aaoiiaoe/anee neaaeoao ca ieie.
Ii-eiiio ianoieo aeaei a NOA, aaea aeaenoaoao i?ioeaaeo?a ee/iie
?aaeno?aoeee, i?e eioi?ie ?aaeno?aoeey aeey o/anoey a auai?ao yaeyaony
noaoai ee/iui aeaeii naiiai aieinothuaai. Iia inouanoaeyaony
niaoeeaeueiuie oiieiiii/aiiuie aeey yoie oeaee /eiiaieeaie ai?iaeneeo
ie?oaia e a?aonoa, a oaeaea ianoiuie ecae?aoaeueiuie eiienneyie e ath?i.
Iaeia ec aeaaiuo oeaeae einoeoooa ee/iie ?aaeno?aoeee ecae?aoaeae
ninoieo a oii, /oiau aeaoue ?oeiaiaeeoaeyi ecae?aoaeueiuo o/anoeia
aiciiaeiinoue onoaiiaeoue ee/iinoue aieinothuaai, yaeyaony ee ii
aeeoaeai aeaiiiai ecae?aoaeueiiai ie?oaa e iaeaaeaao ee i?aaii
aieiniaaoue ia i?aaenoiyueo auai?ao. A ii?aaeaeaiiie noaiaie yoei
iauyniyaony aaaaeaiea oeaica inaaeeinoe a ea/anoaa iaeiiai ec oneiaee
aeiionea a?aaeaeai e ecae?aoaeueiui o?iai. Io eeoe, aeaeathueo
o/anoaiaaoue a aieiniaaiee, o?aaoaony i?aaeinoaaeoue oaeinoiaa?aiea
ee/iinoe, ianoa aeeoaeuenoaa e a?aaeaeainoaa. Nenoaia ee/iie
?aaeno?aoeee i?aaeoniao?eaaao ia?eiaee/aneia iaiiaeaiea ecae?aoaeueiuo
nieneia. I?e /ai naie ecae?aoaee aeieaeiu oaeaea ia?eiaee/anee
aiciaiiaeyoue naith ?aaeno?aoeeth.
*oiau aeiaeaaoueny aianaiey a ecae?aoaeueiua atheeaoaie, eaiaeeaeaou
aeieaeiu niioaaonoaiaaoue o?aaiaaieyi, i?aaeuyaeaiiui caeiiii e
i?aoaiaeaioai ia oo eee eioth aeieaeiinoue. Oaeea o?aaiaaiey iiaoo
aeeth/aoue ieieiaeueiue aic?anoiie oeaic, oeaic inaaeeinoe,
i?ioanneiiaeueioth i?eaiaeiinoue aeey eneiiie aeieaeiinoe e o.ae.
Iai?eia?, niaeanii eiinoeoooeee NOA, i?aceaeaioii no?aiu iiaeao noaoue
aia?eeaineee a?aaeaeaiei ii ?iaeaeaieth a aic?anoa ia iaiaa 35 eao e
i?iaeeaathuee a i?aaeaeao NOA ia iaiaa 14 eao. I?aoaiaeaiou a /eaiu
iaeaou i?aaenoaaeoaeae aeieaeiu auoue aeeoaeyie ooaoa, ii ia
iaycaoaeueii eiia?annenoneiai aeeno?eeoa, io eioi?iai iie ecae?athony.
A ?yaea ooaoia eaiaeeaeaoaie ia oaeea aeieaeiinoe, eae noaeuee,
aaia?aeueiua i?ieo?i?u, i?ieo?i?u, iiaoo auoue oieueei
i?aeoeeothuea th?enou n ii?aaeaeaiiui noaaeai ii aeaiiie i?ioannee.
Iiaeiaiua o?aaiaaiey iiaoo i?aaeuyaeyoueny e i?aoaiaeaioai e ia ae?oaea
auai?iua aeieaeiinoe. Aeey o/anoey a auai?ao onoaiiaeai aic?anoiie
oeaic. Aei eiioea 60-o a. iuiaoiaai aaea ai iiiaeo no?aiao
ecae?aoaeueiia i?aai i?aaeinoaaeyeinue n 21-23 eao. Ii a oiaea oe?ieeo
iieiaeaaeiuo e nooaeai/aneeo aeaeaeaiee eiioea 60- ia/aea 70-o a. yoio
oeaic ai iiiaeo no?aiao aue nieaeai aei 18 eao: a NOA – a 1971a., O?A e
O?aioeee – a 1974a., a Eoaeee – a 1975a. e o.ae. Aeey eaiaeeaeaoia aea,
i?aoaiaeothueo ia auai?iua aeieaeiinoe, a caaeneiinoe io aeanoiiai
o?iaiy onoaiiaeai aieaa aunieee aic?anoiie oeaic – neaaeai, 23-25 eao a
ieaeithth e 30-40 – a aa?oithth iaeaoo ia?eaiaioa.
Ecae?aoaeueiay eaiiaiey.
Aeey i?iaaaeaiey auai?ia any oa??eoi?ey no?aiu eee a caaeneiinoe io
oa?aeoa?a auai?ia (anaiauea, ?aaeiiaeueiua, ianoiua e o.ae.) – iaeanoe,
i?iaeioeee, ?aeiiu ?acaeaathony ia ecae?aoaeueiua ie?oaa, io eioi?uo
ecae?aaony niioaaonoaothuaa /enei aeaiooaoia. ?acia? ie?oaa caaeneo io
o?iaiy auai?ia. Anee aeey i?iaaaeaiey ianoiuo auai?ia nicaeathony
iaaieueoea ie?oaa ia aaca ai?iaeneiai ?aeiia, iinaeea, aea?aaie, oi aeey
i?iaaaeaiey auai?ia iaeanoiiai, ?aaeiiaeueiiai eee oaaea?aeueiiai o?iaiy
ianeieueei oaeeo ie?oaia iauaaeeiythony a iaeei aieueoie. Eae i?aaeei,
ecae?aoaeueiua ie?oaa nicaeathony oaeei ia?acii, /oiau eaaeaeue aeaiooao
(a caaeneiinoe io aeanoiiai o?iaiy) ecae?aaony io ?aaiiai /enea aeeoaeae
eee ecae?aoaeae.
Iiae ecae?aoaeueiie eaiiaieae a oi?iaeueiii cia/aiee yoiai iiiyoey
iiieiaaony onoaiiaeaiiue caeiiii ia?eiae, a oa/aiea eioi?iai
iieeoe/aneea ia?oee e i?aaiecaoeee, a oaeaea ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiu,
ioaaonoaaiiua ca i?iaaaeaiea auai?ia, inouanoaeytho eo i?aaiecaoeeth,
i?iiaaaiaeenoneoth e eaeaieiai-eioi?iaoeeiiioth iiaeaioiaeo a
niioaaonoaee n onoaiiaeaiiuie i?aaeeaie. Iiae iae iiieiaaony oaeaea
eiiieaen i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo, i?iiaaaiaeenoneeo e eiuo ia?ii?eyoee,
i?iaiaeeiuo ioaeaeueiuie ia?oeyie e eaiaeeaeaoaie. A oaeeo neo/ayo
aiai?yo ia “ecae?aoaeueiie eaiiaiee” oie eee eiie ia?oee, oiai eee eiiai
eaiaeeaeaoa e o.ae. Nouanoaoao oeaeue ?yae ?acee/ee a i?aaiecaoeee e
i?iaaaeaiee ecae?aoaeueiuo eaiiaiee a ?acee/iuo no?aiao. A caaeneiinoe
io neiaeeaoeony a eaaeaeie no?aia o?aaeeoeee aeaaie ainoaea?noaa eee
i?aaeoaeuenoaa eee aea ia?eaiaioii iacia/aaony ioeoeeaeueiay aeaoa
auai?ia. N yoiai aeiy ia/eiaaony ecae?aoaeueiay eaiiaiey, a oiaea
eioi?ie eaaeaeay ia?oey auaeaeaaao naieo eaiaeeaeaoia eee nienie
eaiaeeaeaoia, eioi?ua aeieaeiu i?ieoe niioaaonoaothuoth ?aaeno?aoeeth.
Aeey i?iaaaeaiey ecae?aoaeueiie eaiiaiee nicaeaaony niaoeeaeueiue ooaa,
a eioi?ue aoiaeyo i?ioanneiiaeu: ?anii?yaeeoaeue, oeiainiaue aaaio,
i?ann-nae?aoa?ue, iieeoe/aneee i?aaiecaoi?, ninoaaeoaeue aaeaaeiaaiuo
ieaiia, oaoie/aneee nae?aoa?ue, niaoeeaeueiue iiiiuiee. Iiieii ieo
iaieiathony eiinoeueoaiou ni noi?iiu: niaoeeaeenou ii ii?inai
iauanoaaiiiai iiaiey, aaia?aeueiue eiinoeueoaio, eiinoeueoaiou ii
n?aaenoaai ianniaie eioi?iaoeee, niaoeeaeenou ii nai?o n?aaenoa ii
ii/oa.
Iinea ioeoeeaeueiiai auaeaeaeaiey eaiaeeaeaoia eo eiaia aiinyony a
niaoeeaeueiua ecae?aoaeueiua atheeaoaie. A yoii ieaia aieueoia cia/aiea
aeey ?acaeoey ecae?aoaeueiie nenoaiu eiaei aaaaeaiea a eiioea XIX aaea
oae iacuaaaiiai “aano?aeeeneiai” atheeaoaiy, i?ecaaiiiai iaania/eoue
nae?aoiinoue aieiniaaiey e oiaiueoeoue aiciiaeiinoue oaeueneoeeaoeee
?acoeueoaoia auai?ia. I?aaenoaaeaiea ia yoii iiaeii ninoaaeoue ia
i?eia?a NOA. Caeanue ?aiueoa eaaeaeay ia?oey ioia/aouaaea naie
nianoaaiiua atheeaoaie, aiineea a ieo eeoue nianoaaiiuo eaiaeeaeaoia ia
eaaeaeoth aeieaeiinoue e i?eaeaeaea ia?oeeiuo ooieoeeiia?ia e
?ani?ino?aiaieth naieo atheeaoaiae a ecae?aoaeueiuo o/anoeao. Yoi,
ai-ia?auo, cao?oaeiyei nae?aoiinoue aieiniaaiey iineieueeo atheeaoaie
ia?oee ?acee/aeenue ii oeaaoo e ia?oeeiua ooieoeeiia?u iiaee eaaei
ii?aaeaeeoue, eoi eae aieinoao. Yoi, a naith i/a?aaeue, iaeaa/aei
iiaeeoi ecae?aoaeae. Ai-aoi?uo, iineieueeo a atheeaoaiue auee aienaiu
eaiaeeaeaoia oieueei iaeiie ia?oee, aeey ecae?aoaeae auei aanueia
o?oaeii iiaeaaaoue naie aiein ca eaiaeeaeaoia ?aciuo ia?oee ia ?aciua
aeieaeiinoe.
Ioeoeeaeueiue “aano?aeeeneee” atheeaoaiue aian nouanoaaiiua eciaiaiey a
i?ioeaaeo?o aieiniaaiey. Caeanue ana atheeaoaie iaeeiaeiau e aeeth/aee
eiaia anao eaiaeeaeaoia ia auai?iua aeieaeiinoe. Yoa ?aoi?ia
niinianoaiaaea iaania/aieth nae?aoiinoe aieiniaaiey e oiaiueoaea
aiciiaeiinoe caioaeaaiey e iiaeeoia ecae?aoaeae. A oi aea a?aiy
“aano?aeeeneee” atheeaoaiue aeaaae ecae?aoaeyi aiciiaeiinoue naeaeaoue
auai? ia iniiaa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo, a ia eieeaeoeaiuo aeinoieinoa
eaiaeeaeaoa, ioaeaoue naie aiein oiio eee eiiio eaiaeeaeaoo, ia aieinoy
ca inoaeueiuo eaiaeeaeaoia oie aea ia?oee. Iineieueeo ana eaiaeeaeaou ia
iaeio e oo aea aeieaeiinoue auee aienaiu a iaeei atheeaoaiue, ecae?aoaee
aieaa ia auee auioaeaeaiu auae?aoue noaoai ia?oeeiue nienie. Eiaiii
aaaaeaiea “aano?aeeeneiai” atheeaoaiy niinianoaiaaei iiyaeaieth oaiiiaia
?acaeaeueiiai aieiniaaiey a Aia?eea, i?e eioi?ii ecae?aoaeue iiaeao
aieiniaaoue ca eaiaeeaeaoa ?anioaeeeaineie ia?oee ia iino i?aceaeaioa e
ca eaiaeeaeaoa aeaiie?aoia ia iino /eaia iaeaou i?aaenoaaeoaeae eee
naiaoa, e iaiai?io.
E ianoiyuaio a?aiaie a NOA niaoeeaeueiua iaoeiu, eioi?ua ia/aee
aaiaeeoue a 90-a a. XIX a., ii/oe iieiinoueth auoanieee aoiaaeiua
atheeaoaie. Ecae?aoaeueiua iaoeiu, ia iaiaee eioi?uo nienie eaiaeeaeaoia
?aniieiaeai a oii aea ii?yaeea, /oi e a “aano?aeeeneii” atheeaoaie,
iaoiaeyony a niaoeeaeueiuo caooi?aiiuo iiiauaieyo, /oi i?ecaaii
iaania/eoue oaeio aieiniaaiey. Ecae?aoaeue, oaeinoiaa?ea naith
ee/iinoue, aoiaeeo a yoi iiiauaiea e iaaeeiaao ia niioaaonoaothuee
?u/aa, oeacuaathuee ia nienie eaiaeeaeaoia oie eee eiie ia?oee, eeai ia
?u/aaeee oeacuaathuea ia i?aaeii/eoaaiuo ei eaiaeeaeaoia ec oie eee
ae?oaie ia?oee. Ecae?aoaeueiua iaoeiu cia/eoaeueii oi?iuatho oaoieeo
aieiniaaiey, iaeaa/atho e nie?auatho a?aiy ia iiaen/ao aieinia, oae /oi
a iiiaio cae?uoey ecae?aoaeueiuo o/anoeia iie auaeatho ?acoeueoaou
aieiniaaiey.
Nouanoaotho ?acee/iua oi?iu e iooe auaeaeaeaiey eaiaeeaeaoia. Iai?eia?,
a Aaeeeia?eoaiee ethaie i?aoaiaeaio ia auai?ioth aeieaeiinoue oi?iaeueii
a i?aaa o/anoaiaaoue a auai?ao a ea/anoaa eaiaeeaeaoa, i?aaeaa?eoaeueii
iiaeaa a niioaaonoaothuee i?aai io naiaai eiaie cayaeaiea, iiaeienaiiia
e?iia iaai naiiai aua ianeieueeeie ecae?aoaeyie. Ii ana aea ?aaeueii
eaiaeeaeaou ii/oe eneeth/eoaeueii auaeaeaathony ia?oeyie.
I?aiuea?-ieieno? iacia/aao aeaoo auai?ia ca aeaa ianyoea aei naieo
auai?ia. Eae i?aaeei, ?oeiaiaeeoaee anao ia?oee ciatho i aeaoa auai?ia
ca aeieai aei ioeoeeaeueiiai cayaeaiey i?aiuea?-ieieno?a e,
niioaaonoaaiii, ca ?aiaa aioiayony e ?aoathuae i?iaa nee. I?eia?ii oaeay
aea i?ioeaaeo?a nouanoaoao a aieueoeinoaa no?ai n ia?eaiaioneei
?aaeeiii.
Ianeieueei eiay oaoiieiaey i?aaiecaoeee e i?iaaaeaiey i?aceaeaioneie
ecae?aoaeueiie eaiiaiee a Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoao. Ioeoeeaeueii iia
ia/eiaaony a oaa?aea aiaea auai?ia n i?aeia?ec a ooaoa Iueth-Ayiioe? e
caaa?oaaony a ia?aue aoi?iee iinea ia?aiai iiiaaeaeueieea a iiya?a
eca?aieai i?aceaeaioa e ae?oaeo auai?iuo aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe. I?e yoii
ecae?aoaeueiay eaiiaiey i?ioiaeeo aeaa yoaia. Ia ia?aii yoaia – yoaia
ia?ae/iuo auai?ia – ai??ueaa ?acai?a/eaaaony iaaeaeo i?aoaiaeaioaie ia
iiieiaoeee aioo?e ia?oee. Ia?aue yoai caaa?oaaony iauaiaoeeiiaeueiuie
nuacaeaie ia?oee, eioi?ua, eae i?aaeei, nicuaathony a ethea, aaaonoa
aiaea anaiaueo auai?ia. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy nuacaeu auaeaeaatho e
ooaa?aeaeatho ioeoeeaeueiuo eaiaeeaeaoia ia?oee ia iinou i?aceaeaioa e
aeoea-i?aceaeaioa no?aiu, a oaeaea oi?ioee?otho e i?eieiatho eo
i?aaeauai?iua ieaooi?iu. Iinea nuacaea i?aaeauai?iay eaiiaiey anooiaao a
iiaoth oaco e caaa?oaaony eca?aieai i?aceaeaioa, aeoea-i?aceaeaioa e
ae?oaeo auai?iuo aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe.
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue oaeaea niaoeeoeeo i?ioeaaeo?u eca?aiey i?aceaeaioa
NOA, eioi?ay ioee/aaony io i?ioeaaeo?u eca?aiey aunoeo aeieaeiinoiuo
eeoe a ae?oaeo no?aiao. Caeanue ecae?aoaee oi?iaeueii eae au i?yii ia
o/anoaotho a eca?aiee i?aoaiaeaioa ia iino i?aceaeaioa. Aeaei a oii, /oi
ia?oeeiua i?aaiecaoeee iyoeaeanyoe ooaoia e oaaea?aeueiiai ie?oaa
Eieoiaey oaeinoiaa?ytho eiy eaiaeeaeaoa niioaaonoaothuaio aeieaeiinoiiio
eeoeo aianoa ni nieneii oae iacuaaaiuo auai?ueeia i?aceaeaioa, eioi?ua a
neo/aa eo eca?aiey ioaeaaeoo naie aieina eaiaeeaeaoo ia?oee. Einoeooo
eieeaaee auai?ueeia e aeaoo-yoaiiia aieiniaaiea auee onoaiiaeaiu
iooeaie-iniiaaoaeyie. Iie yaeeenue ?acoeueoaoii eiii?iienna iaaeaeo
noi?iiieeaie aieueoae aaoiiiiee ooaoia, aunooiaaoeo ca oi, /oiau
i?aceaeaio ecae?aeny caeiiiaeaoaeyie ooaoia, e oaie, eoi aunooiae ca
aieueooth oeaio?aeecaoeeth ainoaea?noaa e anaia?iaeiua i?yiua auai?u.
Ecae?aoaeueiay nenoaia iino?iaia ii i?eioeeio: iaeei aiein io iaeiiai
ecae?aoaey, ii ia o?iaia ooaoia. Iiaaaeo iaea?aeeaaao oio, eoi iieo/aao
iaeaieueoaa /enei aieinia, ii ia o?iaia ooaoia. Oai naiui o/eouaaaony
oaaea?aeueiue i?eioeei ainoaea?noaaiii-iieeoe/aneiai ono?ienoaa.
Eaaeaeiio auai?ueeo i?aaeienuaaeinue acaaneoue ana “ca” e “i?ioea” e
i?iaieiniaaoue ca oao eaiaeeaeaoia ia iino i?aceaeaioa e
aeoea-i?aceaeaioa, eioi?uo ii n/eoaao iaeaieaa iiaeoiaeyueie.
Eiinoeoooeey ia naycuaaea auai?ueeia aieiniaaieai ca eiie?aoiiai
eaiaeeaeaoa. Ii iinoaiaiii, ii ia?a ?acaeoey ia?oeeiie nenoaiu,
niia?aaeaiey eaaeeoeeaoeee auee iooaniaiu ia aoi?ie ieai ia?oeeiie
i?eiaaeeaaeiinoueth auai?ueeia. Onoaiiaeeinue i?aaeei, ii eioi?iio
eca?aiiua auai?ueee naycuaaeenue iaycaoaeuenoaii aieiniaaoue ca
ii?aaeaeaiiiai eaiaeeaeaoa. A eiia/iii eoiaa iie i?aa?aoeeenue a
ia?oeeiuo aaaioia, iaycaiiuo ii?aeueii e iieeoe/anee iiaeaea?aeeaaoue
eaiaeeaeaoa naiae ia?oee.
Eae i?aaeei, a aieueoeinoaa no?ai i?aaeauai?iay aaeoaoeee i?ae?auaaony
ca nooee aei ioe?uoey ecae?aoaeueiuo o/anoeia. Yoi aeaeaaony aeey oiai,
/oiau i?aaeinoaaeoue naiei ecae?aoaeyi a?aiy e aiciiaeiinoue
naiinoiyoaeueii iaaeoiaoue e ananoi?iiia acaaneoue naie auai? e i?eiyoue
ieii/aoaeueiia ?aoaiea, ca eiai e ca /oi eiaiii ioaeaoue naie aiein.
N?ie iieiiii/ee auai?iuo aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe ia?aie/eaaaony
ii?aaeaeaiiui, no?iai oeene?iaaiiui a eiinoeoooeee ia?eiaeii, eae
i?aaeei, io aeaoo aei oanoe eao a caaeneiinoe io no?aiu e aeieaeiinoe.
N/eoaaony, /oi ii?aaeaeaiiua eiinoeoooeeae n?ie e ii?yaeie eca?aiey
aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe aeinoaoi/iu, /oiau eca?aiiia eeoei iiaei ?aaeeciaaoue
naith i?ia?aiio, iicaieytho iaania/eoue noaaeeueiinoue e
i?aainoaaiiinoue iieeoe/aneiai ?oeiaiaenoaa. O/eouaaaony e oi, /oi yoio
n?ie ia ianoieueei aaeee, /oiau iieeoee iia caauoue i i?aaenoiyueo
auai?ao e ia iiiieoue i naiae ioaaonoaaiiinoe ia?aae ecae?aoaeyie.
Iniiaiua oeiu ecae?aoaeueiie nenoaiu.
?acoeueoaou auai?ia, ii?aaeaeythuea iiaaaeeoaeae e iiaaaeaeaiiuo, ai
iiiaii caaenyo io oeia ecae?aoaeueiie nenoaiu. Nouanoaotho aeaa iniiaiuo
oeia: iaaei?eoa?iay e i?iii?oeeiiaeueiay. I?e iaaei?eoa?iie nenoaia io
eaaeaeiai ecae?aoaeueiiai ie?oaa ecae?aaony iaeei aeaiooao. Iiaaaeeoaeai
ia auai?ao n/eoaaony eaiaeeaeao, iaa?aaoee iaeaieueoaa /enei aieinia.
I?e oaeie nenoaia, anee ii iaeiiio e oiio aea ie?oao aaeeioe?oaony ia
aeaa, a ianeieueei eaiaeeaeaoia, iiaaaeo iiaeao iaea?aeaoue oio, eoi
iaa?ae iaiaa 50% aieinia. Iieacaoaeueii, /oi ia ?ac eiina?aaoeaiay
ia?oey Aaeeeia?eoaiee iaea?aeeaaea iiaaaeo, iieo/ea eeoue ieiei 40%
aieinia ecae?aoaeae, iineieueeo inoaeueiie yeaeoi?ao aeaeeeny iaaeaeo
eaeai?enoneie ia?eae e eeaa?ae-nioeeae-aeaiie?aoe/aneei aeueyinii. Ii/oe
ai anao aiaeiycu/iuo no?aiao a niioaaonoaee n ainiiaenoaiaaaoae oai
iaaei?eoa?iie nenoaiie aeaiooaou a caeiiiaeaoaeueiua nia?aiey
ecae?athony io ie?oaia, io eioi?uo ecae?aaony aaeeinoaaiiue eaiaeeaeao.
A aeaiiii ie?oaa ia?oey aeieaeia caaiaaaoue aieueoeinoai aieinia, /oiau
iaea?aeaoue iiaaaeo. Iaiueoeinoai caeanue ieacuaaaony ia i?aaenoaaeaiiui
a caeiiiaeaoaeueiii nia?aiee.
I?e iaaei?eoa?iie nenoaia aieueoeinoai, iieo/aiiia iiaaaeeaoae noi?iiie,
iiaeao auoue aeaoo aeaeia – aaniethoiia e ioiineoaeueiia. A ia?aii
neo/aa iiaaaeeoaeai n/eoaaony eaiaeeaeao, caaiaaaaoee 50% + 1 aiein anao
o/anoaiaaaoeo a aieiniaaiee ecae?aoaeae. A oii neo/aa, anee ie iaeei
eaiaeeaeao ia iieo/aao o?aaoaiia /enei aieinia, iacia/aaony aoi?ie oo?
auai?ia, a eioi?ii i?eieiatho o/anoea aeaa eaiaeeaeaoa, caaiaaaaoea
iaeaieueoaa /enei aieinia a ia?aii oo?a. Ai aoi?ii oo?a iiaaaeeoaeai
auoiaeeo oaea eaiaeeaeao, iaa?aaoee ioiineoaeueiia aieueoeinoai aieinia.
I?e iaaei?eoa?iie nenoaia ioiineoaeueiiai aieueoeinoaa iiaaaeo
iaea?aeeaaao eaiaeeaeao, iieo/eaoee aieueoa aieinia, /ai ana inoaeueiua
eaiaeeaeaou, eaaeaeue a ioaeaeueiinoe. Iaaei?eoa?iay nenoaia
ooaa?aeeeanue a Aiaeee, NOA, O?aioeee, ssiiiee.
Iiiaea eiioeiaioaeueiiaa?iiaeneea no?aiu i?aeoeeotho i?iii?oeeiiaeueioth
nenoaio, a niioaaonoaee n eioi?ie io eaaeaeiai ie?oaa ecae?athony
ianeieueei eaiaeeaeaoia, /enei eioi?uo ?ani?aaeaeyaony i?iii?oeeiiaeueii
eiee/anoao caaiaaaiiuo ia?oeyie aieinia. Caeanue ecae?aoaeueiua ie?oaa
nicaeathony aeinoaoi/ii e?oiiua, /oiau aeeth/eoue, neaaeai, iyoue
i?aaenoaaeoaeae e ?acaeaeeoue eo iaaeaeo ia?oeyie i?iii?oeeiiaeueii
caaiaaaiiui eie aieinai. Anee, iai?eia?, iaeia ia?oey eiaao ieiei 40%
anao aieinia, iia niioaaonoaaiii iieo/aao 40% ec 5 iano, o.a. 2. Anee
o?e ae?oaea ia?oee iieo/atho io 16 aei 24% aieinia eaaeaeay, eaaeaeie ec
ieo i?aaeinoaaeyaony ii iaeiiio ianoo. Iaeiaei, anee au oaeie aieueoie
aeeno?eeo aue ?an/eaiai ia iyoue iaeaiueeeo aeeno?eeoia, eiathueo ii
iaeiiio ianoo, ana iyoue iano iieo/eea au ia?oey, caaiaaaaoay 40%
aieinia anao ecae?aoaeae (o.a. aieueoeinoai), oiaaea aa neea
?ani?aaeaeyeanue au i?eia?ii ?aaiiia?ii ii ia?aiia/aeueiiio aieueoiio
aeeno?eeoo. Ae?oaeie neiaaie, i?iii?oeeiiaeueiay nenoaia
i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa neeiiia i?aaeinoaaeyoue n?aaieoaeueii iaeeeie
ia?oeyie ianoi a caeiiiaeaoaeueiii nia?aiee.
Ia?niaeoeaa caaiaaaiey naiae aeiee o/anoey ai aeanoe, oioy e iaeie,
iiiu?yao ia?oee iaiueoeinoa e niinianoaoao nio?aiaieth iiiaiia?oeeiie
nenoaiu. A Aia?eea aea, anee eaiaeeaeao ia caaiaauaaao aieueoeinoai, oi
ii ia iieo/aao ie/aai. Aia?eeaineay nenoaia auai?ueeia iino?iaia oae,
/oi eaiaeeaeao iieo/aao eee ana, eee ie/aai. A eaaeaeii ooaoa, anee
iaeei eaiaeeaeao iieo/aao 50% + 1 aiein ecae?aoaeae, ii iieo/aao ana
100% aieinia auai?ueeia. Ainiiaenoai iaaei?eoa?iie nenoaiu
i?aaeiieaaaao, /oi aeey iieo/aiey aieinia auai?ueeia o?aouee ia?oee
aeieaeiu caaiaauaaoue ia i?inoi ii?aaeaeaiiia eiee/anoai aieinia ii anae
no?aia, a aaia?aoe/anee eiioeaio?e?iaaiioth a eaeii-eeai ie?oaa
iiaeaea?aeeo aieueoeinoaa ecae?aoaeae. A yoi icia/aao, /oi anee o?aouey
ia?oey e iaea?aeeo iiaaaeo a oii eee eiii ie?oaa eee aeaaea ooaoa, iia
ana aea inoaaony ianoiui yaeaieai.
A ?yaea no?ai nouanoaoao niaoaiiay, iaaei?eoa?ii-i?iii?oeeiiaeueiay
nenoaia. Oae, a O?A iieiaeia ninoaaa aoiaeanoaaa ecae?aaony ia iniiaa
iaaei?eoa?iie nenoaiu a iaeei oo?, a ae?oaay – ia iniiaa
i?iii?oeeiiaeueiie nenoaiu. A Aano?aeee iaeaoa i?aaenoaaeoaeae
oi?ie?oaony ii iaaei?eoa?iie nenoaia aaniethoiiai aieueoeinoaa, a naiao
– ii nenoaia i?iii?oeeiiaeueiiai i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa. I?e yoii ioia/aii,
/oi iaaei?eoa?iay nenoaia a iaeei oo? niinianoaoao onoaiiaeaieth
aeaooia?oeeiinoe, a i?iii?oeeiiaeueiay nenoaia, iaiai?io, –
iiiaiia?oeeiinoe, a iaaei?eoa?iay a aeaa oo?a – iauaaeeiaieth ia?oee a
eiaeeoeee.
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u.
1. E.N.Aaaeaeeaa “Iieeoe/aneay iaoea”, I., Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ioiioaiey,
1995a.
2. I.A.Aiioei “Auai?u”, //Aanoiee iineianeiai oieaa?neoaoa, 1998a. ?4
3. //Nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneee aeo?iae, 1998a. ?2.
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