IEIENOA?NOAI IAUAAI E I?IOANNEIIAEUeIIAI
IA?ACIAAIEss ?INNEENEIE OAAeA?AOeEE
?INNEENEEE AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE AOIAIEOA?IUE OIEAA?NEOAO
NIOeEIEIAE*ANEEE OAEOEUeOAO
?AOA?AO
«AIA?OE*ANEIA NICIAIEA E IIAAAeAIEA»
Nooaeaioa I eo?na
a?oiiu «iauay nioeeieiaey»
AEae?aeena Aiae?ay Aiae?aaae/a
Iao/iue ?oeiaiaeeoaeue:
Oiuaiei AE.O.
Iineaa 2003
Iaeaaeaiea:
TOC \o “1-2” \h \z \u
Aaaaeaiea PAGEREF _Toc59815441 \h 3
Enoi?ey aia?oecia PAGEREF _Toc59815442 \h 4
Enoi?ey oai?ee aia?oecia PAGEREF _Toc59815443 \h 4
Aia?oe/aneia niciaiea e iiaaaeaiea PAGEREF _Toc59815444 \h 6
Aia?oe/aneia niciaiea PAGEREF _Toc59815445 \h 6
Aia?oe/aneia iiaaaeaiea PAGEREF _Toc59815446 \h 7
Eaeaaia?oey e eaeaaia?oeci PAGEREF _Toc59815447 \h 9
Caeeth/aiea PAGEREF _Toc59815448 \h 11
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u PAGEREF _Toc59815449 \h 12
«Iiy naiaiaea caeai/eaaaony oai, aaea ia/eiaaony naiaiaea ae?oaiai»
– aeaaiue eicoia aia?oenoia.
Aaaaeaiea
Eaeay aia?oecia, eaeay i oii, /oi a ainoaea?noaa iao iaiaoiaeeiinoe, /oi
ono?ienoai iaoaai iauanoaa, aai iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu, a ei?ia
iai?aaeeueii, anaaaea i?eaeaeaea /anoue ethaeae, ionoue iie ieeiaaea e
ia ninoaaeyee aieueoeinoai.
A nioeeieiae/aneie iaoea aeanoue i?ecia?ony iaiouaieaiie /anoueth
iauanoaa, «ooieoeeae, iaiaoiaeeiui yeaiaioii nioeeaeueiie nenoaiu».
Ainoaea?noai aea yaeyaony iaeiei ec aeaaiuo nioeeaeueiuo einoeoooia,
?aaoee?othuei aeeciue iauanoaa, e eniieuecothuei aeanoue aeey
iaaycuaaiey iauanoao ii?i, aoaeue oi ii?iu, iieaciua aeey aieueoeinoaa,
eee aea iieaciua aeey oiai iaiueoeinoaa, eioi?ia oi?aaeyao yoei naiui
ainoaea?noaii. A nai?i iuiaoiai iaee/ee ainoaea?noai ?aaoee?oao
ioiioaiey ?acee/iuo nioeeaeueiuo a?oii, eeannia, a ii?ie aeaaea
eiaeeaeaeia, iii iai oeacuaaao, /oi iu aeieaeiu e ia aeieaeiu aeaeaoue.
Eiia/ii, a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo a yoii anoue naie niune – iai?eia?, anee
?anniao?eaaoue cai?ao ia oaeenoai, ianeeea, caeiiiaeaoaeueiua ii?iu i
iai?eeiniiaaiiinoe /anoiie aeecie e oiio iiaeiaiua.
Ii iiieii yoiai ainoaea?noai oaeaea no?aieoueny iinoaaeoue iiae naie
eiio?ieue iaae anaie aniaeoaie /aeiaa/aneie aeecie, ana aeaeu
acaeiiaeaenoaey eiaeeaeaeia. Yoi au?aaeaaony a cai?aoa niaoue ia
oeeoeao, a oeacaiee i?aaeeueiiai ianoa ia?eiaee naiaai aaoiiiaeey eee
iaycaiiinoe ?aaeno?e?iaaoueny a oa/aiee o??o nooie ii ianoo i?aauaaiey.
Oae /oi aii?in i ainoaea?noaa, i noaiaie aai aiaoaoaeuenoaa a ee/ioth
aeeciue, yeiiiieeo, iaoeo ioaa?aaoue ieeae iaeuecy, oai aieaa a ?innee,
aaea o?aaeeoeeiiii yoi aiaoaoaeuenoai auei i/aiue oe?iei. Eiaiii yoei
aii?inii, ii nooe, e caieiaaony oaeia oa/aiea oeeinioee, eae aia?oeci, e
yoi oa/aiea eiaao naieo iineaaeiaaoaeae. Aia?oenou ioaa?aatho
ainoaea?noai, ia aeaeyo a i?i iaiaoiaeeiinoe. Iaeioi?ua ec ieo oaeaea
ioaa?aatho eaeoth-eeai aeanoue /aeiaaea iaae /aeiaaeii, ae?oaea aea
n/eoatho, /oi aeanoue a nia?aiaiiii iauanoaa aeia?o?ioe?iaaiia, iia
neeoeii /anoi i?iyaeyaony, e iao a iae oaeie iaiaoiaeeiinoe, i eioi?ie
aiai?yo ioeoeeaeueiua eeoea, o/aaieee e o.i. E.I. Oienoie, aiai?y i
i?iaeaia ainoaea?noaa, ienae, /oi «ainoaea?noai anoue ianeeea», a nai?
ioiioaiea e Aia?oee (oioue ii oae e ia iacuaae a?) au?acee a
neaaeothueo neiaao: «Yoi oae i?inoi e ianiiiaiii, /oi ia niaeaneoueny n
yoei iaeuecy».
Iaeioi?ua aaoi?u ianoieueei oe?iei aeaeyo i?iaeaio aeanoe, /oi aiai?yo
aeaaea i oii, /oi «ii nouanoao, iao e ia iiaeao auoue i?eioeeieaeueii
nioeeieiae/aneiai enneaaeiaaiey, eioi?ia yaii eee einaaiii ia noaaeei au
i?iaeaio aeanoe».
Enoi?ey aia?oecia
Enoi?ey oai?ee aia?oecia
AIA?OECI (io a?a/. anarchia — aacia/aeea, aacaeanoea) –
iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneea e nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneea o/aiea, a?aaeaeaaii
ioiinyueany ei anyeiio ainoaea?noao, i?ioeaiiinoaaeythuea eioa?anu
iaeeie /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe e iaeeia e?anoueyinoai i?ia?anno iauanoai,
iniiaaiiiio ia e?oiiii i?iecaiaenoaa. Oeeinioneie iniiaie aia?oecia
yaeythony eiaeeaeaeoaeeci, noauaeoeaeci, aiethioa?eci. Aicieeiiaaiea
Aia?oecia naycaii n eiaiaie Ooe?ia?a (Oieaeoa), I?oaeiia, Aaeoieia e
E?iiioeeia. A iauai e oeaeii, aia?oenou o?aaotho iaiaaeeaiiiai
oie/oiaeaiey ainoaea?noaa, ia i?eciaaay aiciiaeiinoe aai eniieueciaaiey
aeey iiaeaioiaee e ?aaiethoeee. Aia?oenoneia o/aiea io?eoeaao
iaiaoiaeeiinoue ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe e iieeoe/aneie i?aaiecaoeee
iauanoaa, a oaeaea iauanoaaiiua aeaeaeaiey, i?iaicaeaoathuea naiae
oeaeueth inaiaiaeaeaiea /aeiaaea io anao aeaeia iieeoe/aneiai,
yeiiiie/aneiai e aeooiaiiai i?eioaeaeaiey. Aia?oeci ai anao aa?eaioao
iaycaoaeueii aeeth/aao:
Iieiia io?eoeaiea nouanoaothuaai iauanoaaiiiai no?iy, iniiaaiiiai ia
iieeoe/aneie aeanoe;
I?aaenoaaeaiea ia eaeaaeueiii iauanoaaiiii ono?ienoaa, eneeth/athuai
i?eioaeaeaiea;
Ii?aaeaeaiiue (/aua ?aaiethoeeiiiue) niinia ia?aoiaea io ia?aiai
ninoiyiey ei aoi?iio.
Eaeaeiay o?aaeeoeey io?eoeaiey iieeoe/aneie aeanoe ainoiaeeo e
aioe/iinoe. Yeaiaiou aia?oecia iaia?oaeeaathony oaea o noieeia e
eeieeia, a iicaeiaa a o/aieyo n?aaeiaaaeiaie naeou eaoa?ia e iaeioi?uo
oa/aiee aiaaaioenoia a ia?eiae ?aoi?iaoeee. Iaeiaei aeey anao yoeo
o/aiee io?eoeaiea iieeoe/aneie aeanoe — eeoue iaeei ec aniaeoia
aeinoeaeaiey /aeiaa/anoaii aeooiaiiai niaa?oainoaa e /anoue iooe e
ee/iiio nianaieth.
Aia?aua iniiaiua iieiaeaiey aia?oecia auee auaeaeioou anei?a iinea
Aiaeeeneie ?aaiethoeee 17 a. Aeae. Oeinoyiee. A iaioeaoa «Enoeia,
oi?aeanoaothuay iaae ceineiaeai» (1649 a) ii ienae, /oi aeanoue
?aca?auaao ethaeae, /oi nianoaaiiinoue e naiaiaea ianiaianoeiu, e
oieueei a iauanoaa aac nianoaaiiinoe e iieeoe/aneie aeanoe /aeiaae
iiaeao auoue aiieia n/anoeea, aeaenoaoy ii aaeaieyi niaanoe, a ia
aiaoiaai caeiia. Oeinoyiee aue iaeiia?aiaiii e ?iaeiia/aeueieeii
aeaeaeaiey aia?oecia. Ooaa?aeaeay, /oi oieueei a ?acoeueoaoa nianoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae iiaeao auoue iieiaeai eiiaoe iani?aaaaeeeaiio
ie?iii?yaeeo, ii a 1649 aicaeaaee a?oiio naieo iineaaeiaaoaeae,
iieo/eaoeo i?icaeua «aeeaaa?ia» (eiiaoaeae); iie nicaeaee
eiiioienoe/aneoth iaueio ia caoaa/aiiuo eie ionoioao a thaeiie Aiaeee.
Aeaeaeaiea anei?a iioa?iaei iaoaea/o a ?acoeueoaoa i?ioeaiaeaenoaey
ninaaeieo caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa, iaeiaei eaeae Oeinoyiee auee onaiaiu
iaeioi?uie oa/aieyie aiaeeeneiai i?ioanoaioecia e iicaeiaa iaoee naia
iaeaieaa y?eia au?aaeaiea a eieaa Aiaeaeia «Enneaaeiaaiea i iieeoe/aneie
ni?aaaaeeeainoe», caeiaeeaoae iniiau nia?aiaiiie o?aaeeoeee aia?oecia.
Aiaeaei ia oieueei auaeaeioe eeanne/aneee a?aoiaio aia?oecia, ninoiyuee
a oii, /oi aeanoue i?ioeai?a/eo /aeiaa/aneie i?e?iaea, a iauanoaaiiia
cei nouanoaoao, iineieueeo ethaee eeoaiu aiciiaeiinoe naiaiaeii
aeaenoaiaaoue a niioaaonoaee n ?acoiii, ii ii oaeaea i?aaenoaaee
iiaeaeue aeaoeaio?aeeciaaiiiai iauanoaa, iniiaiie y/aeeie eioi?iai
yaeythony iaaieueoea aaoiiiiiua iaueiu (i?eoiaeu). Yoe iaueiu iaoiaeyony
aac aeaiie?aoe/aneeo iieeoe/aneeo i?ioeaaeo?, iineieueeo aeaaea
i?aaeaiea aieueoeinoaa n/eoaaony oi?iie oe?aiee, a aeaeaae?iaaiea
iieiiii/ee i?e i?aaenoaaeoaeueiii i?aaeaiee i?eaiaeeo e io/oaeaeaieth
eiaeeaeaea. Aiaeaei oaeaea io?eoeae nianoaaiiinoue eae enoi/iee aeanoe.
Niaeanii aio, i?iiuoeaiiia ?acaeoea e oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann i?eaaaeoo e
nie?auaieth i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe ?aai/aai a?aiaie aei iieo/ana a aeaiue,
/oi iaeaa/eo ia?aoiae e iauanoao aac aeanoe (Iicaea I.A. E?iiioeei a
naieo ?aaioao oaeaea aiai?ee i oii, /oi a nia?aiaiiii aio iauanoaa
/aou??o /ania ?aaiou eaaeaeiai /aeiaaea aeinoaoi/ii, aeey
oaeiaeaoai?aiey anao iaoa?eaeueiuo iio?aaiinoae). Aiaeaei ieacae
cia/eoaeueiia aeeyiea ia oaeeo iiyoia e iuneeoaeae, eae I. A. Oaeee,
O.Ai?aenai?o e ?iaa?o Ioyi. Cia/eoaeueiia aeeyiea ia oi?ie?iaaiea
aeieo?eiu aia?oecia ieacaee eaeae iaiaoeeiai oeeinioa I. Ooe?ia?a.
Iniiauaaynue ia noauaeoeaiie o?aeoiaea o/aiey Aaaaey, a naiae eieaa
«Aaeeinoaaiiue e aai aeinoiyiea» ii ?ac?aaioae eiaeeaeaeoaeenoe/aneee
aa?eaio aia?oecia. Ooe?ia? n/eoae ana nioeeaeueiua einoeooou
(ainoaea?noai, i?aai, nianoaaiiinoue e o. i.) ?acoeueoaoii io/oaeaeaiey
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai niciaiey e ooaa?aeaeae, /oi a ?aaeueiinoe ia
nouanoaoao ieeaeeo iaiaoiaeeiuo naycae eiaeeaeaeia a iauanoaa, a iioiio
eiaeeaeaeooi ia aeieaeai i?eciaaaoue ieeaeea nioeeaeueiua onoaiiaeaiey
iaycaoaeueiuie aeey naay. Eaeaaeueiia aea ninoiyiea /aeiaaea — yoi
ninoiyiea naiaiaeu, ia ia?aie/aiiie ieeaeeie nioeeaeueiuie ?aieaie.
Aia?oeci a 19 aaea aue ?ani?ino?aiai ai O?aioeee, a Eoaeee, a Eniaiee.
I?e ?aaioa Ia?aiai Eioa?iaoeeiiaea aia?oenou ?acioeenue n eiiioienoaie,
eioi?ua io?eoeaee acaeyaeu I?oaeiia. Iinea oai?ee aia?oenoia auee
iiaeaa?aioou na?ueaciie e?eoeea ni noi?iiu Ia?ena e Yiaaeuena,
iineieueeo, ii eo iiaieth, ioeac aia?oenoia io caaiaaaiey iieeoe/aneie
aeanoe i?ieaoa?eaoii neoaeeo iiae/eiaieth ?aai/aai eeanna ao?aeoacee.
Iinea 1917 aiaea aia?oeci nia/aea noae «o?aoueae neeie» a?aaeaeaineie
aieiu, a iioii aai iacaaee eiio??aaiethoeeiiiui oa/aieai.
Aia?oeci iieueciaaeny cia/eoaeueiui aeeyieai a Eniaiee a 30-o aa.
aeaaaeoeaoiai aaea. Iinea Aoi?ie Ie?iaie aieiu eaeae eiiioienoe/aneiai
aia?oecia E?iiioeeia iieo/eee ?ani?ino?aiaiea a Ainoi/iie Acee,
Eaoeineie Aia?eea.
Aia?oe/aneia niciaiea e iiaaaeaiea
Aia?oe/aneia niciaiea
Oae eae niciaiea – aunoay oi?ia ioia?aaeaiey iauaeoeaiiai ie?a, eiathuaa
ineoe/aneoth oi?io, oi iieeoe/aneia niciaiea iiaeii niaei iacaaoue
ioia?aaeaieai iieeoe/aneie noa?u aeecie, oi anoue iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu.
Ii nooe naiae iiae iieeoe/aneei niciaieai iiaeii aini?eieiaoue
niaieoiiinoue ciaiee, onoaiiaie, ioeaiie, oiiiano?iaiee e ia?aaeeaaiee,
iai?aaeaiiuo ia yoo naioth iieeoe/aneoth nenoaio. A neo/aa aea
?anniio?aiey iieeoe/aneiai niciaiey aia?oenoa, eiae/iui aoaeao
i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi caeanue iaaei ?anniao?eaaoue yoe ioeaiee,
ia?aaeeaaiey e o.ae. a ioiioaiee oaeiai einoeoooa iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu,
eae ainoaea?noai.
Ai-ia?auo, aaconeiaii noieo ioiaoeoue ioeaieo yoiai einoeoooa – ioeaiea
yoa anaaaea iaaaoeaiay, iaiaoiaeeiinoue aeaiiiai einoeoooa ioaa?aaeanue
anaie aaoi?aie-aia?oenoaie, ai anyeii neo/aa, a oii aeaea, a eioi?ii ei
i?eoiaeeeinue iaaethaeaoue yoio einoeooo. Aeaaea anee iaeioi?ua ec ieo e
i?eciaaaee aiciiaeiinoue nouanoaiaaiey ainoaea?noaa, oi anaaaea aai
cia/aiea naiaeeeinue e ieieioio, aiaoaoaeuenoai ainoaea?noaa a
eaeea-eeai aeaea iauanoaa i?aaeiieaaaeinue a i/aiue iaaieueoii iau?ia,
iaiiiai iaiueoa, /ai iu iiaeai iaaethaeaoue nae/an.
Ai-aoi?uo, anee aia?oenoii ainoaea?noai e aini?eieiaaony eae «cei», oi
yoi «cei» ieeae ia ?aaiyaony oiio, /oi, iai?eia?, i?eiyou a yoeea eee
eioi?ia ioiineoueny e niciaieth ii?aeueiiio. «…cei, oeao?e?othuaa a
iieeoe/aneii iuoeaiee, eiaao nei?aa ooeeeoa?enonee-i?aeoeoeenoneoth
iaa?oceo: ca iei iau/ii ne?uaaaony a?aae, eioi?ue a iaoo?a ianooiaao
aeey ?acee/iuo nioeeaeueiuo noauaeoia aneaaenoaea ooieoeeiie?iaaiey
ainoaea?noaa».
Niioaaonoaaiii n yoei aia?oe/aneia niciaiea e iiaaaeaiea – ia i?inoi
?acaiai?u ia oaio a?aaea ainoaea?noaa, ioaee/iie aeanoe eee eaeiai-eeai
au? aniaeoa nouanoaothuae iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu, ia ii?aeueiua
ioaea/aiiua ?annoaeaeaiey ia yoo oaio, a eiie?aoiua i?aaeeiaeaiey,
oiicaeeth/aiey (a a neo/ae iiaaaeaiey e aeaenoaey) aeey oeo/oaiey
(oie/oiaeaiey) yoie nenoaiu. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, aieueoeinoai aaoi?ia,
ienaaoeo ia Aia?oee, iaiaei nee o?aoeee ia iienaiea eiie?aoiuo
iaaeinoaoeia ainoaea?noaa: aeia?o?ioe?iaaiiue aiia?ao /eiiaieeia,
iaaeooaeueiinoue aieueoeinoaa aeaenoaothueo caeiiia, /anoi aeaaea eo
a?aae aeey iauanoaa (a neo/aa, eiaaea yoe caeiiu iai?aaeaiu ia aeaai
i?aayuaai iaiueoeinoaa) eee i?inoi ineoe/aneia iiaeaaeaiea /aeiaaea –
eeoaiea aai naiaiaeu auai?a.
Eiaiii iiyoiio aia?oeno iuneeo naay aia iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu, ii ia
aeaeeo niunea niaethaeaoue caeiiu, anee iie, ii aai iiaieth, ia
niioaaonoaotho ?aaeueiui iio?aaiinoyi iauanoaa. Ii ia i?ecia?o
ainoaea?noaaiiuo a?aieoe, aeanoue iieeoeee, ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia, ii
i?e yoii, aii?aee oiio, eae /anoi naaa i?aaenoaaeytho aia?oenoa, ii
ieeiaaea ieeiai ia oaueao e ia ia?aaeo, ii ia naeaeaao ii yoiai ia ii
i?e/eia iaeeaeaaiie ea?u, a eeoue iooiai, /oi yoiai ia iicaieytho aio
aai ii?aeueiua i?eioeeiu.
O/eouaay io/oaeae?iiinoue iniiaiiai ianaeaiey io iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu a
nia?aiaiiii iauanoaa (a iniaaiii yoi caiaoii a ?innee), aeaey ioiioaiea
e ainoaea?noaaiiui aeaeai ii i?eioeeio «iie, aeanoe, naie ii naaa, e iu
naie ii naaa», eioi?ia aeinoaoi/ii /anoi ano?a/aaony a ia?iaeiuo iannao,
noaiiaeoueny ynii, /oi aia?oe/aneia niciaiea ii nooe naiae ioithaeue ia
/oaeaei ia?iaeo. Eiia/ii, iaei eoi ec oao, eoi ?annoaeaeaao
auoaoeacaiiui ia?acii, eiaaea-eeai /eoae oioy au eeanneeo aia?oecia eee
aiiaua ciaao i nooe yoiai o/aiey. A ?inneeneie aeoaeiea, aea e ia
oieueei oai, i?aaenoaaeoaee ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe iiyaeythony e
i?iyaeytho naay aeinoaoi/ii ?aaeei, e yoo eo aeayoaeueiinoue ieeae
iaeuecy iacaaoue iieaciie aeey ianaeaiey: nai? iaeiaia, i?ecua iieiaeuo
ethaeae a a?ieth.… Ai?i/ai, nouanoaiaaiea ainoaea?noaa ia i?ioyaeaiee
aaeia aeaeaao aai aeayoaeueiinoue «anoanoaaiiie», e iaei eiio i?eoiaeeo
a aieiao ai?ioueny n iei, oi/iaa aiai?y yoei caieiathony oieueei
aia?oenou, a ia aia?oe/aneii iiaaaeaiee ?a/ue iieae?o aeaeaa.
Aia?oe/aneia iiaaaeaiea
Nai oa?iei «aia?oe/aneia iiaaaeaiea» ii nooe iiaeii i?eciaoue ia i/aiue
ei??aeoiui. Aaaeue Aia?oey yaeyaony eaoaai?eae oeeinioee eee iieeoeee,
oi/iaa aiai?y, yoe aeaa aniaeoa a iae oanii acaeiinaycaiu, a
aia?oe/aneia iiaaaeaiea, niioaaonoaaiii, iaaei i?eciaoue
?aciiaeaeiinoueth iieeoe/aneiai iiaaaeaiey – aaaeue ia nouanoaoao aea
iiaaaeaiey oeeinioneiai, caeanue oeeinioey ii?aaeaeyao iieeoe/aneea
acaeyaeu e i?aaeii/oaiey, iieeoe/aneia ie?iaicc?aiea. Anee aea
caaeyiooue a neiaa?ue e ?acia?aoueny n oa?ieiaie «iieeoe/aneia
iiaaaeaiea», «iieeoeea», oi iiaeii caiaoeoue iaeioi?ia i?ioeai?a/ea.
Eoae, iieeoe/aneia iiaaaeaiea – yoi «aeoeaiinoue eiaeeaeaeia, a?oii, a
noa?a iieeoe/aneeo ioiioaiee, naycaiiay n aicaeaenoaeai ia aeanoue eee
i?ioeaiaeaenoaeai a? ?aaeecaoeee». Iieeoeea, eee aea iieeoe/aneea
ioiioaiey, – «aeayoaeueiinoue eeannia eee eiuo nioeeaeueiuo a?oii,
naycaiiay n ii?aaeaeaieai oi?i, caaea/ e ooieoeee ainoaea?noaa, a oaeaea
aai ioiioaiee n ae?oaeie ainoaea?noaaie. Iin?aaenoaii iieeoeee
au?aaeathony ei?aiiua eioa?anu o/anoaothueo a iae noauaeoia, i?aaeaea
anaai eioa?an a iaeaaeaiee e ?anii?yaeaiee iniiaiuie i/aaaie ioaee/iie
aeanoe eeanniaiai iauanoaa». A eae iu iiaee oaea oaaaeeoueny auoa,
aia?oeno a i?eioeeia ioaa?aaao ioaee/ioth aeanoue, a /anoiinoe oaeia a?
i?iyaeaiea eae ainoaea?noai. Niioaaonoaaiii aia?oeno, eee a?oiiu
ethaeae, iauaaeei?iiuo eaeaae Aia?oee, ieeae ia iiaoo no?aieoueny
iaeaaeaoue e ?anii?yaeaoueny ioaee/iie aeanoueth eee aea ii?aaeaeyoue
caaea/e e ooieoeee ainoaea?noaa.
Ai?i/ai, aeaaea naiue y?ue aia?oeno, ia i?eciaaay iieeoe/aneoth nenoaio
iauanoaa, ia o/anoaoy a iieeoe/aneeo i?ioeannao ieeae, anee ia
o/eouaaoue iiiuoie oie/oiaeaiey ainoaea?noaa eee iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu,
an?-oaee aeieaeai o/eouaaoueny nioeeieiae/aneeie enneaaeiaaieyie, a
/anoiinoe iai?aaeaiiuie ia eco/aiea iieeoe/aneiai iiaaaeaiey ?acee/iuo
nei?a ianaeaiey. I?e/eia yoiio i?inoa – aeaaea anee aia?oeno ia
o/anoaoao a auai?ao, ia oiaeeo ia ieoeiae, ia aaae?o ieeaeie
iieeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, ii an?-oaee i?aaenoaaeyao niaie eaeie-oi
oei iiaaaeaiey.
Eiaiii caeanue e niaea?aeeony iaeia ec aeaaiuo i?iaeai ii?aaeaeaiey
aia?oe/aneiai iiaaaeaiey – aia?oeno aeieaeai eaii?e?iaaoue anyeia
i?iyaeaiea ainoaea?noaaiiinoe, e, neaaeoy yoiio i?eioeeio, ii a iaeieo
neo/ayo niaoeaaaony n iannie iieeoe/anee iaaeoeaiuo a?aaeaeai, a ae?oaie
– n iannie i?aaiia?ooeoaeae.
Anee aiai?eoue i ia?aii aniaeoa yoie i?iaeaiu, oi iaaei ioiaoeoue
neaaeothuaa: ioiineoaeueii aieueoay aeiey oao, eoi eiaao i?aai
i?eieiaoue o/anoea a iieeoe/aneii i?ioeanna, ia aeaeaao yoiai, ii ia
aeaeaao yoi iainiciaiii, ia i?iyaeyy oaeei ia?acii ieeaeie iiceoeee. A
ea/anoaa i?eia?a iiaeii i?eaanoe an? oo aea yaeo ia auai?u. I?eia?
aicuei?i naiue naaaeee, auai?u a Ainoaea?noaaiioth Aeoio Oaaea?aeueiiai
Nia?aiey ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, /oi i?ioee 7 aeaeaa?y 2003 aiaea. ssaea
ia ecae?aoaeueiua o/anoee a yoio aeaiue ii no?aia ninoaaeea /ooue
aieueoa 50% ianaeaiey, eiathuaai i?aaa aieina. Oi anoue ieiei
iyoeaeanyoe ieeeeiiia iaoeo nia?aaeaeai ia iioee ia auai?u. Eoi-oi i ieo
ia ciae i oii, /oi i?ienoiaeeo a no?aia, eoi-oi ia eiae aiciiaeiinoe
i?iaieiniaaoue, ii auea oaeaea aeiey, e aeiey iaiaeay, oao, eoi iiaee au
i?iaieiniaaoue, ii ia noaee yoiai aeaeaoue, nnueaynue ia eaeea-oi
aeiiaoiea aeaea eee aeaaea ia iaaeaeaiea auoiaeeoue ia oeeoeo. Aia?oeno
aea anaaaea aoaeao oi/ii ciaoue aeaoo auai?ia, ianoi eo i?iaaaeaiey,
auoue iiaeao, ii aeaaea aoaeao eo/oa eiuo ecae?aoaeae inaaaeiie?i i
eaiaeeaeaoao eee oaaea?aeueiuo nieneao ia?oee, ii ii oaeaea ia iieae?o
ia auai?u, ii i?e/eiie oiio aoaeao aai iiceoeey. Oi anoue aai iiceoeey
aoaeao au?aaeaoueny eiaiii a oii, /oi ii ia i?eae?o ia auai?u.
Ii anee aniiiieoue i eiee/anoaa oao, eoi ia auai?u ia i?eo?e, e
iiiuoaoueny oioy au i?eia?ii a oia iin/eoaoue i?ioeaio, eioi?ue
ninoaaeytho ec ieo aia?oenou, au?aaeathuea iayaeie naith iiceoeeth, oi
noaiiaeoueny ynii, ianeieueei neiaeii oaeaeaoue oioy au eaeoth-ieaoaeue
cia/eiinoue aia?oe/aneiai niciaiey e iiaaaeaiey. Ii nooe, iiaaaeaiea
aia?oenoia ia auai?ao iaiiieiaao aieeio auai?ia, eioi?ue ia?eiaee/anee
ono?aeaaao ianaeaiea ia ianoao, aeaeay oai naiui i?eaea/ue aieiaiea e
eaeie-oi naiae i?iaeaia. Ii yoi ianaeaiea ia ioeacuaaaony aieiniaaoue a
i?eioeeia, iii ioeacuaaaony aieiniaaoue eiaiii naaiaeiy, a i?e/eiie oiio
iiaeao aunooieoue an? /oi oaiaeii, iai?eia?, aaaaeaiea noii?ioeaioiie
iieaou oneoa AEEO. Eae oieueei o?aaiaaiey ianaeaiey aoaeoo
oaeiaeaoai?aiu (eee aea iii i ieo caaoaeao, /oi neo/aaony /aua), aoaeao
niyo e aieeio, aia?oeno aea naie «aieeio» nieiao oieueei oiaaea, eiaaea
ia?anoaiao auoue aia?oenoii eee eiaaea aeiaue?ony naieo oeaeae.
Anee aea iiniio?aoue ia aniaeo niaoaiey aia?oenoia n iannie
i?aaiia?ooeoaeae, oi iiaeii acyoue oaeea aii?inu, eae eaaaeecaoeey
ia?eioeeia eee i?ecua ia n?i/ioth neoaeao aii?oaeaiiuo neeao.
Aia?oeno, anee ii n/eoaao, /oi oiio?aaeaiea ia?eioeeia ia a?aaeeo
iauanoao e aio naiiio, aoaeao eo oiio?aaeyoue, iieoiaoue, o?aieoue e
i?i/., ia ia?auay aieiaiea ia niioaaonoaothuea noaouee a Oaieiaiii
eiaeaena ?innee (?aaii eae e ethaie ae?oaie no?aiu). Oi/iaa aiai?y, ii
iiaeao e iniciaaaoue a?aae ia?eioeeia, ii ii ieeiaaea ia ni/o?o ioaeiui
io ieo ioeacuaaoueny eeoue iooiai, /oi oaeia iiaaaeaiea cai?auaii
ainoaea?noaii.
Neoaeaa a a?iee ieeae ia ioaa/aao i?eioeeiai Aia?oee, aaaeue
aii?oae?iiua neeu – iaeia ec aeaaiuo no?oeoo? ainoaea?noaa, caeanue
aieueoa, /ai aaea-eeai au?, iiaeaaeyaony ee/iay naiaiaea, yoi iniiaiie
eino?oiaio i?eioaeaeaiey. Ii a ?innee, niaeanii caeiio «i aieineie
iaycaiiinoe e aiaiiie neoaeaa», eaaeaeue iieiaeie /aeiaae aeieaeai
neoaeeoue a aii?oae?iiuo neeao, anee aai caei?iauea yoiio ia iaoaao.
Aeey oao, eoi ia aeaeaao yoiai aeaeaoue, i?aaeoniio?ai iaoaieci
aeueoa?iaoeaiie a?aaeaeaineie neoaeau, ii i?e/eiie aeey ianaiey AAN
iiaeao auoue eeoue oi, /oi «ianaiea aiaiiie neoaeau i?ioeai?a/eo aai
oaaaeaeaieyi eee aa?ieniiaaaeaieth». Ii i?eoii ieaaea ia iienai neo/ae,
eiaaea oaaaeaeaiey i?ioeai?a/ao ianaieth eaeie-eeai neoaeau a i?eioeeia.
A eoiaa aia?oeno auioaeaeai ia ?aaae?iaaoue ia iiaanoee ec aiaieiiaoa e
o.i., a oaeia iiaaaeaiea eaaeeoeoee?oaony eae «oeeiiaiea io neoaeau
?yaeao aii?oae?iiuo nee», /oi ea?aaony niioaaonoaothuae noaoue?e
Oaieiaiiai eiaeaena. Iieo/aaony, /oi noi?iiiee Aia?oee aiiaue
niaoeaaaony n iannie i?aaiia?ooeoaeae, o eioi?uo i?ioeaii?aaiua iinooiee
ieeae ia naycaiu n aioo?aiieie onoaiiaeaie eee iieeoe/aneei
ie?iaicc?aieai.
Eaeaaia?oey e eaeaaia?oeci
Iaeiicia/ii noieo auaeaeeoue oaeaea oaeie oei iiaaaeaiey e niciaiey, eae
eaeaaia?oe/aneia. Ec-ca oiai, /oi eaeay, a oi/iaa aiai?y, eicoiae e
neiaieu aia?oecia a ?aciia a?aiy eniieueciaaeenue ?acee/iuie oa/aieyie,
ii naiae nooe ia eiathueie ieeaeiai ioiioaiey e oie eaeaa Aia?oee, i
eioi?ie aiai?eee eeanneee aia?oecia, a iauanoaaiiii niciaiee neiaeeeinue
aeinoaoi/ii no?aiiia i?aaenoaaeaiea aia?oenoa. I?eia?ia oaeeo aeaeaeaiee
iiaeii i?eaanoe iiiaeanoai, ii a aeaiiie ?aaioa aaconeiaii iiaeii
iaieoenue iaaieueoei eo eiee/anoaii. Aaoi? i?aaeii/?e ?anniio?aoue
iianoai/aneea a?iee a?ai?i a?aaeaeaineie aieiu a ?innee e iieiae?aeiia
aeaeaeaiea «iaie», iiyaeaoaany a Aaeeeia?eoaiee a 70o aiaeao OO aaea.
A ia?aii neo/aa aeaeaeaiey iacuaaee naay aia?oe/aneei, iioiio /oi
Aia?oey i?aaeiieaaaea ioiaio oth?ai, iieeoeee e i?i/eo ooieoeee
ainoaea?noaa, a aieueoeinoai nieaeao yoeo a?iee eae ?ac i?eiaaeeaaeaee e
oie eaoaai?ee ethaeae, eioi?ui yoe ooieoeee a?iceee, a i?iua aiai?y – ec
oaieiaieeia. Anee a?aoue a i?eia? naioth oniaoioth ec oaeeo a?iee,
eioi?ie i?aaeaiaeeoaeuenoaiaae Aaoueea Iaoii (Ianoi? Eaaiiae/ Ieoiaiei)
oi oieueei a naiii ia/aea yoi aeaeaeaiea iuoaeinue aiieioeoue a
?aaeueiinoue eaeaaeu Aia?oee – ia Oe?aeia nicaeaaaeenue eiiioiu e noieo
ioiaoeoue, /oi a naiii ia/aea naiae aeayoaeueiinoe iie auee i/aiue
oniaoiuie. Eiaaea aicieeea aiaoiyy oa?ica e, niioaaonoaaiii,
iaiaoiaeeiinoue caueuaoueny, oi ianaeaiea eiiioi anoaei iiae ?oaeue? e
ia/aei o/anoaiaaoue a aiaauo aeaenoaeyo. O/anoea auei aieaa /ai
oniaoiui, a?iey Aaoueee Iaoii a?aea e?aiinoe e ai?iaea. Eiaaea iiae a?
aeanoue iiiaaeaeanue oth?ueia, oi a niioaaonoaee n aia?oe/aneeie
i?eioeeiaie ana niaea?aeaaoeany a iae caeeth/?iiua auioneaeenue ia
aieth, e ii/oe ana iie iinooiaee nieaeaoaie a yoo naioth a?ieth. A
?acoeueoaoa i/aiue auno?i iia i?aa?aoeeanue a nai?eua oaeeoe, a?aaeoaeae
e ianeeueieeia, eioi?ua ie i eaeeo aeaaeo oeaeyo e ia aeoiaee, ii
oieueei i nianoaaiiie iaaeeaa. Eiaiii a oaeii aeaea yoa a?iey e noaea
ecaanoia iauanoaaiiinoe e enoi?ee. Ai?i/ai, aiai?eoue i oii, /oi eaeay
aia?oee ieeae io?aceeanue a iuneyo e aeaenoaeyo oao, eoi aiaaae ia
noi?iia aia?oe/aneie a?iee, auei au iaaa?iui, ii aianoi oiai, /oiau
auoue iniiaiiieaaathuei ii?aeueiui i?eioeeiii, Aia?oey i?inoi noaea
ii?aaaeaieai ceiaeayiee.
Iioiaeoth neooaoeeth iu iiaeai iaaethaeaoue e ai aoi?ii neo/aa, oieueei
caeanue a aeaeaiee i?ioeaiiinoaaeoue naay iauanoao naiua y?eea
i?aaenoaaeoaee aeaeaeaiey «iaie» eniieueciaaee Aia?oeth ia eae /enooth
eaeath, a eae neiaie aani?aaeaea, oai?eiiai iaeiaaea ?acee/iuie
aeayoaeyie, iai?eia? oaea oiiiyiooie a?iee Ianoa?a Iaoii. A
iineaaeiaaoaee aeaeaeaiey «iaie» noieo ioiaoeoue, oiaea ia ioee/aeenue
iiaaaeaieai, ioaa/athuei i?aaenoaaeaieyi i i?eee/eyo eee iauanoaaiiie
iieueca. A eoiaa a iauanoaa neiaeeeinue eiaeiia i?aaenoaaeaiea ia
aia?oenoa, eae i iieiaeii /aeiaaea, eioi?ue ia?ooaao ana onoie iauanoaa,
iioaioeeaeueiii oaieiaiii yeaiaioa. Aieaa oiai, oaeia i?aaenoaaeaiea
oaeaea ia?aei/aaaei e a iao/iua e?oae. A ea/anoaa i?eia?a iiaeii
i?eaanoe oeeoaoo ec eaeoeee, /eoaaoaeny a iaeiii ec aiaiiuo
oieaa?neoaoia ?innee: «…enoiaey ec yoiai, i?aaeeaaaaony neaaeothuaa
ii?aaeaeaiea oeia ee/iinoe i?aaiia?ooeoaey – yoi aiaiiineoaeauee n?i/iie
neoaeau oiea?e/aneiai oeia, n ianeiaeeaoaeny ineoeeie e iaeaieaa
e?eieiiaaiiui aic?anoii, oi?ioi ?acaeoue oece/anee, eiathuee iiuo
iiae?inoeiaiai aa?anneaii-aia?oe/aneiai iiaaaeaiey e eeaeii
nioeeaeueiiai aoonaeaea?a».
Ai?i/ai, noieo ioiaoeoue, /oi eniieuecotho aia?oe/aneoth neiaieeeo e
i?ieciinyo aia?oe/aneea ?a/e a iniiaiii ethaee, ioaa/athuea
auoaoeacaiiui i?aaenoaaeaieyi. Niciaiea e iiaaaeaiea eiaiii oaeeo
ethaeae aaoi? n/eoaao aiciiaeiui iacaaoue eaeaaia?oe/aneei.
Caeeth/aiea
Aia?oeci – iainiaeaiiue oei niciaiey e iiaaaeaiey, oi/iaa aiai?y,
iieeoe/aneiai niciaiey e iiaaaeaiey. A iniiaiii yoi niciaiea e
iiaaaeaiea iai?aaeaii ia ioaee/ioth aeanoue a oaeii aai i?iyaeaiee eae
ainoaea?noai. Aia?oeno ioeaieaaao yoio nioeeaeueiue einoeooo eae
iaoathuee ii?iaeueiie aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe iauanoaa e eceeoiee, e
ai?aony n iei ii ia?a naieo aiciiaeiinoae: ianneaii, oi anoue ieeae ia
?aaae?oy ia iiiuoee ainoaea?noaa a eeoea aai i?aaenoaaeoaeae (iieeoeey,
ieeeoeey, noaeu e o.i.) iiaeeyoue ia aai, aia?oenoa, aeeciue eee aeoeaii
– iuoaynue eaeeie-ieaoaeue niiniaaie ?ac?ooeoue ainoaea?noai, /aua anaai
ianeeuenoaaiiuie iaoiaeaie.
O/eouaay ioiineoaeueii iaeoth aeieth aia?oenoia, iie oa?ythony n?aaee
iannu i?aaiia?ooeoaeae, ia?a/aueo caeiio, ii ia eiathueo ca naieie
aeaenoaeyie eaeie-eeai eaeaieiae/aneie iiaeiie?ee. Oaeei ia?acii,
aun/eoaoue aeeyiea aia?oe/aneiai niciaiey e iiaaaeaiey ia iauanoaaiioth
aeeciue noaiiaeoueny e?aeia cao?oaeieoaeueiui, aieaa oiai, ii/oe
iaaiciiaeiui. Eneeth/aieai ec yoiai i?aaeea iiaoo auoue ia?eiaeu
nioeeaeueiie iai?yae?iiinoe, iai?eia? a?aaeaeaineay aieia a ?innee. A
yoe ia?eiaeu iannu iiaoo oaea/ueny Aia?oeae, ii eo iiaaaeaiea a?yae ee
iiaeii iacaaoue aia?oe/aneei, ii anee o/anoue, /oi eeaea?aie yoeo iann
noaiiayony ianoiyuea aia?oenou, oi caeanue iiaeii an?-oaee neacaoue, /oi
aia?oeci ieacuaaao aeeyiea ia aeeciue iauanoaa.
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u:
Iaioo E.N. Yoaoeci e aia?oeci eae oeiu iieeoe/aneiai niciaiey.
Aeiia?enenoneee ia?eiae I:1989
Yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee nioeeieiae/aneee neiaa?ue, ?inneeneay Aeaaeaiey
iaoe, Einoeooo nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneeo enneaaeiaaiee, 1995
Aeaenaiae? Iaeaoia, Aaoueea ii?yaeea. Eiiia?naiou-Aeaiueae, ?27 ca
2003a.
A.I. Aieiaea?neee. Aeanoue e ainoaea?noai a oai?ee aia?oecia a ?innee
(XIX-ia/aei XX a). Aia?oey e Aeanoue, I: Iaoea, 1992 – n.174
A.A. Ai?iaie. Aeanoue. Aia?oey e Aeanoue, I: Iaoea, 1992 – n.174
E?iiioeei I.A. Aia?oey, a? oeeinioey, a? eaeaae: Ni/eiaiey. I:
Yeii-i?ann, 1999 – 861n.
E.I. Oienoie. Ia ioiioaiee e ainoaea?noai. Aia?oeci. I: Ainoaea?noaaiiay
Ioaee/iay Enoi?e/aneay aeaeeioaea ?innee, 1999 – 240n.
Aeaaeeie? Aaeia, Aa?iiieno nioeeaeecia, Eiiia?naiou-Aeaiueae, ?45 ca
2003a.
Aia?oea: yeaeo?iiiay aia?oe/aneay aeaeeioaea,
http://anarchive.virtualave.net/
Eiinoeoooeey ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
[2, n.98; E.N. Iaioo]
[7, n.142]
[oai aea, n.143]
[5, n.153]
[6]
[2, c.681, E.E. *aniieiaa] Iiieii yoiai oaeay o?aeoiaea niciaiey
ano?a/aaony i/aiue /anoi, iai?eia?, a oieeiaii neiaa?a Iaeaaiaa.
[1, n.242]
Noieo ioiaoeoue, /oi i?iaeaio ionoaaaiey caeiiia io auno?i iaiythueony
?aaeee ia ioaa?aaao ie iaeia iaoea. Iai?eia?, a Oaieiaiue Eiaeaen
i/a?aaeiua noaouee iiaoo auoue aianaiu eeoue oiaaea, eiaaea oaea
niaa?oaii oioy au iaeii iauanoaaiii a?aaeiia aeayiea, ia iiiaaeathuaa ie
iiae iaeio ec aeaenoaothueo noaoae, a oi a?aiy eae iauanoaaiiia
inoaeaeaiea oaeiai iinooiea iiaeao eiaoue ianoi aeaaea anee ii niaa?o?i
aia?aua.
[2, n.546-547; A.I. Naieei]
[oai aea, n. 561; E.N. Iaioo]
[10]
I?e/eiu e oneiaey i?anooieaiee, niaa?oaaiuo aiaiiineoaeaueie e iauea
aii?inu i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey i?aaiia?ooaiee a iia?aie/iuo aieneao.
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