Aeeieiiaoe/aneay aeaaeaiey i?e IEAe ?O
?aoa?ao
ii eo?no “?inney a ie?iaie iieeoeea”
ia oaio: “*a?iiai?neee oaiiiai”
Auiieiee:
Caieei Aeaien Aeaaeeie?iae/,
ae/i 1 eo?na, 1 iioiea, 2 a?oiia.
Iineaa-1996Ianiiiaiii, aieiaiea eaaeaeiai, eco/aaoaai enoi?eth
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioiioaiee ia Aaeeaiao, i?eaeaeaei iaaieueoia
ainoaea?noai, ?aniieiaeaiiia a ?aeiia Neaaea?neiai ica?a, iaaeaeo
naaiaeiyoieie Ainieae e Aa?oeaaiaeiie, Na?aeae e Aeaaieae. A
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe – /ai aea oae caia/aoaeueia yoa no?aia? Ii/aio iu
aua?aee eiaiii aa iauaeoii iaoaai eco/aiey e aiaeeca? E e /aio oaeia
a?ineia, oiee?othuaa iacaaiea? A /ai ninoieo yoio oaiiiai? Ioaao, eae
ca/anooth neo/aaony, ia oae i?ino. Aeey iieiiai e en/a?iuaathuaai
aiaeeca i?iaeaiu nia/aea ia?aoeiny e oaeoai enoi?e/aneiai,
aaia?aoe/aneiai, ?aeeaeiciiai e yoii-iaoeeiiaeueiiai niaea?aeaiey.
*a?iiai?ey. ?anioaeeea a ninoaaa N? THaineaaee, A aieueoae /anoe
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie auniei iiaeiyoia ieineiai?uea, ii/oe eeoaiiia
oaeoueo ii iiaa?oiinoe aiae e ii/aaiiiai iie?iaa (eeoue i?eia?ii 8,2%
oa??eoi?ee no?aiu i?eaiaeii aeey caieaaeaeey). Yoi ieineiai?uea
ianeieueei iiouaii a oeaio?a e aicauoaii ii e?ayi. E Aae?eaoeea iii
ia?uaaaony e?ooui onooiii, ia?acothuei e?aaaua ai?u (Eia/ai).Ia thaa
aeieeiu ?ae Ii?a/a e Caou aaeathony aeaeaei aaeoaue yoiai ieineiai?uey.
A ?aeiia neeyiey Ii?a/a ni Neaaea?neei ica?ii i?inoe?aaony ?aaieia
Iiaeai?eoeu, i?aaenoaaeythuay niaie oi aieua eaiaienoua i?ino?ainoaa, oi
?aniaoaiiua aeey caieaaeaeey o/anoee. Ai?iua ianneau caiaaea *a?iiai?ee
yaeythony ia noieueei aunieeie, neieueei o?oaeiii?ioiaeeiuie. Ia ainoiea
ai?u auoa, iaeiaei iie aeinooiiaa e neiaeaiu aeeienouie neaioeaie. Eo
neeiiu iie?uou ?aaeeeie eanaie, i?aeiouanoaaiii aoeiauie, ia aicauoaiiuo
ieineiai?ueyo eiaaony iiiai iaeeeo ica?. Iaeaieaa ieciaiiie /anoueth
*a?iiai?ee yaeyaony ?aaieia o Neaaea?neiai ica?a, iuia aeoeaii
eniieuecothuayny aeey caieaaeaeey.
Iniiaa yeiiiieee no?aiu – naeueneia oicyenoai (ai?iiianoaeuiia
aeeaioiiaiaenoai ia aeueieeneeo e noaaeueieeneeo ianoaeuao, a iaiueoae
ia?a – iinaau ca?iiauo, noao?iie/aneia ieiaeiaiaenoai e
aeiia?aaea?noai), aeiauaathuay i?iiuoeaiiinoue (iacia/eoaeueiua
ianoi?iaeaeaiey aieneoia, naeioeiai-oeeieiauo e aethieieaauo ?oae),
oyaeaeay i?iiuoeaiiinoue (/a?iay iaoaeeo?aey, iaoeiino?iaiea),
aea?aaiia?aaioea (ieiei 19% oa??eoi?ee no?aiu iie?uoi eanaie). Ianaeaiea
nin?aaeioi/aii a ai?iaeao, iaeaieaa iiiai/eneaiiua eo eioi?uo –
Iiaeai?eoea (auao.Oeoia?aae), Oeaoeiuea (noieeoea aei 2-ie ie?iaie
aieiu), Ieeoe/ (oeaio? /a?iie iaoaeeo?aee), a oaeaea a aunieiai?iuo
eioeiaeiao, a ieciaiiinoe ieiei Neaaea?neiai ica?a e ii nooiaiyi oa??an
ai?iuo ?ae.
A ?eineoth yiioo oa??eoi?ey iuiaoiae *a?iiai?ee aoiaeeea a ninoaa
Eeee?eeneie i?iaeioeee iiae iacaaieai Aeeieeay. A VII a. iaeanoue auea
canaeaia aeoeeyiaie (neaayiaie, aaoaueth na?aneie yoie/aneie a?oiiu),
eioi?ua a nei?ii a?aiaie iiiaee iiae aeeyiea aecaioeeneie eoeueoo?u e
ii/oe iaeiia?aiaiii n na?aaie i?eiyee o?enoeainoai a oi?ia i?aaineaaey.
A IX a. eie auei iniiaaii eiyaeanoai Aeoeey, eioi?ia a eiioea oiai aea
aaea auei caaiaaaii Aecaioeae. N XI a. iaeanoue noaea iacuaaoueny Caoie,
ii iaeiieiaiiiio iacaaieth i?eoiea ?.Ii?a/a. Auaoay n 1042a.
iacaaeneiie, a eiioea XII a. iia aioea a ninoaa Na?aneiai ei?ieaanoaa
Iaiaie/ae. Iaeiaei iinea aeoau ia Einiaii iiea a 1389a. Caoneay aeoia,
ioaaouaaaoay nia?aiaiioth *a?iiai?eth e Naaa?ioth Aeaaieth, aiiaue noaea
naiinoiyoaeueiie. Oi?aaeyaiay ianeaaenoaaiiuie aeoiaiaie (Aaeueoe/e n
1356a. ii 1421a., *a?iiaae/e n 1427a. ii 1516a.) Caoa i?aaenoaaeyea
niaie oeie/iia oaiaeaeueiia ainoaea?noai, a eioi?ii aanueia
nouanoaaiioth ?ieue ea?aea ianoiay i?aaineaaiay oea?eiaue. Ai
aiaoiaiieeoe/aneii aniaeoa enoi?ey yoiai ainoaea?noaa naiaeeeanue e
ai?ueaa n oo?eaie e aaiaoeeaioeaie, acaeiiia niia?ie/anoai eioi?uo
niinianoaiaaei nio?aiaieth ei naiinoiyoaeueiinoe a oa/aiee anaai XV a.
Eeoue a eiioea XV a. oo?ee caoaaoeee ieiaei?iaeiua ?aaieiiua iaeanoe
Caou, aeeth/ea eo a ninoaa Iniaineie eiia?ee, e a 1484a. auioaeeee
O?iiaae/ae oaeaeeoueny a iai?enooiiua iaeanoe no?aiu, iacaaiiua C(na
Gora (aoea. “/a?iue, ae?aio/ee ean”). N oao ii? iacaaiea “*a?iiai?ey”
auoaniyao “Caoa”.
Ianiio?y ia ioeoeeaeueiia aeeth/aiea *a?iiai?ee a ninoaa Iniaineie
eiia?ee (a Neooa?eeneee naiaeaeae) a 1499a. e oaeaeaiea iineaaeiaai
aeoiaia Aeaei?aeaea a Aaiaoeeth, ianaeaiea ai?iuo ?aeiiia nio?aieei
oaeoe/aneoth iacaaeneiinoue e ia?aciaaei naiaia?acioth oaie?aoe/aneoth
?anioaeeeo iiae aeaaainoaii aeaaeue, ieo?iiieeoia *a?iiai Eana. A
?acoeueoaoa ?acaeoey oaiaeaeueiuo ioiioaiee a *a?iiai?ee ia?aciaaeenue,
ia?yaeo ni noieeei iao?ea?oaeueii-?iaeiaui oeeaaeii aeecie ai?oeaa,
oaiaeaeueiua iiianouey, aeaaeaeueoeu eioi?uo aeey oi?i/aiey naiaai
iieiaeaiey i?eieiaee eneai (eae ecaanoii, niaeanii caeiiai Iniaineie
eiia?ee, caieae iia aeaaeaoue eeoue ionoeueiaiei). Oaeei ia?acii,
ai?ueaa e?anoueyinoaa e i?aaineaaiie oea?eae i?ioea oaiaeaeia,
i?ienoiaeeaoay a oa/aiee anaai ia?eiaea XVI – XVII a., iineea eae
iaoeeiiaeueii-inaiaiaeeoaeueiue, eeanniaue, oae e ?aeeaeiciue oa?aeoa?.
I?eoei a?aiy inoaiiaeoueny e naeaeaoue iaaieueoia ee?e/aneia
ionooieaiea, eanathuaany ?aeeaeiciiai aii?ina ia Aaeeaiao, i?eia?aooaai
iniaoth ino?ioo a iineaaeiea aiaeu. Ia iie acaeyae noieue oe?ieia
?ani?ino?aiaiea eneaia noaei aiciiaeii ca n/ao aeaoo iniiaiuo
enoi/ieeia. Ai-ia?auo, aaconeiaii, /anoue ianaeaiey, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue
caieaaeaaeaeueoeu, ia?aoiaeeee a eneai, aeaau nio?aieoue naie i?aaa.
Oaiaeaeu ii-i?aaeiaio i?iaeieaeaee aceiaoue aa?ueio e iiaeaoe,
niaea?aeaee aii?oaeaiioth ae?oaeeio, nio?aieee ia ianoao noaeaaioth
aeanoue. E?iia oiai, iie iieo/eee iiaua i?eaeeaaee, iineieueeo aeaaaee
Iniaineie eiia?ee cia/eoaeueiia /enei i?ae?aniuo aieiia. Iaeiaei a oi
aea a?aiy iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai e?anoueyi inoaaaeinue a
o?enoeainoaa. Oaeei ia?acii aua aieueoa oneeeaaeny aaoi?eoao
i?aaineaaiie oea?eae, a eioi?ie oe?ieea iannu aeaeaee ia oieueei naith
aa?o, ii e neiaie naiaai iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeinoieinoaa, iauaaeeiythuoth
aeiieiaioo ai?ueau i?ioea Iniaineie eiia?ee. Ai-aoi?uo, /oi oaeaea
iaiaeiaaaeii, ia?aoiae a eneai iaaethaeaeny e a n?aaea oae iacuaaaiiai
“ei?aiiiai” ianaeaiey. Yoi aeiaieueii neieueceee aii?in, iiyoiio n?aco
iaiieaethnue, /oi naiei iiaieai y ie a eiae ia?a ia i?aoaiaeoth ia
enoeio a eiia/iie einoaioeee. Eeee?eeoeu, aaoaue eaeueoneie yoie/aneie
a?oiiu, ae?aaiaeoea ecaanoiua iaoea iaeoaoaee oa??eoi?ee caiaaea
Aaeeaineiai iieoino?iaa, iuia ecaanoiu iiae eiaiai “aeaaioeu”.
Iaeiecaanoiui oa?ieiii “iaiae” a aieaa?neii ycuea iacuaathony
eniiaaaeothuea eneai “aieaa?u”. Eae ioia/aao ?yae aeaeiuo o/aiuo, yoi –
nio?aieaoeany inoaoee eiaaea-oi ianaeyaoeo oa??eoi?eth nia?aiaiiie
Aieaa?ee thaeiuo neaayi, aieueoeinoai eioi?uo auei eiei?ii?e?iaaii
i?eoeuie ei/aaieeaie oth?eneie yoie/aneie a?oiiu aieaa?aie. Iaa ?aeeeoa
ii i?eoiaeo oo?ie n ?aaeinoueth i?eiyee eneai. Neiaeii aaniethoii oi/ii
ioaaoeoue ia aii?in “ii/aio?”. Ii iia i?aaeiieiaeaiea iniiauaaaony ia
aeaeaiee “ei?aiiiai” ianaeaiey iaeiiaoe-oi iieacaoue “i?eoeui”, /oi e ia
eo oeeoea iiaeao auoue i?acaeiee. Iie aeoeaii nio?oaeie/aee n Iniaineie
eiia?eae, ca /oi iieueciaaeenue aa aeaaineeiiiinoueth.
Eioa?anai e ae?oaie aii?in. Ii/aio aea ionoeueiainoai a ?aieao auaoae
THaineaaee auei neiioeaio?e?iaaii eiaiii a Ainiee e Aa?oeaaiaeia? Iaeiie
ec i?e/ei iiaeii, aaconeiaii, iacaaoue iaoeeiiaeueioth iieeoeeo Oeoi,
niaeanii eioi?ie “caeoeu aeieaeiu aeeoue a iaeiie eeaoea, a aaee a
ae?oaie”. Oaeei ia?acii i?iaicaeaoaiiay iaoeeiiaeueiinoue “ionoeueiaia”
eneonnoaaiii eiioeaio?e?iaaeanue eiaiii a Ainiee e Aa?oeaaiaeia,
iaeanoe, n enoi?e/anee i?aiaeaaeathuei ionoeueiaineei ianaeaieai.
Aoi?ie, aanueia nouanoaaiiie i?e/eiie, auei oi, /oi a Ainiee
iaaethaeaeinue ianniaia i?eiyoea eneaia ia oieueei a n?aaea oaiaeaeia,
ii e n?aaee naiaiaeiuo e?anoueyi. Eiaiii iiyoiio ?aeeaeiciue aii?in
iinea ooiaea n Aaeeaineiai iieoino?iaa Iniaineie eiia?ee a Ainiee ia iia
auoue ?aoai oaeaea aaiaeueii, eae yoi auei naeaeaii a *a?iiai?ee,
Iaeaaeiiee, a iaeioi?ie noaiaie a Na?aee e a Aieaa?ee. Ainieeneea
ionoeueiaia ia auee noieue iaei/eneaiiu e neaau, /oiau eo oae i?inoi
ia?aaeoue.
Iaoeeiiaeueii-inaiaiaeeoaeueiay aieia a *a?iiai?ee, iniai iaino?eaoayny
a ia/aea XVIII a., i?eaaea a 1703a. e ?acia oae iacuaaaiuo iioo?/aioeaa
(/a?iiai?neeo ionoeueiai). Ainnoaiea aicaeaaeyeinue i?aaenoaaeoaeyie
aiaaoiai ciaoiiai ?iaea Ieo?iae/ae Ieaioae. A ?acoeueoaoa i?ienoaaeoeo
aieiaiee iionoeueiaiaiiua oaiaeaeu eeoeeenue naieo aeaaeaiee e a
aieueoeinoaa ia?anaeeeenue a aceaoneoth /anoue Iniaineie eiia?ee. Caiey
ia?aoea a ?oee e?anoueyineeo iauei (?iaeia, naiae) e oea?eae, eioi?ay
aieioue aei ieii/aiey 2-ie ie?iaie aieiu i?iaeieaeaea ea?aoue aanueia
caiaoioth ?ieue a iieeoe/aneie aeecie ainoaea?noaa.
A 1684a. aioeoo?aoeeee nithc ai aeaaa n Aano?eae, Aaiaoeeae e Iieueoae
aiaeae a ai?ueao n Iniaineie eiia?eae e *a?iiai?eth. A 1685a. *a?iiai?ey
aeiaeeanue oaeoe/anee iieiie iacaaeneiinoe, /oi, iaeiaei, i?eciaii
noeoaiii ia auei. Auee ainnoaiiaeaiu oaniua oi?aiaua ioiioaiey n
Aaiaoeeae, eioi?ay a eiioea XVII a. noaea ana aieaa oneeeaaoue naie
yeiiiie/aneea e iieeoe/aneea iiceoeee a *a?iiai?ee, iniiauaay a iae naie
oaeoi?ee e iaaiaeiyy aa naieie oi?aiauie aaaioaie e /eiiaieeaie. N
eiioea XVII a. *a?iiai?ey noaiiaeony cia/eoaeueiui oaeoi?ii a
aeeaeiaainoi/iie iieeoeea aa?iiaeneeo aea?aeaa, eae aaaeiue
no?aoaae/aneee ioieo e oi?aiaue ocae. Nouanoaaiioth ?ieue ia/eiatho
ea?aoue eioa?anu /a?iiai?neie oea?eae e aeooiaainoaa, ii?aaeaeyaoeo
iieeoeeo noaaoeo ianeaaenoaaiiuie aeooiaiuo aeaaeue *a?iiai?ee ec ?iaea
Iao?iae/ae Iaaioae, no?aieaoeony e caoaaoo aae?eaoe/aneeo ii?oia e
ieiaei?iaeiuo ?aaiei, eioi?ua iiaee au iaania/eoue no?aio
i?iaeiaieuenoaeai.
A ia/aea XVIII a. caaycuaathony niioaiey *a?iiai?ee n ?inneae. A 1715a.
*a?iiai?neee aeaaeuea Aeaieei aaeao a ?inneth e iieo/aao ia?aoth
noaneaeeth, noaaooth iicaeiaa ?aaoey?iie. *a?iiai?neea aeaaeuee ana /aua
euoo iie?iaeoaeuenoaa o ?innee, /oi noaei iniaaiii caiaoii iinea
iaaeaiey Aaiaoeeaineie ?anioaeeee a 1797a. I iiioey?iinoe ?innee
naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaea iiiuoea Noaiaia Iaeiai onoaiiaeoue naaoneoth aeanoue
a *a?iiai?ee, auaeaa naay ca ?inneeneiai eiia?aoi?a Iao?a III, yeiau
aaaeaaoaai io caaiai?a a *a?iiai?eth.
A eiioea XVIII a. aeaaeuea Iao? I Iaaio (1781-1830 aa.) iinea oaea/iuo
aiei n Iniaineie eiia?eae a 1792a. e a 1796a., caeii/eaoeony iniaui
noeoaineei oe?iaiii 1798a. i i?eciaiee iacaaeneiinoe *a?iiai?ee, i?iaae
?yae aioo?aiieo ?aoi?i. Caaa?oea oeaio?aeecaoeeth aeanoe e oie/oiaeea
ieaiaiiua oi?aaeaiey e noaeu, /a?iiai?neea aeaaeuee ieii/aoaeueii
i?aa?aoeeenue a naaoneeo ainoaea?ae. Aeaaeuea Aeaieei (1851-1860 aa.)
i?eiye a 1852a. oeooe eiycy *a?iiai?ee. Aeaieei e Ieeieae (1860-1918
aa.) i?e aeoeaiie iiiiue e oe?ieii noaneaee?iaaiee ni noi?iiu ?innee
i?iaaee /anoe/ioth ?ai?aaiecaoeeth ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa e iniaaiii
a?iee, iino?iaiiie ii ia?acoeo ?onneie (1871a.). Aiaoiyy iieeoeea
*a?iiai?ee a XIX a. ii?aaeaeyeanue aa anoanoaaiiui no?aieaieai e auoiaeo
ia Aae?eaoe/aneia iiaa?aaeuea e i?eniaaeeiaieth i?eeaaathueo
ieiaei?iaeiuo ?aaiei Naaa?iie Aeaaiee e caiaaeiie /anoe iniaineiai
naiaeaeaea (Iiae Iaca?); a yoii iai?aaeaiee iia ano?a/aea iiaeaea?aeeo
ni noi?iiu ?innee e iaoaeeeaaeanue ia nii?ioeaeaiea Aano?ee, eioi?ay,
i?iaeieaeay ia/aooth a XVIII a. iieeoeeo i?iieeiiaaiey ia Aaeeaiu,
no?aieeanue e iiae/eiaieth *a?iiai?ee naiaio aeeyieth n oai, /oiau
iaaciianeoue naie oeaia i?e aeaeueiaeoai i?iaeaeaeaiee ia Naeiieee.
*a?iiai?ey noaea iaeiei ec oceia ?onnei-aano?eeneeo i?ioeai?a/ee ia
Aaeeaiao e naia aoyaeaaeanue a yoe i?ioeai?a/ey, auioaeaeaaiay
i?eniaaeeiyoueny oi e iaeiie, oi e ae?oaie noi?iia. E yoei aeaoi
aea?aeaaai a ia/aea XIX a., a nayce n aeoeaecaoeeae naiae ainoi/iie
iieeoeee, i?eniaaeeieeanue e O?aioeey. Iia iinueaea a *a?iiai?eth ?yae
aiaiiuo e oi?aiauo iennee n oeaeueth au?aaoue *a?iiai?eth ec noa?u
aeeyiey ?innee e Aano?i-Aaia?ee.
?onneia aeeyiea ana aea inoaaony aeiieie?othuei a *a?iiai?ee a oa/aiee
anaai XIX a. Aua a 1806a. *a?iiai?ey caiyea aaaeiue ii?o ia iiaa?aaeuea
Aae?eaoe/aneiai ii?y Aieeo Eaoi?neoth, iaeiaei ia Aaineii eiia?anna
1814-1815 aa. aai ia?aaeaee Aano?ee. Iaoaea/a yoie iiiuoee iaeoe auoiae
e ii?th iiaoaeeei *a?iiai?eth ia?aoeony ca aeoeaiie iiiiuueth e ?innee.
N 1837a. ?onneia i?aaeoaeuenoai oaaee/eei noaneaeeth e i?eiyei aeoeaiia
o/anoea a ?aoi?iao, i?iaiaeeaoeony i?aaeoaeyie *a?iiai?ee. Ioeac
*a?iiai?ee iiae aeaaeaieai Aano?ee io o/anoey a E?uineie aieia ia
noi?iia ?innee aucaae ioeaaeaeaiea a ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo aeaoiy no?aiaie,
iaeiaei a 1876a. *a?iiai?ey, iaaeaynue ia i?eniaaeeiaiea ainnoaaoae
i?ioea Iniaineie eiia?ee Aa?oeaaiaeiu, naia ia/aea aieio n oo?eaie,
i?eiya oai naiui aeoeaiia o/anoea a ?onnei-oo?aoeeie aieia 1877-1878 aa.
*anoue ieiaei?iaeiuo aeaaineeo caiaeue, ia?aaeaiiuo *a?iiai?ee ii
Aa?eeineiio o?aeoaoo, auea neeie oaea?aeaia aeaaioeaie, e oioy acaiai eo
*a?iiai?ey iieo/eea ii?ou Aioeaa?e e Aeoeueoeeiuei e, e?iia oiai,
i?eia?aea ieiaei?iaeiua ?aaieiu Ieeoe/a e Iiaeai?eoeu, ii auea
ia?aie/aia a i?aaao aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa e noaeioiaenoaa.
“Iieeoeaeneee iaaeci? ii?neie e naieoa?iue, eae a Aioeaa?e, oae e
aaeieue anaai iiaa?aaeuey“ aue i?ioea aiee ?innee i?aaeinoaaeai
Aano?i-Aaia?ee, eioi?ie oaeaea auei aeaii i?aai niaea?aeaoue aa?ieciiu a
Iiae-Iaca?neii naiaeaeaea, /oi io?acaei *a?iiai?eth io Na?aee. Oaeei
ia?acii, oaaee/ea aaeaia oa??eoi?eth e ianaeaiea *a?iiai?ee, Aa?eeineee
o?aeoao 1878a. ana aea ia ?ac?aoee iieiinoueth aeaaioth i?iaeaio aa
nouanoaiaaiey e aeaaea ineiaeiee aa, iinoaaea *a?iiai?eth a iieioth
caaeneiinoue io Aano?i-Aaia?ee, naeaaoae aa ni anao noi?ii.
E ia/aeo XX a. yeiiiie/aneia iieiaeaiea *a?iiai?ee auei e?aeia oyaeaeui.
Iaeaieaa aeioiaeiua io?anee ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, eae, iai?eia?,
aea?aaiia?aaioea, ?acaeaaaeenue a eiioeannee eiino?aiiiio eaieoaeo, a a
iniiaa yeiiiieee no?aiu – naeueneii oicyenoaa, ii-i?aaeiaio
ainiiaenoaiaae n?aaeiaaaeiaue niinia ia?aaioee caiee ?aeii ia aieao, a
ai?iuo iaeanoyo – aieioue aei ?o/iiai niiniaa. Aaeeea auea caaeneiinoue
no?aiu io o?iaeaeiinoe, ec-ca /aai ia?aaeei neo/aeenue aieiaeiua aiaeu,
a oa/aiee eioi?uo cia/eoaeueiay /anoue ianaeaiey eee oia?ea eee
yiea?e?iaaea ca a?aieoeo. Neioiaiaenoai, enoi?e/anee eiaaoaa a
*a?iiai?ee aoeueoaa cia/aiea iaaeaee caieaaeaeea, ii-i?aaeiaio
inoaaaeanue a ?aieao i?eieoeaiuo oi?i ianoooaneiai oicyenoaa. Oi?aiaey
*a?iiai?ee ia ecaaaea iauae o/anoe yeiiiieee no?aiu. Aieueoa, /ai ia 50%
iia caaenaea io Aano?i-Aaia?ee. Auaiceeenue aeaaiui ia?acii iaeeee neio,
oa?noue, eo?u, aeii, oaaae, iaa/ee nu? e o.ae., a aaiceeanue
i?iiuoeaiiay i?iaeoeoeey – aeaeaci, i?oaeea, a oaeaea oeaa.
Iaoaeeaeoaeueii, /oi ec aiaea a aiae oi?aiaue aaeain inoaaaeny
ianneaiui, ainoaea?noaaiiue aeiea ana aieaa oaaee/eaaeny. I?iiuoeaiiinoe
a *a?iiai?ee oaeoe/anee ia auei, anee ia n/eoaoue ieaiaa?aiiiai e
eiina?aiiai caaiaeia, oaaa/iie oaa?eee e eaniieeee. Aeiauaathuae
i?iiuoeaiiinoe ia auei nianai.
Oyaeaeia iieiaeaiea, ieceee aeeciaiiue o?iaaiue, a oaeaea aeeyiea
?onneie ?aaiethoeee 1905a. aucaaei a oe?ieeo iannao iaaeiaieuenoai
i?aaeoaeuenoaii e ee/ii eiycai Ieeieaai, aueeaoaany a iianaianoiua
aii?oaeaiiua aunooieaiey e?anoueyi. Neaaeoy i?eia?o naiaai iie?iaeoaey
oea?y Ieeieay II, 19.12.1905 eiycue Ieeieae i?eiye ia?aoth /a?iiai?neoth
eiinoeoooeeth. Niaeanii ae auei o/?aaeaeaii ia?iaeiia nia?aiea
(Neoiueia). A Neoiueio aioee 56 i?aaenoaaeoaeae io ie?oaia, 6 – io
ai?iaeia e 12 – ii aeieaeiinoe. Aeoeaiia ecae?aoaeueiia i?aai iieo/eee
ana a?aaeaeaia, aeinoeaoea 21 aiaea, ianneaiia – eeoea, aeinoeaoea
30-eaoiaai aic?anoa e ieaoeaoea 15 e?ii iaeiaa. A aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe
eiinoeoooeey niaea?aeaea oaeia eiee/anoai iaiai?ie, /oi cia/aiea
Neoiueiu naaeinue e ieieioio e any aeanoue ii-i?aaeiaio inoaaaeanue a
?oeao eiycy, iacia/aaoaai ieieno?ia, ecaeaaaaoaai caeiiu e o.ae. Iinea
aeaoo “iaiineooiuo” i?aaeoaeuenoa ?aaeoeiae/a e ?aaeiae/a a ai?aea
1907a. auei nicaeaii ieienoa?noai Oiiaiiae/a, iiaeaeoaa ca niaie ?inione
Neoiueiu e eaeaieiae/aneoth ?aaeoeeth. A ioaao ia aiiaue oneeeaoeany
e?anoueyineea iaaeiaieuenoaa auee einoeaie?iaaiu iiaua auai?u, aeaaoea
aiieia iineooioth Neoiueio. A 1910a. a oeaeyo oe?aieaiey naiae aeanoe
eiycue Ieeieae i?iaicaeanee naay ei?ieai, a a 1914a. i?enaiee
ei?ieaaneie aeanoe /?acau/aeiua iieiiii/ey.
Iniiaiie onoaiiaeie aiaoiae iieeoeee ei?iey Ieeieay auei iauaaeeiaiea
anao thaineaaneeo caiaeue, aeeth/ay Na?aeth, iiae aeanoueth Iaaioae. N
yoie oeaeueth Ieeieae aia/aea eneae iiaeaea?aeee o Aano?ee, eae iaeaieaa
aeeceie e *a?iiai?ee aea?aeaau, e oiio aea a?aaeaeaaiie Na?aee,
caeeth/ea n iae a 1907a. nae?aoiue aeiaiai?, ioaeaaoee Aano?ee ii
nouanoao ia ioeoi anth yeiiiieeo no?aiu. A oi aea a?aiy ii noa?aeny
iiaeaea?aeeaaoue oi?ioea ioiioaiey n ?inneae, io eioi?ie iieo/ae
noaneaeee. Iaeiaei yoa iieeoeea aaeaine?iaaiey iaaeaeo aeaoiy
a?aaeaeaaiuie eaaa?yie a 1908a. iieo/eea na?ueaciue oaea?, eiaaea
Aano?i-Aaia?ey iaiaeeaeaiii aiiaene?iaaea Ainieth e Aa?oeaaiaeio. A
1912a. *a?iiai?ey i?eieioea e Aaeeaineiio nithco e o/anoaiaaea a
Aaeeaineeo aieiao (1912-1913 aa.). A ?acoeueoaoa aieiu *a?iiai?ey a
iieoi?a ?aca oaaee/eea naith oa??eoi?eth e iieo/eea ieiaei?iaeiua ?aeiiu
Iiae-Iaca?neiai naiaeaeaea, ii io Neaaea?neie ieciaiiinoe, caiyoie aa
aieneaie e eioi?ie iia iniaaiii ianoie/eai aeiaeaaeanue, iia, ii
ianoiyieyi Aano?i-Aaia?ee, ianiio?y ia iiaeaea?aeeo ?innee, auioaeaeaia
auea ioeacaoueny a iieueco aiiaue nicaeaiiiai aeaaineiai ainoaea?noaa.
*a?iiai?ey aaeaa oniaea anooieoue ai aeaaeaiea iiauie caieyie, eae a
1914a. ia/aeanue ia?aay ie?iaay aieia. *a?iiai?ey aianoa n Na?aeae
aunooieea ia noi?iia Aioaiou. A yiaa?a 1916a. *a?iiai?ey auioaeaeaia
auea ionooieoue ia?aae aano?eeneeie aieneaie, caiyaoeie anth no?aio.
Ei?ieue Ieeieae, ana aieaa neeiiyaoeeny e eniuoaiiie oaeoeea aeaieiie
ea?u, 17 yiaa?y aaaeae, a 7 oaa?aey *a?iiai?ey iiaeienaea aeo i
eaieooeyoeee, i?eciaa aano?i-aaiaa?neee ieeoiaoeeiiiue ?aaeei. Aaeeeea
aea?aeaau a naiae iieeoeea ana aieaa i?eaioe?iaaeenue ia Iaoeeiiaeueiue
niaao ao?aeoaciie iiiiceoeee, iaoiaeeaoeeny a auioaeaeaiiie yiea?aoeee,
eioi?ue a 1917a. i?eniaaeeieeny e aeaeea?aoeee thaeiuo neaayi ia ino?iaa
Ei?oo i nicaeaiee aaeeiiai ainoaea?noaa na?aia, oi?aaoia e neiaaioeaa.
Ioiioaiey e aaaeaaoaio ei?ieth Ieeieath ioeaaeaaaee e aai ai?y/ay
iiaeaea?aeea, auno?i niaieaoayny “eaaeei oee?oii”, anei?a aiiaua nioea
ia iao. Iieeiooue anaie, a 1921a. Ieeieae oia? a yiea?aoeee ai O?aioeee.
Nia?aaoayny 17 aeaeaa?y 1918a. a Iiaeai?eoea “Aaeeeay neoiueia” iauyaeea
aeeianoeth Iaaioae ieceiaeaiiie, a *a?iiai?eth aeeth/aiiie a Ei?ieaanoai
na?aia, oi?aaoia e neiaaioeaa.
Iinea inaiaiaeaeaiey THaineaaee io oaoecia *a?iiai?ey auea i?eciaia
iaeiie ec ?aaiii?aaiuo ?anioaeee thaineaaneie oaaea?aoeee, e 17 ai?aey
1945a. a iae auea nicaaia ianoiay neoiueia e ia?aciaaii i?aaeoaeuenoai.
Aiaiiue eiioeeeo ia oa??eoi?ee auaoae NO?TH iaioae *a?iiai?eth noi?iiie.
Ai iiiaii yoi iaycaii oaa?aeie iiceoeee no?aiu a aii?ina ia?aoaiey
iieiie iacaaeneiinoe. Iaaeaaiea auai?u a ianoiua i?aaiu aeanoe iieacaee,
/oi aieueoeinoai ianaeaiey aeaeeo naia aoaeouaa a ninoaaa Nithciie
?anioaeeee THaineaaee (Savezna Republika Jugoslavija). Iiai?ia oai naiui
naia?aoenoneea oaiaeaioeee ii?aaeaeaiiuo nee iauanoaa, *a?iiai?ey,
aiciiaeii, i?aaeioa?aoeea aua iaeei e?iaaaue eiioeeeo ia Aaeeaineii
iieoino?iaa. N o?oaeii aa?eony, /oi Na?aey oae i?inoi nie?eony n iioa?ae
noieue no?aoaae/anee aaaeiiai auoiaea a Aae?eaoe/aneia ii?a.
Oaia?ue, i?ineaaeea enoi?eth *a?iiai?ee, iu iiaeai caaeaoueny aii?inii:
eaeei ia?acii oaeia e?ioa/iia ainoaea?noai, ianaeaiiia aei iaaeaaiaai
a?aiaie iaei/eneaiiuie ?ac?iciaiiuie iieoaeeeeie ieaiaiaie neioiaiaeia,
iaeaaeathuaa ie/oiaeiuie caiaeueiuie ?ano?naie, ie?oaeaiiia
iiaouanoaaiiuie ninaaeyie niiaea ia i?ioyaeaiee ii/oe anaai naiaai
nouanoaiaaiey nio?aieoue naiinoiyoaeueiinoue? Iaei oiai, aaeeeea
aea?aeaau ca/anooth aaee iaeanoi/aiiaeooth ai?ueao ca aeeyiea a yoie
ai?iie no?aia, /oi eiiaaea aeaeei ca niaie aeaaea aii?oaeaiiua
noieeiiaaiey. ?inney, Aano?i-Aaia?ey, Aaiaoeeaineay ?anioaeeea,
Iniaineay eiia?ey, O?aioeey, Aa?iaiey, Aiaeey a naia a?aiy, oaie eee
eiuie niiniaaie, a oie eee eiie ia?a iuoaeenue aeiaeoueny
aeaaineeiiiinoe i?aaeoaeae yoiai caaaaei/iiai *a?iiai Eana. Iaoaeaee
/a?iiai?oeu, eae e?iiece?iaae N.TH. Aeooa noieue “iiiai/eneaiiu e
aieinoaaiiu”? Iao, eae ioia/aeinue auoa, ianaeaiea no?aiu auei ie/oiaeii
e ?ac?iciaiii ai iiiaeanoaa ai?iuo eioeiaei. I niaeinoe e aieinoaaiiinoe
ia?iaea a oeaeii aiai?eoue ia i?eoiaeeony, iineieueeo o/anoea 2-3 ouny/
/a?iiai?neeo aieiai?acia a Aaeeaineeo aieiao eee ?aciy aaci?oaeiuo
ionoeueiai a Oeaoeiuea ia iiaoo iieiinoueth ioa?aeoa?eciaaoue yoo /a?oo
iaoeeiiaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a. Nei?aa iaiai?io – i?e ia?auo aea
noieeiiaaieyo n ?aaoey?iie a?ieae Aano?i-Aaia?ee ai a?aiy ia?aie ie?iaie
aieiu /a?iiai?neay “?aoi?ie?iaaiiay” a?iey auea iiiaioaeueii ?annayia.
Iaeiaei eiaiii *a?iiai?ey ia?aie ec iiei?aiiuo ia?iaeia Aaeeaineiai
iieoino?iaa iieo/eea oaeoe/aneoth, a caoai e ?aaeueioth iacaaeneiinoue
io Iniaineie eiia?ee (1685a., 1798a.).
Ia noieo aeaaea e aiai?eoue i eaeeo-eeai nouanoaaiiuo yeiiiie/aneeo
auaiaeao, eioi?ua iiaee au iieo/eoue aaeeeea aea?aeaau io
nio?oaeie/anoaa n *a?iiai?eae – o?oaeii aeaaea iacaaoue “yeiiiieeie”
ia?iaeiia oicyenoai no?aiu aieioue aei ia/aea XX aaea.
Iiaeao auoue i?i yoo iee/aiioth no?aio i?inoi ana caauee?
Aeaenoaeoaeueii, a /oi a yoeo ai?ao iiaei i?eaea/ue oo?aoeeeo noeoaiia,
o eioi?uo auee aeaea iiaaaeiaa, iaaeaee i?eioeeieaeueiay aieia n
iieoaeeeeie neioiaiaeaie ca aacaeeciaiiua eaiaienoua iaai?uey? Aea,
a?yae ee eeoiyy ioa?a iaaoe iaeiaia. Iaeiaei ii/aio aea iinoiyiii oae
iaaeyaeii auie?aea iacaaeneiinoue *a?iiai?ee? Aaaeue caaaaiea ni
a?aiaiai anneieee?iaaei au aa e yoie/anee e iieeoe/anee a ninoaa
eaeie-ieaoaeue o?aoueae aea?aeaau?
Iiaeao auoue auaiaeiia aaia?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiea oae i?eaeaeaei naa?o
aea?aeaau oiai a?aiaie? Ia nianai, oioy a yoii anoue aeiey enoeiu. A
yoii niunea oa aea Aeaaiey iaeaaeaao ai?acaei eo/oeie oa?aeoa?enoeeaie
aeey nicaeaiey aiaiiiai ieaoeaea?ia. Ia iie acaeyae, nae?ao yoiai
oaiiiaia e?iaony a i?eiyoie e oniaoii iiaeaea?aeeaaaiie
aiaoiaiieeoe/aneie oaeoeea aaeaine?iaaiey iaaeaeo “aieueoeie ninaaeyie”.
Aniiiiei XV aae – “no?aaeeaaiea” Aaiaoeee e Iniaineie eiia?ee; XVI-XVII
aaea – aaeaine?iaaiea iaaeaeo Aano?i-Aaia?eae e Iniaineie eiia?eae,
XVIII-XX aaea – iaaeaeo ?inneae e Aano?i-Aaia?eae. I?e/ai i?e anao
eaoano?ioao, ainnoaieyo e e?iaii?ieeoiuo aieiao, aeaeoeo iiaue ia?ae?ie
a?aieoe *a?iiai?ey a?iiei cayaeyea i naieo ene?aiieo neiiaoeyo
iiaaaeeoaeyi, a iaaeaaeaea iooaaoeoue eae iiaeii aieueooth /anoue
aae?eaoe/aneiai iiaa?aaeuey, neaaea?neie ieciaiiinoe eee ieiaei?iaeiuo
caiaeue Iiae-Iaca?neiai naiaeaeaea. *a?iiai?ey no?aieeanue auoue eae
iiaeii caiaoiaa ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiie a?aia, a?aiy io a?aiaie
“oaioaaee?oy” eiathueo iioaioeeaeueiua eioa?anu a ?aaeiia, /oi a
i?eioeeia iia iiaeao i?aaeinoaaeoue naith oa??eoi?eth, ii?ou, niaaaeaiea
eo niia?ieeai. Ianiiiaiii, iaiaeiaaaeioth ?ieue nua?aea e iieeoeea
aeeianoe/aneeo a?aeia /a?iiai?neeo i?aaeoaeae, a aoeueoae noaiaie n
?onneie oea?neie naiueae.
A caeeth/aiea neaaeoao aeiaaaeoue, /oi “/a?iiai?neee oaiiiai” ia
yaeyaony eaeei-oi naa?ouanoanoaaiiui /oaeii naaoa, eae, i?eciathnue, yoi
iiaei au iieacaoueny ec iieo ?annoaeaeaiee. Yoi anaai eeoue
aiaoiaiieeoe/aneay no?aoaaey iaeie aea?aeaau, ioee/eoaeueiay /a?oa
eioi?ie a eiie?aoiii aa i?iyaeaiee a *a?iiai?ee ninoieo eeoue a
oniaoiinoe aa ?aaeecaoeee a oa/aiea aeiaieueii i?iaeieaeeoaeueiiai
ia?eiaea. Aaconeiaii, ia aeeeoaeueiue oniao yoie no?aoaaee ieacaee
aeeyiea iiiaea aaiiieeoe/aneea oaeoi?u, n?aaee eioi?uo iniiaiuie
yaeythony: a) oaeaeaiiinoue io oeaio?a iieeoe/aneie aeoeaiinoe Aa?iiu;
a) o?oaeiii?ioiaeeiue eaiaeoaoo; a) neaaay yeiiiie/aneay e ecia/aeueiay
iieeoe/aneay caeioa?aniaaiiinoue aaeeeeo aea?aeaa a *a?iiai?ee. Iaeiaei
ia?a/eneaiiua i?e/eiu ia oi, /oiau i?eieaeatho caneoae yoie iaaieueoie
ai?iie no?aiu, iaeaa/ay iinoaaeaiioth ia?aae iae caaea/o nio?aiaiey
naiinoiyoaeueiinoe, ii a iaeioi?ie noaiaie eo e oaaee/eaatho, iineieueeo
ecaanoii, ianeieueei neiaeii aua?aoueny ec caaaaiey e niaei cayaeoue i
naaa a iauanoaa neeueiuo ie?a naai, nicaeaa oai naiui naie eieaeae ni
ciaeii iethn.
AEAEEIA?AOEss
Iiae ?aae. O.I. Iao?iaa. Aaeeaineea no?aiu. I., 1946.
Iiae ?aae. A.I. Aeiia?aaeiaa. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ioiioaiey ia Aaeeaiao.
I., 1974.
Aeooa C.TH. Eca?aiiua ainiiieiaiey: 1849-1911 aa. I., 1991.
Enoi?ey aeeieiiaoee. O.1,2. I., 1959.
Iena?aa TH.A. Aaeeeea aea?aeaau e *a?iiai?ey a ia?aie ie?iaie aieia
1914-1918. I., 1968.
Aeey iiiaeo ec ieo oa?aeoa?iu naaoeue oeaao aeac (i?aeiouanoaaiii
na?ue), naaoeua aieinu, niieieiue oa?aeoa?, ioee/athueeny io
eeoa?aoo?iiai ycuea aeeaeaeo.
Aiineaaenoaee N.TH. Aeooa a naieo ainiiieiaieyo au?aceeny ia yoie
o?aaeeoeee neaaeothuei ia?acii: “Aiiaua yoe iniau e?aiei i?eninaeenue e
?onneei aeaiueaai”. Ni. N.TH. Aeooa, Eca?aiiua ainiiieiaiey, 1849-1911
aa. I.: Iuneue, 1991, n.428.
N yoie oi/ee c?aiey eioa?ania iiioey?iay /a?iiai?neay iiaiai?ea: “Ian
na ?one 200 ieeeeiia, a aac ?one iiea eaieiia”.
Iaeiaei i ?aoi?ia /a?iiai?neie a?iee Aeooa n e?iieae caia/ae, /oi ii
neiaai eiycy Ieeieay iieo/aaony, /oi “/a?iiai?oeu – iieiaeoeu; ioaeii
oieueei noi?ie?iaaoue iinoiyiiua /anoe, a aeey yoiai ioaeiu aeaiueae”.
Ni.: oai aea, n.427.
Ni.: Iena?aa TH.A. Aaeeeea aea?aeaau e *a?iiai?ey a aiaeu ia?aie
ie?iaie aieiu. I.: Iaoea, 1974a., n.132.
no.29 Aa?eeineiai o?aeoaoa.
N.TH. Aeooa aea?aeeony iiaiey, /oi oaeenoai iineaaeiaai i?aaenoaaeoaey
i?aayuae na?aneie aeeianoee Ia?aiiae/ae Aeaenaiae?a e aai aeaiu, a
oaeaea aicaaaeaiea ia i?anoie Iao?a Ea?aaai?aeaae/a i?iecioei ia aac
o/anoey eiycy Ieeieay e aai ?iaenoaaiieeia. Ni.: oai aea, n.428-429.
A yoii niunea oa?aeoa?ii niiauaiea ?onneiai iineaiieea a Oeaoeiuea A.A.
Ae?na ieieno?o eiino?aiiuo aeae N.Ae. Naciiiao io 31 ethey 1914a., eae
?ac a ?acaa? aeeieiiaoe/aneie iiaeaioiaee e 1-ie ie?iaie aieia: “Ia iie
aii?in, eiaaea e i?e eaeeo oneiaeyo *a?iiai?ey aiaoaaony a aiaiiua
aeaenoaey, ei?ieue ioaaoee: anee aano?eeoeu ia anooiyo ia /a?iiai?neoth
oa??eoi?eth, /a?iiai?oeu naie iaiaaeaoue ia aoaeoo… Ei?ieue auaeeaeaao
?acaeoey aiaiiuo aeaenoaee…”.
13,8 oun.ei.2 a naaiaeiyoieo a?aieoeao.
Niaeanii ia?aie ia?aiene ianaeaiey, i?iecaaaeaiiie a 1921a. a no?aia
iinoiyiii i?iaeeaaei eeoue 199 oun. /ae.
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