Рязанский Кремль

IEAI:

ENOI?Ess E NIA?AIAIIINOUe .- 1

?ssCAINEEE E?AIEUe:

a) ENOI?Ess AICIEEIIAAIEss E ?ACAEOEss E?AIEss –

a) II IA?AssNEAANEEI OE?AIEAIEssI –

a) AINAIAEUe E?AIEss:

1. O?ENOI?IAEAeANOAAINEEE NIAI? –

ONIAINEEE NIAI? –

A?OAIAAEUeNEEE NIAI? –

A?OEA?AENEEE AeAI? –

OeA?EIAUe EIAIIA I?AAeOA*E –

OeA?EIAUe NAssOIAI AeOOA –

EIEIEIEUeIss –

8. NIANNEEE IIIANOU?Ue:

– NIANI- I?AIA?AAEAINEEE NIAI? –

-AIAIssAEAINEAss OeA?EIAUe –

a) ?ssCAINEEE E?AIEUe EAE IOCAE CAIIAAAeIEE –

CAEETH*AIEA. –

I?EIA*AIEss. –

NIENIE EEOA?AOO?U. –

ENOI?Ess E NIA?AIAIIINOUe

A naiii oeaio?a ?innee noieo iaoa ae?aaiyy ?ycaiue , i?ae?aniay e
iaiiaoi?eiay , iaioaeaeeiay io aaeeeie ?one , ?innee. I?ae?aniay ia
iioiio eeoue , /oi aeey eaaeaeiai /aeiaaea iao ianoa e?aoa aai ”iaeie
?iaeeiu” , ii iooiai , /oi ii ”eaiioa” naiae , oci?i/ueth auea e
aoaeao ioee/iie io ae?oaeo ai?iaeia. Aeaaea eiy aa aeiiuia caaaaeea ,
oioy e ?anoieeiauaaeinue ia ?ac , iai aiaaeeii neeeenue aieineea
iiaeaeae e neaaa ae?aaieo ai?iaeia Iii/uey; Ia?aneaaey ?ycaineiai ,
iuiaoiae ?ycaie, e aaeeeieiyaeaneie noieeoeu – ?ycaie (Noa?ie) ,
?aniieaaaaoaeny ia e?ooiy?a, iaae ieneeie auno?eiaie , a iyoeaeanyoe
eeeiiao?ao io Ia?aneaaey aiec ii ?aea.

*a?ac aaea i?iianea ?ycaiue naie aiai? naie i?aa, naie eee .Nio?aieea a
na?aeoea naieo nayouo ,i?i?ieia , i?aaaaeieeia e io/aieeia, aa?iaa,
eioi?ua, i?ioeainoiy ceo , ia aeaeaee iiae/an e aeecie ’’oeoeiu a io/ai
aeiia ?aaee’’.

Ii nio?aieee ee iu a naiae iaiyoe neaaioth enoi?eth ?ycaie ,
i?iaeieaeaai ee iu /oeoue ?ycaiue

eae ii/eoaee aa ?ycaioeu iiiaea aaea iacaae ? Ciaai ee iu , /oi any
enoi?ey ?ycaie , noaiiaeaiea aa eoeueoo?u e?iaii naycaii n I?aaineaaeai
? E niaeaeaieth , iaeuecy aeaoue iieiaeeoaeueiue ioaao ia yoio
aeiaieueii na?ueaciue aii?in .

Iaeiaei , ia niio?y ia auno?ue aaa a?aiaie , ia niaio oae ioee/athueony
ae?oa io ae?oaa eae ii o?aaeeoeeyi , oae e ii i?aanoaaiiie eoeueoo?a
iieieaiee , ?ycaiue i?iaeieaeaao aeeoue a naieo iaiyoieeao noa?eiu , a
iiaaooaaoeo io a?aiaie e «iaeaoa» niauoee , ii ia ooa?yaoeo naiaai
cia/aiey a aeecie aa?othueo , oea?eayo e iiianou?yo , o?aiao e niai?ao ,
a ae?aaiaai ienueia eeiiao eieaao. E iaeiei ec oaeeo caia/aoaeueiaeoeo
iaiyoieeia noa?eiu yaeyaony ?ycaineee E?aieue , aa?iiie/ii
aienuaathueeny a iaeee ie?anoiuo iino?iae e ianoiiai iaecaaea . Iiaeii
/anaie aoaoue ii ecaeeenoie Iea e ethaiaaoueny «ia?yueie» aa?enaie
iiioiaioaeueiuo e?aieaaneeo nii?oaeaiee , aaee/anoaaiiie eieieieueiae ,
aneeiooui aaunue eoaii noa?eiiiai Oniaineiai niai?a n iyoueth eoiieaie
. E?aieue eae au ia?eo auniei iaae aaneiia/iie aeaaeueth aiae , noiy ia
no?aaea aaeia , aiai?y ethaeyi i?aaaeo i ai?ueaa /aeiaa/aneeo no?anoae
, a?iia n?aaeaiee e aea?eeo noaaoie .?ycaineee E?aieue – iaeii ec oao
oai?aiee ?onneiai ciae/anoaa , a eioi?ii nieaeenue any aeoaeia e neea
aeooiaiuo e ynoaoe/aneeo ono?aieaiee oie yiioe . Noaeueaa aai
iaioaeaeeia io enoi?ee eae naiie ?ycaie , oae e ?innee a oeaeii .

Iaeiaei , iniiaiay oeaeue aeaiiie ?aaiou caeeth/aaony ia oieueei a oii
, /oiau iciaeiieoue n aeinoii?eia/aoaeueiinoyie iaoaai ai?iaea .

Yoa ?aaioa ii naiaio nouanoao iiaeieiaao ia anaiauaa ianoaeaeaiea iaeio
ec aaaeiaeoeo i?iaeai 20-ai aaea – iioa?y i?aanoaaiiinoe , iioa?y
eioa?ana e o?aaeeoeeyi e eoeueoo?a i?aaeeia.

Aaaeue eae iieacae ia/aeueiue , anee ia neacaoue aieueoa , o?aae/aneee
iiuo yoiai noieaoey , io?e-oeaoaeueiia ioiioaiea e aeinoeaeaieyi
i?ioeiai , eno?aaeaiea iaiyoieeia ae?aaia?onneie eoeueoo?u ,
iaoeeiiaeueiuo nayouiue , caia/aoeaaoeo aeoiu e /ayiey iaoeo i?aaeeia ,
i?eaiaeyo e aeooiaiie aeaa?aaeaoeee iaoeee , e iioa?a ath enoi?e/aneie
ia?niaeoeau .

Yoi ia ionoua neiaa , a iaoa aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue . Aeinoaoi/ii
aniiiieoue , /oi aua iaaeaaii iiiaea iiiauaiey ?ycaineiai E?aiey
eniieueciaaeenue aeaeaei ia ii iacia/aieth e auee caiouaiu aei oaeie
noaiaie , /oi iaiaoiaeeiie ieacaeanue eneoniay ?aaioa ianoa?ia ii
?anoaa?aoeee iiiaeo nii?oaeaiee E?aiey . Aea , a?aiy iaiineo naie
ioia/aoie , e iu ia a neeao iiaa?iooue aai aniyoue , ne?uoue iiyaeaoeany
ia «/aea» E?aiey ii?ueiu noieaoee , ii iao aeiea , iaoa iaycaiiinoue
ia?aae iaoeie i?aaeeaie e , a eiioea eiioeia , ia?aae aoaeoueie
iieieaieyie nio?aieoue oi , /oi aeinoaeinue iai a ianeaaenoai ,
nii?eeiniiaaiea n /ai iaiaauaao aeooo , aeaeaao iaiiiai aeia?aa ,
nia?aaaao na?aeoea .

E niaeaeaieth , iuiaoiyy iieiaeaaeue ia iiieiaao e ia oeaieo yoiai ,
aea e , aiiaua aiai?y , ia no?aieony iiiyoue . Iao a?aiaie , /oiau
caauoue i ‘a?aiiuo’ aeaeao e caaeoiaoueny i i?aanoaaiiinoe. Eoi aea
aeiiaao a yoii ? A ia?aoth i/a?aaeue iaoa n aaie iauanoai . Iineieueeo
?aaeeeaeueiua eciaiaiey , i?ienoiaeyuea a aeecie iauanoaa , a oii /enea
e a noa?a ia?aciaaiey , o?aaotho ananoi?iiiaai iniuneaiey , /oi ,
aa?iyoii , iaaeinooiii aeey ‘iuneyueo’ oiia ?innee . Iaoaeaee
io/oaeaeaiea iieiaeaaee io iiaeeeiiie aeooiaiie eoeueoo?u ,
iaoeeiiaeueiuo eaiiae e o?aaeeoeee , io aa?u , ia aucuaaao ie o eiai
aii?ina : «A ana ee aeaaiiieo/ii a ?innee n ainieoaieai iiae?anoathuaai
iieieaiey ?Ia oionoei ee iu oio iiiaio , eiaaea anoue aua aiciiaeiinoue
aic?iaeeoue ca?inooth aei?iao e O?aio ?» Oioaeinue au aa?eoue , /oi yoi
ia oae .

Eaeiau aea iooe i?aiaeieaiey yoeo , noaaoeo iauai?eiyouie , oaiaeaioeee
nia?aiaiiiai iauanoaa ? A ia?aoth i/a?aaeue – yoi iiauoaiea eioa?ana e
?iaeiie enoi?ee , aic?iaeaeaiey “aeaeaiey ociaoue

e iiiyoue – ioeoaea iu e eoaea eaeai” , a , /oi eanaaony noa?u
ainieoaiey , oi yoi naeeaeaiea i?aai-eaaiie e naaoneie nenoai
ia?aciaaiey , /oi iiaeao iineoaeeoue iniiaie aeey oeaeinoiiai ainieoaiey
e ia?aciaaiey ee/iinoe , niinianoaiaaoue ainnoaiiaeaieth iiaeeeiiie
ea?a?oee oeaiiinoae , inoaiiaeoue ?aniaae aeooiaiiai yae?a ee/iinoe ,
auoieaaeeaaiea aioo?aiiae aeecie .Aeaiiay ?aaioa eiaao eiaiii yoo
iai?aaeaiiinoue . Iineieueeo ciaeiinoai n ?ycaineei E?aieai , n enoi?eae
aai nicaeaiey , a?oeoaeoo?iuie iniaaiiinoyie , nayouiyie , n noaeueaie
iaiyoieeia E?aiey iicaieyao ia oieueei ieoiooueny a ae?aaiinoue , ii e
aeaao aiciiaeiinoue iiiyoue , eaeiaa ?ieue I?aaineaaey a eoeueoo?a
?onneie iaoeee , oi?ie?iaaiee ?inneeneiai niciaiey , o?aaeeoeee , a
aeooiaiie aeecie ia?iaea.

?ssCAINEEE E?AIEUe

?ycaiue – iaeei ec noa?aeoeo i/aaia eoeueoo?u e eneonnoaa
oeaio?aeueiie ?innee- ?aniieiaeaia a 200 eeeiiao?ao e thai-ainoieo io
Iineau. Nia?aiaiiay ?ycaiue- e?oiiue auno?i?anoouee i?iiuoeaiiue oeaio?.
Ia aa oa??eoi?ee e iaoiaeeony E?aieue- ae?aaiaeoaa yae?i ai?iaea,
eioi?ue aue caeiaeai a naiii eiioea OI aaea, aaeece ?aee Iee, aieueoiai
ii oiio a?aiaie aiaeiiai oi?aiaiai iooe. Ia?aiia/aeueii ai?iae iacuaaeny
Ia?ayneaaeai ?ycaineei. Iacaaiea ?ycaiue e cia/aiea aeaaiiai ai?iaea
?ycaineiai eiyaeanoaa ia?aoei e iaio iicaeiaa io aieaa ae?aaiae
noieeoeu- Noa?ie ?ycaie, ?aniieaaaaoaeny ia 50 eeeiiao?ia ainoi/iaa
Ia?ayneaaey. Ieaea ii oa/aieth Iee e oie/oiaeaiiie a 1237 aiaeo
iie/euaie Aaouy aei iniiaaiey. Ia yoie o?aaaaeee eaoiienue niiauaao:
«…a?aae ?ycaiue e caiey ?ycaineay eciaieny … e ioeaea neaaa ny, e ia
aa a iae ie/oi aeaai aeaeaoe oieii aeuie iaiae.» Noa?ay ?ycaiue
iinoaiaiii en/acea n eeoea caiee. Ia?ayneaaeue aea a ai?ueaa n ae?oaeie
ai?iaeaie eiyaeanoaa ca i?aai noaoue noieueiui ai?iaeii auoae
iiaaaeeoaeai. Ioeoeeaeueii Ia?aneaaeue ?ycaineee aue ia?aeiaiiaai a
?ycaiue a 1778 aiaeo.

A ianoiyuaa a?aiy a E?aiea nouanoaoao eiiieaen ?acee/iuo iaiyoieeia
ae?aaia?onneie a?oeoaeoo?u e a?oeoaeoo?u eeanneoeecia. Ii nicaeaao
iaiiaoi?eioth iaii?aio ai?iaea, i?eaeaao aio iniaoth
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoue e eiei?eo. E?aneaue aeae a E?aieue ioe?uaaaony n
iaaa?aaeiie ?aee O?oaaae. Aai aaee/anoaaiiua nii?oaeaiey: Oniaineee
niai? (eiiaoe OVII aaea) e eieieieueiy (OVIII-OIO aaea) eiatho aieueoia
cia/aiea ia oieueei aeey enoi?ee ?onneie a?oeoaeoo?u, ii e aeey
eneonnoaa a?aaeino?ieoaeuenoaa.

E niaeaeaieth, a?aiy ia iiuaaeeei iaeaieaa ?aiiea iino?ieee E?aiey,
ioiinyueany e OV aaeo- iineaaeiaio ia?eiaeo ?anoeaaoa ?ycaineiai
eiyaeanoaa: O?enoi?iaeaeanoaaineee niai? (OV-OIO aaea, auaoee Oniaineee)
e A?oaiaaeueneee (OV-OVII aaea) aeioee aei iaoeo aeiae n aieueoeie
eciaiaieyie .

Ca O?enoi?iaeaeanoaaineei e A?oaiaaeueneei niai?aie ?aniieiaeai
oieeaeueiue ainaiaeue iaiyoieeia a?aaeaeaineiai ciae/anoaa auaoaai
A?oea?aeneiai aeai?a. Yoi A?oea?aeneee aeii (OVII aae), Iaa/aneee e
Eiinenoi?neee ei?ionu (OVII aaea), oicyenoaaiiua caeaiey auaoaai
A?oea?aeneiai e Eiithoaiiiai aeai?ia (OVII-OIO aaeia), aiaa?u (OVII
aae). E thai-caiaaeo io Oniaineiai niai?a iaoiaeeony eiiieaen caeaiee
(OVII-OIO aaea) ae?aaiaai Nianneiai iiianou?y, eioi?ue nouanoaoao ia
yoii ianoa n OIV aaea, a ia naaa?i-ainoi/iii e?aa e?aieaaneiai oieia
aeaeiaaony iaaieueoay aeaooiao?iaay oea?eiaue Nayoiai Aeooa (OVII aaea)-
ana, /oi inoaeinue io iiianou?y oiai aea iacaaiey, iniiaaiiiai aua a OV
aaea. Iiiaea nii?oaeaiey E?aiey, a oii /enea e?aiinoiua noaiu e aaoie,
noiyaoea ia aunieeo caieyiuo aaeao, ia nio?aieeenue, ii Caiey
e?aieaaneay ianuuaia iaiyoieeaie a?oaieiaee.

*anoua aieiu, iaaaae noaiiuo ei/aaieeia, iiaea?u neeueii iionoioaee
?ycaineoth caieth, oie/oiaeea aieueooth /anoue aa ae?aaiaai eneonnoaa, i
iai iu oaia?ue iiaeai noaeeoue ii iaiiiaei nio?aieaoeiny iaiyoieeai:
thaaee?iui ecaeaeeyi, iaeeie ieanoeea, /aeaiea, ?acueaa ii aea?aao e
eaiith, eeiiiiene e eiui ooaeiaeanoaaiiui oeaiiinoyi. Iie iaoiaeyony ia
oa??eoi?ee E?aiey a e?aaaaae/aneii e ooaeiaeanoaaiiii iocayo, a oaeaea a
ae?oaeo e?oiiuo iocayo no?aiu. Oaaeaa?u thaaee?iiai eneonnoaa ec noa?ie
?ycaie- «eiyaeaneea aa?iu» (OI-OII aaeia), o?aiyueany a I?oaeaeiie
iaeaoa Iineianeiai E?aiey, aeatho i?aaenoaaeaiea i a i/aiue aunieii
o?iaia ae?aaiae eoeueoo?u ?ycaineiai e?ay.

A ianoiyuaa a?aiy a iocayo ?ycaineiai E?aiey iiaeii iiciaeiieoueny n
eoeueoo?ie e eneonnoaii Ia?aneaaey ?ycaineiai, ia/eiay n aai iniiaaiey e
eii/ay nia?aiaiiie ?ycaiueth.

ENOI?Ess ?ACAEOEss E?AIEss

A oaia?ue niaa?oei oaeaeaoaeueiia iooaoanoaea ia iaoeia a?aiaie,
eioi?ay ia?aianao aan ia 800 eao iacaae, a yiioo Ae?aaiae ?one. Yoi auea
yiioa, eiaaea a ai?iaeao oeaaea aeanoyuay eoeueoo?a: caeanue oai?eee
aaieaeueiua oeeiniou e ienaoaee, ciae/ea e aeeaiienoeu, eneoniua
i?oaeaeieee e cieiouo aeae ianoa?a. Oi auea ii?a, eiaaea iao ia?aue
enoi?ee Ianoi? nicaeaaae eaoiieniue naiae, /oiau ioaaoeoue ia aii?in-
«ioeoaea anoue iioea ?onneay caiey», eiaaea aacaanoiue aaoi? «Neiaa i
iieeo Eai?aaa» ia?aoeeny e ?onneei eiycueyi n ai?y/ei iao?eioe/aneei
i?ecuaii e aaeeinoao, a i?e aiaaeaiee ?aee Ia?ee a Eeycueio aicaeaeaioee
oaeeaeoaeueiue o?ai Iie?iaa, aei neo ii? ii?aaeathuee naiei
niaa?oainoaii. Eiaiii a yoo ii?o i?ienoiaeeei ca?iaeaeaiea i?ae?aniiai
iiiaino?aaeaeueiiai a?aaea Ia?aneaaey ?ycaineiai eee «ai?iaea»-e?aiey.

Ia?aneaaeue ?ycaineee aue caeiaeai /a?ieaianeei eiycai Ieaaii
Nayoineaae/ai- aioeii ss?ineaaa Ioae?iai. Ecaiaiiue a eiioea OI aaea
aianoa n a?aoii ss?ineaaii ec /a?ieaianeie caiee. Ieaa Nayoineaaiae/
auioaeaeai aue ioi?aaeoueny a ?aniieiaeaiiua aaeieue Iee io?iinei-
?ycaineea caiee, aeinoaaoeany aio a ianeaaenoai. Inaiaiea eo aucaaei
neeueioth ai?ueao, iniaaiii ca Io?ii- iaeei ec aeaaiuo ai?iaeia ia
aaaeiii oi?aiaii iooe e eaineei aieaa?ai. A 1095 aiaeo Ecyneaa, nui
Aeaaeeie?a Iiiiiaoa, acye Io?ii e a iai iinaaeieea eiycy Ieaaa. A nayce
n yoeie niauoeyie aia?aua a ia/aeueiie eaoiiene iiae 1096 aiaeii
oiiieiaaony ?ycaiue (Noa?ay ?ycaiue), a eioi?oth Ieaa Nayoineaaiae/
iioae e a?aoo ss?ineaao ca iiiiuueth. Ia iooe ec Noa?ie ?ycaie ai
Aeaaeeie? Ieaa Nayoineaaiae/ nicaeae aeey naay iiaue iii?iue ioieo-
e?aiinoue Ia?aneaaeue ?ycaineee. Iiia/aeo iia i?aaenoaaeyea niaie
iaaieueooth oe?aieaiioth oa??eoi?eth a oeaio?a naaa?iie /anoe
e?aieaaneiai oieia. Caeanue iaoiaeeeny aeai? eiycy Ieaaa e aai
ae?oaeeiu, iaianaiiue, ii-aeaeeiiio, aea?aayiiui /anoieieii.

THaeii?onneia i?ienoiaeaeaiea iniiaaoaey Ia?aneaaey ?ycaineiai
io?aceeinue a iacaaieyo ai?iaea e ?ae aai ie?oaeathueo (Ia?aneaaeue,
O?oaaae, Euaaaeue, Aeoiae/ee).

Iinea 1097 aiaea Ieaa Nayoineaaiae/ aica?auaaony a naith «caeiiioth»
aio/eio, a *a?ieaia, a a ?ycaie (Noa?ie) e Io?iia inoaaony ss?ineaa-
?iaeiia/aeueiee ?ycaineeo e io?iineeo eiycae.

Eaoiieniuo naaaeaiee i caeiaeaiee ai?iaea Ia?aneaaey ia nio?aieeinue.
Ii a a?oeaao ?ycaie a OIO aaea auee iaeaeaiu ethaiiuoiua caiene ia
enoi?ee caeiaeaiey Ia?aneaaey ?ycaineiai. Iaeaieaa eioa?ania caienue
naeaeaiiay iieoonoaaii a OVI aaea ia eenoa neaaeiaaiiie Inaeou?e ec
oea?eae Ieeieu Noa?iai, eioi?ay auea ia?aienaia n aieaa ?aiiae Inaeou?e
a 1562 aiaeo («Neaaeiaaiiay Inaeou?ue»- eieaa iianaaeiaaiuo o?enoeaineeo
ianai. A iae aiai?eony, /oi Ia?aneaaeue ?ycaineee aue caeiaeai a 1095
aiaeo o oea?eae Ieeieu Noa?iai ia aa?aao ica?a Auno?iai, ia ?ac
oiiieiaaoaainy a eiyaeaneeo a?aiioao OV aaea. Iaeiaei, eiaaea
caeeaaeuaaeny «ai?iae», oea?eae Ieeieu Noa?iai aua ia auei, oae eae iia
iiaea auoue iino?iaia iicaea oieueei iinea ia?aianaiey ia?aca nayoiai
Ieeieu «io Ei?aoiy ia ?ycaiue a eaoi 6733 aiaeo», oi anoue a 1225 aiaeo
ii iiaiio noeeth. Oiiieiaiea aea aaoi?a caiene OVI aaea ia yoie oea?eae
yaeyaony ooi/iaieai enoi?e/aneiai ianoa caeeaaeee «ai?iaea», iiiyoiui
aai nia?aiaiieeai. (Oea?eiaue Ieeieu Noa?iai nai?aea a 1611 aiaeo).

A ia/aea OIII aaea, iinea iaeanoi/aiiuo aiaa iaaeaeo ?ycaineeie e
Aeaaeeie?i-Nocaeaeueneeie eiyaeanoaaie, a Ia?aneaaea aicieeea
iaiaoiaeeiinoue nii?oaeaiey iiaie e?aiinoe, e a 1208 aiaeo ?ycaineee
aieneii A?naiee niiaa «a?aae Ia?aneaaeue caeiaeee o ica?a», oi anoue
inayoee caeeaaeeo. Iiaay e?aiinoue auea aieueoaai ?acia?a e caieiaea
oaeaea naaa?ioth /anoue e?aieaaneiai oieia. A 1955-1957 aiaeao
yeniaaeeoeey A.E. Iiiaaeoa, i?iaiaeeaoay caeanue enneaaeiaaiey,
iaia?oaeeea eoeueoo?iue neie OII aaea, naeaeaoaeuenoaothuee i iaee/ee a
E?aiea iinaeaiey aua a aeiiiiaieueneia a?aiy.

Noa?ay ?ycaiue iinea ?aci?aiey aa oaoa?i- iiiaieaie a 1237 aiaeo
iuoaeanue iono?ieoueny e iaeioi?ia a?aiy i?iaeieaeaea inoaaaoueny
noieueiui ai?iaeii eiyaeanoaa. *anoua iaaaae oaoa? e iniaaiii eo
iaiaaeaiea a 1288 aiaeo canoaaeei anei?a eiyaeaneee aeai? e anao
ai?iaeai iieeiooue ai?iae. Aua ?aiueoa Noa?oth ?ycaiue inoaaee
aieneiineee aeai?.

A eiioea OIII aaea, a ii ae?oaei aeaiiui aeaaea a eiioea OII aaea,
i?iecioei aaaeiaeoaa iieeoe/aneia niauoea a eiyaeanoaa- ioaeaeaiea
?ycaie io *a?ieaianeie aia?oee e nicaeaiea iacaaeneiie ?ycaineie.
Aieneiineay eaoaae?a auea ia?aianaia a Ai?eniaeaaneee niai? «Noa?iai
ino?iaa» Ia?aneaaey. Iaeioi?ua enneaaeiaaoaee ?ycaineeo eaoiienae
i?aaeiieaaatho, /oi «Noa?ue ino?ia» a OII- OIII aaeao aue
naiinoiyoaeueiie e?aiinoueth e iacuaaeny Ai?enia Aeaaia ai?iaeie,
eioi?ue aiineaaenoaee neeeny n Ia?aneaaeai. Ianoiiaoiaeaeaiea
aieneiineie eaoaae?u a iaiin?aaenoaaiiie aeecinoe e Ia?aneaaeth,
ianiiiaiii, niinianoaiaaei aai aicauoaieth. Iai?eia?, ecaanoii, /oi a
1300 aiaeo a Ia?aneaaea i?ienoiaeee eaeie-oi nuacae eiycae. A a 1301
aiaeo iineianeee eiycue Aeaieee, iianaaoeeny naiaai «ainoi/iiai
ninaaea», «i?eoiaeee ?aoueth ia ?ycaiue e aeoany o a?aaea Ia?aneaaey».
Ii acye a ieai ?ycaineiai eiycy Eiinoaioeia, eioi?ue iicaeiaa aue eaciai
a Iineaa. Ieii/aoaeueii cia/aiea Ia?aneaaey eae noieeoeu ?ycaineiai
eiyaeanoaa ooaa?aeeeinue n na?aaeeiu OIV aaea, iniaaiii a eiyaeanoaa
Ieaaa Eaaiiae/a (oia? a 1402 aiaeo), iineaoaai oeooe «aaeeeiai».

E?aieue Ia?aneaaey a OIV aaea, eae e a OIII aaea, caieiae naaa?ioth
/anoue ieaoi. A?aieoeu aai ii?aaeaeythony ae?aaieie iiianou?yie (iau/ii
iie aicieeaee ca noaiaie «ai?iaea»): ia thai-caiaaea n OIV aaea
nouanoaoao Nianneee iiianou?ue e ia naaa?i-ainoiea n OV aaea-
Aeooianeie. THaeiay /anoue e?aieaaneiai oieia ii-i?aaeiaio auea caiyoa
iinaaeii. Ca iei ia thaeiii e?ath ieaoi o Euaaaee ?aniieaaaeny
ai?iaeneie oi?a, eioi?ue n ?inoii ai?iaea ?ani?ino?aieeny ia ae?oaie
aa?aa ?aee (?en.). Caeanue aea ia?anaeaeenue aei?iae ec Iineau,
Aeaaeeie?a, Noa?ie ?ycaie e I?iinea.

OV aae- aae ?anoeaaoa Ia?aneaaey e aeaeueiaeoaai aai oe?aieaiey.
?acia?u e?aiinoe a yoi a?aiy aeinoeaee nia?aiaiiuo a?aieoe E?aiey.
Caieyiua aaeu, noiyaoea oaea oiaaea ii e?ath e?aieaaneiai oieia, auee
niiaa iiaenuiaiu e oaaee/aiu a aunioo. Iie ie?oaeaee eiyaeaneoth
?aceaeaioeeth, iiianou?e e iinaae. N caiaaeiie noi?iiu e?aiinoe
i?ioiaeee aeoaieee ?ia, niaaeeiyaoee iieiiaiaeiua a oi a?aiy Euaaaeue n
O?oaaaeii. A OV aaea ia a?iiaaeiuo caieyiuo aaeao noiyee aea?aayiiua
noaiu e aaoie. Nio?aieaoayny /anoue e?aiinoiuo nii?oaeaiee- caiaaeiue
caieyiie aae ni ?aii, ianiio?y ia ?ac?ooaiea a?aiaiai, eiaao aunioo
ieiei 18 iao?ia io aeia ?aa.

E iniiaiui iino?ieeai OV aaea ioiinyo noa?ue Oniaineee niai?, a OVIII
aaea ia?aeiaiiaaiiue a O?enoi?iaeaeanoaaineee, a oaeaea noa?ue
A?oaiaaeueneee niai?.

Ii/oe ana iino?ieee E?aiey a OV aaea auee aea?aayiiuie.

?acaeoea ?iaenoaaiiuo naycae n Iineaie i?eaaei ia oieueei e ?acaeoeth
eneonnoa e no?ieoaeuenoaa, ii e e aieueoaio iiae/eiaieth Iineaa. Oaea a
na?aaeeia OV aaea ?ycaiue auea caiyoa iineianeeie iaianoieeaie. A ia/aea
OVI aaea iia aua aieueoa oa?yao naith naiinoiyoaeueiinoue. A 1503 aiaeo
o?aoue caiaeue e ai?iaeia eiyaeanoaa ii caaauaieth eiycy Oaaei?a
«O?aoiiai» ia?aoea e Iineaa. Aaeeeee eiycue Iineianeee noae eiaiiaaoueny
e eiycai ?ycaineei. A 1520 aiaeo iineaaeiee ?ycaineee eiycue aue acyo a
ieai, a /a?ac aiae e ?ycaiue i?eniaaeeieee e Iineaa. E?aieue Ia?aneaaey
?ycaineiai eae aaeieieno?aoeaiue oeaio? eiyaeanoaa iioa?ye naia
cia/aiea. N yoiai a?aiaie ia/aeny iiaue yoai a aeecie Ia?aneaaey.
Aieneiineay eaoaae?a ec Ai?eniaeaaneiai niai?a ia?aiineony a E?aieue,
eioi?ue noaiiaeony ?aceaeaioeeae ?ycaineeo aieneiiia. Ia ianoa auaoaai
eiyaeaneiai aeai?a aieneii Eiia ia/ae no?ieoue iaeaou aeey aeeeuey,
Aaeieaiaiioth oea?eiaue Eiaiia I?aaeoa/e e ?aciua oicyenoaaiiua
nii?oaeaiey.

Aeai? aieneiia Eiiu aiineaaenoaee aue ?anoe?ai e ieioii cano?iai. Io
eaiaiiuo nii?oaeaiee yoiai ia?eiaea ii/oe ie/aai ia nio?aieeinue, e?iia
a?oaieiae/aneeo inoaoeia aaeieaiaiiiai iiaeeeaoa iaeao Eiiu e /anoe
aaeieaiaiiie oea?eae Eiaiia I?aaeoa/e (iiaeeeao e o?aaiaiou I e II
y?onia).

OVII aae aeey eneonnoaa ?ycaie aue naiui y?eei e ieiaeioai?iui,
ianiio?y ia oyaeaeua eniuoaiey, iniaaiii a ia/aea aaea. Niooiia a?aiy,
iaoanoaea iieyeia a 1611 aiaeo. A yoi a?aiy ?ycaineee aiaaiaea I?ieiiee
Eyioiia ieacae aeaenoaaiioth iiiiuue Iineaa a ai?ueaa n eioa?aaioaie. Ia
iaiaa oyaeaeui ieacaeinue aoi?ia iaiaaeaiea iieueneiai aienea a 1618
aiaeo, ai aeaaa n io?yaeii Naaaeaea/iiai, eioi?ue naeaa Ia?aneaaeue.
Oiaaea a E?aiea, ianei?i ainnoaiiaeaiiii, auei iino?iaii ainaiue
aea?aayiiuo oea?eaae e aeoaiaay eieieieueiy o A?oaiaaeueneiai niai?a.
Iiaea? 1647 aiaea e «ii?iaay» ycaa iiyoue iaianee Ia?aneaaeth aieueoie
oua?a.

A 1650-o aiaeao auee niiaa iono?iaiu e?aiinoiua nii?oaeaiey E?aiey.
E?iia eaiaiiie Aeaaianeie aaoie OVI aaea n i?iacaeeie ai?ioaie ia
Iineianeoth aei?iao, ia caieyiuo aaeao noiyei aua 11 aea?aayiiuo aaoai,
ec ieo o?e i?iacaeiua.

Eaiaiiia no?ieoaeuenoai OVII aaea inoaaeei oeaeue eiiieaen eioa?aniuo a
ooaeiaeanoaaiiii ioiioaiee caeaiee. Yoi iiaue o?ai Eiaiia I?aaeoa/e, a
1692 aiaeo iaaeno?iai o?aoee yoaae A?oea?aeneiai aeiia, Iaa/aneee e
Eiinenoi?neee ei?ion.

A OVII aaea auea iino?iaia A?oea?aeneay ainoeieoea e inoaeueiua caeaiey
A?oea?aeneiai aeai?a.

E eiioeo 1699 aiaea ia oa??eoi?ee E?aiey aicaeaeaioo naiue
caia/aoaeueiue e aaee/anoaaiiue Oniaineee niai?. E iaio oaea a OIO aaea
auea i?eno?iaia eieieieueiy.

E iino?ieeai OVII aaea ioiinyo oaeaea Aiaiyaeaineoth oea?eiaue,
Niani-I?aia?aaeaineee niai?, Ainoeieoea ciaoe, ninoaaeythuea eiiieaen
Nianneiai iiianou?y.

Ie?oaeathuay iiianou?ue ia?aaea nii?oaeaia a na?aaeeia OVIII aaea. N
ainoi/iie noi?iiu iia iieiinoueth ?acia?aia, ii a caiea nio?aieeenue
o?aaiaiou oaeiaie naaa?i-ainoi/iie aaoie.

Caia/aoaeueii naieie ooaeiaeanoaaiiuie oi?iaie oea?eiaue Nayoiai Aeooa,
iino?iaiiay oaeaea a OVII aaea.

Oaeiaa a oeaeii enoi?ey eiiieaena ?ycaineiai E?aiey, aeioaaeoaai aei
iaoeo aeiae.

Ana iaiyoieee E?aiey iinoiyiii eco/athony e ?anoaa?e?othony. I?e yoii
ioe?uaathony ana iiaua e iiaua no?aieoeu aai enoi?ee e eneonnoaa ?onneeo
ianoa?ia i?ioeiai. Oae caaeyiai aea a ae?aaithth eieao enoi?ee.
Nii?iaiaeei eaaeaeue iaiyoiee E?aiey ia iooe aai aicieeiiaaiey.

II IA?AssNEAANEEI OE?AIEAIEssI

A aeaaiea a?aiaia «ai?iae» aue ie?oaeai ia oieueei aaeii, ii e noaiaie e
aaoiyie. Ia oii ianoa, aaea nae/an noieo niai?iay eieieieueiy, ?aiueoa
noiyea Aeaaianeay aaoiy.

«Yoi auea eaiaiiay aaoiy 8,5 naaeaiue aeeeiu e 6 naaeaiue oe?eiu. A iae
auee Aeaaianeea ai?ioa, a a ai?ioao eaeeoea. Ai?ioa caie?aeenue
aeaeaciui caniaii, a eaeeoea- iaeaiueeei, oiaea aeaeaciui caniaii e
aeny/ei caieii. Ia noaia o Aeaaianeie aaoie aenae aanoiaie eieieie a 11
ioaeia.

Anee aoaoue io «ai?iaea» /a?ac Aeaaianeea ai?ioa, oi o ai?io iiiaaeaoue
ia aeoaiaue iino n ia?eeaie, ii iacuaaeny Aeaaianeei. Naeaeai ii aue
iaae aeoaieei nooei ?aii. Ii oo noi?iio iinoa auee iiyoue ai?ioa, n
aeoaiauie aa?ayie e niniiauie i?eoai?aie, e?uoua oanii. ?ia yoio nooie e
nae/an anoue, anoue e iino, oieueei ia aea?aayiiue, a eaiaiiue.»[ ]

Iaae Aeaaianeeie ai?ioaie auea eaiaiiay /aniaiy, a eioi?ie ?aniieaaaeny
ia?ac I?anayouy Aiai?iaeeoeu. Iaeeaeo?ey. Ia?ac yoio yaeyaony
/oaeioai?iui. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ii iaoiaeeony a oea?eae nayoiai Eeee
i?i?iea.

I?i Aeaaianeoth aaoith oiaeyo neaaeothuea eaaaiaeu. «A 1521 aiaeo
e?uineee oai Iaaiao Ae?ae inouanoaeye iaaaa ia ?onneoth caieth, ia?aoae
Ieo e iiaenooiee e Iineaa. Eiycue Aaneeee iiaoae niae?aoue iieee, a a
Iineaa inoaeenue aiy?a. Noae Iaaiao ieiei Iineau naea. Aea?aaie aea/ue,
?aci?youe, a?ineeny ia?iae a Iineao: oaniioa oai iiaeiyeanue, aeaaea,
noiaoioa, oioaee auei aiy?a no?aeyoue a oaoa? ec iooae, aea ia a?ao aua
ii?ioo ia oaaoeei. Iiaeoiaee aiy?a e noaee n Iaaiaoii ia?aaiaa?eaaoueny,
a Iaaiao ei aiai?eo, /oi oiaaea oeaeao ii io Iineau, anee aeaaeoo iie
aio a?aiioo, a /oiau a a?aiioa oie auei iaienaii, /oi eiycue iineianeee
iaycoaony ieaoeoue aio aeaiue. Aiy?a Iaaiaoo oaeoth a?aiioo aeaee, e
nae/an aea ii ooae io Iineau iaeee eeoiaaoe, eiaiai Aanoaoee Aeaoeiae/,
ii i?eaae n niaith aeiai?ianeeo eacaeia. Caaeoiaee iie n Iaaiaoii acyoue
Ia?ayneaaeue oeo?inoueth: iineae Aeaoeiae/ e ia?ayneaaoeai caaoue eo
iieoiaoue ieaiiuo; yoi caoai, /oiau eae i?eaeoo iie ca ieaiiuie, iiae
ooiie aianoa n ieie i?ia?aoueny a ai?iae. A Iaaiao caaeoiae caiaieoue e
naaa iineiaeiai iaianoieea. A oo ii?o a Ia?ayneaaea oaea ia eiycue
neaeae, a iineianeee iaianoiee, e ei aue Oaaa? Neineee. I?eeacae aio oai
yaeoueny e iaio a noai iioiio aea, /oi aaeeeee eiycue oaia?ue aai
aeaiiee, a Oaaa? aaeeeiai eiycy oieii e aeieaeai e aai neooaoueny, e ia
a?aiioo nnueaeny. A Oaaa? ia iiaa?ee ?a/ai oaoa?neeo iineia i a?aiioa
iineianeeo aiy? e neacae, /oiau oo a?aiioo aio iieacaee, e oaoa?u aeaee
a?aiioo aio a ?oee. A oai a?aiaiai Aanoaoee iiaeioae oaea e Ia?ayneaaeth
e, /oiau eo/oa caiaieoue ia?ayneaaoeaa, auionoee ianeieueei ieaiiuo.
Ieaiieee iiaaaeaee a ai?iae, oaoa?u a?ineeenue ca ieie, e?e/ao, /oiau
ioaeaee ei ieaiiuo. Ia?ayneaaoeu ioaeaee. A yoi naiia a?aiy iooea?ue,
iaiaoe Ei?aeai, noae no?aeyoue a oaoa?. Oaoa?u enioaaeenue,
?acaaaeaeenue. Oai ?anna?aeeeny, ii Ei?aeai ia auaeaaae iooea?y. Aeaeeo
Iaaiao: oeo?inoueth Ia?ayneaaeue ia aicueiaoue, e ooae, a a?aiioa
iineianeeo aiy? oae e inoaeanue o Oaaa?a. No?aeye Ei?aeai, aiai?yo, n
Aeaaianeie aaoie».[ ]

E naaa?o io Aeaaianeie aaoie noiyea aeooay, aac ai?io Nianneay aaoiy,
ia oii oaeo, eioi?ue aue ia?auai e Nianiy?neiio o?aio. O iaa ia e?uoa
auea iaeiaeoea, iiayiiay aaeui aeaeacii, e i?aii?- aeaeaciue cia/ie
a?iaea oeaaa. Ia yoie aaoia aue ia?oeioai?iue ia?ac Nianeoaey, eioi?ue a
ianoiyuaa a?aiy o?aieony a Nianiy?neii o?aia, o i?aaiai eee?ina.

«Naaeaiue ia 114» io Nianneie aaoie noiyea Oaeie/iay aaoiy,
i?aaeiieiaeeoaeueii oai, aaea nione e ia?ioiaeiui i?enoaiyi ia O?oaaae,
eiaaea eo ooaea ia?aaiaeyo a ia?eiae iieiaiaeuey. Yoi auea aea?aayiiay
/aou?aooaieueiay aaoiy aunioie a 6 naaeaiue, a aeeeiie e oe?eiie a 3,5
naaeaiue. Iacuaaeanue iia Oaeie/iie iioiio, /oi a iae aue oaeiee,
aea?aayiiue, /oiau oiaeeoue ca aiaeie ia O?oaaae. Oaeie/iay aaoiy auea
i?iacaeay, n aea?aayiiuie noai?/aouie ai?ioaie, eioi?ua caie?aeenue
aeaeaciui caniaii e aeny/ei caieii.

«Io Oaeie/iie aaoie auei 47,25 naaeaiue aei oaieueiie Aeooianeie aaoie.
Yoa aaoiy, oiaea aea?aayiiay, auea ainueieoaieueiay, oe?eiie e aeeeiie
ii 4,5naaeaiue, a auoeiie 8 naaeaiue; e?uoa ia iae auea oao?ii. Iia
noiyea iaaeaeaei io oea?eae nayoiai Aeooa, a io iaa ia 24,25 naaeaie
noiyea Eiaoeeay i?iacaeay aaoiy.

Ca Eiaoeeie aaoiae auei aua o?e aaoie; ana yoe aaoie auee aeooea aac
ai?io».[ ] «Ia 56,25 naaeaiue io o?aoueae aeooie aaoie ia oii oaeo
E?aiey, /oi auoiaeeo e oaia?aoiae Aeaoeianeie aiaaaeaeueia, noiyea
Ananayoneay aeooay aaoiy, aea?aayiiay, ainueieoaieueiay, n
e?uoae-oao?ii.

?yaeii n Ananayoneie aaoiae noiyea ?ycaineay i?iacaeay aaoiy. E?uoa o
iaa auea oao?ii, naa?o oao?a aue naeaeai auoiae, aaea aenae aanoiaie
eieieie a 10 ioaeia. Ia naiie aa?oooea auea iaeiaeoea e i?aii?, iiayiiua
aaeui aeaeacii. A yoie aaoie auee «?ycaineea» ai?ioa.[ ]

Ia oii ianoa, aaea nae/an noieo Oniaineee niai?, aei 1692 aiaea noiyea
caeaeiay (ii?ioiaay) iaeaoa; e?iia iaa auea aua ae?oaay iaeaoa, a iae
o?aieeinue i?oaeea. Yoe iaeaou auee eaiaiiua, iaeia ec iaeao eiaea
aeaeacioth aeaa?ue, ae?oaay- aea?aayiioth. E?iia ii?ioa e ai?th/ae na?u
a ieo o?aieeinue e i?oaeea: ieuaee, ienoiee, iooeaou, ea?aaeiu, eiiuey,
naiiiaeu, eaou e o.ae. E?iia yoiai i?oaeey, a «ai?iaea» Ia?ayneaaea
o?aieeenue iooee, a ia neo/ae inaaeu auee caaioiaeaiu aeoaiaua eieuey e
ee?ie/iue eii.

N oie noi?iiu ai?iaea, aaea auee Nianneay, Aeaaianeay e Aaaaeaineay
aaoie, ieiei iaai aue «aieueoie ino?ia», iicaea ie?oaeaiiue noaiaie n
aaoiyie.

Ia ia?ayneaaneeo oe?aieaieyo a noa?eio iiiai caaioeeenue: «auaaei
aiaaiaeai i?eeacuaaee o ai?iaea e ino?iaa ooaeua ianoa iiaeaeaoue,
ai?iaeiaua oaeieee e eieiaeacu /enoeoue, /oiau a ai?iaea e a ino?iaa a
inaaeiia a?aiy aac aiaeu ia auei, e ?ia ieiei ai?iaea e ino?iaa
ii/enoeoue, /oiau ?ia aue ia iaeie. Aua eao 250 oiio iacaae, a 1651
aiaeo, iiiai auei caaeaeaii ooaeuo iano a noaiao e aaoiyo».[ ]

O?ENOI?IAEAeANOAAINEEE NIAI?

Iiaanoue «Oiaeaeaiea Ieiaiiaa a Oea?uea?aae», iiiauaiiay a eaoiiene iiae
1389 a., aiineo iiiai iiaiai a iaoe i?aaenoaaeaiey i Ia?aneaaea
?ycaineii. Ieo?iiieeo Ieiai i?eaue a Ia?aneaaeue aiaeiui iooai, oi anoue
ii Iea. Ii aue ano?a/ai o ai?iaea «Nuiiaa aaeeeiai eiycy Ieaaa Eaaiiae/a
?ycaineiai»: caoai ooo aea: «iaei io naiaai ianoa i?eoaaeoei,-
iiaanoaoao ?anneac/ee, – e n?aoa ian n aaeeeith ethaiaeth nai eiycue
aaeeee Ieaa Eaaiiae/, e c aeaoie naieie, e c aiy?u»…»A?aiae aieneii
?ycaineee A?a/ei «ano?aoee ieo?iiieeoa aua aei Ia?aneaaey ia a?aieoea
?ycaineiai eiyaeanoaa o ai?iaea Ia?aaeonea «e i?eoaaeoei iai ei a?aaeo
Ia?aneaaeth, e n?aoioa ian ni e?anou, i?eoaae aea ieo?iiieeoo a
niai?ioth oea?eiaue e iieaaia niaa?oea, e ie?iaa o aaeeeiai eiycy».

A i?eaaaeaiiii auoa io?uaea ec «Oiaeaeaiey Ieiaiiaa a Oea?uea?aae»
eiathony naaaeaiey i ae?aaiaeoai iaiyoieea Ia?aneaaey ?ycaineiai-
Oniaineii niai?a.(ia?aeiaiiaai a O?enoi?iaeaeanoaaineee)

Oi?ioi ecaanoii, /oi iuia nouanoaothuee Oniaineee niai? aue iino?iai a
eiioea OVII a. a?oiiie ianoa?ia, aicaeaaeyaoaeny oaeaioeeaaeoei ciae/ei
oiai a?aiaie ss.A. Aooainoiaui. Ana aaoi?u, ienaaoea ia a?oeoaeoo?iuo
iaiyoieeao nia?aiaiiie ?ycaie, aiai?yo, /oi a nayce n iino?ieeie yoiai
niai?a, ?aiaa nouanoaiaaaoee eaiaiiue Oniaineee niai? aue ia?aeiaiiaai a
O?enoi?iaeaeanoaaineee. Iineaaeiee iaiaeiie?aoii ia?ano?aeaaeny e iioiio
aeioae aei ian, eiay aiaoiaa iaee/ea caeaiey ia/aea OIO a. (1826 a.)

A eeoa?aoo?a auneacaii aanueia i?aaaeiiiaeiaiia i?aaeeiaeaiea, /oi
ia?aue Oniaineee niai? a Ia?ayneaaea aue auno?iai aaeeeei eiycai Ieaaii
(neaaeiaaoaeueii, aei 1389 a., eiaaea i?iecioea oi?aeanoaaiiay ano?a/a
ieo?iiieeoa Ieiaia) a nayce n ia?aiinii noieeoeu eiyaeanoaa a yoio
ai?iae. Eae ecaanoii, nai eiycue Ieaa n aeaiie auee iioi?iiaiu a
Nieio/eineii iiianou?a, /oi ioia/aii aeaaea iineianeei eaoiieniui
naiaeii eiioea OV a. Aai nui Oaaei? Ieueaiae/, neii/aaoeony a 1427
aiaeo, aue ia?aui n?aaee ae?oaeo /eaiia eiyaeaneie naiuee iioi?iiai a
Ia?ayneaaneii Oniaineii niai?a; eaiaiiua a?iaieoeu ?ycaineeo eiycae e
eiyaeiue OV- OVI aa. Nouanoaiaaee a Oniaineii (iuia
O?enoi?iaeaeanoaaineii ) niai?a aieioue aei OVIII a.

I iaee/ee a eiioea OV a. a Ia?ayneaaea niai?iie oea?eae ai eiy Oniaiey
iu eiaai i?yiia naeaeaoaeuenoai a aeaea iaaeiene ia iie?uaaea (’’
aicaeooa ’’): « A eaoi 6993 (neaaeiaaoaeueii, 1485 aiae) eiaeeeoa 3 nae
aicaeoo nicaeai aunoue a oea?eiaue Oniaiey Nayoie Aiai?iaeeoeu a a?aaea
Ia?ayneaaea ?ycaineii…». Niai? oiiieiaaony e a ia?aie iieiaeia OVI a.,
eiaaea ?ycaineee aieneii Eiia aue ia?aaaaeai neoaeeoue a Oniaineee
niai?.

I?e aaaaeaiee iao?ea?oanoaa ia ?one ?ycaineee aieneii ( Ieo?ioai )
iieo/ee a 1589 a. nai a?oeaieneiia. Ii- aeaeeiiio, a nyce n yoei ii
i?aaei?eiye ia?ano?ieeo Oniaineiai niai?a n oeaeueth i?eaeaoue aio
aieueooth oi?aeanoaaiiinoue e iuoiinoue. A caiene, ioiinyuaeny e 1598
a., iiaeii i?i/eoaoue neaaeothuaa: « Aea ia?aae A?oeaieneiiee ai?iou
oea?eiaue niai?iay ai eiy Oniaiey I?anayouy Aiai?iaeeoeu eaiaiia iiaay,
nii?oaeaao aa A?oeaieneii Ieo?ioai aea a i?aaeaea O?enoiaa Io/aieea
Oaaei?a Oe?iia». I?eaeae Oaaei?a Oe?iia oiiieiaaony i?e niai?a e
?aiueoa. Iiaeii aeoiaoue, /oi ii aue ono?iai aua eiycai Oaaei?ii, nuiii
eiycy Ieaaa, neaaeiaaoaeueii, iaaeaeo 1402 e 1427 aa.

Ec aeieoiaioa, aeioe?iaaiiiai 1598 a., iaynii, aue ee o?ai iino?iai
aiiaue eee ii ia?ano?aeaaeny. Aeoiaaony, /oi eiaei ianoi iineaaeiaa, oae
eae a oie aea caiene oiiieiathony a?iaieoeu ?ycaineeo eiycae aioo?e
no?iyuaainy caeaiey. Anee au i?aaeiee niai? aue aea?aayiiui e caiaieeny
a 1598 aiaeo eaiaiiui, oi e a?iaieoeu i?e ?uouea eioeiaaia aeey
ooiaeaiaioia niai?a i?eoeinue au ecuyoue ec o?aia (niai? ioee/aaony
n?aaieoaeueii iaaieueoei ?acia?ii. *oi iaycuaaei eiiaoue nieioiie
eioeiaai aeey ooiaeaiaioa). Iaee/ea nieioiiai eioeiaaia i?eaaei au e
oie/oiaeaieth anao eiathueony caeanue caoi?iiaiee.

Ia?ano?ieea niai?a auea caeii/aia a ia/aea OVII a. A 1606 aiaeo oea?ue
Aaneeee Ooeneee i?eneae ia no?ieeo eaiaiiuo aeae iiaeianoa?uey Na?aay
Aa?aiiaa e n iei 24 /aeiaaea eaiaiueeia n iaeacii caaa?oeoue iino?ieeo
niai?a a oii aea aiaeo. I aiaoiai iaeeea yoiai o?aia aeaao
i?aaenoaaeaiea iienue 1638 aiaea: « Ia ieiuaaee iiaeea a?oea?aeneiai
aeai?a oea?eiaue Oniaiey I?a/enouy Aiai?iaeeoeu eaiaiiay i iyoe aa?oao,
e?uoa iaiaoeeei aeaeacii; e?iaey aaooa, e?anou iaeiaeaiu aaeui iaiaoeeei
aeaeacii; iaae aeaa?ueie a naiaeao ia?acu nia?aaee e n iieoaeie e n
naaa?a ienaiu noaiiui ienueiii; iaae ieie eeiou e?uou iaiaoeeei aaeui
aeaeacii. Ia?aae o?ieie aeaa?ie o?e ?oiaeoea i iyoe nooiaiyo aac
iaia?oae. Oea?eiaiua o?ie aeaa?e aeaeaciua. I?eaeae Oaaei?a Oe?iia. O
i?aaiai noieia ianoi a?oeaieneiiea eaiaiiia; ca noieiii iyoue a?iaieoe
eaiaiiuo, ii/eaatho aaeeeea eiyce ?ycaineea, a ia ieo iie?iau aa?oaoiua
aaooe…»

«… Ia eaaii eee?ina noiei aea eaiaiiue, aea ca noieiii o?e a?iaieoeu
aaeeeeo eiyaeiue, iie?iau ia ieo aa?oaoiua aaooe ai?acaei.»

Yoi iienaiea aeaao aiciiaeiinoue auynieoue iaeee o?aia, iino?ieea eee
ia?ano?ieea eioi?iai ioiineony e eiioeo OVI- ia/aeo OVII aaea. Niai? aue
/aou?aonoieiiue, iyoeaeaaue (/oi oae niioaaonoaiaaei oiaaeaoiaio
ciae/anoao Iineau); ii aue iinoaaeai ia oeieieue. Ia yoii
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao oio oaeo, /oi e aai aeaa?yi « aaee anoiaeu i iyoe
nooiaiyo», oi anoue o?iaaiue iiea io o?iaiy caiee iiaeieiaeny ia aunioo
i?eia?ii aei 1 i.

Oiiiyiooue i?eaeae Oaaei?a Oe?iia iia iiiauaoueny a aeeaeiiieea,
iaeiaei iaaieueoea ?acia?u niai?a canoaaeytho i?aaeiieaaaoue, /oi
i?eaeae i?aaenoaaeye niaie ioaeaeueioth i?eno?ieeo, iiaeiaioth i?eaeaeo
E?eiu a niai?a Ai?ianeiai Iaoiooueaaa iiianou?y eiioea OVI a. (1598
aiae) (I?eaeae Oaaei?a Oe?iia ioiineony e ia/aeo OV a. e ia iia auoue
nicaeai a eiioea OVI a., oae eae oea?ue Oaaei? Eaaiiae/ eiae naiei
iao?iiii io/aieea Oaaei?a No?aoeeaoa).

Iiiaea aaoi?u, ienaaoea i ae?aaiinoyo Ia?ayneaaey ?ycaineiai, ioia/aee
cia/eoaeueioth oieueio noai O?enoi?iaeaeanoaaineiai- Oniaineiai niai?a,
aeinoeaaaooth, ii eo neiaai, 2 i. Iiaeii auei i?aaeiieaaaoue, /oi a
noaiao nouanoaothuaai caeaiey nio?aieeenue /anoe ae?aaiaai caeaiey.
Aeaenoaeoaeueii, noaiu ainoi/iie /anoe niai?a cia/eoaeueii oieua
caiaaeiie. Iniaaiii ianneaiu noaiu aineaeu, ianiio?y ia oi, /oi n
aioo?aiiae noi?iiu iie cia/eoaeueii noanaiu. O?ao/anoiia iino?iaiea
aineaeu iainii?eii naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi yoa /anoue caeaiey iaiaa
ae?oaeo iiaeaa?aeanue ia?ano?ieea e nio?aieea. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, naith
ae?aaithth oi?io. Iiyoiio enneaaeiaaiea niai?a auei nin?aaeioi/aii
eiaiii ia yoie /anoe caeaiey. Oaeaeaiea oooeaoo?ee a eaaie /anoe
oeaio?aeueiie aineaeu o nouea ni noaiie aeueyeiiieea iieacaei, /oi iiae
iath iaoiaeeony aaeieaiaiiay eeaaeea.

Eeoue a ianoa nouea noaiu aeueyeiiieea ni noaiie oeaio?aeueiie aineaeu
auea iaia?oaeaia ee?ie/iay caaeaeea, /oi eaaei iauyniyaony iicaeiaeoeie
?aiiioaie niai?a. A yoii ianoa aeieaeiu auee i?ioiaeeoue aiaeinoi/iua
o?oau, iaeni?aaiinoue eioi?uo i?eaiaeeea e ?ac?ooaieth eaiaiiie eeaaeee.
Iineaaeiyy ieacaeanue ia noieue niaa?oaiiie, eae a iineianeeo iaiyoieeao
ia/aea OV a. Aeiee eaiiy eiaee iaiaeeiaeiaoth aeeeio e oe?eio (28*31- 33
ni. ), cia/eoaeueiia ?anoiaeaeaiea eiaee oau, eioi?ua oi noaeaeenue, oi
?anoe?yeenue. Yoio oa?aeoa? eeaaeee noaiu niai?a naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i
i?iaeieaeaiee ?ycaineeo no?ieoaeueiuo o?aaeeoeee, ii- aeaeeiiio, i?i/ii
aea?aeaaoeony n?aaee ianoiuo ciae/eo.

Eeaaeea aineae ec aaeiai eaiiy a ia?eiae oe?ieiai ?ani?ino?aiaiey
aieueoaia?iiai ee?ie/a (eiiaoe OVI a. ) oaaaeaeaao ian, /oi iie
yaeythony /anoueth ae?aaiaeoaai eaiaiiiai niai?a. Caienue, naeaeaiiay a
1598 aiaeo, yaii oeacuaaea ia iaee/ea caeanue eaeiai-oi ae?aaiaai
caeaiey, iino?iaiiiai caaeieai aei no?ieoaeuenoaa, inouanoaeaiiiai a
ia?eiae aeayoaeueiinoe a?oeaieneiia Ieo?ioaia: « Oea?eiaue niai?iay …
eaiaiia iiaay»; neaaeiaaoaeueii, aei yoiai auea noa?ay. Niiinoaaeaiea
anao aeieoiaioaeueiuo aeaiiuo ia Oniaineii niai?a iicaieyao
ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi ia?aue oniaineee niai? aue eaiaiiui e iino?iai ia
?aiaa 1382 aiaea (oi anoue aei ?aca?iia ?ycaie Aeieo?eai Aeiineei e ia
iicaea 1389 aiaea ( oi anoue aei i?eacaea ieo?iiieeoa Ieiaia a
Ia?ayneaaeue)). (Niiieoaeueii, /oiau aaeieaiaiiue niai? iia auoue
iino?iai a Ia?ayneaaea ?aiueoa, oi anoue a ia/aea OIII a. (ia ?aiaa 1208
a. e ia iicaea 1237 a.) Aeaeueiaeoea ?aneiiee o noai nouanoaothuaai
caeaiey aaconeiaii iicaieyao iiiaia ooi/ieoue a a?oeoaeoo?a yoiai
?aaeeiai aeey oeao?aeueiuo ?onneeo iaeanoae iaiyoieea eaiaiiiai
ciae/anoaa eiioea OIV a.

Oi/iue iaia? aineae nia?oaee e aioo?e iieacae, /oi. Ii- aeaeeiiio, a
iineaaeithth e?oiioth ia?ano?ieeo, a 1826 a.. aioo?aiiea noaiu aineae
auee noanaiu e naiaeu ia?ooaiu n oeaeueth i?eaeaoue aeoa?th aaeeiue
i?ino?ainoaaiiue iauai: i?iecaaaeaia iaaeno?ieea noai, aucaaiiay oai,
/oi aie?oa niai?a ia?aciaaeny iiuiue neie. Iiaay a?oeoaeoo?a oanaaeia
niai?a n ieeyno?aie ei?eioneiai i?aea?a, a oaeaea ?anoe?aiea ieii
aucaaee iaeeoeiaeo noai ee?ie/ii. Caiaia iyoeaeaaey oe?ieei naaoiaui
aa?aaaiii. Ia?ae?uaathuei i?ino?ainoai niai?a, i?aaeii?aaeaeeea
oie/oiaeaiea aioo?aiieo /aou?ao noieaia anao naiaeia.

O?enoi?iaeaeanoaaineee o?ai yaeyaony onuiaeueieoeae aaeeeeo ?ycaineeo
eiycae e eiyaeiue. Ia i?aaie noi?iia caeanue iioi?iiaiu:

-Oaaei? Ieueaiae/, nui Ieaaa Eaaiiae/a, neii/aeny a 1427 aiaeo;

-Eaai Oaaei?iae/, neii/aeny a 1456 aiaeo;

-Aaneeee Eaaiiae/, nui Eaaia Oaaei?iae/a, neii/aeny a 1483 aiaeo;

-Eaai Aaneeueaae/ O?aoiie, neii/aeny a 1500;

-Oaaei? Aaneeueaae/, ieaaeoee a?ao Eaaia Aaneeueaae/a O?aoiiai,
neii/aeny a 1503 aiaeo;

-Nioey Aeieo?eaaia, aeaiaOaaei?a Ieueaiae/a e aei/ue Eaaia Aaneeueaae/a
O?aoiiai, neii/aeanue a 143? aiaeo;

-Aiia Aaneeueaaia, noi?oaa Eaaia Aaneeueaae/a e nano?a Eaaia III,
neii/aeanue a 1501 aiaeo;

-Aiia, ii eoi iia auea- iaecaanoii;

A yoii aea niai?a iia?aaai a?oeaieneii Neiii, ia i?aaie noi?iia io
aoiaeiuo aeaa?ae, iiae o?aoueae eieiiiie. Yoi- iaeei ec naiuo
caia/aoaeueiuo ?ycaineeo aeaaeue. Ii i?ienoiaeee ec iiianou?neeo
e?anoueyi Aieiaiaeneie aoaa?iee e aue ia?a/ai Noaiaiii Eaaiaui.
«Neo/eeinue eae-oi, eiaaea aua aue ii iaeue/eeii, aieiaiaeneee
i?ainayuaiiue Aia?inee THoeaae/ acye aai a naie oi? iaa/ei. Noaiai aue
iaeue/ee i/aiue oiiue, oaeaioeeaue. Oaeaeae yoi i?ainayuaiiue Aia?inee,
noae i iai caaioeony, aueoiee aai. Ia?aaaee Aia?iney a Iiaai?iae, ii e
Noaiaia acye n niaie, iiianoee aai a iiaai?iaeneoth naieia?eth… Iinea
naieia?ee iaeii a?aiy Noaiai aue o/eoaeai, a iioii

iiaeno?eany a iiiaoe e /a?ac 11 eao aue oaea aieneiiii. Nia/aea a
Eino?iia ,a iioii, n 1778 aiaea a ?ycaie. Caeanue ii e oia? a 1804
aiaeo.»[ ] I?ainayuaiiue Neiii iiiai caaioeeny i i?inaauaiee naiae
aia?oee, iniaaiii i i?inaauaiee aeooiaainoaa. Neiii ioaae a naiai
a?oea?aeneii aeiia iniaoth caeo aeey caiyoee ni noaaeaiieeaie: o/eoaeue
«eaoaoecaoi?» o/ee eo eaoaoeceno, iioiiio iaieth, /oaieth. A naieia?ee
Neiii «caaae» i?aiiaeaaaiea iiauo i?aaeiaoia, ono?aeaae aiaineianeea e
oeeinioneea aeenioou ia eaoeineii ycuea, ono?aeaae a naieia?ee
oi?aeanoaaiiua i?acaeieee.

Iiiai caaioeeny i?ainayuaiiue Neiii e i iino?iaiee o?aiia: i?e iai aue
iino?iai ?iaeaeanoaaineee niai?, aai noa?aieai ia/aee no?ieoue niai?ioth
eieieieueith, i?e iai aiciaiiaeyee e Oniaineee niai?.

Aai i/aiue ii/eoaee e oaaaeaee a ?ycaie, i iai auei iaienaii iiiai
?a/ae e noeoioai?aiee.

A yoii aea niai?a ia eaaie noi?iia i?ioea aeoa?y iia?aaai a?oeaieneii
Aia?inee (sseieaa-I?eei). Neii/aeny 26 yiaa?y 1809 aiaea.

Ia naaa?iie noi?iia (o ieia ia eaaii eee?ina) iaoiaeeeanue a?iaieoea
nayoiai Aaneeey, aieneiia ?ycaineiai. Ia?aoaiea e ia?aianaiea nayouo
iiuae nayoeoaey Aaneeey niaa?oaii ?ycaineei a?oeaieneiiii Oaiaei?eoii 10
ethiy 1609 aiaea. «A?oeaieneii Oaiaei?eo ioe?ue eo e n iiaeiaathuath
/anoeth ia?aian io Ai?eniaeaaneie oea?eae, ec noa?iai ino?iaa, a niai?
Oniaineee (iuia ?iaeaeanoaaineee),-neacaii a neoaeaa nayoeoaeth
Aaneeeth, -eniieieny a?aaeu Ia?aneaaeue ?aaeiaaiiy aeooiaiaai e
noaeioany ane, aeeaouie au iaiu, eiyce aea e aiey?a, aanue inayuaiiue
niai?u e ane i?aai-neaaiie ethaeia, aeaaiaeaoe inayuaiiy niiiaeoeny e
ecoueaiey iaaeothiu i?iyoe aeaeathua».[ ]

Aaeeee ii oeaiiinoe ae?aaiea i?aaeiaou, i?eiaaeeaaeaaoea o?aio, ec
eioi?uo auaeaeyeenue neaaeothuea.

Ae?aaiyy oi?oaaue aeeeiie a 1 a?oei, oe?eiith a 1 a?oei n aa?oeii. Ii
ieioiie iaoa?ee oeouea cieiouie oaeeiauie ieoyie. Ia eeoeaaie noi?iia aa
ecia?aaeaia Aiaeey Iaoa?ue, neaeyuay ia i?anoiea e ie?oaeaiiay aeaoiy
aiaaeaie, a ia iiai?ioiie noi?iia -iina?aaeeia A?oaiaae Ieoaee, ii
i?aaoth noi?iio io iaai Eiaii I?aaeoa/a, aea?aeauee ia aethaea aieiao,
iie?uooth oaneie, ii eaaoth eiycuey: Aeaaeeie?, Ai?en e Aeaa.

Ieauaieoea, ono?iaiiay ieo?iiieeoii Eineoii a 1681 aiaeo, eiathuay a
aeeeio 2 a?oeia 10,5 aa?oeia, a a oe?eio 1 a?oei n iieaa?oeii.
Ieauaieoea ?anoeoa cieiouie, na?aa?yiuie e oaeeiauie ieoyie. Ieauaieoea
i?eia/aoaeueia oai, /oi ia iae, n iiiiuueth auoeaee, ecia?aaeaiu niauoey
e aeaenoaothuea eeoea Nayuaiiiai ienaiey. Aia/aoeyao oaeno aycueth ia
eaeia: «Eaoa 7189 i?e aea?aeaaa Aeaai/anoeaiai e O?enoiethaeaiai
Aaeeeiai Ainoaea?y Oea?y e Aaeeeiai Eiycy Oaaei?a Aeaenaaae/a anay
aaeeeey e Iaeuy e Aaeuy ?innee Naiiaea?aeoea, a 6-ia eaoi aea?aeaau e
oea?noaa aai, e i?e aaeeeii Ainiiaeeii Nayoaeoai Eiaeeia Iao?ea?oa
Iineianeii e anay ?innee, a 7-ia eaoi Iao?ea?oanoaa aai, no?iaia ney
Ieauaieoea Nie?aiiui Eineoii Aiaeeath Ieeinoeth Ieo?iiieeoii ?ycaineei e
Io?iineei a Aiainianaaiue a?aae Ia?ayneaaeue ?ycaineee, a Niai?ioth e
Aiinoieueneoth oea?eiaue /anoeath ay Oniaiey e na.No?anoiia?ioeaa Ai?ena
e Aeaaa».

Cieioie iai?anoieueiue e?ano, ono?iaiiue a 1611a. A?oeaieneiiii
Oaiaei?eoii; ia?ie a Aeeeio 10,5 aa?oeia, aanii a n?aaeieo eiioeao 5
aa?oeia, a aa?oieo 2,5 aa?oeia, a ieaeieo 1,75 aa?oeia, aanii 3 ooioa
28 cieiouo, n iaaeienueth, iieacuaathuae eiy no?ieoaey.

Cieioie iaoe?, ono?iaiiue a 1672 aiaeo i?e ieo?iiieeoa Eea?eiia.

E?ano na?aa?yii- iiciei/aiiue, ono?iaiiue a 1665 aiaeo a?oeaieneiiii
Ienaeeii.

Aiaeinayoiay na?aa?yii- auciei/aiiay, eiathuay ia/aeueioth ecaanoiinoue,
/aoa, aeaaiaea?y eioi?ie auea oie/oiaeaia, « ecaaaoay io ?oe aa?aa?neeo
», cieioay ia/aoue Aaouy, i?eeiaeaiiay e eeiia Aa. Eiaiia Aiaineiaa e
i?eiaaeeaaeaaoay Aiaineianeiio iiianou?th.

Oi?oaaue iniiaaiiiai a 1877 aiaeo A?aonoaa na. Aaneeey, aieneiia
?ycaineiai.

Ec ?oeiienae caneoaeeaaao aieiaiey Neiiaeee eaoaae?aeueiiai niai?a,
caia/aoaeueiue ii iiiaei ioiioaieyi aeey ?ycaineiai e?ay. Ae?aaiinoue
aai ainoiaeeo e 1631 aiaeo, eae aeaeii ec neaaeothuae iaaeiene ia
caaeaaiii eenoa: «Eaoa 7139 (1631) aiaeo neth eieao Naiaaeee ia?aienae a
Ia?aneaaeue ?ycaineee a niai?ioth oea?eiaue I?aae/enouy Aiai?iaeeoeu
Oniaiey A?eai?ee Ieoaeeiae/ THoeia aeooaaiiai ?aaee i?anoaaeueoeony
?iaeeoaeae naieo a aa/iue iiieiie».

Eeiia Aiaeeae Iaoa?e Oaiaeioueaaneie.

Eeiia Aiaeeae iaoa?e Io?iineie. «Ia?ith a aunioo 7,25 aa?oeia, a oe?eio
6,5 aa?eia. Iaeayiea ia I?aae/enoie Aeaaa e Ieaaeaioea iaiecaii
aeai/oaii, aaiaoe e iiey oe?aoaiu na?aa?yii- iiceauaiiui ieeaaeii,
ono?iaiiui a 1802 aiaeo.

EEIIU

Ae?aaiaai ienueia /oaeioai?iay eeiia I?aae/enoie Aiaeeae Iaoa?e
Oaiaeioueaaneay- iaeia ec iaeaieaa ii/eoaaiuo nayouiue ai?iaea ?ycaie.
Ceiie aa iiaeii auei aeaeaoue a eeiiinoana 9ni?aaa io oea?neeo a?ao)
O?enoi?iaeaeanoaaineiai oaieiai eaoaae?aeueiiai niai?a, a eaoii -a
eaoaae?aeueiii Oniaineii (eaoiai) niai?a n?aaee o?aia, ia i?aaii noieaa
aeeaea e aeoa?th.

Eeiia Aiaeeae Iaoa?e yaeeanue a 1487 aiaeo, a i?aaeaeao ?ycaineiai
eiyaeanoaa ia ionoii ianoa a iiea, iaaeaeaei io naea Oaiaeioueaai (iuia
Nianneiai ?aeiia). I /oaeaniii niauoee auno?i ?ani?ino?aieeanue iieaa e
ia?iae ia/ae noaeaoueny e iiaiyaeaiiie eeiia, neoaea ae iieaaiu.
Aieueiua, i?eoiaeyuea n aa?ie e oiiaaieai e iieeoaa Aiaiiaoa?e, iieo/aee
enoeaeaiey, nei?ayuea -ooaoaiea, ioaeaeathueany -iiiiuue. Ii niaaoo
aieneiia Neiaiia ?ycaineee eiycue Eaai Aaneeueaae/ O?aoiie ia?aiineo
ae?aaioeaiiue ia?ac a ?ycaiue.

A 1611 aiaeo i?e a?oeaieneiia Oaiaei?eoa naeaeaia eiiey n /oaeioai?iie
eeiiu, eioi?ay oi?aeanoaaiii ia?aianaia ia ianoi ia?aoaiey, aaea aue
auno?iai aea?aayiiue o?ai. Aiineaaenoaee yoio o?ai ia?aianai a naei
Oaiaeioueaai, a aai caiaieea aea?aayiiay /aniaiy. I?eoiaeneiio o?aio
naea Oaiaeioueaai aeaia a?oea?aeneay a?aiioa, inaiaiaeaeathuay i?e/o io
anao ia?ieia e iiaeaoae. Ni a?aiaiai aea?aayiiay /aniaiy iaaaooaea, e a
1852 aiaeo iino?iaia e inayuaia iiaay eaiaiiay n eeiiinoanii. *aniaiy
aicaaaeaia ia iiaea?oaiaaiey a noiia 4026 ?oaeae, ec eioi?uo 3424 ?oaey
nianoaaiiuo aeaiaa aian eieeaaeneee niaaoiee Eaai Iaaeiae/ Noeeia.

A ?ycaie ia iiaii ianoa iaoiaeaeaiey /oaeioai?iiai ia?aca
i?iaeieaeaeenue /oaeaniua enoeaeaiey neeie Aiaiiaoa?e. A 1711 aiaeo
nae?ainoaiaaea ii?iaay ycaa, oiinyuay iiiaea aeecie. Ia?iae a no?aoa
eeioeny e Oaiaeioueaaneie eeiia, neoaea ae iieaaiu. Ia?ac iineee ii
ai?iaeo e ie?anoiui naeaieyi. A ca?aaeaiiuo aeiiao, eoaea i?eiineee
nayooth eeiio n iieeoaaiiuie ianiiiaieyie, aieaciue ionooiaea, a aaea
i?eieiaee ia?ac aei iiyaeaiey yieaeaiee, oai ycaa ia iiyaeyeanue. Oae,
ii i?aaeaieyi, aeaaiaea?y aeeaiie iiiiue io Oaiaeioueaaneie eeiiu
Aiaeeae Iaoa?e i?ae?aoeeanue ii?iaay ycaa.

A 1830, 1831, 1848, 1859, 1860 aiaeao nae?ainoaiaaea oiea?a. E iiyoue
ia?iae n ai?y/ae aa?ie e ona?aeeai ia?auaeny e I?a/enoiio
Oaiaeioueaaneiio ia?aco. Niai?iua nayuaiieee aaeaa oniaaaee iineoue ii
aeiiai /oaeioai?ioth eeiio e neoaeeoue iieaaiu. Ai a?aiy ?aciuo
aaaenoaee e?anoiua oiaeu e O?ieoeeiio iiianou?th, Nei?ayuaineie oea?eae
eee aie?oa ai?iaea, ii anaaaea n eeiiie Aiaeeae Iaoa?e Oaiaeioueaaneie.

*oaeaniua enoeaeaiey io eeiiu i?ienoiaeeee ai iiiaeanoaa, ii neo/ae yoe
aeieoiaioaeueii ia oeene?iaaeenue. Nio?aieeenue eeoue ianeieueei
aeieoiaioaeueii ioi?ieaiiuo naeaeaoaeuenoa enoeaeaiee. A ?ycaie, a aeiia
ionoaaiiai na?aeaioa iaoiaeeeanue aai naiy/aieoea Enaiey, eioi?ay
io/eeanue aieaciueth aeac e aieaa o?ao ianyoeaa ie/aai ia aeaeaea. 19
ia?oa 1812 aiaea a ninaaeiee aeii auea i?eianaia Oaiaeioueaaneay eeiia,
e nano?a aieueiie ia?aoeeanue n i?inueaie ioneoaeeoue iieaaai e a eo
aeiia. Enaiey a yoi a?aiy caae?aiaea. Ai nia e iae ia?aoeeanue
iaciaeiiay aeaiueia: «Anoaiue, eai e oaaa nei?i i?eaeao Aaeeeay ainouey,
e ou oaeaeeoue Aa». Aieueiay ioaaoeea: «Eae aea y iiao oaeaeaoue, anee
ineaiea ?» Iaecaanoiay aeaiueia ionoaeaaea naia: «Iiaa?ue iia, ou
oaeaeeoue Aa.» Enaiey i/ioeanue, iaaeioiaaay i aeaeaiee. Anei?a i?eianee
/oaeioai?ioth eeiio e ia/aee neoaeeoue iieaaai n aeaoenoii. Ai a?aiy
iineaaeiaai eeina ?anieoeu o Enaiee ia/aee acae?aaeaaoue, a i?e /oaiee
eiiaeaea «I, anoaiue Iaoe» aeaca aieueiie ?ane?ueenue, iia ynii oaeaeaea
naao e n ?aaeinoueth ane?eeioea: «Neaaa Aiao !»

A 1839 aiaeo i?e a?oeaieneiia Aaa?eeea Oaiaeioueaaneay eeiia ona?aeeai
aeaai/anoeauo a?aaeaeai oe?aoaaony na?aa?yiie iiciei/aiiie ?ecie. Ec
Iineau aeey eeiiu a 1845 aiaeo iiaea?oaiaaia na?aa?yiay o?ieiay
eaiiaaea. Aeaaioai?eoaeue i?inee ia iaeaoaoue naiaai eiaie. A 1872 aiaeo
Oaiaeioueaaneay eeiia Aiaeeae Iaoa?e oe?aneeanue a?eeeeaioaie.

Io?iineay eeiia Aiaeeae Iaoa?e ae?aaiaai ienueia iaoiaeeony a
eaoaae?aeueiii O?enoi?iaeaeanoaaineii niai?a.

Ii i?eaeaieth a ia/aea OII aaea yoa eeiia auea i?eianaia ec Eeaaa a
Io?ii eiycai ss?ineaaii (a nayoii e?auaiee Eiinoaioeiii). Eiycue oii?ii
e ianoie/eai noa?aeny ia?aoeoue ycu/ieeia Io?iineiai eiyaeanoaa a
o?enoeainoai. Naieie i?iiiaaaeyie ii iceiaee iaeioi?oth /anoue
ycu/ieeia, eioi?ay a?iceeanue oaeoue Eiinoaioeia. Oiaaea eiycue i?ecaae
ia iiiiuue /oaeioai?ioth eeiio Io?iineie Aiaeeae Iaoa?e e niaei auoae n
iae e caaiai?ueeai. ?acaiaaaiiua sscu/ieee auee oe?iuaiu ia?acii
Aiaiiaoa?e e n?aco aea aeaee niaeanea ia nayoia e?auaiea.

A eiioea OIII aaea aieneiiii a Io?iia aue Aaneeee (aiineaaenoaee
aieneii ?ycaineee). Ii eiaeiiio iaaaoo aieneii Aaneeee iaaeiyeny a
iaaeaai/anoeauo iinooieao, ii?i/aueo aunieia caaiea a?oeianou?y.
?acaiaaaiiue ia?iae ?aoaao eeoeoue aai aeecie, ii Aaneeee i?ineo
ioeiaeeoue i?eaiai? aei oo?a. Anth ii/ue ii ona?aeii iieeeny a Io?iineii
Ai?eni- Aeaaneii o?aia, a oo?ii i?eoae a Aeaaiaauaineee o?ai e ioneoaeee
iieaaai ia?aae eeiiie Io?iineie Aiaeeae Iaoa?e. Aiceaaay iaaeaaeaeu ia
canooiie/anoai Oea?eoeu Iaaaniie, acya eeiio n niaie, ii ?ani?inoaa ia
aiaeao Iee naith iaioeth, anoae ia iaa e iiieue ii ?aea i?ioea oa/aiey n
ia?acii Io?iineie Aiaiiaoa?e. Ia iaioee ii aeaaiiieo/ii i?eaue a
?ycaiue.

*oaeioai?ioth eeiio aua iacuaatho «Iieaiea nayoiai Aaneeey» , oae eae
ii iieeeny ia?aae ia?acii a ai?ueeee /an ecaiaiey ec Io?iia. A 1802
aiaeo i?e a?oeaieneiia Neiiia (Eaaiaa) o /oaeioai?iie eeiiu ono?iaia
na?aa?yiay iiciei/aiiay ?eca. E eeiia Aiaeeae Iaoa?e Io?iineie ia?iae
eiaao iniaia ona?aeea a iieeoaao. *oaeioai?iay eeiia iineeanue ii aeiiai
anaaaea aianoa n eeiiie Oaiaeioueaaneie Aiaeeae Iaoa?ueth

ONIAINEEE NIAI?

Iiaue Oniaineee niai?, iino?iaiiue a Ia?aneaaea ?ycaineii, yaeyaony ia
oieueei e?oiiaeoei i?iecaaaeaieai ss.Aooainoiaa, ii e iaeiei ec
caia/aoaeueiaeoeo iaiyoieeia ae?aaia ?onneiai eneonnoaa.

Ianiio?y ia iionoioeoaeueiua iiaea?u ia/aea e na?aaeeiu OVII aaea,
Ia?aneaaeue ?ycaineee e eiioeo noieaoey aue iono?iai aiiaue. E eiioeo
OVII aaea yeiiiie/anee ie?aioay oea?eiaiay, caiaeueiay e aeaiaaeiay
a?enoie?aoey ?acaa?ioea iaoe?iia eaiaiiia no?ieoaeuenoai.

A Ia?aneaaea ?ycaineii a yoi a?aiy auaeaeyee ?ycaineee E?aieue n?aaee
?ac?inoeony ai?iaeneeo neiaiae e iinaaeia. Noa?ue niai? OIV aaea,
ia?ano?iaiiue ia ?oaaaea OVI-OVII aaeia, eiay iaaieueoea ?acia?u e
onoa?aeua oi?iu, ia?anoae oaeiaeaoai?youe i?aeoe/aneei e ynoaoe/aneei
o?aaiaaieyi. Anoae aii?in i iino?ieea iiaiai, niioaaonoaothuaai cai?inai
a?aiaie, niai?a, aieueoaai, /ai ana inoaeueiua oea?eae ai?iaea.

Iino?ieea iiaiai niai?a auea ?aoaia aua a 1667 aiaeo ii/oe a oeaio?a
?ycaineiai E?aiey, iaaeaeo noa?ui niai?ii e Aiaiyaeaineei iiianou?ai.

A 1679 aiaeo ia/aeanue ?acai?ea «caeaiie iaeaou» (ii?ioiaiai iia?aaa),
iaoaaoae iiaie iino?ieea. ?aaiou oee aanueia iaaeeaiii, oae eae o
?ycaineiai ieo?iiieeoa ia oaaoaei n?aaenoa ia iino?ieeo aieueoiai
caaeoiaiiiai caeaiey. Eeoue a 1684 aiaeo caeii/eeinue iaeiieaiea
iaoa?eaeia, iinea /aai eaiaiiuo aeae iiaeianoa?uea ec Eiaoueaaneiai
Eino?iineiai iiianou?y Oaaei? sseiaeaa Oa?eoei «n oiaa?euaie»-
Aiaeueyiii Eaeeieiui e A?eai?eai A?oaiueaaui Nooaieiui- i?enooieee e
eeaaeea caeaiey.

Iiaue niai? ii aeiaiai?o aeieaeai aue no?ieoueny ii ia?acoeo niai?a
iineianeiai Iiainianneiai iiianou?y, caeii/aiiiai iino?ieeie iao?ea?oii
Ieeiiii a 50-o aiaeao OVII aaea. Aeieoiaiou nio?aieee naaaeaiey, /oi
iiaue ?ycaineee niai? aeieaeai aue eiaoue oe?eio, aeeeio e aunioo a 12
naaeaiae, oi anoue 24 i. N caiaaeiie noi?iiu iiae iaeio e?uoo n niai?ii
i?aaeiieaaaeny i?eoai? oe?eiie a 5 naaeaiae (10 i.). Ciae/ea aeoiaee
iinoaaeoue niai? n i?eoai?ii ia iiaeeeao. Iiieii yoiai, iie ?aoeee
oe?aneoue niai? ec?acoeaie e aiaaoie aaeieaiaiiie ?acueaie.

Iino?ieea aaeanue iaaeeaiii, n ia?aaiyie. ?aciiaeaney iaaeaeo ciae/eie
aua aieueoa caaea?aeeaaee oiae ?aaiou. Eeoue oieueei a 1691 aiaeo
«oea?eiaiue naiae naeaeaee, a ia oii naiaea ia/aee no?ieoue oaai
inia?eeaie ».

A ia/aea 1692 aiaea A Ia?aneaaeue i?eaue ec Iineau ciae/ee, eaiaiiuo
aeae iiaeianoa?uea I.I. Noa?oeaa, aeey iniio?a iaaeeaiii no?ieaoaainy
niai?a. Aai i?eacae aue aucaai niiiaieai a i?i/iinoe caeaiey.
Ii-aeaeeiiio, oaea a yoi a?aiy iiyaeeenue eaeea-oi iaioia/aiiua
aeieoiaioaie i?eciaee, i?aaeaauaaoea aeeceoth eaoano?ioo. Iineaaeiyy e
i?iecioea 18 ai?aey oiai aea aiaea, eiaaea iaaeino?iaiiue niai? ?ooioe
ia thaeioth noi?iio ec-ca ieioie ?aaiou eaiaiueeia.

A oii aea aiaeo aaniie, 22 iay, I. Noa?oeaa aiiaue i?eaoae a
Ia?aneaaeue aeey ii?aaeaeaiey ianoiiieiaeaiey aoaeouaai iiaiai niai?a,
oae eae auei ?aoaii iono?ieoue aai caiiai.

Ianoiua aeanoe neeiiyeenue e oiio, /oiau ii?o/eoue iino?ieeo iiaiai
niai?a oiio aea Oa?eoeio n aai iiiiuieeaie, ii i?iecaaaeaiiua ?icunee
oaoaaoeo caaeaaia?aiaiii ec Ia?aneaaey iaoaea/iuo no?ieoaeae onoaiiaeee,
/oi iie oia?ee. A nayce n yoei 18 yiaa?y 1693 aiaea auee iacia/aiu oi?ae
ia iiae?yae ii iino?ieea iiaiai niai?a. Aianoa n I.Noa?oeaaui e
A?eai?eai Iacooeiui ec Iineau i?eaue e ss. Aooainoia.

Ca inoaaoeany ceiiea e aanaiiea ianyoeu iie ?acia?aee inoaoee
?ooioaoaai niai?a e oaea 18 iay 1693 aiaea caeiaeeee iiaue. Iino?ieea
niai?a iiaea auoue a iniiaiii n oniaoii caeii/aia a 2-3 aiaea, iaeiaei
no?ieoaeuenoai caoyioeinue aaeaeo ioaea/aiey ciae/aai ae?oaeie
iino?ieeaie.

ss. Aooainoia caeii/ee a iniiaiii iiaue niai? eeoue e 1699 aiaeo,
eiaaea iineaaeiee aue iie?uo oanii; ioaeaeea yoiai nii?oaeaiey aeeeeanue
aua o?e aiaea. Ca yoi a?aiy a niai?a aue onoaiiaeai ia?iiiue eeiiinoan,
auiieiaiiue ianoa?ii-?ac/eeii N. O?enoioi?iaui oaeaea «n oiaa?euaie». N
iei aua a 1689 aiaeo aue caeeth/ai iiae?yae ia ecaioiaeaiea eeiiinoana
aeey niai?a, no?ieaoaainy Oa?eoeiui. Iaeiiaoe, 15 aaaonoa 1702 aiaea
iiaue ?ycaineee ieo?iiieeo Noaoai ssai?neee, e?oiiue iao?ianeiai
a?aiaie, inayoee niai?. Ii aua a 1704-1706 aiaeo ianoa?-eociaoe Noaoai
Iaeioaaa auiieiee eocia/iua ?aaiou aeey aieiauo aeaa niai?a.

Eiino?oeoeaiia ?aoaiea aa?oa iiaiai ?ycaineiai niai?a auei iaoaea/iui:
a oa/aiea anaai iineaaeothuaai a?aiaie a a?oeaiuo aeieoiaioao
iaiaeiie?aoii ano?a/athony ecaanoey i e?oiiuo ?aiiioao e iaeeeo /eieao a
nayce n eiino?oeoeaiuie iia?aoiinoyie a naiaeao. Enneaaeiaaaoee
?ycaineee niai? (ai a?aiy ?anoaa?aoeeiiiuo ?aaio 1952-1953 aiaeia),
a?oeoaeoi? I.A.Oaeueoaaneee n/eoaao, /oi a i?ioeanna aai iino?ieee
i?iecioei eciaiaiea ia?aiia/aeueiiai oai?/aneiai caiunea, i?e/eiu
eioi?iai aua ia nianai yniu. Ia nianai oaea/ii auea iino?iaia oaeaea
ioe?uoay iaia?oue ia iiaeeeaoa, eioi?ay oaea a 1728 aiaeo iaaaeeeanue ii
ia?eiao?o ia i?ioyaeaiee 52 i.

Ianiio?y ia yoi, iiaue niai? a Ia?aneaaea ?ycaineii yaeeny ia oieueei
e?oiiaeoei i?iecaaaeaieai ss.Aooainoiaa, ii e caneoaeaiii caiye iaeii ec
ia?auo iano n?aaee eo/oeo a?oeoaeoo?iuo i?iecaaaeaiee eiioea OVII aaea.

Oeeii oa??eoi?ee ?ycaineiai E?aiey e thao aucaae iinoaiiaeo niai?a ia
aunieii iiaeeeaoa. Aeaaiaea?y yoiio aanue iauai niai?a aeieaeai aue
oea?eoue iaae cano?ieeie E?aiey, a aaee/anoaaiiue neeoyo niai?a
i/a?/eaaoueny aua ?ac/a. Iiaeiaiue a?oeoaeoo?iue i?eai aue iieiaeai a
iniiao aua ianoa?aie ia?aiai, ?ooioaoaai niai?a, a caoai iiaoi?ai ss.
Aooainoiaui.

I. Noa?oeaa i?eciae, /oi ianoi aeey niai?a aua?aii i?aaeeueii e iioiio
iaiyoue aai i?e iiaie iino?ieea ia neaaeoao. Aeaenoaeoaeueii,
ianoiiieiaeaiea niai?a yaeyeinue /?acau/aeii oaea/iui. Nthaea
noiaeeeenue iniiaiua ai?iaeneea oeeoeu, a oaeaea aei?iae ec Iineau,
Noa?ie ?ycaie, Ano?aoaie. Niai?, niaeanii noa?ie ?onneie o?aaeeoeee,
caaa?oae «ia?niaeoeau» aeaaiaeoeo ai?iaeneeo oeeoe. Iino?ieea a
1789-1790 aiaeao ia?aae caianiui oanaaeii niai?a aunieie eieieieueie ni
oieeai, aua aieueoa oneeeea cia/aiea niai?a a ai?iaeneii eaiaeoaooa.
Yoiio aea niinianoaiaaea yniay eoae/aneay oi?ia niai?a.

Nicaeaaay eiiiiceoeeth iauaiia niai?a, ss. Aooainoia enoiaeee ec
iauai?eciaiiiai ia?acoea- noiee/iiai Oniaineiai niai?a. Ii nio?aiee
iniiaiua /a?ou yoiai caeaiey, noaaoeie oeie/aneeie, – o?ao/anoea
caiaaeiiai oanaaea, /eaiaiea thaeiie e naaa?iie noai ia /aou?a aeaeaiey,
iyoeaeaaea. Ii ianiio?y ia o?aaeeoeeiiioth noaio, aaoi? inouanoaee ?yae
iiaiaaaaeaiee, cia/eoaeueii iaiyaoeo a?oeoaeoo?iue iaeee caeaiee.

A naiai nii?oaeaiee ii nouanoaaiii eciaiee i?eiyooth ?aiaa noaio,
ioeacaaoenue io aai/athueo caeaiea caeiia?-eieioieeia, caiaiea eo
e?aneaui aeaei?aoeaiui ea?iecii, auiieiaiiui ec ee?ie/a, a aeaea oci?iuo
e?iiooaeiia, iiaeaea?aeeaathueo aa?oithth aaeieaiaiioth ieeoo.
Aeaaiaea?y oaeiio i?eaio auea neeueiaa iiae/a?eiooa e iieo/ee iieioth
caeii/aiiinoue eoae/aneay oi?ia niai?a.

I?eiaiaiea iiaeeeaoa auei iiainoueth aeey oaeiai aieueoiai nii?oaeaiey,
eaeei yaeyaony niai?. Aeaaiaea?y iiaeeeaoo, caeaiea ia oieueei
iiaeiyeinue iaae ai?iaeii, ii aua ?ac/a ia?eniaaeny eoae/aneee neeoyo
niai?a. O?ao/anoiua aineaeu, iiiynaiiua aaea?aae, aeinoeaee eeoue
iieiaeiu auniou niai?a, /oi niioaaonoaiaaei iau/iui aeey OVII aaea
a?oeoaeoo?iui nii?oaeaieyi /anoae o?aia. Aeaaiaea?y naiae n?aaieoaeueii
iacia/eoaeueiie aunioa, aineaeu ia ia?ooaee iauaai neeoyoa caeaiey, aai
/aoeie e yniie oi?iu.

Aicaiaey yoo ia?iiioth iino?ieeo, ss. Aooainoia i?eaeae ii?oaeai,
iaee/ieeai ieii e ae?oaei aeaoaeyi e?oiiua ?acia?u; i?e aeeceie oi/ea
c?aiey iie eaaeoony /?acia?ii aieueoeie, iaeiaei ciae/ee i?aiaeieae yoi
aia/aoeaiea iin?aaenoaii a?oeoaeoo?iuo i?eaiia.

Eae au aaeeee ie auee ae?aaia?onneea niai?u e neieueei ?yaeia ieii iie
ia eiaee, iie anaaaea i?iecaiaeyo aia/aoeaiea caeaiee n aaeeiui
aioo?aiiei i?ino?ainoaii. Yoi aeinoeaaaony oai, /oi ieia iiaeiaiuo
caeaiee anaaaea iinyo aoi?inoaiaiiue e iiae/eiaiiue oa?aeoa?, a eo
ia?aieaiea ia eiaao naiinoiyoaeueiiai cia/aiey. ss. Aooainoia
?aniieiaeee ia?iiiua ieia ae?oa iaae ae?oaii a o?e y?ona. Aeaaiaea?y
ionooio, ia?aciaaiiiio ooiiaieai noaiu iiae aa?oiei ?yaeii ieii e
ia?aoaaoai ia eieiieao eae aaa?oo, oae e iaaeaeo ieiaie ia?aiai e
aoi?iai y?onia, caeaiea auaeyaeeo o?aoyoaaeiui. Ii yoa yoaaeiinoue ia
ia?ooaao iauaai a?oeoaeoo?iiai aaeeinoaa caeaiey, oae eae iaoaieueiua
eieiiee naycuaatho ana y?onu a iaeii oeaeia.

Oci?iay aaeieaiaiiay ?acueaa, nin?aaeioi/aiiay a ieaeiai y?ona niai?a,
i?aneaaeoao oeaeue iiaeaioiaeoue c?eoaey e oiio, /oi ioe?iaony aai aci?o
aioo?e niai?a n aai aaeeeieaiiui eeiiinoanii, iiaeieiathueiny ia anth
aunioo caeaiey. A?oeoaeoo?iia oa?ainoai niai?a nia?oaee auaeyaeeo oae,
neiaii iii i?aaenoaaeyao niaie auianaiiue ia?oaeo eeiiinoan, auiieiaiiue
a eaiia.

Aei ian ia aeioea a?oeoaeoo?ii-aeaei?aoeaiay ia?aaioea iiaeeeaoa
niai?a. Aai ?ac?ooaiea ia/aeinue anei?a iinea ieii/aiey no?ieoaeuenoaa
niai?a. *a?ac noi eao, eiaaea iio?aaiaaeanue eaieoaeueiay ia?ano?ieea
yoie /anoe caeaiey, iia auea inouanoaeaia ii i?iaeoo e i?e o/anoee
a?oeoaeoi?a E.O. ?onnei. *oiau i?aaenoaaeoue naaa aeaei?aoeaiia
aiaaonoai iiaeeeaoa, iaiaoiaeeii n?aaieoue aai n
a?oeoaeoo?ii-aeaei?aoeaiui ?aoaieai iaoiaeiie aaea?ae oea?eae a n.Oai?u,
auno?iaiiie ss. Aooainoiaui a yoe aea aiaeu.

Niaa?oaiii iino?iaiea ieiiiuo iaee/ieeia. Ie iaeei ec ieo ia iiaoi?yao
ieaea ?aniieiaeaiiiai ie ii oi?ia, ie ii oa?ainoao. Yoi iainiiauaaaony
ia aeaeaieai ?aciiia?aceoue oe?aoaiey, a i?iaeoiaiiinoueth anae
a?oeoaeoo?iie no?oeoo?u caeaiey. Iaee/ieee ia?aiai y?ona ii naiaio
iino?iaieth iaiiieiatho ii?oaeu.

Iaee/ieee ieii aoi?iai y?ona i?iua e iaiueoa, oioy ii iauaio naiaio
eiioo?o iie noiaee n ieaeieie. ?acueaa iie?uaaao eeoue ieaeithth /anoue
eo eieiiie, a oaeaea aeaei?aoeaiua anoaaee iiae iiaeieiiieeaie, oaeea
aea, eae anoaaee a ia?aii y?ona.

Aua i?iua aa?oiea iaee/ieee, niaa?oaiii eeoaiiua ?acueau. Eeoue aeaa
oa?aeoa?iuo caaeoea n e?oaeeii iaaeaeo ieie iaiiieiatho noieue
aeaei?aoeaiua ieaeiea oeiiaiu. Ii aeoua eieiiee iaee/ieeia nio?aiytho
i?enouoth anai i?i/ei /anoyi niai?a ia?yaeiinoue. Aa?oiea iaee/ieee,
niaeanii ae?aaiae ?onneie o?aaeeoeee, iinoaaeaiu i?yii ia
iiei/eo-ionooi. Aeaaiaea?y yoiio iie ia aenyo ia noaia, a i?i/ii
iie?athony ia aa aunooia, /oi i?eaeaao anae aeaei?aoeaiie nenoaia
caeaiey aieueooth onoie/eainoue e niieienoaea.

ss. Aooainoia oneiaeiee oi?io aeaa naiaai i?iecaaaeaiey. Aieiaua aeaau
– aeaaiaaeoeaoea?aiiua, oeaio?aeueiay aea eiaao oanoiaaeoeaoue a?aiae.
Ia ?aa?ao a?aiae noiyo eieiiee n …., iia?ouie ia e?iiooaei. Yoe
yeaiaiou oa?ainoaa ano?a/athony e a iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo /anoyo niai?a.

Neaaeoy ae?aaiae o?aaeeoeee, Aooainoia iiiauaao aa?aaaiu aeaa ia
iinoaiaio, ia?aciaaiiue iaaieueoeie eieieieaieaie. Ii yoe eieioieee,
iacia/eoaeueii aicauoaynue iaae caaa?oathuei ea?iecii niai?a, a
ia?niaeoeaa ia aeaeiu. E?anou aeaa niai?a – aaeo?iua, i?ae?aniiai
?enoiea.

Aioo?e niai? i?iecaiaeeo ia iaiaa neeueiia aia/aoeaiea, /ai ecaia, ii a
aeaiiii neo/aa aai a?oeoaeoo?ii-i?ino?ainoaaiiia ?aoaiea neeueiaa
caaeneo io naiaai i?ioioeia – iineianeiai Oniaineiai niai?a. *aou?a
e?oaeua eieiiiu-noieaa – n eoaiaeaeiuie eaieoaeyie ianoo aai naiaeu. Aua
ia?a noieaia, ii oaea eaaae?aoiuo a ieaia, ne?uoa ca eeiiinoanii. ss?eei
naeaeaoaeuenoaii ae?ooiciuo niiniaiinoae ?onneeo ?ac/eeia yaeyaony
eeiiinoan, auiieiaiiue ianoa?ii N. O?enoioi?iaui, a aeaea ?yaea y?onia,
iiaeieiathueony aieioue aei eoiieia. Aai aeaei?aoeaiay iuoiinoue
iaoiaeeony a iieiii niioaaonoaee n aiaoiei oa?ainoaii niai?a. N.
O?enoioi?ia nicaeae ianeii/aaiia eiee/anoai aa?eaioia ec nieaoathueony
?anoaiee, oeaaoia e ieiaeia, n?aaee eioi?uo iniaaiii /anoi i?eiaiyaony
aeiia?aaeiay eica n a?icaeueyie. A?aiaou e ae?oaea ?aaeeinoiua ieiaeu
ia?aieaoathony n oeaaoaie, ia?acothueie aeaei?aoeaiua a?icaeuey.

Yoi cia/eoaeueiia yaeaiea aeaei?aoeaiiai eneonnoaa iieo/eei
cia/eoaeueiia ?ani?ino?aiaiea ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XVII aaea e iaycaii
ianoa?ai – aaei?onnai, i?eaoaaoei a ?inneth aua a na?aaeeia XVII aaea e
nicaeaaoei ?yae aaeeeieaiiuo i?iecaaaeaiee a yoie iaeanoe. O?enoioi?ia
ianoa?nee eniieueciaae aeaei?aoeaiua i?eaiu naieo nia?aoueaa ii
eneonnoao e nicaeae caoaaouaathuaa ii aeaei?aoeaiinoe e ae?ooiciinoe
i?iecaaaeaiea.

A?OAIAAEUeNEEE NIAI?

A ?ycaineii E?aiea, iiieii ae?aaiaeoaai Oniaineiai niai?a, iaoiaeeony
A?oaiaaeueneee niai?. Ia?aia ienueiaiiia oiiieiaiea i iai a 1532 aiaeo
auei naycaii n oai, /oi aieneii ?ycaineee Eiia neee «eieieie e A?oaiaaeo
Ieoaeeo».[ ] A aeieoiaioa 1638 a. I niai?a aiai?eony: «ia aeai?a
(a?oeaieneiia aeiia) oea?eiaue niai? A?oaiaaea Ieoaeea eaiaiia»; aeaeaa
ia?a/eneythony a?iaieoeu iioi?iiaiiuo caeanue aea ?ycaineeo aieneiiia.
«Iiaeea oea?eae A?oaiaaea Ieoaeea eieieieueieoea auea eaiaiia, iioth
a?oeaieneii Aioiiee ?acaee (Aioiiee aue a Ia?aneaaea n 1621 ii 1637 a.),
a a oi ianoi naeaeae aea?aayiioth aeoaiaoth, e?oaeoth i inie noaiao,
a?onaioth n oao?ii». [ ]

Niai? aeioae aei ian iaaeno?iaiiui a 1647 a., eiaaea neeueiue iiaea?
iionoioee Ia?aneaaeue -?ycaineee. I aai ae?aaiinoe aiai?eo aeoaiei
ooaaeoaa a caieth iniiaaiea- ia?aiia/aeueiue iie ?aniieiaeai nae/an ia
aeoaeia 1,5 i. Aianoa n oai ecaanoii, /oi caeanue a 1482 a. Aue
iioi?iiai aieneii Oaiaeinee, a a 1532 a. Aieneii Eiia iiaea?ee niai?o
eieieie (ni. auoa).

Ia thaeiii oanaaea A?oaiaaeueneiai niai?a, a aai caiaaeiii i?ynea,
io/aoeeai aeaeiu inoaoee ae?aaiae caeiia?u, iniiaaiea eioi?ie
cia/eoaeueii ieaea o?iaiy iyo iiauo caeiia?. Aa?o noai iaaeeiaeai
i?eaeeceoaeueii ia 1,5-2 iao?a. Nio?aieaoaany a yoii aea i?ynea
ia?aiia/aeueiia ieii oaeaea cia/eoaeueii ieaea nouanoaothueo a?iiaaeiuo
ieii II iie. OIO a. I/aaeaeiu ia?aaeaeee e a ii?oaeao niai?a, eioi?ua
auee i?i?oaeaiu aaa?o aieueoa, /ai ia iao?; iaae ieie aeaeiu neaaeu
caeiaeaiiuo ae?aaieo ieii eee, iiaeao auoue, eeioia. Nouanoaaiii
ia?aaeaeaiu aineaeu, ec eioi?uo eeoue iaeia nio?aieea naie
ia?aiia/aeueiua ?acia?u e eiioeao?aoeeth. Inoaoee ae?aaieo ieii aeaeiu
oaeaea ia naaa?iii oanaaea.

Aioo?e niai?a oaeaea caiaoiu iicaeiaeoea ia?ano?ieee .Ec ae?oaiai
ee?ie/a aueiaeaiu naiaeu, a oaeaea iaaeeiaeaiu aa?oe noieaia- io ieaeiae
oyae eo aioaaeaiaioa aei aa?oiae. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, iiaui yaeyaony e
aa?aaai aeaau.

A?oaiaaeueneee niai? i?aaenoaaeyao niaie /aou?aonoieiiue
e?anoiai-eoiieueiue, iaeiiaeaaue o?ai, n o?aiy aineaeaie e o?aiy
aoiaeaie. Aai iniaaiiinoueth yaeyaony, i?e e?auaoinoe noieaia,
ionoonoaea ieeyno? ia aioo?aiieo noaiao, a oaeaea naeaeiooinoue
aioo?aiieo noieaia e ainoieo ii n?aaiaieth n niioaaonoaothueie ei
ia?oaeiuie eiiaoeaie. E?auaoua noieau, iau/iua a iino?ieeao ?oaaaea
OIV-OV aa., niiaa iiyaeeenue a no?ieoaeuenoaa Iineianeiai ainoaea?noaa a
eiioea OV a. Noieau, naeaeiooua e ainoieo, auee oa?aeoa?iu aeey iino?iae
OV a.

Eae aea iiaeii aeaoe?iaaoue A?oaiaaeueneee niai? ?ycaie ? Ii aeaiiui
ae?aaieo caienae, iino?ieea ioiineony aua e eiioeo OIV a. Aanueia
aiciiaeii, /oi oaea oiaaea, a nayce ni naeeaeaieai n Iineaie aicieeea
iuneue aicaanoe a E?aiea ia oieueei Oniaineee niai?- niai?
iauaai?iaeneie, onuiaeueieoeo eiycae, -ii, ii iiaeiaeth Iineau, oaeaea e
A?oaiaaeueneee niai?- eiyaeaneoth aeiiiaoth oea?eiaue e onuiaeueieoeo
aieneiiia. Anee oaeiaie e aue oiaaea nii?oaeai, oi, iaaei iieaaaoue,
-aea?aayiiue.

E?auaoinoue noieaia nouanoaothuaai niai?a iiaea au aiai?eoue i ?aiieo
aeaoao OV a. Iaeiaei e?oiiue ee?ie/, ec eioi?iai niai? iino?iai,
oeacuaaao ia eiiaoe OV a., ia a?aiy iinea 1470 a.

Aiaeece?oy iauea enoi?e/aneea naaaeaiey i Ia?aneaaea ?ycaineii OV a.,
iiaeii i?eeoe e caeeth/aieth, /oi a?oaiaaeueneee niai? aue
aeaenoaeoaeueii iino?iai a 1470-o aiaeao. Neeueiua oe?aieaiey ai II- ie
iieiaeia aaea iaania/eaaee ai?iaeo ioiineoaeueii niieienoaea e
aaciianiinoue. Iinea aeaieoueau iineianeiai eiycy Eaaia III ia Niouea
Iaeaieia (1471 a.) iineianeee aeai? caaeee iiaie, aieaa iuoiie
aeeciueth, eioi?ie ai anai iiae?aaeaea e ?ycaiue. Eiaiii a yoi a?aiy
iiaea nei?aa anaai aicieeiooue o eiycy iuneue nii?oaeeoue nianoaaiioth
aaeeeieiyaeaneoth oea?eiaue. Eiyaeiy Aiia oaeaea oaeaeyea aieueoia
aieiaiea no?ieoaeuenoao e iai?oaeiaaieth oea?eaae. Ecaanoii, /oi iia
iiaea?eea a 1485 aiaeo A Oniaineee niai? ai?iaea caia/aoaeueiia
i?iecaaaeaiea eneonnoaa- auoeooth oaeeaie e cieioii iaeaio. Iaeiiaoe a
nouanoaothuai A?oaiaaeueneii niai?a aue, eae oaea oeacuaaeinue, a 1482
a. Iioi?iiai aieneii Oaiaeinee, iacia/aiiue a ?ycaiue eae ?ac a nayce n
i?eoiaeii a Iineao Niouee Iaeaieia a 1471 a. Oaeei ia?acii, iiaeii
n/eoaoue aa?iyoiie (i?eaeeceoaeueiie) aeaoie aicaaaeaiey A?oaiaaeueneiai
niai?a- 1475 a.

A?oaiaaeueneee niai?, i?aaenoaaeythuee a ieaia aeeceoth aiaeiaeth,
iai?eia?, O?ieoeeiio niai?o O?ieoea- Na?aaaaneie eaa?u, iino?iaiiiio ia
iyoueaeanyo eao ?aiueoa, aue, aiciiaeii, i/aiue aeecie aio e ai aiaoiae
ioaeaeea. Ii eiae, aeaeeii, ioiineoaeueii aunieee oeieieue e o?e
?oiaeoea; aeaaeeea, ?an/eiaiiua eiiaoeaie noaiu n eeeaaeaeiuie
caeiia?aie; oceea, uaeaaeaeiua ieia a aieiauo i?yneao; aunieea, aeecei
iiaeoiaeyuea e ea?ieco aineaeu n oaeeie aea ieiaie; eeeaaeaeiua, n
aoneiaie ia eieiieao ii?oaeu. Ia?aiia/aeueii e?oaeue aa?aaai aeaau aue
naeaeioo e ainoieo, aeeaea e oeaio?o iannu anaai caeaiey. Iaae
caeiia?aie ?aniieaaaeny aoi?ie ?yae oaeiauo eieioieeia, a iaae ieie,
aie?oa eaaae?aoiiai iinoaiaioa aa?aaaia, o?aoee eo ?yae. I?eaeiaeueiui
yaeyaony oaeaea ee?ie/iue aioaaeaiaio o iniiaaiey caeiia?. N iiiiuueth
oo?oi? auyaeeny e ae?aaiee oeieieue niai?a. Aai i?ioeeue /?acau/aeii
aeecie ?enoieo oeieiey noa?iai Oniaineiai niai?a. Ae?aaiee iie niai?a
aue ec iieeaiuo ei?e/iaauo ieeoie, aueiaeaiiuo caacaeaie. Aiaeiae/iue
iie aue naeaeai e a A?oaiaaeueneii niai?a Iineau (oieueei a ianeieueei
oeaaoia).

*aou?aoneaoioth e?uoo niai? iieo/ee iinea iiaea?a 1647 a., io eioi?iai
ii iino?aaeae iniaaiii neeueii. Oiaaea ianoa? ec Niaaee/a A.O. Coaia aua
?ac caiiai iaeeoeaaae iaai?aeua noaiu aioo?e e nia?oaee, ainnoaiiaee
aa?oithth /anoue niai?a ( naiaeu e aa?aaai ni oeaiiaeaeiui iie?uoeai), a
ii ia?eiao?o /aoaa?eea iaaeeiaeee iiaue ea?iec n caeiia?aie. A yoi a?aiy
auee aueiaeaiu ec e?oiiiai ee?ie/a ia?niaeoeaiua ii?oaeu aianoi
?ac?ooaiiuo aaeieaiaiiuo.

N thaeiie noi?iiu A?oaiaaeueneiai niai?a ia noa?ii ianoa a?oeoaeoi?
TH. E. A?oia aicaae iiaoth eieieieueith (o?aoueth ii n/aoo), eioi?oth
?acia?aee a eiioea I /ao. OIO a. Ii i?iaeoo aoaa?ineiai a?oeoaeoi?a N.
A. Uaoeeia a 1864 -1865 aiaeao e niai?o auea i?eno?iaia iaeiiyoaaeiay
o?aiaciay. Aeey aoiaea a iaa a iaeiie ec a?ie ia?aoiaea, niaaeeiythuaai
iaeaou aieneiia n aieueoei Oniaineei niai?ii, Uaoeei ano?iee
aaeieaiaiiue ii?oae a eiaeii- ?onneii noeea. O?aiacioth ii niaaeeiee n
niai?ii oe?ieei a?i/iui i?iaiii.

Iaeiia?aiaiii ni Uaoeeiui iaae aiciaiiaeaieai eioa?uea?a niai?a ?aaioae
ooaeiaeiee I.A. Ooiia. Iaaieueoea o?aaiaiou ?iniene, auiieiaiiie ei.
Eiathony a aa?aaaia aeaau.

Ae?aaiee eeiiinoan niai?a ia nio?aieeny, ii ianeieueei eeii ec iaai
eiioea OV- ia/aea OVI a. iaoiaeyony a ?ycaineii ooaeiaeanoaaiiii iocaa.
Yoi o?aiiaay eeiia a?oaiaaea Ieoaeea «*oaei a Oiiao», nayoie O?ieoeu,
Aeaaiaauaiey, nayoiai Ieeieay *oaeioai?oea, No?aoiiai noaea, nayoie
Nioee I?aioae?inoe Aiaeeae, nayoie Ia?aneaau. Ia?ac nayoie Nioee oaeia:
«a na?aaeeia aiaae n eeoeii iaiaiiiai aeaea, n iaiaiiiai aea aeaea
iaeaaeaeith e e?ueaie. Ii a oea?neii aeieiaoeea e aaioea, ia i?anoiea. A
i?aaie ?oea o iaai aeace n eo/aca?iui e?anoii ia aa?oo. Iaae aieiaith
aiaaea Naaaio ni nayoui Aeooii. ?oee aai i?inoa?ou ia aeaaineiaaiea. Ii
iaaei noi?iiai Naaaioa ii aeaa aiaaea: aeaa- n ?eieaeaie, aeaa n
iaaeienueth: Aia, iaae Naaaioii i?anoie, a ia iai eieaa e neiaa: «A
ia/aea aa neiai e neiai aa a Aiao e Aia aa neiai, na aa eneiie o Aiaa».
Ii noi?iiai aiaaea e?ueaoiai Aiaiiaoa?ue n ?oeaie, i?inoa?ouie ia
iieeoao, e nayoie Eiai I?aaeoa/a, o iaai a eaaie ?oea naeoie, a a iai
neiaa: «Na aaiaoe Aiaeee, acaieye a?aoe ie?a».[ ]

A a?oaiaaeueneii niai?a iioi?iiaiu ?ycaineea a?oea?ae:

-aieneii Oaiaeinee, neii/aeny a 1481 aiaeo;

aieneii Neiaii, neii/aeny a 1496 aiaeo;

aieneii Eiia II, neii/aeny a 1547 aiaeo;

aieneii Ieoaee II, neii/aeny a 1551 aiaeo;

aieneii Ao?ee (?oaeaoeeee), neii/aeny i?eaeeceoaeueii a 1560 aiaeo;

a?oeaieneii Oaiaei?eo, neii/aeny 10 naioya?y 1617 aiaea;

a?oeaieneii Eineo II, neii/aeny a 1621 aiaeo;

a?oeaieneii Aioiiee, neii/aeny 15 oaa?aey 1637 aiaea;

a?oeaieneii Ienaee, oaeo a Oaoeeii oacaea ycu/ieeaie i?e ia?auaiee eo a
aa?o O?enoiao 10 ai?aey 1655 aiaea. Iaae a?iaieoeae a oooey?a o?aieony n
1734 aiaea iaioey Ienaeea, ia eioi?ie aeaeiu i?iaieia e neaaeu e?iae,
iaoiaeeaoayny aei oiai a?aiaie ai aeaaeaiee aiy?neiai nuia Oaaei?a
Eoaaeoeeiai e ia?aianaiiay a A?oaiaaeueneee niai? ii ?anii?yaeaieth
a?oeaieneiia Aeaeney.

ieo?iiieeo Eea?eii, neii/aeny 4 ethiy 1673 a.;

ieo?iiieeo Eineo IV, neii/aeny 21 naioya?y 1681 a.;

ieo?iiieeo Iaaae (Ii?aaneee), neii/aaoeeny 4 naioya?y 1686 a.;

ieo?iiieeo Noaoai (ssai?neee), neii/aaoeeny 27 iiya?y 1722 a.;

a?oeaieneii Na?aee (E?ueia-Ieaoiiia), neii/aeny 18 aaaonoa 1824 a.;

a?oeaieneii Aaa?eee (Ai?iaeeia), neii/aeny 7 ai?aey 1862 a.;

aieneii Iaeaoee (sseeiia), neii/aeny a 1900 a.

Ec yoeo ea?a?oia iniaaiii caia/aoaeueiu aio eaeea. A?oeaieneii
Oaiaei?eo. ?iaeeeny ii i?e oea?a Eaaia A?iciii a 1551 a. Aiai?eee a
noa?eio, /oi ii aue ?iaenoaaiieeii aiy?eio Ua?aiaoueaao, eiae iiianouey
a ?ycaineie caiea. Eiaaea aio auei oaea ieiei 40 eao, ii iiaeno?eany a
iiiaoe, a a 1605 a. Eacaineee ieo?iiieeo Aa?iiaai iinayoee aai a /ei
a?oeaieneiia ?ycaineiai e Io?iineiai. I?e Oaiaei?eoa aue aeino?iai
i?aaeiee Oniaineee niai?, i?e iai ia?aoaiu iiue nayoiai Aaneeey,
aieneiia ?ycaineiai, e ia?aianaiu ec Ai?eniaeaaneie oea?eae a Oniaineee
niai?. Nouanoaoao i?aaeiieiaeaiea, /oi Oaiaei?eo neiaeee a /anoue
nayoiai Aaneeey oaaeaaiua ianie a noeoe?ao, o?iia?yo e eiiaeaeao,
ninoaaee aeeciaiienaiea na. Aaneeey e i?eeacae ecia?aceoue aai ia eeiia.

A oea?eiaiii ae?aaeao?aieeeua o?aieony cieioie e?ano /aeaiiie ?aaiou,
eioi?ue Oaiaei?eo ii iaauaieth ioaeae a Oniaineee niai?. Ia yoii e?anoa
anoue iaaeienue: «Ii iaauaieth Oaiaei?eoa a?oeaieneiia ?ycaineiai e
Io?iineiai eaoa 7119 (1611) aaiaa?y 6 aeaiue». A n?aaee noa?eiiuo
aioeieinia anoue aioeiein oiai a?aiaie, eiaaea a Iineaa any aeanoue
nin?aaeioi/eeanue a ?oeao aiy?. Aioeiein naeaeai ec a?oaiai oienoa, ia
iai iao ieeaeeo ecia?aaeaiee, e?iia e?anoa, ecia?aaeaiiiai /a?ieeaie, n
oaeie iaaeienueth: «Eaoa 7120 (1612) inayuai o?ai I?aia?aaeaiey Ainiiaea
Aiaa e Niana iaoaai Eenona O?enoa aaeeeiai iineianeiai oea?noaa i?e
aiy?ao e i?e a?oeaieneiia Oaiaei?eoa ia iaiyoue nayoiai aiinoiea Oeeeiia
iiya?y 14 aeaiue».

Naiue ciaiaieoue ec ?ycaineeo aeaaeue, /oi iia?aaaiu a A?oaiaaeueneii
niai?a- Noaoai ssai?neee. ?ycaineei ieo?iiieeoii ii aue n 1700 a. E aei
eiioea aeiae naieo, oi anoue aei 1722 a. Iaeiaei a ?ycaie Noaoai ii/oe
ia aeee: anei?a iinea oiai, eae aai iinoaaeee ?ycaineei ieo?iiieeoii,
oia? iao?ea?o Aae?eai, oiaaea Iao? Aaeeeee iacia/ee Noaoaia
«aethnoeoaeai e yeca?oii iao?ea?oa i?anoiea», a eiaaea Iao? o/?aaeee
Neiiae, oi Noaoai aue iacia/ai aai i?aceaeaioii. Oae e i?eoeinue Noaoaio
ii/oe ana a?aiy aeeoue oi a Iineaa, oi a Ia?aneaaea. Oia? ii a Iineaa, a
iia?aaai aue a ?ycaie nia/aea a Oniaineii niai?a, a caoai a
A?oaiaaeueneii.

Caia/aoaeai Noaoai ia oieueei oai, /oi ii caieiae oaeea aunieea
aeieaeiinoe, ii e oai, /oi aue ciaiaieoui i?iiiaaaeieeii e ni/eieoaeai.
Naiia ecaanoiia aai i?iecaaaeaiea: «Eaiaiue aa?u, i?aaineaaiui oea?eae
nayoua nuiai ia ooaa?aeaeaiea e aeooiaiia iaceaeaiea aeooiaiia
iaceaeaiea, i?aoueathueiny aea i eaiaiue i?aoueaiey e niaeaciu- ia
ainnoaiea e iai?aaeaiea». A naieia?neie aeaeeioaea aeiiuia o?aieony
eieaa «Eaiaiue aa?u», a a ?ecieoea a?oea?aeneiai aeiia anoue iaiaaey,
eioi?oth Iao? Aaeeeee iiaea?ee Noaoaio.

A?OEA?AENEEE AeAI?

I enoi?ee aicieeiiaaiey A?oea?aeneiai aeai?a iiaanoaoao
Ae.Nieiaeiaieeia a naiae eieaa «Ia?aneaaeue ?ycaineee. I?ioeia ?ycaie a
iaiyoieeao noa?eiu»: «A oa aeaeaeea a?aiaia, eiaaea Ia?aneaaeue aue
noieueiui a?aaeii ?ycaineiai eiyaeanoaa, a «ai?iaea» aeeee eiycuey
?ycaineea, a aeaaeuee ?ycaineea aeeee «ia iinaaea», niai?ioth
nayoeoaeueneoth oea?eiaue, eaoaae?aeueiui niai?ii, oiaaea auea oea?eiaue
nayouo Ai?ena e Aeaaa ia iinaaea, oai aea e aeii aue o aeaaeue aeey
aeeoaeuenoaa, e yoio a?oea?aeneee aeii ia iinaaea iacuaaeny
Aiai?iaee/iui a?oea?aeneei. Ii aio caoaaoeea Ia?ayneaaeue Iineaa, a
Ia?ayneaaeue i?eaoae iineianeee iaianoiee, a aeaaeuea ?ycaineee Eiia aue
ia?aaaaeai n iinaaeo neoaeeoue a E?aieue, a Oniaineee niai?, e iinoaaee
aieneii Eiia naaa a E?aiea aeii aeaaeu/iue, a aeai?a eaiaiioth oea?eiaue
Onaeiiaaiey Eiaiia I?aaeoa/e, aeaa eaiaiiua iaeaou, aeaa iiaa?ie
eaiaiiua. E noiyee yoe no?iaiey aei 1647aiaea. A a 1647 aiaeo ii/oe
aanue E?aieue nai?ae, oiaaea nai?ae e A?oea?aeneee aeii e niai?iay
eieieieueiy n eieieieaie, iaai?aee eaiaiiua oea?eae A?oaiaaeueneay e
I?aaeoa/aineay. Eao /a?ac 6 iinea yoiai a?oeaieneii Ienaee ia/ae
no?ieoue naaa iiaua eaiaiiua iaeaou». Iinea iiaea?a 1647 aiaea ooeaeaee
noaiu I?aaeoa/aineie oea?eae e iaeiie ec iaeao. Eiaiii e iei auee
i?eno?iaiu iiaua iaeaou, iaaa?oo iaeao auea nii?oaeaia iiaay
aeaoonaaoiay oea?eiaue Eiaiia I?aaeoa/e o?aiaciie. No?ieeenue iiaua
iaeaou a 1653, 1654 e 1655 aiaeo «iiae?yae/eeii ec Iineau eaiaiiuo aeae
iiaeianoa?ueai TH?ueai Eaieeueaaui nuiii ss?oiaui». Yoe iaeaou
nio?aieeenue e aei iaoeo aeiae- yoi ia?aaeiyy /anoue A?oea?aeneiai
aeiia, eioi?ay i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iniaue eioa?an aeey o/aiuo
enneaaeiaaoaeae, eioi?ua oa?aeoa?ecotho aa eae caia/aoaeueiia noa?eiiia
?onneia caeaiea; iniaaiii iie ioee/atho ia?oaeiua ieia e aoiaeiua
aioo?aiiea aeaa?e. Aio /oi ieoao i ieo E.I. Iiaeoeeee a eieaa «Enoi?ey
?onneiai eneonnoaa n ae?aaiaeoeo a?aiai» (oii 1, no?.280): «Aeaoaee
aeaa?ae ianeieueei naiaia?aciu. Ia?aay eiaao iio?iioiiioth a?eo
aeiaieueii e?oiiiai oci?a, /oi a ?onneii noeea ano?a/aaony n?aaieoaeueii
?aaeei. Oi aea iiaeii neacaoue e i?i noieau, ioaeaeaiiua i?ioeeai n
iiai?ioaie aaa?oo e aieco, eniiieiathueie caiaaeiua iioeau, oae aea, eae
e ?aeiaeia a a?ea aoi?ie aeaa?e».

OeA?EIAUe EIAIIA I?AAeOA*E

Iniaaiii eioa?ania auea oea?eiaue Eiaiia I?aaeoa/e. E aa aunieei
noaiai n thaa i?eiueaea aeaooia?oaaay e?ooay eanoieoea n e?iaeae,
iie?athuaeny ia ioe?uoua a?ee. Iia ia/eiaeanue iiae i?yiui oaeii e
caeaieth, a caoai iiai?a/eaaea aaeieue aai thaeiie noaiu. Aaa?oo iia
caeai/eaaeanue ieiuaaeeie, a?ee eioi?ie neoaeeee iaeiia?aiaiii
caiiieoeae. Io yoie aa?oiae ieiuaaeee oea aaeieue caiaaeiie noaiu
oea?eae ioe?uoay iaia?oue. Caeanue aue ?aniieiaeai aoiae, aaaeouee a
iiieaeaiioth o?aiacioth /anoue oea?eae, ec eioi?ie aoi?ie ii?oae
caaa?oaeny aeaaie. Aa?o eaaeaeie ec noai oaaee/eaaee eieioieee.

Nae/an oaea o?oaeii i?aaenoaaeoue naaa ana iniaaiiinoe ioaeaeee oea?eae
Eiaiia I?aaeoa/e, iino?iaiiie A?oiaui. ?anoaa?aoeeiiiuie ?aaioaie auei
auyaeaii e ainnoaiiaeaii aeaa ii?oaea e ieia o?ao oanaaeia. Yoe ieia, a
iniaaiii ii?oaeu, oa?aeoa?ecotho A?oiaa eae i/aiue oiieiai, oaeaioeeaiai
ianoa?a. Iaeei aaeieaiaiiue ii?oae nio?aieeny a i?ioiaea ec o?aiaciie a
oea?eiaue (e?aaaaae/aneee iocae ae?aaia?onneiai eneonnoaa), ae?oaie- ia
thaeiii oanaaea iaeao, a eo ainoi/iie /anoe. Ii?oaeu yoe a ecaanoiie
noaiaie o?aaeeoeeiiiu e iiaoi?ytho iauoth oi?io ii?oaeia OVI aaea.
Iaeiaei ecyuanoai eo iaeiieia, oiieinoue i?i?eniaee aeaoaeae,
/?acau/aeii i?inouo, ii eniieiaiiuo oi/ii e ynii, n aieueoei iiieiaieai
i?iii?oeee, iicaieytho noaeeoue i aeinoieinoaao anae iino?ieee, oaia?ue
oaea aeaeieciaiaiiie.

Naii caeaiea aieneiineeo iaeao auei aeiaieueii aeeeiiui, iaeiiyoaaeiui,
ia iiaeeeaoa. Aunioa iiaeeeaoa auea oaaee/aia e ainoieo a neaaenoaee
iaaeaiey o?iaiy caiee, a iineaaeothuea noieaoey, ai?i/ai, ii/oe
au?iaiaiiie. Iaeaou eiaee ia thaeiii oanaaea aeaa aoiaea, eioi?ua aaee a
aeaia naiae. E naiyi i?eiueaee aeeeua eiiiaou e eiiiaou aeey i?eaia
iinaoeoaeae. A eiiiaoao auee aieueoea ec?acoeiaua ia/e.

ss?oia, iaeiaei, ia ia?aie/eeny eeoue nii?oaeaieai aieneiineeo iaeao. A
1658 aiaeo aue nii?oaeai Iaa/aneee ei?ion «aeeeiie 12 e iiia?ae 6
naaeaiue». Ii-aeaeeiiio, oiaaea aea aianoi nai?aaoae nnoaeiie ecau e
eieiaeie/ae aicaaee Eiinenoi?neee ei?ion. Eioa?anii ioiaoeoue, /oi A
Iaa/aneii ei?iona auea i?eiaiaia «oeiiaay» aeeeay naeoeey, ninoiyuay ec
oieiaeiuo naiae e i?eiueathuei e iei iiae i?yiui oaeii oaieuo naiae.
Aeaa?e ec oaieuo naiae aaee a aeaa eciee?iaaiiua eaeuee, ?aniieiaeaiiua
?yaeii e auoiaeyuea ieiaie ia aeaaiue oanaae. Ia/e oiieeenue ec naiae
/a?ac niaoeeaeueiua a?i/iua ono?ienoaa a noaiao, iacuaaaoeony eaieiaie.
Iieu a naiyo auee iau/ii eaiaiiua, /oi oiaiueoaei aiciiaeiinoue
aicieeiiaaiey iiaea?a i?e oiiea ia/ae. E oi?oeai oieiaeiuo naiae
i?eno?aeaaeenue iaeaiueeea iaeaoee n «aua?aaaie»- ?aoe?aaeu. I?e eaeueyo
yeiiiia (Iaa/aneee ei?ion) iaoiaeeeenue niaoeeaeueiua iaeaou aeey i?eaia
/aeiaeo/eeia. Yoe iiiauaiey auee iieiinoueth eciee?iaaiu io aeeeuo
eaeee. Iie eiaee naiinoiyoaeueiue aoiae n oeeoeu. I?eia?ii neoaeeo
oaeiaay thai-ainoi/iay iaeaoa a ia?aii yoaaea Iaa/aneiai ei?iona n
nio?aieaoeieny i?ae?aniuie o?aaiaioaie ?iniene noai. A iaeaoa noiyea
ec?acoeiaay ia/ue. Aa ec?acoeiaia oa?ainoai iaiyeinue ni a?aiaiai.
Caeanue auee iaeaeaiu o?aaiaiou e?aniuo, caeaiuo e iieeo?iiiuo
ec?acoeia.

A 1658 aiaeo iaae aieneiineeie iaeaoaie iaaeno?ieee aoi?ie yoaae. I?e
yoii io/anoe aue eciaiai oa?aeoa? ioaeaeee ieiiiuo i?iaiia, /oi aeaeii e
nae/an ia thaeiii oanaaea caeaiey iinea i?iaaaeaiiuo ?anoaa?aoeeiiiuo
ane?uoee. A yoi aea a?aiy (?aaioaie ?oeiaiaeee oaea ae?oaie ciae/ee) a
oea?eae Eiaiia I?aaeoa/e iiyaeeenue aeaa iiauo ii?oaea: a o?aiacioth
(oaia?ue aoiae a ioaeae ae?aaia?onneiai eneonnoaa), i/aaeaeii,
ia?aaeaeaiiue ec ae?oaiai, aicaaaeaiiiai A?oiaui, e ii?oae n aa?oiae
ieiuaaeee eanoieoeu ia iaia?oue oea?eae, eioi?oth oaia?ue cano?ieee.
Eioa?anii ?aoaiiua ii oi?iai, iie, iaeiaei, oaea eeoaiu no?iainoe e
ecyuanoaa ii?oaeia A?oiaa. A OIO aaea eo ?anienaee ianeyiuie e?aneaie ai
a?aiy ?aaio, naycaiiuo n i?acaeiiaaieai 800-eaoey ai?iaea.

A 1692 aiaeo A?eai?ee Eaiioueaa nui Iacooei, eino?iie/, «iiae?yaeeeny o
i?ainayuaiiiai no?ieoue e no?iee eaiaiiua iaeaou naa?o e?anoiaie e
eaeae». Oaia?ue, iaaeno?iea oaea o?aoee yoaae iaae aieneiineeie
iaeaoaie, A?eai?ee Iacooei iauaaeeiee oea?eiaue e iaeaou a iaeei
aeeeiiue aunieee ei?ion ?aaiie auniou. Oea?eiaue Eiaiia I?aaeoa/e
ia?anoaea auaeaeyoueny naiei iauaiii. Ii ia aa caiaaeiii oanaaea aue ana
aea aicaaaeai o?iioii n aiethoaie, iaaeeneaie ii aai noi?iiai e aeaaiie
n e?anoii ia iinoaiaioa aaa?oo o?iioiia.

Ieia o?aoueaai yoaaea ia caiaaeiii oanaaea Iacooei oe?anee e?oiiuie
iaee/ieeaie a ainiiaenoaiaaaoai oiaaea ia?uoeeineii noeea. Ni/iay
ieanoeea oi?i yoeo iaee/ieeia i?eaeaea niaa?oaiii iiaue oa?aeoa? anaio
oanaaeo, iicaieeea iauaaeeieoue e nicaeaoue iiaia oeaeueiia aia/aoeaiea,
ianiio?y ia ?aciinoeeueiinoue ?aoaiey aa?oiaai e ieaeiaai yoaaeae.

Ia naaa?iii e thaeiii oanaaeao iaeao Iacooei iiianoee iieoeieiiiu
Ei?eioneiai i?aea?a, iie?athuaainy ia iueaaeanoaeu e ia oaeao naycaiiua
?ane?aiiaeaie ea?ieca.

Ainoi/iay /anoue iaeao i?eno?iaia a 1778-1780 aiaeao a?oeoaeoi?ii
Aeiaeaea?ii, a a OIO aaea ia?ano?iaia aoaa?ineei a?oeoaeoi?ii N.A.
Uaoeeiui.

?anoaa?aoeeiiiuie ?aaioaie oaeaeinue ainnoaiiaeoue iaeioi?ua yeaiaiou
ae?aaiae aioo?aiiae ioaeaeee: ii?oae a caiaaeioth iaeaoo o?aoueaai
yoaaea, oa?aeoa?iue naieie oi?iaie eiioea OVII aaea e eaiei, ieii a
«Cieioie iaeaoa». ?ane?uou e ainnoaiiaeaiu oaeaea ae?aaiea iaeaou 1-iai
yoaaea e iiaeaaeu iiae ieie n ieiaie e aoiaeaie.

N ainoi/iie noi?iiu A?oea?aeneiai aeai?a noieo aeaooyoaaeiia eaiaiiia
caeaiea eiioea OVII aaea, iacuaaaiia nae/an iai?aaeeueii ainoeieoeae
/a?ie. Ecaanoii aai e ae?oaia iacaaiea: A?oea?aeneay

ainoeieoea (II iie. OIO aaea). A a?oeaiuo aeieoiaioao 1864 aiaea iii
iacaaii aiaa?aie. Enneaaeiaaiea iaiyoieea iiaeoaa?aeaeaao aai
ia?aiia/aeueiia iacia/aiea aeey o?aiaiey ca?ia e ae?oaeo caiania.

Caeaiea ninoieo ec 14 ii/oe iaeeiaeiauo eciee?iaaiiuo iiiauaiee, ec
eioi?uo naiue iaoiaeeony a ia?aii yoaaea. Iiiauaiey ia?aiai yoaaea eiaee
aea?aayiiua ia?ae?uoey, a ai aoi?ii yoaaea aei neo ii? nio?aieeenue
niieiooua naiaeu. Eaaeaeay naeoeey eiaao iina?aaeeia aeaa?iie i?iai, ii
aieai eioi?iai ?aniieaaaaony ii iaeiiio ieio. Ia?oaeiua eiiaoee
niioaaonoaotho aioo?aiiei iiia?a/iui noaiai. Eiiaoea ionoonoaoao oieueei
oai i?ioea oie iiia?a/iie noaiu, a eioi?ie ?aciauaaony aioo?enoaiiay
eanoieoea, aaaeouay ia /a?aeae. E eaaeaeie aeaa?e 2-ai yoaaea aeaaiiai
oanaaea aaei ioaeaeueiia aea?aayiiia e?ueueoei. Caaeiee oanaae,
auoiaeeaoee a XVII aaea ia i?iacaeoth oeeoeo, i?ioiaeeaooth ii ainoi/iie
ieiia/iinoe e?aieaaneiai oieia, ia eiaea ieeaeeo i?iaiia e ea?ae ?ieue
e?aiinoiie noaiu A?oea?aeneiai aeai?a. Aiaa?u auee i?eno?iaiu e aieaa
ae?aaiaio aeaooyoaaeiiio caeaieth, ?acia?aiiiio aei 1792 aiaea. Ii aai
thaeiay ia?oaeiay noaia nio?aieeanue e yaeyaony oaia?ue naaa?iie
oi?oeiaie noaiie aiaa?ia. E e?aeiaio thaeiiio eiioeo aeaaiiai caiaaeiiai
oanaaea aiaa?ia i?eiueaei aua iaeii e?uei, ninoiyaoaa ec /aou?ao
iiiauaiee a 1-ii yoaaea e noieueei aea ai 2-ii. A iaeiie ec iiia?a/iuo
noai aai oaeaea i?ioiaeeea aioo?enoaiiay eanoieoea ia /a?aeae. Yoi
caiaaeiia e?uei auei ?acia?aii. Ia ieaia A?oea?aeneiai aeai?a,
ninoaaeaiiii a 1792 aiaeo aoaa?ineei a?oeoaeoi?ii Eaaiii Noeaeaooaaui,
iieacaii, /oi iaaeaeo A?oaiaaeueneei niai?ii e Eiinenoi?neei ei?ionii,
e?iia eieieieueie, iaoiaeeeanue aua ea?aoeueiay iaeaoea. E aeaeaa e thao
eaiaiiua ai?ioa, eioi?ua i?eiueaee e Eiinenoi?neiio ei?iono e auee
iaeiia?aiaiii n iei i?eno?iaiu. Ai?ioa aaee e Eiinenoi?neiio ei?iono e a
eiithoaiiue aeai?, ?aniieiaeaiiue aeaeueoa e ainoieo. Ca caeaieai
Eiinenoi?ee e aai oi?oeo i?eiueaee na?ae aeey «?aciie iieeaaee»,
eocieoea e ai/a?iay (eiioea OVII aaea), nio?aieaoeany aei iaoeo aeiae.
Ii ainoi/iie noi?iia eiithoaiiiai aeai?a ?aniieaaaeanue eiithoiy,
iino?iaiiay oiaea a eiioea OVII aaea I. Onoeiiaui, iaeiei ec iiiiuieeia
a?oeoaeoi?a ss. Aooainoiaa. E naaa?iiio oi?oeo eiithoie i?eiueae
ea?aoiue na?ae, eioi?ue ia nio?aieeny, a io eiithoie OVII aaea inoaeny
iaaieueoie o?aaiaio aa thaeiie /anoe. A OIO aaea a?oeoaeoi? N.A. Uaoeiei
aianoi noa?ie eiithoie n ea?aoiui na?aai iino?iee iiaoth. Iaeiaei a
ianoiyuaa a?aiy yoi caeaiea ianoieueei eciaiaii, /oi a iai o?oaeii
oaeaeaoue aai ia?aiia/aeueiia iacia/aiea.

Oaeia a iaueo /a?oao eiiieaen iino?iae A?oea?aeneiai aeai?a, eioi?ue
aeioae aei ian ni cia/eoaeueiuie oo?aoaie eaiaiiuo nii?oaeaiee.

OeA?EIAUe NAssOIAI AeOOA

Ca aieneiineei aeai?ii, ieaea ii neeiio e?aieaaneiai oieia, noieo
aaeeinoaaiiay nio?aieaoayny iino?ieea ?aniieiaeaiiiai caeanue
Aeooianeiai iiianou?y, iniiaaiiiai a OV aaea- oea?eiaue nayoiai Aeooa
(1642 aiae). Aei iino?ieee oea?eae niai? iiianou?y noiye ianeieueei
naaa?iaa, a caeanue i?ioiaeeea ia?aaea, /oi ii?aaeaeeei iaiau/iinoue
eiiiiceoeee yoiai caeaiey- iii ia eiaao thaeiiai ii?oaea.

Oea?eiaue nayoiai Aeooa- caia/aoaeueiue iaiyoiee eneonnoaa. Aa aeaa
oao?a, niaei acaeuiathueany aaa?o ec ni/iuo, iaiau/aeii au?aceoaeueiuo a
naiae ieanoeea eieioieeia iaae ea?iecii. A eioi?ii e?aiyony ianneaiua
ieeyno?u /aoaa?eea, iaaieueii aucuaatho ia?ac eaeiai-oi yecioe/aneiai
?anoaiey. Ae?aaia?onneia eneonnoai i/aiue /anoi iniiauaaei ia?aciue
no?ie naieo eiiiiceoeee ia annioeeaoeaiuo naycyo n i?e?iaeie.

Oiieay i?ioeee?iaea ea?iecia, ao?ou oao?ia e i?ee?uaathuea eo a?aie
caacaeu, oiieee e ecyuiue ?enoiie aeaei?a /aoaa?eea ia thaeiii e
naaa?iii aai oanaaeao- ana naeaeaoaeuenoaoao e i iacao?yaeiinoe naiiai
caiunea, e io ouaoaeueiinoe aai auiieiaiey (oea?eiaue ?anoaa?e?iaaia a
iineaaeiea aiaeu). No?iee oea?eiaue ianoa? ec Niaaee/a Aaneeee Oa?eoiiia
nui Coaia.

I?eoaaeoea ia niaio iaeiioao?iaui iiiaioao?iaua oea?eae auee oe?iei
?ani?ino?aiaiu a ?onneie a?oeoaeoo?a XVII aaea. Aua ia nianai ?acaaaeaee
iauee eiiiiceoeeiiiue niune oaeiai oiiiaeaiey oi?iu. A ?onneii eneonnoaa
a oo yiioo auoiaae e aue oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiai ooaeiaeanoaaiiue ia?ac
«ai?iaai a?aaea», auoue iiaeao, iaaayiiue aua a aeiiiiaieueneia a?aiy
aeeaiie ia?niaeoeaie «iaoa?e ai?iaeia ?onneeo» – Eeaaa. Oaia «ai?iaea» a
aeaea iaa?iiiaeaeaiey aunieeo, aaoaiiiai oeia caeaiee, ioioii
?ac?aaaouaaeanue ?onneeie eeiiiienoeaie, iniaaiii XVI e XVII aaeia. A
a?oeoaeoo?a ioaeaeueiiai caeaiey oaeie ooaeiaeanoaaiiue ia?ac
iiiaeanoaaiiuo oi?i, naiaia?aciue neiaie «ai?iaea», iieo/ee
iaiaeeaeaiiia aiieiuaiea a oieeaeueiii oaaeaa?a a?oeoaeoo?u XVI aaea – a
Iineianeii Iie?ianeii niai?a «ia ?ao» (niai? Aaneeey Aeaaeaiiiai).
Iiaeii i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi a eiiiiceoeee aeaoo-o?ao e iiiaioao?iauo
o?aiia XVII aaea ciae/ea no?aieeenue a ianeieueei oi?iuaiiie oi?ia
?ac?aaioaoue oo aea ooaeiaeanoaaiioth oaio «ai?iaai a?aaea».

A oea?eae Nayoiai Aeooa Ia?ayneaaey – ?ycaineiai aic?iaeeeny niiaa
iaeei ec ae?aaiaeoeo ieaie?iai/iuo i?eaiia a?oeoaeoo?u e?ay. Aniiiiei i
iiia?a/iie eni?aaeaiiinoe i?ino?ainoaa, aa?iyoii, naiiai caia/aoaeueiiai
o?aia Noa?ie ?ycaie – Nianneiai niai?a, ?ac?ooaiiiai a 1237 aiaeo. A
oea?eae Nayoiai Aeooa iaeeoei aic?iaeaeaiea oaeiai i?eaia. A aa
iiiaioao?iaie i?aaeoanoaaiieoea – oea?eae Aeeaiie ia Oaee/a – ieai
eiaao aua i?iaeieueioth eni?aaeaiiinoue, iineieueeo i?eaeaeu ioaeaeaiu
noaiaie. Iaeiaei a iino?ieeao iinea oea?eae Nayoiai Aeooa oe?ieay
i?eaioaoeey i?ino?ainoaa oaea iau/ia, iai?eia?, a oea?eae ?iaeaeanoaa a
Iooeieao a Iineaa. Ii e eiioeo XVII aaea oaeea i?eaiu ieaie?iaee niiaa
en/acatho.

Oea?eiaue Nayoiai Aeooa eioa?ania aua oai, /oi iia eiaea aeaa
iinayuaiey, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, e aeaa aineaeu- i?eai aeiaieueii
?ani?ino?aiaiiue a ?ycaineii e?aa. Ec eiiiiceoeeiiiuo iniaaiiinoae
caiunea Aaneeey Coaiaa, aannii?ii auaeathuaainy ciae/aai, neaaeoao
ioiaoeoue aua noaeaiea o?aia eaa?oo, ca n/ao iaeeiia aioo?ue oaeiauo
eiiaoie, aeaaiaea?y /aio oea?eiaue eaaeaony oaeeaeoaeueii no?ieiie e
aianoa n oai iiioiaioaeueiie.

Nouanoaaiii ioiaoeoue, /oi Aaneeee Coaia e nai niciaaae ciae/ei
auaeathueiny. Aii?aee iau/iie /?acia?iie ne?iiiinoe ?onneeo no?ieoaeae,
ii iaaeienae ia eaiia naeaeaoaeuenoai i naiai aaoi?noa oea?eae Nayoiai
Aeooa e caeiaeee yoio eaiaiue iaae aa ii?oaeii (?ycaiue, E?aaaaae/aneee
iocae). *anoue yoiai eaiiy auea iaaeaaii iaeaeaia, a iieiay aai
iaaeienue aeaneea: «Eaoa 7150 niaa?oaia aunoue ney oea?eiaue i?e
a?oeaieneiia Iienae ?ycaineii, i?e eaoiaia Naaanoueyia. A ianoa? aue
Niee Aaeeoeeie Aaneeee Oa?eoiiia nui Coaia».

Iiieii naaa?iiai, oea?eiaue eiaea nia/aea e caiaaeiue ii?oae, eioi?ue
aue ?acia?ai i?e ono?ienoaa a iae a OVII aaea o?aiaciie. A eneaaeaiiie
ia?ano?ieeaie o?aiaciie i?e iineaaeiae ?anoaa?aoeee auee auyaeaiu aa
ae?aaiea aeaoaee.

Neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi a 1783 aiaeo oea?eiaue neeueii iino?aaeaea io
iiaea?a, ii a 1798 aiaeo ainnoaiiaeaia n iiiiuueth eiyaeiu Aeaenaiae?u
Aeaaeeie?iaiu Eiceianeie. A yoi aea a?aiy nii?oaeai i?eaeae a /anoue
nayoie io/aieoeu Aeaenaiae?u. Eieieieueiy oea?eae iino?iaia aianoi
?acia?aiiie ia?aiia/aeueiie a 1864 aiaeo ii i?iaeoo a?oeoaeoi?a
Noiiu/aaa. Iaieioay ii neeoyoo, iia iai?eyoia a?oainoueth aeaoaeae.

Iinea 1917 aiaea oea?eiaiay neoaeaa a oea?eae Nayoiai Aeooa i?ae?auaia.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy a o?aia iaoiaeeony iao/iay aeaeeioaea
enoi?eei-a?oeoaeoo?iiai iocay-caiiaaaeieea.

Nio?aieeanue oioia?aoey 1918-1920 aiaeia n ecia?aaeaieai
e?aniia?iaeoeaa, eioi?ua auiinyo ec o?aia eeiiu eeiiinoana. Ii ?anneacai
noa?iaeeeia, aea?aayiiua eeiiu eniieueciaaeenue aeey ecaioiaeaiey
yueeia.

EIEIEIEUeIss

Naiaia?aciui aiioaicii a?oeoaeoo?u eeanneoeecia a ?ycaie yaeeanue
eieieieueiy Oniaineiai niai?a , iino?iaiiay n caiaaeiie aai noi?iiu
(oai , aaea auea ae?aaiyy Aeaaianeay aaoiy e?aiinoe) aua iaeiei
iaoa?ao?aneei a?oeoaeoi?ii – I.E. Ai?iieoeiui a 1840 aiaeo.

Ai?iieoei , a ioee/ea io aai iaeiioaieeueoea A.I. Ai?iieoeia ,
ciaiaieoiai ?onneiai a?oeoaeoi?a, ia aue e?aiinoiui e?anoueyieiii , ii
aue nuiii i?eaeai?iiai eaeay . Ii iinooiee a Aeaaeaieth ooaeiaeanoa a
Iaoa?ao?aa aua iaeue/eeii aeanyoe eao , a 1821 aiaeo . Oai ii o/eeny o
E.A. Oiia , iieacae iaiaeua oniaoe e i?e auionea (a 1831 a.) aue
iaa?aaeaeai na?aa?yiie iaaeaeueth . Aiciiaeii , iieiaeie ?thiei i?eaeae
aai e ?aaioai a ?ycaie , aaea Ai?iieoei iinooiee ia aeieaeiinoue
a?oeoaeoi?a Eacaiiie iaeaou . A 1836 a. ii iieo/ee caaiea
”iacia/aiiiai” aeaaeaieea , a iinea i?aaenoaaeaiey ei eiieo?niiai
i?iaeoa , aue eca?ai aeaenoaeoaeueiui aeaaeaieeii a?oeoaeoo?u (1838). A
1836 a. Ai?iieoei aue iacia/ai aoaa?ineei a?oeoaeoi?ii ?ycaie . Aua
?aaioay a Eacaiiie iaeaoa , ii ni?iaeoe?iaae iaaieueoia caeaiea
ei?aeaaa?aeee aicea I?enoonoaaiiuo iano , eioi?ia auei iino?iaii a 1838
a. Iicaeiaa ii auiieiee ?yae e?oiiuo i?iaeoia , a /anoiinoe , i?eno?iee
aeii ?thieia iiae Aeai?yineia nia?aiea : a 1848-53 aa. i?eno?iee e iaio
ni?aaa iiaue cae n ioaeaeueiui aoiaeii .

Oi?io Ai?iieoeineee cae aioo?e , ie?oaeaiiue eieiiiaie ei?eioneiai
i?aea?a . Ii aucuaaao annioeeaoeee n eieiiiui caeii Aeai?yineiai
nia?aiey Iineau , ii aieaa ne?iiai ii ?acia?ai .

Ai?iieoei ni?iaeoe?iaae oaeaea oanaae caeaiey Aeaai?iaeiiai iaineiia ia
oe. Naiaiaeu , inoaaoeeny , ai?i/ai , iaauiieiaiiui . Aannii?ii , naiie
auaeathuaeny iino?ieeie Ai?iieoeia a ?ycaie auea niai?iay eieieieueiy .
Iia aiieioeea a naaa enoi?eth a?oeoaeoo?u eeanneoeecia ai?iaea . Iuneue
i caiaia eieieieueie , iino?iaiiie ss?oiaui a na?aaeeia 17 aaea , iiaie
, aieaa aunieie , aicieeea aua a 1783 a. Eieieieueiy ss?oiaa auea
i?eaieaia aeey e?aieaaneiai ainaiaey oieueei aei nii?oaeaiey caeanue
Oniaineiai niai?a 17 a. Aa n?aaieoaeueii iaaieueoay aunioa ioaa/aea
ae?aaiaio Oniaineiio niai?o 15 a. e A?oaiaaeueneiio niai?o , ii
niaa?oaiii iiaeaaeyeanue eieinnaeueiui ianneaii iiaiai niai?a .

A 1783 a. ia/aeny nai? n?aaenoa ia nii?oaeaiea iiaie eieieieueie e aeey
aa no?ieoaeuenoaa aue i?eaeaoai oaeaioeeaue a?oeoaeoi?-naiio/ea eoiaoe
2-e aeeueaeee N.A. Ai?ioeeia , i?ienoiaeeaoee ec e?anoueyi Ia?aoianeiai
oacaea Eino?iineie aoaa?iee . Ii aue ecaanoai naieie iino?ieeaie a
Eino?iia , a /anoiinoe , e?aneaie eieieieueiae Eino?iineiai niai?a ,
eioi?oth iaeioi?ua enneaaeiaaoaee n?aaieaaee aeaaea n ?aaioaie ?ano?aeee
. Ai?ioeeia oiae ninoaaeyoue /a?oaaee , /oi canoaaeyao i?aaeiieaaaoue ,
/oi i?ioae eo?n iao/aiey iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii i?ioanneiiaeueii
ia?aciaaiiiai a?oeoaeoi?a .

Ii i?aaenoaaee /a?oaae aeey ?ycaineie eieieieueie . Caneoaie Ai?ioeeiaa
yaeyaony ii?aaeaeaiea ianoiiieiaeaiey eieieieueie , eioi?ia a
a?aaeino?ieoaeueiii ioiioaiee /?acau/aeii oaea/ii ?acaeaaei , n iaeiie
noi?iiu , i?iaeieueioth inue niai?a , n ae?oaie , o/eouaaei oieueei /oi
ooaa?aeaeaiioth ieaie?iaeo ai?iaea n aa Niai?iie oeeoeae ,
i?eaioe?iaaiiie ia E?aieue . (Ooiaeaiaio eieieieueie ii yoiio i?iaeoo
aue caeiaeai a 1789 a.). e?iia oiai , Ai?ioeeia oaea/ii ?ann/eoae aunioo
eieieieueie , eioi?ay aeaaaea i?aaeeueiia niioiioaiea aa n niai?ii .
Eieieieueiy ii aai i?iaeoo aeieaeia auea auoue aunioie 71a35 i. I?e yoii
, nianoaaiii , aa caeaiea ninoaaeyei 42a5 i., a ia inoaeueioth aunioo
iiaeieiaeny ” eoiiie “- oeie/iia aeey aeecaaaoneiai aa?ieei caaa?oaiea n
aiethoaie , oa?ii e oieeai .

Ia aoi?ii yoaaea eieieieueie aeieaeia auea auoue iiiauaia oea?eiaue ii
o?aaeeoeee , ii?aaeaeaiiie iineianeie e?aieaaneie eieieieueiae Eaaia
Aaeeeiai , eioi?ie neaaeiaae a naiae eieieieueia e ss?oia .

Eieieieueiy Ai?ioeeiaa auea oeie/iui i?iecaaaeaieai ?onneiai aa?ieei a
aai i?iaeioeeaeueiie o?aeoiaea , n oa?aeoa?iie naiaiaeiie
i?iii?oeeiiaeueiuo niioiioaiee a i?aea?iuo iino?iaieyo , iaeioi?ie
oyaeaeiaaniinoueth oi?i e aianoa n oai n i?ae?aniui neeoyoii . Ec
/a?oaaea eieieieueie aeaeii , /oi iia ie a /ai ia iioiaeeea ia
nouanoaothuoth nae/an .

Aoaeue eieieieueiy Ai?ioeeiaa iino?iaia 10-15 eao iacaae , aa?iyoii ,
iia iieiinoueth ioaaoeea au aeonai e cai?inai ?ycaineiai iauanoaa . A
eiioea aea 1780-o aiaeia iia yaeeanue aiao?iieciii e ia iiaea auoue
aicaaaeaia a ai?iaea , eioi?ue ia?ano?aeaaeny a niioaaonoaee n
o?aaiaaieyie eeanneoeecia . Ia aa /a?oaaea eiaaony iaaeienue , /oi
nii?oaeaiea auei inoaiiaeaii ca ianiaeaneai a.a. ?thieia e Iaeueoeia ,
eioi?ua auee aeaaiuie aeeaae/eeaie no?ieoaeuenoaa .

Aoi?ie i?iaeo niai?iie eieieieueie ia iiiae a a?oeau aia?oeaeueiiai
aaaeiinoaa , inoaeny , aa?iyoii , o ?thieia e aiineaaenoaee caoa?yeny .
Ianiiiaiii , iaeiaei , /oi ii i?eiaaeeaaeae ?oea iiuoiiai ciae/aai.
Ninoaaeai ii aue a niioaaonoaee n iaueie i?eioeeiaie a?oeoaeoo?u ?aiiaai
eeanneoeecia , aiciiaeii , eai-eeai ec niiaeaeaeieeia Eacaeiaa . Ia
iniiaa yoi i?iaeoa aue iino?iai a 1797 a. ia?aue y?on nouanoaothuae
eieieieueie .

A?oeoaeoo?iua oi?iu aa ia?aiai y?ona ioaa/atho e iau/iui i?iii?oeeyi
caeaiee eeanneoeecia e iauei i?eaiai o?aeoiaee oi?i yoiai noeey . E
/eneo iaaeinoaoeia iiaeao auoue ioianaia eceeoiyy ooii/aiiinoue eieiii ,
ii n?aaiaieth n a?ociinoueth ianneaa noai , ia ineaaeaiiie aeaaea
iiiauaiiuie a ieo aeoaieeie ieoaie .

A eiioea 18 a. aicieeee aieueoea aeaoi?iaoeee a Oniaineii niai?a , e
ana iaeiieaiiua n?aaenoaa ooee ia aai oe?aieaiea . No?ieoaeuenoai
eieieieueie i?ae?aoeeinue .

A 1816 a. ?thiei niiaa aian 10 ouny/ ?oaeae ia aa iino?ieeo , oaia?ue
oaea iiyoue ii iiaiio i?iaeoo . Yoe /a?oaaee , i/aaeaeii , oaeaea
inoaeenue o ?thieia , oae eae a a?oeaao eo iao . Eiathony einaaiiua
oeacaiey a iaeiii ec iienaiee Ieeiei- ?aaeiaeoeeiai iiianou?y , aaea
?onnei a yoi a?aiy aeaaae i?iaeo aeey ?ycaineie eieieieueie .
I?iaaaeaiiue a iaeiii ec iaaeaaii iioaeeeiaaiiuo enneaaeiaaiee aiaeec
aeinooiiuo naaaeaiee aeieacae aaoi?noai ?onnei a i?iaeoa eieieieueie
Oniaineiai niai?a yoiai ia?eiaea .

A eieieieueia ?onnei eeanneoeeci i?aaenoaao a naiae c?aeie noaaeee ,
/ai a i?iaeoa, ii eioi?iio no?ieeny ia?aue y?on . I?iii?oeee eieiii,
aioaaeaiaioa , a?ie e ae?oaeo yeaiaioia caeanue oaea cia/eoaeueii aieaa
eaiiie/iu e niaa?oaiiu. Iaeaeaiu i?aaeeueiua niioiioaiey iaaeaeo
i?aea?iuie /eaiaieyie e ianneaii noai, aanue y?on eeoai a?ociinoe e
i?ecaieaiiinoe. I?eai ia?iuo eieiii oneeai ?ane?aiiaeaie aioaaeaiaioa e
aooeea, ia eioi?ii, aa?iyoii, aeieaeiu auee auoue aai/aiey . Yoi
iaeeaeyao ?aoaiea e i?eaeaao aio ia?aaeiinoue, a no?iainoue i?iii?oeee e
naea?aeaiiinoue iauaai ?enoiea , eae e eiino?oeoeaiay eiaeea oaeiai
i?eaia, ia iicaieytho auaeaeaaoue caeanue iaaeiaiey a “aa?i/iuo
oaiaeaioeeyo”. Auno?iaiiay ii yoiio i?iaeoo ia anth aunioo eieieieueiy
auea au auaeathueiny i?iecaaaeaieai ?onneiai eeanneoeecia. Oaeei
ia?acii, “ianoa? eaiaiiue” Eaai O?aioeaae/ ?onnei (?onoei) i?aaenoaao
eae e?oiiue e oaeaioeeaue a?oeoaeoi? .

Ii i?iaeoo ?onnei aue aicaaaeai eeoue aoi?ie y?on eieieieueie.
Aeaeueiaeoaa aa no?ieoaeuenoai i?ae?aoeeinue ca ionoonoaeai aeaiaa .
A1830-o a.a. a?oeoaeoi? Aeiaeaiai i?aaeeiaeee naie /a?oaae aeino?ieee
eieieieueie n /anoe/iui eciaiaieai aoi?iai y?ona, aaea ii i?aaeeaaae
caiaieoue ei?eioneea eieiiiu ia eiie/aneea. Aunioa aa auea i?aaeeiaeaia
ieiei 66 i. , i?e/ai nianoaaiii caeaiea aac aai/athuae /anoe aeieaeii
auei auoue ieiei 49 i. A yoii i?iaeoa Aeiaeaiai i?iyaee naay eae c?aeue
ianoa? aiie?a. Aai caiunae eioa?anai, ii eeoai neeu i?iaeoa ?onnei ,
eioi?ue noiae i?eaeaoue aoi?iio y?ono e?oiiue, noiee/iue, iaoa?ao?aneee
ianooaa , aeane e au?aceoaeueiinoue .

I?iaeo Aeiaeaiaia ia aue i?eiyo, e aneaae ca oai ia/aeny oeaeue eiieo?n
i?iaeoia ia aeino?ieeo ?ycaineie eieieieueie. A 1835 a. Eiienney
i?iaeoia e niao Aeaaiiai oi?aaeaiey iooae niiauaiey e ioaee/iuo caeaiee,
a iaycaiiinoe eioi?ie aoiaeeei ?anniio?aiea yoeo i?aaeeiaeaiee ,
auaeaeioea naia i?aaeeiaeaiea, aiciiaeiui aaoi?ii eioi?iai aue
a?oeoaeoi? Aeneiioe . Ii yoiio i?aaeeiaeaieth aoi?ie y?on ?acae?aeny,
eieieieueiy i?aaeeaaaeanue iyoe y?oniie , n nio?aiaieai aa iauae
ia?aiia/aeueiie auniou, a aa a?oeoaeoo?a i?eia?aoaea ioe?iaaiii aiie?iue
oa?aeoa? . Yoi i?aaeeiaeaiea ia iieo/eei iiaeaea?aeee a ?ycaie, aaea
aea?oaiaaoaee ia niaeaoaeenue n oie/oiaeaieai oaea iino?iaiiiai aoi?iai
y?ona .

Cia/eoaeueiue eioa?an i?aaenoaaeye i?iaeo a?oeoaeoi?a E.A. Oiia ,
eioi?ue noiae iinoaaeoue ia aeaa nouanoaothueo yoaaea o?aoee, aeinoeaioa
aaeeinoaa iauae eiiiiceoeee . Aeiaaaeyoue /aoaa?oue y?on eee oieeue Oii
oae e ia ?aoeeny A oae eae aucuaaea iianaiey iaiaaeaaeiinoue a?oioia ,
oaea aaeaa ia i?eaaaeoay e eaoano?ioa naiiai niai?a. I.E. Ai?iieoei ,
noaaoee e oiio a?aiaie aoaa?ineei a?oeoaeoi?ii ?ycaie e aeaaeaieeii
a?oeoaeoo?u, ia?aoee aieiaiea ?ycaineiai a?oeaieneiia ia oi , /oi i?iaeo
Oiia ia ioaa/aao a?aaeino?ieoaeueiui caaea/ai, a a ecaanoiie ia?a e
iniaaiiinoe a?aiaeeiciiai Oniaineiai niai?a . Aneaaenoaea yoiai
a?oeaieneii aicaoaeee oiaeaoaenoai , /oiau “aeey aieueoae aeaaiaeaeiinoe
e e?aniou ai?iaeo, e aeaau aieaa niioaaonoaiaaea iia aunioa niai?a”
naeaeaoue ia eieieieueia /aoaa?oue y?on e oieeue . I?iaeo acyeny
ninoaaeoue aoaa?ineee a?oeoaeoi? .

Ai?iieoei naeaeae i?iaeo anae /aou?aouy?oniie eieieieueie . Ii iaoae
ino?ioiiia ?aoaiea caaea/e, aiieia niioaaonoaiaaaoaa iiaaeoei
aeinoeaeaieyi no?ieoaeueiie oaoieee oiai a?aiaie . Ii i?aaeeiaeee
naeaeaoue /aoaa?oue y?on ia ec eaiiy, a ec aeaeaca. Ia naiaea o?aoueaai
y?ona aue iniiaai neiaeiue iaoaeee/aneee ea?ean, ia eioi?ii iiioe?iaaeny
oieeue. Aie?oa yoiai iniiaiiai ea?eana, ia aunioa /aoaa?oiai y?ona,
e?aieeny aeiiieieoaeueiue aeey noai, naeaeaiiuo ec eenoiaiai aeaeaca. Ec
eenoiaiai aeaeaca ia ioaeaeueiii ea?eana auee auiieiaiu e noaieu eieiii,
e eo aeaoaee. Iauay aunioa eieieieueie ni oieeai e e?anoii iieo/eeanue
75,5 iao?ia, oi anoue ia /aou?a n eeoiei iao?a aieueoa, /ai o Ai?ioeeiaa
e a inoaeueiuo i?iaeoao, e ii/oe ia 29 iao?ia aieueoa, /ai ii i?iaeoo
Oiia, /oi oaea aiieia oaeiaeaoai?eei aeeoaeae ?ycaie. A iaoo?a
eieieieueiy ca n/ao oaaee/aiey oieey auea naeaeaia aua auoa e aeinoeaea
auniou 83,2 i.

Oaia a?oeoaeoo?iiai ?aoaiey auea iiaeneacaia, aaconeiaii, ianoa?neei
yneecii Oiia. Ii, ii nouanoao, iieiinoueth iiaoi?ee o?aoee y?on, eae aai
caiuneee Oii, e caoai aua ?ac eniieueciaae oio aea iioea, a ianeieueei
oiaiueoaiiuo i?iii?oeeyo, aeey /aoaa?oiai y?ona. Oieeue Ai?iieoei
caaeoiae, iieuecoynue eae aiaeiaeae, oieeai Ei?iaianeiai Aaeie?aeoaenoaa
a Iaoa?ao?aa, eaeei ii aue iieacai ia /a?oaaea Caoa?iaa, aa?iyoii,
ecaanoiii Ai?iieoeio aua ii Aeaaeaiee, oi anoue n ia?aoaaoii aieco.
Iaeiaei, anee a i?iaeoa oiia aeaaiaea?y oaea/iui i?iii?oeeyi ana o?e
?acii?iaeiuo yoaaea neeaaeenue a aaeeioth, aioo?aiia oaycaiioth
eiiiiceoeeth, oi o Ai?iieoeia ia?aue y?on aini?eieiaaony eae
naiaia?aciue iueaaeanoae aeey inoaeueiuo o?ao. Ai?i/ai, aeinoe/ue eiiai
?aoaiey iiaeii auei oieueei i?e oiaiueoaiee auniou eieieieueie, ca n/ao
ia?a?aaioee i?iii?oeeiiaeueiuo niioiioaiee yoaaeae, /aai Ai?iieoei,
?acoiaaony, ia oioae.

Eieieieueiy ?ycaineiai E?aiey – caia/aoaeueiia i?iecaaaeaiea eneonnoaa.
A iae oaeeaeoaeueii oaea oi, /oi, oioy iia no?ieeanue, eae
n?aaeiaaaeiaua niai?u, a oa/aiea aeecie ianeieueeeo iieieaiee, aa iauay
eiiiiceoeey nio?aieea aaeeinoai e oeaeueiinoue au?aaeaiey.
Eneeth/eoaeueii aaeeei aa a?aaeino?ieoaeueiia cia/aiea, eioi?ia n?aaieii
ni cia/aieai eieieieueie Eaaia Aaeeeiai aeey Iineau eee iino?iae
Ei?iaiaa e Caoa?iaa aeey Iaoa?ao?aa. A iinoaiiaea e eiiiiceoeeiiiii
iino?iaiee eieieieueie neacaeenue aaeeeea a?oeoaeoo?iua o?aaeeoeee
ae?aaiae ?one. Ia iniiaa yoeo aea o?aaeeoeee nii?oaeaia eieieieueiy
?iaeaeanoaaineiai iiianou?y Nocaeaey, auno?iaiiay a iaiyoue
Ioa/anoaaiiie aieia 1812 aiaea.

?ycaineay eieieieueiy aue?aoaia eae e niai? a e?aniue e aaeue oeaaoa,
/oi aua aieaa iiae/a?eeaaao eo naycue. Noaey ii i?ae?aniiio neeoyoo,
oiaei iaeaeaiiiio niioiioaieth n niai?ii e oi?ioi i?i?eniaaiiui
aeaoaeyi, i?iaeo eieieieueie i?eiaaeeaaeeo iiuoiiio ciae/aio. Aa ieaeiee
y?on auaea?aeai a oineaineii i?aea?a. Neaicue a?eo, iaoiaeyuothny a
oeaio?a y?ona, aeaeai ii?oae niai?a. Ia n?acaiiuo oaeao ieeiiia yoiai
y?ona iiiauaiu iieoe?oaeua ieoe, i?aaeiacia/aaoeany aeey neoeueioo?u.
Iie oaai/aiu eaaeeie naiae?eeaie- o?iioii/eeaie. Aoi?ie y?on ia?aaioai
nia?aiiuie ei?eioneeie eieiiiaie e i?aaenoaaeyao niaie a ieaia eaaae?ao,
a oi a?aiy eae aeaa aa?oieo y?ona yaeythony oeeeeiae?aie. Iie oaeaea
oe?aoaiu ei?eioneeie eieiiiaie. Neoeueioo?u aiaaeia a o?aoueai y?ona
aeiiieiytho ieanoe/aneia oa?ainoai eieieieueie. Ioee/ii iaeaeaiu
i?iii?oeee oieey, eioi?ue aue iiciei/ai ai a?aiy iineaaeieo
?anoaa?aoeeiiiuo ?aaio, iinea /aai «iaoa?ao?aneee» noeeue eieieieueie
noae iniaaiii iuooei.

NIANNEEE IIIANOU?Ue

AIAIssAEAINEAss OeA?EIAUe

Aiaiyaeaineay oea?eiaue Nianneiai iiianou?y aicaaaeaia ieiei 1647 a.
(ecaanoii, /oi a 1647 a. A iae aue ono?iai Iie?ianeee i?eaeae). Yoi
i/aiue yooaeoiia e e?aneaia caeaiea, a eioi?ii c?eoaeueii
i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiu aeaa /aoeea aaiiao?e/aneea oi?iu: eoa /aoaa?eea
oea?eae e ainueiea?aiiay ie?aieaea aa eieieieueie. Eiio?anoiinoue
ni/aoaiey ie?aieaeu oao?a eieieieueie n eoaii aini?eieiaaony caeanue
iniaaiii ino?i iioiio, /oi ie?aieaeaeueiinoue oao?a iiae/a?eiooa aai
ioiineoaeueii iaaieueoie aunioie, a eoae/iinoue- ionoonoaeai ?yaeia
eieioieeia ia aa e?iaea e ecuneaiiie ooii/aiiinoueth aa aeaa (naie aeaau
ioiinyony e I- ie iie. OVIII a.)

Ino?ioo yoiai eiio?anoa auyaeyao e oneeeaaao e oeaeue ?yae ae?oaeo
eiio?anoiuo ni/aoaiee, niaei caaeoiaiiuo e eneonii auiieiaiiuo ciae/ei:
ianneaiiai, oyaeaeiai, eae au eeoiai /aoaa?eea oea?eae e oiieeo,
ecyuiuo, eae au oa?oi?iauo aa?aaaiia aa aeaaie n ecuneaiiui, thaaee?iui
e?oaeaaii aeaei?a; aaeo?iie, iieiie aicaeooa a?eaaeu caiia eieieieueie e
iaaenoae ia iae oyaeaeie a?iiaaeu oao?a; eaaeeo, ii/oe ia anooiathueo ec
oaea oao?a ao?oia e oyaeaeuo, ieanoe/ii o?aeoiaaiiuo aai neooia e o.ae.

Oao?iaua eieieieueie, i?ienoiaeyuea io oao?iauo o?aiia e oao?ia
e?aiinoiuo aaoai OVI a., iieo/eee iniaaiii oe?ieia ?acaeoea a OVII a. A
Aiaiyaeaineie oea?eae auea i?eiaiaia yoa iiaay a?oeoaeoo?iay oi?ia.
Ioeac io eieioieeia e caaa?oaiea o?aia /aou?aoneaoiie e?uoae oiaea auee
iiaoanoaii aeey 1640-o aa. Iaeei ec ia?auo i?eia?ia iino?iae iiaeiaiiai
?iaea, oea?eiaue caia/aoaeueia, oaeei ia?acii, ia oieueei niaa?oainoaii
naiae eiiiiceoeee, ii e iiaeciie eniieueciaaiiuo a iae i?eaiia.

E iniiaiiio iiiauaieth Aiaiyaeaineie oea?eae n caiaaea i?eiueaao
anneiao?e/ii ?aniieiaeaiiay ioiineoaeueii i?iaeieueiie ine, oaeeeiaiiay,
n oeaio?aeueiui noieaii, iiieaeaiiay o?aiaciay, a naaa?i-caiaaeiii oaeo
eioi?ie iino?iaia eieieieueiy. Oea?eiaue eiaao i/aiue oe?ieoth
iieoe?oaeoth aineaeo. ?aciauaiea eieieieueie e naaa?o io ine oea?eae
eiaei, iaaei iieaaaoue, e eiiiiceoeeiiiia cia/aiea. Eiaiii aeaaiaea?y
auaeaeaeaieth aeaai eieieieueiy e iieo/eea oaeia eioa?aniia
niiinoaaeaiea n iniiaiui iauaiii oea?eae aeey i?ioiaeyueo ii
?aniieiaeaiiie caeanue ?aiueoa oeeoeu ai?iaeai.

Niaeua eiio?anou a i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiee /anoae caeaiey, thaaee?iinoue
ioaeaeee, oiiei i?i?eniaaiiua aeaoaee ?iaeiyo yoo oea?eiaue n
oea?eiaueth na. Aeooa, iino?iaiiie ii/oe a oiaea a?aiy. Aianoa n oai
ecaanoii, /oi a oii aea 1647 a. Aaneeee Coaia iaaeno?aeaae aa?o
A?oaiaaeueneiai niai?a, iia?aaeaeaiiiai iiaea?ii. Caeanue ei oaeaea aue
eniieueciaai i?eai caaa?oaiey caeaiey /aou?aoneaoiie e?iaeae iaae ?yaeii
eiaeiuo caeiia?, i?aa?auaiiuo a naiaia?aciue ?acaeoie ea?iec noaiu. Ia
Aaneeee ee Coaia no?iee e Aiaiyaeaineoth oea?eiaue Nianneiai iiianou?y ?
Anee yoi oae, oi ii i?aaenoaao ia?aae iaie eae iaeei ec oaeaioeeaaeoeo e
e?oiiaeoeo a?oeoaeoi?ia Iineianeiai ainoaea?noaa oiai a?aiaie.

Ia ianoa oea?eae Aiaiyaeaiey noiyea ?aiueoa aieaa ae?aaiyy aaeieaiaiiay
oea?eiaue OVI a. Io iaa nio?aieeny iiaeaae iiae o?aiaciie e aaeieaiaiiue
naaa?iue ii?oae, eioi?ue no?ieoaeue iiaie Aiaiyaeaineie oea?eae n
?aaeeei i?eia?ii oaaaeaiey e oai?/anoao naiaai i?aaeoanoaaiieea nio?aiee
e ?anoaa?e?iaae. Ii?oae yoio aue cae?uo ai II iie. OVIII a., eiaaea
aieioioth e oea?eae auea aicaaaeaia nouanoaothuay nae/an noaia.

Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi oea?eiaue Aiaiyaeaiey ii ia?a iaaeiaiinoe
ianeieueei ?ac ia?ano?aeaaeanue, ainnoaiaaeeaaeanue, iiaeiiaeyeanue.
Oeiainiaoth iiiiuue e iiaeaea?aeeo a yoeo aeaeao ieacaee:

-eoiaoe Eaai Aaneeueaae/ Inieiei;

-noaoneee niaaoiee Ieoaee Ee?eeeiae/ Aaneeueaa;

-iaaeai?iay niaaoieoea Aiieeeia?ey Ineiiaia Ii/oaiiiaa;

-eoiaoe Oaaei? I?ieiiueaae/ Oeeaoia.

NIANI-I?AIA?AAEAINEEE NIAI?

Ianeieueei thaeiaa Aiaiyaeaineie oea?eae noieo Niani- I?aia?aaeaineee
niai?, iino?iaiiue ia ?oaaaea OVIII a. (caeii/ai a 1702 a.)

Anee aieneiineea iaeaou, a io/anoe e Aiaiyaeaineay oea?eiaue ioia/aee
niaie ca?iaeaeaiea /a?o iiaiai noeey a ?onneie a?oeoaeoo?a II- ie
iieiaeiu OVII a., oi Niani- I?aia?aaeaineee niai? oa?aeoa?ai eae
iaiyoiee iineaaeieo yoaiia aai ?acaeoey. A?aiaeeiciia caeaiea ioee/aaony
iaeioi?ie a?ociinoueth oi?i, i?aaeaauathuae aa?ieei. Aai /aou?aoneaoiay
e?iaey- caeanue oaea onoaiiaeaoayny caeii/aiiay a?oeoaeoo?iay oi?ia.
Ieinee, no?iai iieooee?eoeueiua eiaeiua caeiia?u a ieanoeea noaiu ia
ea?atho ieeaeie ?iee e yaeythony eeoue iaeiei ec yeaiaioia neiaeiiai
caaa?oaiey. Io/ee eieiii ia oaeao ii/oe eeoaiu yeni?annee ia?uoeeineiai
noeey, e, nei?aa, niinianoaotho aia/aoeaieth ianneaiinoe naiie noaiu. A
oe?aoaiee ieii eniieueciaaiu, iaeiaei, oa?aeoa?iua aeey ia?uoeeineiai
noeey iaee/ieee, n eo au/o?iui ?enoieii, e aeaaea oeaaoiua, iieeaiua
ec?acoeu, iniaaiii a aeoa?iie /anoe. Oeaio?aeueiia i?ino?ainoai niai?a
ia?ae?uoi iaeiei naiaeii, aac noieaia. Yoi iaeei ec naiuo aieueoeo
niieioouo naiaeia oiai a?aiaie (i?ieao 13 i. ) ec /enea oao, ia eioi?uo
iinoaaeaiu aeaau. A ieaia Niani- I?aia?aaeaineee niai? i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie iaeei aieueoie cae n i?eiueathuae e iaio n ainoiea aineaeie, ii
oaai/ai iaeiie aeaaie.

A yoii o?aia iaoiaeeony noa?eiiue eeiiinoan, naeaeaiiue a 1702 aiaeo,
eioi?ue a 1800 aiaeo aue io?anoaa?e?iaai. E?iia oiai, a o?aia iaoiaeeony
i/aiue /oeiay eeiia- nieiie n Oeoaeineie eeiiu Aiaiiaoa?e, iaienaia iia
a 1749 aiaeo. Ia ia?oaeiuo noaiao o?aia caia/aoaeueiu oe?aoaiey-
ec?acoeu: a noa?eio /anoi aeey oe?aoaiey noai a ieo anoaaeyee oeaaoiua
ec?acoeu.

Iaeoaeue Nianneiai iiianou?y n o?ao noi?ii ie?oaeaia eaiaiiie ia?aaeie.
I?e iiianou?a eiaeny naae e iai?iae.

Ia eieieieueia iiianou?y i/aiue caiieea eieieiea; ec ieo naiue caiieee
neeo a 1647 aiaeo eieiiaineei aieneiiii ?aoaeeii e nuiii aai
a?oeiaiae?eoii Nianneiai iiianou?y Aiaieaiii.

A iiianou?neie ?ecieoea iaoiaeeeenue iiiaea ae?aaiea i?aaeiaou. A eo
/enea:

-iai?anoieueiue na?aa?yiue auciei/aiiue e?ano 1630 a. Ii aeiaieueii
aieueoiai ?acia?a- 34,5*15 ni. Aai eeoeaaay noi?iia oe?aoaia ioee/ii
auiieiaiiie neaiueth neiaeiiai ?enoiea, oa?aeoa?iiai aeey OVII a. Ia aai
oeeea?aiue iaeiaeaii iaaieueoia /aeaiiia ?aniyoea n i?aaenoiyueie
oeao?aie, Naaaioii n oe?oaeiaie. Ii e?ayi e?ano oe?aoai ecuneaiiie
oio?iaie neaiueth e aeai/oaii; ia naiaiaeiuo ianoao e?aneai ?annuiaiu
ecoi?oaeu, naioe?u, ?oaeiu. N?aaiaiea aai n e?anoii OVI a. iieacuaaao,
eae eciaieeenue ca enoaeoaa noieaoea oaoieea thaaee?iiai eneonnoaa e
naiue noeeue aai.

oaiea a?oeiaiae?e/uey. II aa?oaoo oeoue? aeai/oaii. Ainaiue na?aa?yiuo
ecia?aaeaiee Niana, Aiai?iaeeoeu, I?aaeoa/e, a?oaiaaeia e aiinoieia.
Aie?oa oaiee- na?aa?yiue n iicieioie ia?o/. Oaiea iiooaia ai?iinoaai.
Aea? aiy?eia O?aei?a Iao?iae/a Oa?aiaoaaa.

E?iia oiai, eiaeinue iiiai aei?iaie oea?eiaiie ooaa?e, a a aieueoie
iiianou?neie aeaeeioaea o?aieeinue nia?aiea ?aaeeeo e ae?aaieo eiea. I?e
iaeoaee auei iiianou?neia eeaaeaeua, ciaiaieoia oai, /oi caeanue
oi?iieee ia oieueei ianoiyoaeae e eiieia, ii e eiaieouo aeaaioai?eoaeae,
?aaeeoaeae Nianneie iaeoaee, a oaeaea ecaanoiuo ethaeae ?ycaie, eiaaoeo
iaiaeua caneoae ia?aae Ioa/anoaii. Aio iaeioi?ua eiaia:

Eaea. aaa?aeee eaieoai Eaa O?aei?iae/ Eciaeeia, neii/aeny 20 oaa?aey
1769 a. ;

Eieeaaeneee niaaoiee eiycue Ieoaee Ieoaeeiae/ Oooiineee, neii/aeny 8 iay
1759 a. ;

Iieeiaiee Ieeeoa Naiaiiae/ Ethaiaieeia, neii/aeny 8 naioya?y 1756 a. ;

noieueiee A?eai?ee Aeaenaaae/ Naoei, neii/aeny 9 aeaeaa?y 1714 a.;

aaia?ae-iaei? Iaaae Ineiiae/ Aeia?aeaineee, neii/aeny 7 yiaa?y 1850 a. ;

eaieoai I- iai ?aiaa Ieeieae Eaaiiae/ Eiie/aa, neii/aeny 8 ai?aey 1854
a.

Ai aeaaeaieyo iiianou?y eiaeenue ii?aaeaeyaiua oea?neeie oeacaie
aio/eiu, aeaaiaea?y eioi?ui nouanoaiaaea iaeoaeue. A 1764 a. ana aio/eiu
iiianou?y auee ioia?aiu, ii ii iaaeaeyeny iaeueieoeae, eaniuie e
caiaeueiuie oaiaeueyie, naeaaaaiuie a a?aiaeo ?aciui iieueciaaoaeyi. Yoe
aeioiaeu neoaeeee aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey iiianou?neeo no?iaiee, oea?eaae e
a?aoee. E na?aaeeia OIO a. i?e iaeoaee eiaeinue aeeaoia e?aaeeoiuo
o/?aaeaeaiee ia noiio 22 oun. ?oaeae na?aa?ii.

A 1904 a. a ianoiyoaeueneii e a?aoneii ei?iona ono?iaia oea?eiaue a
/anoue na. Eiaiia Aiaineiaa e na. Eineoa Ia?o/ieea.

Iinea 1917 a. iiianou?ue cae?uo, a o?aiu e iino?ieee aioee a enoi?eei-
a?oeoaeoo?iue iocae- caiiaaaeiee.

IOCAE – CAIIAAAeIEE

A 1995 aiaeo Oeacii I?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, ii
i?aaenoaaeaieth Ainoaea?noaaiiiai yenia?oiiai niaaoa i?e I?aceaeaioa
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ii iniai oeaiiui iauaeoai eoeueoo?iiai ianeaaeey
ia?iaeia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, ?ycaineee enoi?eei-a?oeoaeoo?iue
iocae-caiiaaaeiee aeeth/ai a Ainoaea?noaaiiue naiae iniai oeaiiuo
iauaeoia eoeueoo?iiai ianeaaeey ia?iaeia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee.

Iocae-caiiaaaeiee ?aniieiaeai ia oa??eoi?ee E?aiey, aaea eiaaea-oi
iaoiaeeeny a. Ia?ayneaaeue, n XIV a. Noieeoea ?ycaineiai Eiyaeanoaa.
Aeeth/aao a naay 18 iaiyoieeia enoi?ee e a?oeoaeoo?u. Eieieieueiy,
Oniaineee niai?, Aeai?aoe Ieaaa, eiiieaen a?aaeaeaineeo caeaiee XVII a.
Nicaeatho ia- iiaoi?eiia eeoei iaoaai E?aiey. Oiiaeiaua eieeaeoeee
ian/eouaatho aieaa 200 ouny/ aaeeieoe o?aiaiey. Eieeaeoeee ii
ae?aaia?onneiio eneonnoao e yoiia?aoee ninoaaeytho ai?aeinoue iocay.
Eeaaeu cieiouo e na?aa?yiuo aeaineeo oe?aoaiee aeiiiiaieueneiai
ia?eiaea, iaeaeaiiua i?e ?aneiieao ai?iaeeua Noa?ie ?ycaie – ia?aie
noieeoeu ?ycaineiai eiyaeanoaa – oieeaeueiu. Iaiiiai ec enoi?ee
eiiieaeoiaaiey yoiai iocaeiiai nia?aiey.

?ycaineee enoi?eei-a?oeoaeoo?iue iocae-caiiaaaeiee nicaeai a
niioaaonoaee n ?anii?yaeaieai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia ?NON? io 5 ethey 1968 a.
?1392-? ia aaca ?ycaineiai iaeanoiiai e?aaaaae/aneiai iocay. ?ycaineee
enoi?eei-ooaeiaeanoaaiiue iocae noae i?aaiieeii
enoi?eei-a?oaieiae/aneiai iocay ?ycaineie o/aiie a?oeaiie eiiennee.

Ia yoii aniiieiaao o/anoiee niauoee, enoi?ee, iao/iue nio?oaeiee e
o?aieoaeue iocaeiuo oeaiiinoae ?ycaineiai iaeanoiiai e?aaaaae/aneiai
iocay Ae.Ae. Nieiaeiaieeia: «A ia?oa 1918 a. i?e ioaeaea ia?iaeiiai
ia?aciaaiey ?ycaineiai aoaa?ineiai eniieieoaeueiiai eiieoaoa o/?aaeaeai
iiaeioaeae ii io?aia iaiyoieeia eneonnoaa e noa?eiu. A iiya?a i?e iai
ia?aciaaia eieeaaey niaoeeaeenoia a ninoaaa: caa. iiaeioaeaeii – E.Ae.
Aeiia?aaeia, iocaaaaae- I.A. Aiai?ia, ooaeiaeiee – ss.ss. Eaeeie/aiei,
a?oeoaeoi? – A.Ae. Nioeei, a?oaieia – N.Ae. ssoiioia, enoi?ee – Ae.Ae.
Nieiaeiaieeia.

Yoa eieeaaey ?aoeea i?enooieoue e ono?ienoao A ?ycaie aoaa?ineiai
enoi?eei-e?aaaaae/aneiai iocay. A iniiao aue iieiaeai
enoi?eei-a?oaieiae/aneee iocae ?ycaineie o/aiie a?oeaiie eiiennee.

N 1 ii 23 iiya?y 1918 a. i?ienoiaeeea ia?aaea/a iocay a?oeaiie
eiiennee. A i?eaii/iuo iienyo cia/eony 4387 i?aaeiaoia. Yoi eiee/anoai
iocaeiuo i?aaeiaoia e noaei enoiaeiie aacie nouanoaothuaai oiiaea.
Eiiieaeoiaaiea ia?auo eieeaeoeee – ?acoeueoao aieaa /ai 30-eaoiae
aeayoaeueiinoe /eaiia ?OAE.

A 1884 a., ii iieiaeaieth Eiieoaoa Ieienoa?noa io 13 ai?aey, Auni/aeoa
niecaieaii auei o/?aaeeoue a?oaieiae/aneea eiiennee, a aeaea iiuoa, a
aoaa?ieyo Oaiaianeie, I?eianeie, Oaa?neie e ?ycaineie. 15 ethiy 1884a.
oaeay eiienney auea ioe?uoa a ?ycaie. A «Iaic?aiee 15-eaoiae
aeayoaeueiinoe eiiennee» , ninoaaeaiiii E.E. I?ioiaeoeiaui, a ?acaeaea
«Iocae» eiinoaoe?iaai oaeie oaeo: «?ycaineee iocae ?iaeeeny n ioe?uoeai
Eiiennee».

A ia?aia aea canaaeaiea a iocae aue naeaeai ia?aue aeeaae. Ec
ainiiieiaiee i?aaeoaey aeae ?OAE: «A yoii canaaeaiee auei i?i/eoaii
ca?aiaa iaienaiiia cayaeaiea A.A. Ia?eia, ii iiaiaeo i?eianaiiiai ei a
aea? aoaeouaio ?ycaineiio iocath ae?aaiae eeiiu».

Cayaeaiea A.A. Ia?eia, Ca?aeneiai aieineiai ia/aeueieea, iieeiaieea
neaaeothuaa: «A aeaiue ioe?uoey a ?ycaie o/aiie a?oeaiie eiiennee e
enoi?e/aneiai a?oeaa aanueia i?eyoiui aeaeii iinoaaeyth i?eianoue io
naay a aea? ?ycaineiio A?oaieiae/aneiio iocath i?eiaaeeaaeauoth iia
ae?aaiae aeeaiiene eeiio Na. Oei?a e Eaa?a… Eeiia yoa ia?aoea ei iia
aianoa n eiaieai, iaoiaeyueiny a Iiaee?aneie aoaa?iee, Ai?iaeaoeeiai
oacaea, a aea?aaia sseiaeaae/ao. I?aaeaea yoi eiaiea i?eiaaeeaaeaei
eiycueyi Iaeineei, io ieo ia?aoei e Ci?eio, caoai aeaaeaeueoeai aai aue
a?ao Oeoeaoia, o eioi?iai iii e auei eoieaii iiith a 1866 a.».

Yoi niauoea auei caoeene?iaaii a i?ioieiea 1-ai canaaeaiey:
«Iinoaiiaeaii: A.A. Ia?eia aeaaiaea?eoue ca iiaea?oaiaaiea eeiiu e
i?eiyoue aa, eae ia?aue aeeaae a aoaeouee ?ycaineee iocae». N oao ii?
eaaeaeue io/ao ca aiae ioia/ae ?ino oiiaeia iocay. A 1885 a. – 440
aaeeieoe o?aiaiey, a 1888 a. – 1120 aaeeieoe o?aiaiey (aac iiiao), a
1890 a. – a iocaa /eneeeinue aeaa ioaeaea: a?oaieiae/aneee e
eonoa?ii-i?iiuoeaiiue, a 1892 a. – 10727 aaeeieoe o?aiaiey.

Eae aea nicaeaaaeinue oaeia iocaeiia nia?aiea?

Enneaaeoy i?ioieieu canaaeaiee /eaiia ?OAE, io/aou i ?aaioa, iiene,
ecaeaiiua eaoaeiae ?ycaineiai iocay ca ia?eiae 1884 – 1915 aa., iiaeii
naeaeaoue neaaeothuee auaiae: «Eiia/ii, /eaiu ?OAE ia ciaee aua i
iao/iii eiiieaeoiaaiee iocaeiuo eieeaeoeee, oi anoue oeaeaiai?aaeaiiii e
ieaiiaii i?ioeanna auyaeaiey e nai?a i?aaeiaoia iocaeiiai cia/aiey, ia
eiaee iao/iie eiioeaioeee, ieaiia e i?ia?aii eiiieaeoiaaiey oiiaeia
iocay, ii eiooeoeaii, «… aeaaiaea?y eneeth/eoaeueii oieueei ethaae e
aeaeo…», /eaiu eiiennee, «… eioi?ua caaeaeenue oeaeueth ai /oi au oi
ie noaei nicaeaoue ianoiue ?ycaineee iocae…», oee ii aa?iiio iooe e
au?aaioaee iaiaoiaeeiua oi?iu eiiieaeoiaaiey iocaeiuo oiiaeia, eiaiii oa
oi?iu, eioi?ua i?aaeeaaaao nia?aiaiiie iocaaaaaeaiea, oa, eioi?ua
eniieuecotho a naiae ?aaioa nia?aiaiiua iocae». E ia ia?aii ianoa n?aaee
ieo – inouanoaeaiea a?oaieiae/aneeo yeniaaeeoeee.

A ia?aua aeie nouanoaiaaiey eiiennee, 25 ethiy 1884 a. niaa?oaia auea
aa /eaiaie ia?aay i?iaiay a?oaieiae/aneay yeneo?ney ia ?aneiiee
Eeeoeineeo eo?aaiia. Ia 4-ii canaaeaiee, 13 iiya?y 1885 a., ioia/aii:
«Aei naai a?aiaie ?aneiiaiu 4 eo?aaia. Iaeaeaiiua a iiaeeao einoyee e
?acee/iua aaue iieiaeeee niaith iniiaaiea eieeaeoeee aeienoi?e/aneeo
ae?aaiinoae».

Ca ia?aue aiae auee naeaeaiu i?aaeaa?eoaeueiua ecuneaiey a Noa?ie
?ycaie e iniio?aiu a a. Eaneiiaa iaaiiaoaineea a?iaieoeu, i?iecaaaeaiu
?aneiiee a a. Ieoaeeiaa. Eo io/aoa ca 1908 a.: «A?oaieiae/aneea
enneaaeiaaiey auee i?iecaaaeaiu a aeaoo ianoao – aeec n. Oeeiai
Nianneiai oacaea a eiaiee A.A. Iieooeia «Eoeaeiai», ia ai?iaeeua Noa?ie
?ycaie».

A 1891 a. Eiia?aoi?neay A?oaieiae/aneay eiienney ia?aaeaea a ?ycaineee
iocae ana oa i?aaeiaou, eioi?ua auee iaeaeaiu i?e ?aneiieao a Noa?ie
?ycaie, a aea?aaia ?oaoeiaie, Iiai- Ieueaiaii ai?iaeea, aica?aoeea 2
na?aa?yiuo neeoea, iaeaeaiiuo a Nianneii oacaea. 5 ethiy iia aea
i?ai?iaiaeaeaao a ?ycaineee iocae aaue, aeiauoua i?e ?aneiieao,
i?iecaaaeaiiuo a 1894 a. A.E. *a?aiieiui e i?ioanni?ii A.I.
Eiaeaaieeiaui aeec Noa?ie ?ycaie. 4 naioya?y 1896 a. eiienney iieo/eea 7
na?aa?yiuo iiiao, a?aneao e na?ueae, iaeaeaiiua aeec Ou?iianeie neiaiaeu
e i?eianaiiua a aea? iocath, 2 na?aa?yiuo ia?noiy, na?ueao e 1 iiiaoo…
15 ieoya?y 1903 a., oaeaea a aea? – eaiaiiue oiii?, aeaeaciue iaeiia/iee
eiiuey, 4 na?aa?yiuo e 10 iaaeiuo iiiao».

*eaiu ?OAE ia?aoeeenue e ?ycaioeai n i?ecuaii iiiieieoue oiiae iocay.
Ia no?aieoeao aeo?iaeia canaaeaiee ia yoii /anoi ano?a/athony caiene: «5
naioya?y 1887 a. Nianneei oacaeiui eni?aaieeii aeinoaaeaia a Eiienneth
/aethnoue aeiiioiiiiai aeeaioiiai, auoauaiiay iaaiaeii ec ?aee Iee aeec
n. O?ieoeu, e?anoueyieiii n. Oao?eua Eiiae?aoeai O?eoiiiaui». «4
naioya?y 1896 a. Eiiaiaee? 137-ai Iaaeeineiai iieea i?ai?iaiaeee a iocae
iaeaeaiioth ?yaeiaui iieea a a. ?ycaie o Niai?a noa?eiioth /aoo.»

Ca a?aiy ?aaiou ?OAE, n iiiaioa nicaeaiey iocay a 1884 a. aei 1915 a.,
ieiei 500 /aeiaae iiaea?oaiaaee ?aciiia?aciua i?aaeiaou, noaaoea
iocaeiuie oeaiiinoyie. E niaeaeaieth, nae?aoa?e, ienaaoea i?ioieieu
canaaeaiee ?OAE e nienee iinooieaiee a iocae A?oeaiie eiiennee, a
iniiaiii caoeene?iaaee oieueei oaieeee aea?oaiaaoaeae, eeoue eiiaaea
oeacaa, eoi iie e ioeoaea. Ii e yoe neoiua naaaeaiey iicaieytho
naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi nicaeaiea iocay a a. ?ycaie – aeaei iiiaeo
?ycaioeaa, i?aaenoaaeoaeae anao aeeaoueo a aoaa?iee nineiaee. Yoi e
aeai?yia, e eoioeu, e i?aaenoaaeoaee aeooiaainoaa, e iauaia.

Ia?aaeaaaee a iocae e oeaeua eieeaeoeee. Iaeioi?ua ec ieo eaaee a
iniiao nicaeathueony a iocaa ioaeaeia. Oae, iniiaaieai ioieciaoe/aneiai
nia?aiey iineoaeeea eieeaeoeey ae?aaia?onneeo e eiino?aiiuo iiiao,
iiaea?oaiaaiiuo a 1886 a. A.A. Naeeaaiiaui. A 1889 a. iocae iaiaaoeeny
iiaea?oaiaaieai A.A. Ai?iaeoeiaa – cia/eoaeueiie eieeaeoeeae i?oaeee
eaiaiiiai aaea, a 1897 a. eiycy E.N. Aieeiineiai – ia?acoeu e?aiinoiuo
?aaio a oicyenoaa N.I. Eieiaiaie.

Ioia/aiu, eae «caneoaeeaathuea aieiaiey» neaaeothuea iiaea?oaiaaiiua
aaue: 1886 a. – oieuiaue aioeiein 1741 a. n iaia/aoaiiie iaaeienueth
aieco: «Iiaaeaieai Aeaai/anoeaaeoaai, Naiiaea?aeaaiaeoaai Aaeeeiai
Ainoaea?y iaoaai Eiaiia Aioiiiae/a anay ?one». 5 naioya?y 1888 a. –
/a?oiiay oaiea e iiea-ae?eae, eioi?ue iinee e?anoueyiei Aaaeaaa – io
a?aoa A.Ae. Oienoiai, 24 ieoya?y 1901 a. – /oaoiiue nieiie n eenoe ?oee
Iao?a I.

Iniai neaaeoao ioiaoeoue iiaea?oaiaaiey, oaaeoea io oea?eaae,
aeaaiaea?y eioi?ui aue nicaeai ioaeae oea?eiaiuo oeaiiinoae. 20 ai?aey
1887 a. iieo/aii ioiioaiea ?ycaineie Aeooiaiie Eiina?aaoi?ee ca ? 3336.
A iai neaaeiaaei niaeanea Aai Aunieii?ainayuainoaa a?oeaieneiia
?ycaineiai Oaieoenoa ia ia?aaea/o a ?ycaineee enoi?e/aneee iocae
iaeioi?uo oea?eiaiuo i?aaeiaoia. Ia?aaea/a iai?anoieueiiai iaaeiiai
e?anoa, iaaeiie aea?iiineoeu ec oea?eae n. Ia?iooaaee Eaneiianeiai
oacaea, ieiayiiiai ninoaea nii?iaiaeaeaeanue neaaeothueie neiaaie: «…
i?aaeaoue eo ia o?aiaiea a iocae, eioi?ue o/?aaeaeai eiaiii n oeaeueth
nio?aiaiey eo io oie/oiaeaiey, aeey /aai o?aiaiea i?ienoiaeeo a iaeiii
ianoa, a aaciianiii io iaiy e ae?oaeo neo/aeiinoae iiiauaiee, iiae
aaaeaieai eeoe eiiiaoaioiuo». Iieo/ea aeaiiia niaeanea,
oea?eiaiineoaeeoaee aieaa aeoeaii noaee aiineoue naith eaioo a
iiiieiaiea iocaeiiai oiiaea.

?ycaineee iocae i?eia?aoae iaeaieaa eioa?aniua aaue:

– o aaoi?ia: – a1898 a. 25 oaa?aey ss.I. Iieiineee ia?aaeae a iocae
cieiooth iaaeaeue, iieo/aiioth ei io II ioaeaeaiey Eiia?aoi?neie
Aeaaeaiee Iaoe ca e?eoe/aneee ?acai? ni/eiaiee, i?aaenoaaeaiiue ia
nieneaiea Iooeeineie i?aiee;

o eieeaeoeeiia?ia: – a 1901 a. 11 ai?aey /eaiu ?OAE ia?aoeeenue e
ianeaaeieeo eieeaeoeee iieieiiai A.A. Aioiiiaa nuio E.A. Aioiiiao n
i?inueaie ia?aaeaoue ?oeiiene e ae?oaea aaue a enoi?e/aneee a?oea e
iocae eiiennee;

Iaeiiaoe, neaaeoao ioiaoeoue e oaiaoe/aneee iaoiae eiiieaeoiaaiey.
Eioi?ue eniieueciaaee /eaiu ?OAE, iiiieiyy oiiaeu iocay.

A 1914 a. ia/aeanue Ia?aay ie?iaay aieia, e iaeia ec iineaaeieo caienae
a i?ioieieao canaaeaiee /eaiia ?OAE 23 naioya?y auea neaaeothuaai
niaea?aeaiey: «Caneooath i?aaeeiaeaiea E.E. Aeieoeeia i nia?aiee
iaoa?eaeia, eanathueony i?ienoiaeyuae a ianoiyuaa a?aiy aieiu e eiathueo
ioiioaiea e ?ycaineie aoaa?iee».

A caeeth/aiea iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae. *oi nicaeaiea iocaeiiai oiiaea e
1918 a. – yoi ?acoeueoao e?iiioeeaie ?aaiou iienea e aeaenoaey oi?i
eiiieaeoiaaiey, iaeaeaiiuo /eaiaie ?OAE e ioia/aiiuo auoa. Ia?aaeaiiua
eie 4387 iocaeiuo i?aaeiaoa – enoiaeiay aaca ?ycaineiai
enoi?eei-a?oeoaeoo?iiai iocay-caiiaaaeieea.

NIENIE EEOA?AOO?U:

Aaaia? A.E., *oaoiia N.A. ?ycaineea aeinoiiaiyoiinoe.-2-a ecae. aeii.
I.: Eneonnoai, 1989.

Nieiaeiaieeia Ae.Ae. Ia?aneaaeue ?ycaineee. I?ioeia ?ycaie a iaiyoieeao
noa?eiu.

O?oaeu ?ycaineiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai enoi?eei- a?oeoaeoo?iiai iocay-
caiiaaaeieea. Nai?iee noaoae.

Enoi?eei- noaoenoe/aneia iienaiea oea?eaae e iiianou?ae. ?ycaineea
aia?oeaeueiua aaaeiiinoe.

?ycaiue i?aaineaaiay./ Aaoi?- ninoaaeoaeue Aeiaoaa.

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