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Развитие продуктивного мышления на уроках математики

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?aoeaicey

ia aeeieiiioth ?aaioo nooaeaioa 5 eo?na oeceei-iaoaiaoe/aneiai
oaeoeueoaoa AAIE

Aoaeu?eia Na?aay Ieeieaaae/a.

A aeeieiiiie ?aaioa, icaaeaaeaiiie “?acaeoea i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey ia
o?ieao iaoaiaoeee” aaoi? aeae ii?aaeaeaiea iioeiaeueiuo oneiaee ?acaeoey
i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey ia o?ieao iaoaiaoeee a n?aaeiae oeiea, a oaeaea
oeacae eiie?aoiua iaoiaeu aeey yooaeoeaiiai ?acaeoey i?iaeoeoeaiiai
iuoeaiey oeieueieeia.

Aeey ?aaeecaoeee yoie oeaee Aoaeu?eiui N. I. auea ?ac?aaioaia nenoaia
i?eaiia ?aoaiey ianoaiaea?oiuo caaea/ ii iaoaiaoeea n o/aueieny 7-ai
eeanna. Eniieuecoy yoe i?eaiu aaoi? noiae caiaoii aeoeaece?iaaoue
oai?/aneoth iuneeoaeueioth aeayoaeueiinoue o/aueony, /oi i?aaenoaaeaii a
ae. 3 “Oneiaey e caaea/e ?acaeoey i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey a o/aaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe”.

Ianiiiaiiui aeinoieinoaii ?aaiou yaeyaony i?eiaiaiea i?eaeiaeueiie
iaoiaeeee aeey auyaeaiey o?iaiy yeiiiie/iinoe iuoeaiey.

?acoeueoaou yenia?eiaioa, i?iaaaeaiiiai a NO ? 18 iieacaee ia
n?aaieoaeueiii aiaeeca ?acoeueoaoia aeaoo eeannia, /oi iaauee
i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey o oeieueieeia oi?ie?othony cia/eoaeueii auno?aa
n eniieueciaaieai niaoeeaeueii iiaeia?aiiuo iaoiaee/aneeo i?eaiia
?aoaiey ianoaiaea?oiuo caaea/.

I?aaeeaaaaiay ia ?aoeaiceth aeeieiiiay ?aaioa i?aaenoaaeyao eioa?an ia
i?inoi eae /anoiay iaoiaee/aneay ?ac?aaioea, a eae e iauee iaoiaee/aneee
iiaeoiae e ?acaeoeth i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey ia o?ieao iaoaiaoeee
nia?aiaiiie n?aaeiae oeieu.

?aaioa auiieiaia iieiinoueth naiinoiyoaeueii e ianiiiaiii caneoaeeaaao
ioeaiee “ioee/ii”.

Noa?oee i?aiiaeaaaoaeue

eaoaae?u IEAO Aaia?aeia A. I.

Iiaeienue Aaia?aeiaa A. I. caaa?yth.

Ia/aeueiee ioaeaea eaae?ia Naiaeueieeiaa A. A.

?aoeaicey

ia aeeieiiioth ?aaioo

“?acaeoea i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey ia o?ieao iaoaiaoeee“ nooaeaioa 5
eo?na oeceei-iaoaiaoe/aneiai oaeoeueoaoa AAIE

Aoaeu?eia Na?aay Ieeieaaae/a.

A ?aaioa Aoaeu?eia N. I. enneaaeoaony i?iaeaia i?aaiecaoeee o/aaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe ia o?ieao iaoaiaoeee, iai?aaeaiiie ia ?acaeoea iaaueia
i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey oeieueieeia.

A oai?aoe/aneie /anoe ?aaiou eceaaathony aii?inu, eanathueany i?iaeai
oai?ee i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey, /oi iicaieeei ii?aaeaeeoue iiiyoea
“i?iaeoeoeaiia iuoeaiea” e auaeaeeoue e?eoa?ee aai ?acaeoey. Iaoa?eae
eceiaeai eioa?anii e aeinoaoi/ii iiae?iaii, n eniieueciaaieai aieueoiai
eiee/anoaa eeoa?aoo?u.

Aeey aeieacaoaeuenoaa noi?ioee?iaaiiie aaoi?ii aeiioacu aue eniieueciaai
eiiieaeniue iaoiae, eioi?ue aeeth/aao a naay i?eaeiaeueiua iaoiaeeee
ii?aaeaeaiey o?iaiy noi?ie?iaaiiinoe i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey e aai
?acaeoey.

Enoiaey ec yenia?eiaioaeueiuo aeaiiuo auee iino?iaiu eiie?aoiua
?aeiiaiaeaoeee e eo?no iaoaiaoeee.

Aeooaeueiui iiiaioii aeeieiiiie ?aaiou yaeyaony a? i?aeoe/aneay
iai?aaeaiiinoue, iiene i?eiaiaiey oai?ee ia i?aeoeea.

Aeaiiay ?aaioa caneoaeeaaao aunieie ioeaiee “ioee/ii”.

Aeieoi? ineoieiae/aneeo

iaoe, aeioeaio, caaaaeothuee

eaoaae?ie iaaeaaiaeee e

ineoieiaee ia/aeueiiai

iao/aiey Oeiioaaa TH. I.

Iiaeienue Oeiioaaaa TH. I. caaa?yth.

Ia/aeueiee ioaeaea eaae?ia Naiaeueieeiaa A. A.

Ieienoa?noai ia?aciaaiey ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee

Ano?aoaineee ainoaea?noaaiiue iaaeaaiae/aneee einoeooo ei. N. I. Ee?iaa

Eaoaae?a

iaoaiaoe/aneiai

aiaeeca

?acaeoea i?iaeoeoeaiiai

iuoeaiey ia o?ieao

iaoaiaoeee

AeEIEIIIAss ?AAIOA

nooaeaioa OIO Aoaeu?eia Na?aay Ieeieaaae/a

Iao/iua ?oeiaiaeeoaee

aeioeaio eaoaae?u ineoieiaee

Eaeai?iaeia

Ai?en Aeaaeeneaaiae/

noa?oee i?aiiaeaaaoaeue eaoaae?u

iaoaiaoe/aneiai aiaeeca

Neei?neay

Ethaeieea Aeoaeueaaia

Ano?aoaiue ( 96

Niaea?aeaiea

TOC \o “1-2” Aaaaeaiea GOTOBUTTON _Toc358108886 PAGEREF
_Toc358108886 2

(1. Iiiyoea — i?iaeoeoeaiia (oai?/aneia) iuoeaiea. GOTOBUTTON
_Toc358108887 PAGEREF _Toc358108887 5

1. Iauay oa?aeoa?enoeea aeaeia iuoeaiey. GOTOBUTTON _Toc358108888
PAGEREF _Toc358108888 5

2. I?iaeoeoeaiia e ?ai?iaeoeoeaiia iuoeaiea. GOTOBUTTON _Toc358108889
PAGEREF _Toc358108889 13

3. Iniiaiua iieacaoaee i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey GOTOBUTTON
_Toc358108890 PAGEREF _Toc358108890 16

4. Iao/aaiinoue e aa eiiiiiaiou GOTOBUTTON _Toc358108891 PAGEREF
_Toc358108891 18

(2. Ineoieiai-iaaeaaiae/aneea i?eioeeiu ?acaeoey i?iaeoeoeaiiai
iuoeaiey oeieueieeia. GOTOBUTTON _Toc358108892 PAGEREF
_Toc358108892 23

1. I?iaeaiiinoue iao/aiey. GOTOBUTTON _Toc358108893 PAGEREF
_Toc358108893 23

2. Eiaeeaeaeoaeecaoeey e aeeooa?aioeeaoeey iao/aiey GOTOBUTTON
_Toc358108894 PAGEREF _Toc358108894 28

3. Iioeiaeueiia ?acaeoea ?acee/iuo aeaeia iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe
GOTOBUTTON _Toc358108895 PAGEREF _Toc358108895 31

4. Niaoeeaeueiia oi?ie?iaaiea eae aeai?eoie/aneeo, oae e ya?enoe/aneeo
i?eaiia oinoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. GOTOBUTTON _Toc358108896 PAGEREF
_Toc358108896 34

5. Niaoeeaeueiay i?aaiecaoeey iiaie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe GOTOBUTTON
_Toc358108897 PAGEREF _Toc358108897 39

(3. Oneiaey e caaea/e ?acaeoey i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey a o/aaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe GOTOBUTTON _Toc358108898 PAGEREF _Toc358108898 42

1. Eiinoaoe?othuee yoai enneaaeiaaiey GOTOBUTTON _Toc358108899
PAGEREF _Toc358108899 42

2. Iao/athuee yenia?eiaio e aiaeec aai ?acoeueoaoia GOTOBUTTON
_Toc358108900 PAGEREF _Toc358108900 48

Nienie eeoa?aoo?u GOTOBUTTON _Toc358108901 PAGEREF _Toc358108901
72

Aaaaeaiea

Ecaanoii, /oi a ?aciia a?aiy aii?inaie iuoeaiey caieiaeenue
o/aiua-ineoieiae ?acee/iuo oeie e iai?aaeaiee.

Eae i?ioeann ?ai?iaeoeoeaiue, i?ioeann, a ?acoeueoaoa eioi?iai ia
aicieeaao ie/aai i?eioeeieaeueii iiaiai, a i?ienoiaeeo eeoue
ia?aeiiaeiaoeey enoiaeiuo yeaiaioia, ?anniao?eaaee iuoeaiea
annioeeaienou (A. Aai, Ae. Aa?oee). A ianoiyuaa a?aiy yoio iiaeoiae
iaoae naia au?aaeaiea a aeoaaei?ecia (A. Aaen, A. Neeiia?).

Au?aceoaeyie ae?oaiai iiaeoiaea e iuoeaieth eae e /enoi i?iaeoeoeaiiio
i?ioeanno yaeyeenue i?aaenoaaeoaee aaooaeueoineoieiaee (I. Aa?oaaeia?,
A. Eaeea?, E. Eioea e ae?.).

A o?oaeao niaaoneeo ineoieiaia i?iaeoeoeaiinoue aunooiaao eae iaeaieaa
oa?aeoa?iay, niaoeeoe/aneay /a?oa iuoeaiey, ioee/athuay aai io ae?oaeo
ineoe/aneeo i?ioeannia, e a oi aea a?aiy ?anniao?eaaaony i?ioeai?a/eaay
naycue a? n ?ai?iaeoeoeeae.

Eaeae i oai?/aneii oa?aeoa?a iuoeaiey ?ac?aaaouaaeenue a o?oaeao A. A.
Aiaiueaaa, I. ss. Aaeueia?eia, A. A. Caii?iaeaoea, A. I. Eaiioueaaa, I.
A. Iai/eineie e iiiaeo ae?oaeo.

N?aaee ?aaio, iinayuaiiuo aii?inai ?acaeoey i?iaeoeoeaiiai (oai?/aneiai)
iuoeaiey i?e iao/aiee iaoaiaoeea neaaeoao ioiaoeoue ?aaiou A. A.
E?ooaoeeiai, Ae. Iiea, E. I. O?eaeiaia, A. I. Oo?aoeeiai.

Iaeiaei, i?e eaaeouainy iaeeee iao/iiai iaoa?eaea ii yoie oaiaoeea
i?eoiaeeony i?eciaoue, /oi eiie?aoiiai oaeoe/aneiai iaoa?eaea,
iicaieythuaai no?ieoue iao/aiea oeieueieeia n o/aoii iniaaiiinoae
i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey, iao. Nouanoaoao iiiaeanoai iaoiaee/aneeo
iiniaee ii eo?no iaoaiaoeee a n?aaeiae oeiea, ii a oiaea iaoae ?aaiou
iai ia ano?aoeeinue ie iaeiiai, a eioi?ii auee au nia?aiu e iaiauaiu
aeaiiua, iicaieythuea ?acaeaaoue oai?/aneia iuoeaiea oeieueieeia ia
o?ieao iaoaiaoeee ia auoiaey ca ?aiee eo?na. E cao?aaeaay aii?in i
oeaeaniia?aciinoe iaoae ?aaiou iiaeii neacaoue, /oi aeaiiia
enneaaeiaaiea ia oieueei aiciiaeii auei i?iaanoe, ii, ia iao acaeyae, e
iaiaoiaeeii.

Oeaeueth iaoaai enneaaeiaaiey yaeyeinue ii?aaeaeaiea iioeiaeueiuo
oneiaee e eiie?aoiuo iaoiaeia ?acaeoey i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey ia o?ieao
iaoaiaoeee a n?aaeiae oeiea.

Iauaeoii iaoaai enneaaeiaaiey aunooiae nai o/aaii-ainieoaoaeueiue
i?ioeann.

I?aaeiaoii iaoaai enneaaeiaaiey noaee i?iaeaiu oai?ee i?iaeoeoeaiiai
(oai?/aneiai) iuoeaiey, a oaeaea eco/aiea niiniaia ?acaeoey
i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey ia o?ieao iaoaiaoeee a 7 eeanna.

Iinea aiaeeca eeoa?aoo?u ii eioa?anothuaio ian aii?ino iu auaeaeioee
aeiioaco, /oi ?acaeoue oai?/aneia iuoeaiea ia o?ieao iaoaiaoeee,
caeioa?aniaaoue eo iaoaiaoeeie, i?eaanoe e (ioe?uoeth( iaoaiaoe/aneeo
oaeoia aiciiaeii oieueei i?e oneiaee eniieueciaaiey ia o?ieao caaea/
ianoaiaea?oiuo, caaea/, o?aaothueo ecaanoiie iacaaeneiinoe iuoeaiey,
cae?aaiai niunea, i?eaeiaeueiinoe e ecia?aoaoaeueiinoe.

Iaciaai eiie?aoiua caaea/e, eioi?ua ii?aaeaeeee niaea?aeaiea e no?oeoo?o
iaoaai enneaaeiaaiey a aai oai?aoe/aneie e yenia?eiaioaeueiie /anoyo:

Enneaaeiaaoue aii?in oai?ee iuoeaiey: nouanoai i?iaeaiu e a?
enoi?eei-oai?aoe/aneee aniaeo.

I?iaiaeece?iaaoue aii?in, /oi anoue iiiyoea — i?iaeoeoeaiia iuoeaiea.

Eco/eoue iniiaiua iniaaiiinoe i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey.

?anniio?aoue iaeioi?ua ineoieiai-iaaeaaiae/aneea i?eioeeiu ?acaeoey
i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey.

Auyaeoue o?iaaiue noi?ie?iaaiiinoe i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey a oneiaeyo
nia?aiaiiie oeieu (7 eeann).

Ii?aaeaeeoue niiniau e eiie?aoiua i?eaiu aeoeaecaoeee oai?/aneie
iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe ia o?ieao iaoaiaoeee o o/aueony 7-o
eeannia.

A i?ioeanna iaoaai enneaaeiaaiey iu eniieueciaaee i?eaeiaeueioth
iaoiaeeeo, nicaeaiioth ia iniiaa ?aaio Eaeiueiaie C. E. aeey
ii?aaeaeaiey o?iaiy noi?ie?iaaiiinoe i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey, a oaeaea
i?iaaee na?eth caiyoee ii yenia?eiaioaeueiie iaoiaeeea eniieueciaaiey
ianoaiaea?oiuo caaea/ aeey aeoeaecaoeee oai?/aneie iuneeoaeueiie
aeayoaeueiinoe o/aueony.

(1. Iiiyoea — i?iaeoeoeaiia (oai?/aneia) iuoeaiea.

1. Iauay oa?aeoa?enoeea aeaeia iuoeaiey.

I?aaeiao iaoaai enneaaeiaaiey — oai?/aneia (i?iaeoeoeaiia) iuoeaiey.
Oioy yoi iiiyoea aeaaii oiio?aaeyaony a ineoieiae/aneie eeoa?aoo?a, aai
niaea?aeaiea aeeneonneiiii. Ia?auaynue e aiaeeco eeoa?aoo?u, iu noaaeee
ia?aae niaie caaea/o auynieoue, eae e?oiiaeoea i?aaenoaaeoaee
ineoieiae/aneeo oai?ee ii?aaeaeytho iiiyoea (oai?/aneia iuoeaiea(, eae
?aoatho aii?in i niioiioaiee i?iaeoeoeaiuo e ?ai?iaeoeoeaiuo eiiiiiaioia
iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Aeey ca?oaaaeiie ineoieiaee aanueia oeie/ai iaeiinoi?iiiee iiaeoiae e
oa?aeoa?enoeea iuoeaiey: iii aunooiaao eae i?ioeann oieueei
?ai?iaeoeoeaiue, eeai i?iaeoeoeaiue. I?aaenoaaeoaeyie ia?aiai iiaeoiaea
auee annioeeaienou (A. Ayi, Ae. Aa?oee, E. Aa?aa?o, O. ?eai e ae?.).
Oa?aeoa?ecoy iuoeaiea n eaeaaeenoe/aneeo iiceoeee iie naiaeeee nooue aai
e ioaea/aieth io ianoiaeiuo yeaiaioia, e iauaaeeiaieth noiaeiuo
yeaiaioia a eiiieaenu, e eo ia?aeiiaeiaoeee, a ?acoeueoaoa eioi?ie ia
aicieeaao ie/aai i?eioeeieaeueii iiaiai.

A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ?ai?iaeoeoeaiue iiaeoiae iaoae naia au?aaeaiea a
oai?ee aeoaaei?ecia (A. Aaen, Y. Aac?e, AE. Eaa, A. Neeiia?, Y.
Oi?iaeaee e ae?.). Yoa oai?ey i?eaeaeea aieiaiea o/aiuo naiae onoaiiaeie
ia ?ac?aaioeo oi/iuo iaoiaeia eco/aiey ineoeee, ia iauaeoeaiinoue
iiaeoiaea e aiaeeco ineoe/aneeo yaeaiee, iaeiaei nai aiaeec aeoaaei?enou
inouanoaeyee n iiceoeee iaoaienoe/aneiai iaoa?eaeecia.

Oioy aeoaaei?eci aue iiaeaa?aioo ?aceie e?eoeea ca io?eoeaiea ?iee
aioo?aiieo, ineoe/aneeo oaeoi?ia, aai eaeae iaoiaeyo naieo noi?iiieeia.

I/aiue yaii yoi au?aaeaii a ?aaioao A. Neeiia?a. A oai?aoe/aneii ieaia
ii i?yii io?eoeaao iaee/ea o /aeiaaea oaeiai oaiiiaia, eae iuoeaiea,
naiaeeo aai e iaoneiaeaiiiio iiaaaeaieth, naycaiiiio n cae?aieaieai
i?eaiaeyueo e oniaoo ?aaeoeee, e au?aaioea nenoaiu eioaeeaeooaeueiuo
iaaueia, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue noi?ie?iaaiu i?eioeeieaeueii oai aea iooai,
/oi e iaauee o aeeaioiuo. Ia yoeo iniiaao ei ?ac?aaioaia (eeiaeiay(
nenoaia i?ia?aiie?iaaiiiai iao/aiey, i?aaeoniao?eaathuay eceiaeaiea
iaoa?eaea, noieue ?acaa?iooia e aeaoaeece?iaaiiia, /oi aeaaea naiue
neaaue o/aiee i?e ?aaioa n iei ii/oe ia aeiioneaao ioeaie, e,
neaaeiaaoaeueii, o iaai ia aicieeatho eiaeiua nayce iaaeaeo noeioeaie e
?aaeoeeyie, au?aaaouaathony i?aaeeueiua iaauee ia iniiaa
iieiaeeoaeueiiai iiaee?aieaiey.

Au?aceoaeyie aoi?iai iiaeoiaea e iuoeaieth eae e /enoi i?iaeoeoeaiiio
i?ioeanno yaeythony i?aaenoaaeoaee aaooaeueoineoieiaee (I. Aa?oaaeia?,
A. Eaea?, E. Eiooea e ae?.). I?iaeoeoeaiinoue ?anniao?eaaaony eie a
ea/anoaa niaoeeoe/aneie /a?ou iuoeaiey, ioee/athuae aai io ae?oaeo
ineoe/aneeo i?ioeannia. Iuoeaiea aicieeaao a i?iaeaiiie neooaoeee,
aeeth/athuae a naay iaecaanoiua caaiuey. I?aia?aciaaiea yoie neooaoeee
i?eaiaeeo e oaeiio ?aoaieth, a ?acoeueoaoa eioi?iai iieo/aaony ia/oi
iiaia, ia niaea?aeauaany a oiiaea eiathueony ciaiee e ia auaiaeeiia ec
iaai iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia iniiaa caeiiia oi?iaeueiie eiaeee.
Nouanoaaiioth ?ieue a ?aoaiee i?iaeaiu ea?aao einaeo eae i?yiia
iaiin?aaenoaaiiia aeaeaiea iooe e iaoiaeaeaieth eneiiiai, niiniaa
i?aia?aciaaiey neooaoeee, aeathuaai ioaao ia iinoaaeaiiue a caaea/a
aii?in. Aaooaeueoenou a enneaaeiaaieyo iuoeaiey oe?iei eniieueciaaee
caaea/e, i?e ?aoaiee eioi?uo o eniuooaiuo aicieeae eiioeeeo iaaeaeo
eiathueieny ciaieyie e o?aaiaaieyie caaea/e, e iie auioaeaeaiu auee
i?aiaeieaaaoue (aa?uea? i?ioeiai iiuoa(, aneaaenoaea /aai nai i?ioeann
iieneia iaecaanoiiai aunooiae iniaaiii yaii. Aeaaiaea?y yoiio o/aiua
iieo/eee aanueia oeaiiue iaoa?eae ia iniaaiiinoyo iuneeoaeueiie
aeayoaeueiinoe (E. Aeoiea?, E. Naeae).

Iaeiaei, i?eaeaaay aieueoia cia/aiea einaeoo, (aaa-ia?aaeeaaieth(,
aaooaeueoenou ia iieacaee nai iaoaieci aai aicieeiiaaiey, ia ?ane?uee
oiai, /oi einaeo iiaeaioiaeai aeoeaiie aeayoaeueiinoueth naiiai
noauaeoa, aai i?ioeui iiuoii.

Auaeaeea a ea/anoaa niaoeeoeee iuoeaiey aai i?iaeoeoeaiue oa?aeoa?,
aaooaeueoenou ?acei i?ioeaiiinoaaeee aai ?ai?iaeoeoeaiui i?ioeannai. A
eo yenia?eiaioao i?ioeue iiuo, ciaiey aunooieee oi?iicii i?iaeoeoeaiiai
ii naiae i?e?iaea iuoeaiey, oioy iiae aeeyieai iaeiieaiiuo oaeoia ei ana
aea i?eoeinue ia?aie/eoue eaoaai?e/iinoue naieo auaiaeia, i?eciaoue, /oi
ciaiey iiaoo ea?aoue e iieiaeeoaeueioth ?ieue a iuneeoaeueiie
aeayoaeueiinoe.

Oaeia i?eciaiea, a /anoiinoe, eiaaony o E. Naeay, eioi?ue niaoeeaeueii
inoaiaaeeaaaony ia aii?ina i niioiioaiee iuoeaiey e ciaiee. Oa?aeoa?ecoy
?ai?iaeoeoeaiia iuoeaiea, aaoi? ioia/aao, /oi iii i?aaeiieaaaao
aini?iecaaaeaiea i?ioeannia, eiaaoeo ianoi a i?ioeii, aeiioneaao a ieo
iaeioi?ua iacia/eoaeueiua aeaeieciaiaiey. Ii ia io?eoeaao ?iee i?ioeiai
iiuoa e a oai?/aneii iuoeaiee, ?anniao?eaay ciaiey eae ioi?aaioth oi/eo
aeey iiieiaiey e iaoa?eae aeey ?aoaiey i?iaeaiu.

A aniaeoa noiyuae ia?aae iaie i?iaeaiu ian eioa?aniaae aii?in i oii,
eaeiau oa i?eciaee, ia iniiaa eioi?uo enneaaeiaaoaee ?ane?uaaee
niaoeeoeeo iuoeaiey, io?aaeaee ee iie e a eaeie ia?a aai
?ai?iaeoeoeaioth e i?iaeoeoeaioth noi?iiu. Aiaeec ca?oaaaeiie eeoa?aoo?u
iieacae, /oi a ethaii neo/aa, eiaaea ?a/ue oea i iuoeaiee, aiai?eeinue i
aicieeiiaaiee iiaiai, ii oa?aeoa? yoiai iiaiai, enoi/ieee aai a
?acee/iuo oai?eyo oeacuaaeenue iaeaeaioe/iua.

A ?ai?iaeoeoeaiuo oai?eyo iuoeaiey iiaia aunooiaei eae ?acoeueoao
oneiaeiaiey eee ia?aeiiaeiaoeee ia iniiaa, aeaaiui ia?acii, noiaenoaa
eiathueony yeaiaioia i?ioeiai iiuoa, aeooaeecaoeee iaiin?aaenoaaiiie
nayce iaaeaeo o?aaiaaieyie caaea/e e noauaeoeaii oiaeaeanoaaiiuie
yeaiaioaie eiathueony ciaiee. Naii ?aoaiea caaea/e i?ioaeaao ia iniiaa
eeai iaoaie/aneeo i?ia e ioeaie n iineaaeothuei cae?aieaieai neo/aeii
iaeaeaiiiai aa?iiai ?aoaiey, eeai aeooaeecaoeee ii?aaeaeaiiie nenoaiu
?aiiaa noi?ie?iaaiiuo iia?aoeee.

A i?iaeoeoeaiuo oai?eyo iuoeaiey iiaia, aicieeathuaa a ?acoeueoaoa
iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe, oa?aeoa?ecoaony naiae i?eaeiaeueiinoueth
(o aaooaeueoenoia — yoi iiaay no?oeoo?a, iiaue aaooaeueo). Iii aicieeaao
a i?iaeaiiie neooaoeee, iau/ii i?aaeiieaaathuae i?aiaeieaiea (aa?uea?a
i?ioeiai iiuoa(, iaoathuaai iieneo iiaiai, o?aaothuaai iiieiaiey yoie
neooaoeee. ?aoaiea inouanoaeyaony eae i?aia?aciaaiea ia?aiia/aeueiuo
i?iaeai, ii nai i?eioeei ?aoaiey aicieeaao aae?oa, aiacaiii, a ii?yaeea
einaeoa, i?yiiai oniio?aiey iooe ?aoaiey, caaenyuaai aeaaiui ia?acii io
iauaeoeaiuo oneiaee caaea/e e i/aiue iaei io aeoeaiinoe naiiai
?aoathuaai noauaeoa, io aai nianoaaiiiai iiuoa.

Eaeae i oai?/aneii oa?aeoa?a iuoeaiey /aeiaaea, i aai niaoeeoeea,
acaeiiioiioaieyie n ae?oaeie i?ioeannaie, e i?aaeaea anaai n iaiyoueth,
i caeiiiia?iinoyo aai ?acaeoey ?ac?aaaouaaeenue a enneaaeiaaieyo iiiaeo
niaaoneeo ineoieiaia (A. A. Aiaiueaa, I. ss. Aaeueia?ei, A. A.
Caii?iaeaoe, A. N. Einothe, A. I. Eaiioueaa, A. A. Ethaeeineay,
I. A. Iai/eineay, TH. A. Naia?ei, A. I. Oaieia, I. I. Oa?aeaeia,
I. ss. Oaaa?aa, E. E. Ociaaeca, I. I. Yeeaaa e ae?.). Oe?ieia iaiauaiea
iieiaeaiee i nouiinoe e niaoeeoeea iuoeaiey auei inouanoaeaii N. E.
?oaeiooaeiii.

A o?oaeao niaaoneeo ineoieiaia i?iaeoeoeaiinoue aunooiaao eae iaeaieaa
oa?aeoa?iay, niaoeeoe/aneay /a?oa iuoeaiey, ioee/athuay aai io ae?oaeo
ineoe/aneeo i?ioeannia, e a oi aea a?aiy ?anniao?eaaaony i?ioeai?a/eaay
naycue aa n ?ai?iaeoeoeeae.

Iuoeaiea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aeoeaioth oeaeaiai?aaeaiioth
aeayoaeueiinoue, a i?ioeanna eioi?ie inouanoaeyaony ia?a?aaioea
eiathuaeny e aiiaue iinooiathuae eioi?iaoeee, io/eaiaiea aiaoieo,
neo/aeiuo, aoi?inoaiaiiuo aa yeaiaioia io iniiaiuo, aioo?aiieo,
io?aaeathueo nouiinoue enneaaeoaiuo neooaoeee, ?ane?uaathony
caeiiiia?iua nayce iaaeaeo ieie. Iuoeaiea ia iiaeao auoue i?iaeoeoeaiui
aac iii?u ia i?ioeue iiuo, e a oi aea a?aiy iii i?aaeiieaaaao auoiae ca
aai i?aaeaeu, ioe?uoea iiauo ciaiee, aeaaiaea?y /aio ?anoe?yaony oiiae
eo e oai naiui oaaee/eaaaony aiciiaeiinoue ?aoaiey ana iiauo e iiauo,
aieaa neiaeiuo caaea/.

A iuoeaiee eae i?ioeanna iaiauaiiiai e iiin?aaeiaaiiiai iiciaiey
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe a aeeaeaeoe/anee i?ioeai?a/eaii aaeeinoaa nieaoaiu
aai i?iaeoeoeaiua e ?ai?iaeoeoeaiua eiiiiiaiou, i?e/ai oaeaeueiue aan eo
a eiie?aoiie iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe iiaeao auoue ?acee/iui. Iiae
aeeyieai anaaic?anoathueo o?aaiaaiee aeecie e oai?/aneiio a? eiiiiiaioo
aicieeea iaiaoiaeeiinoue auaeaeeoue iniaua aeaeu iuoeaiey —
i?iaeoeoeaiia e ?ai?iaeoeoeaiia.

Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi a niaaoneie eeoa?aoo?a ano?a/aaony aic?aaeaiea
i?ioea auaeaeaiey oaeeo aeaeia, iineieueeo ethaie i?ioeann iuoeaiey
i?iaeoeoeaai (A. A. A?ooeeineee). Iaeiaei, aieueoeinoai ineoieiaia,
eco/athueo iuoeaiea, n/eoatho oeaeaniia?aciui auaeaeaiea yoeo aeaeia
(I. I. Aeiineee, Ae. I. Caaaeeoeia, I. A. Iai/eineay, ss. A. Iiiiia?aa,
A. I. Iooeei, I. E. Oeoiie?ia).

A eeoa?aoo?a aeaiiua aeaeu (noi?iiu, eiiiiiaiou) iuneeoaeueiie
aeayoaeueiinoe iacuaatho ii-?aciiio. Eae neiiieiu e iiiyoeth
(i?iaeoeoeaiia iuoeaiea( oiio?aaeytho oa?ieiu: oai?/aneia iuoeaiea,
naiinoiyoaeueiia, ya?enoe/aneia, e?aaoeaiia. Neiiieiaie e
?ai?iaeoeoeaiiio iuoeaieth neoaeao oa?ieiu: neiaanii-eiae/aneia,
aeeneo?neaiia, ?annoaei/iia, ?aoeaioeaiia e ae?. Iu i?eiaiyai oa?ieiu
i?iaeoeoeaiia e ?ai?iaeoeoeaiia iuoeaiea.

I?iaeoeoeaiia iuoeaiea oa?aeoa?ecoaony aunieie noaiaiueth iiaeciu
iieo/aaiiai ia aai iniiaa i?iaeoeoa, aai i?eaeiaeueiinoueth. Yoi
iuoeaiea iiyaeyaony oiaaea, eiaaea /aeiaae, iiiuoaaoenue ?aoeoue caaea/o
ia iniiaa aa oi?iaeueii-eiae/aneiai aiaeeca n i?yiui eniieueciaaieai aio
ecaanoiuo niiniaia, oaaaeaeaaony a aanieiaeiinoe oaeeo iiiuoie e o iaai
aicieeaao iio?aaiinoue a iiauo ciaieyo, eioi?ua iicaieytho ?aoeoue
i?iaeaio: yoa iio?aaiinoue e iaania/eaaao aunieoth aeoeaiinoue
?aoathuaai i?iaeaio noauaeoa. Iniciaiea naiie iio?aaiinoe aiai?eo i
nicaeaiee o /aeiaaea i?iaeaiiie neooaoeee (A. I. Iaothoeei).

Iaoiaeaeaiea eneiiiai i?aaeiieaaaao ioe?uoea ia ecaanoiuo noauaeoo
i?eciaeia, nouanoaaiiuo aeey ?aoaiey i?iaeaiu ioiioaiee, caeiiiia?iuo
naycae iaaeaeo i?eciaeaie, oao niiniaia, n iiiiuueth eioi?uo iie iiaoo
auoue iaeaeaiu. *aeiaae auioaeaeai aeaenoaiaaoue a oneiaeyo
iaii?aaeaeaiiinoe, iaia/aoue e i?iaa?youe ?yae aiciiaeiuo ?aoaiee,
inouanoaeyoue auai? iaaeaeo ieie, iiae/an ia eiay e oiio aeinoaoi/iuo
iniiaaiee. Ii euao eeth/ e ?aoaieth ia iniiaa auaeaeaeaiey aeiioac e eo
i?iaa?ee, o. a. niiniau iie?athony ia ecaanoiia i?aaeaeaeaiea oiai, /oi
iiaeao auoue iieo/aii a ?acoeueoaoa i?aia?aciaaiee. Nouanoaaiioth ?ieue
a yoii ea?atho iaiauaiey, iicaieythuea nie?auaoue eiee/anoai oie
eioi?iaoeee, ia iniiaa aiaeeca eioi?ie /aeiaae i?eoiaeeo e ioe?uoeth
iiauo ciaiee, oiaiueoaoue /enei i?iaiaeeiuo i?e yoii iia?aoeee, (oaaia(
e aeinoeaeaieth oeaee.

Eae iiae/a?eeaaao E. E. Ao?iaa, aanueia ieiaeioai?iui a iienea iooe
?aoaiey i?iaeaiu ieacuaaaony aa niaea?aeaoaeueiue, naiaioe/aneee aiaeec,
iai?aaeaiiue ia ?ane?uoea iaoo?aeueiuo ioiioaiee iauaeoia, i eioi?uo
aiai?eony a caaea/a. A iai nouanoaaiioth ?ieue ea?atho ia?aciua
eiiiiiaiou iuoeaiey, eioi?ua iicaieytho iaiin?aaenoaaiii iia?e?iaaoue
yoeie iaoo?aeueiuie ioiioaieyie iauaeoia. Iie i?aaenoaaeytho niaie
iniaoth, ia?acioth eiaeeo, aeathuoth aiciiaeiinoue onoaiaaeeaaoue nayce
ia n aeaoiy, eae i?e neiaaniii ?annoaeaeaiee, a ni iiiaeie caaiueyie
aiaeece?oaiie neooaoeee, aeaenoaiaaoue, ii neiaai E. E. Ao?iaie, a
iiiaiia?iii i?ino?ainoaa.

A enneaaeiaaieyo i?iaaaeaiiuo iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii N. E. ?oaeiooaeia
(E. E. Aioeuoa?iaie, E. A. A?ooeineei, A. I. Iaothoeeiui, E. A. Neaaneie
e ae?.), a ea/anoaa yooaeoeaiiai i?eaia, eniieuecoaiiai a i?iaeoeoeaiii
iuoeaiee, auaeaeaaaony (aiaeec /a?ac neioac(. Ia iniiaa oaeiai aiaeeca
eneiiia naienoai iauaeoa auyaeyaony i?e aeeth/aiee iauaeoa a oo nenoaio
naycae e ioiioaiee, a eioi?ie ii aieaa yaii iaia?oaeeaaao aeaiiia
naienoai. Iaeaeaiiia naienoai ioe?uaaao iiaue e?oa naycae e ioiioaiee
iauaeoa, n eioi?uie yoi naienoai iiaeao auoue niioianaii. Oaeiaa
aeeaeaeoeea oai?/aneiai iiciaiey aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe.

A yoii i?ioeanna, eae ioia/atho iiiaea enneaaeiaaoaee, ia?aaeei eiaao
ianoi aiaoia aiacaiiia oniio?aiea iooe ?aoaiey — einaeo,
(aaa-ia?aaeeaaiea(, i?e/ai iii /anoi aicieeaao oiaaea, eiaaea /aeiaae
iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia aue caiyo ?aoaieai i?iaeaiu. ?aaeueii oaeia ?aoaiea
iiaeaioiaeaii i?ioeui iiuoii, caaeneo io i?aaeoanoaothuae
aiaeeoeei-neioaoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe e i?aaeaea anaai — io
aeinoeaiooiai ?aoathuei o?iaiy neiaanii-eiae/aneiai iiiyoeeiiai
iaiauaiey (E. A. Neaaneay). Iaeiaei, nai i?ioeann iieneia ?aoaiey a
cia/eoaeueiie naiae /anoe inouanoaeyaony eiooeoeaii, iiae ii?iaii
niciaiey, ia iaoiaey naiaai aaeaeaaoiiai io?aaeaiey a neiaa, e eiaiii
iioiio aai ?acoeueoao, (i?i?aaaoeeny( a noa?o niciaiey, iniciaaony eae
einaeo, yeiau ia naycaiiue n ?aiaa inouanoaeyaoaeny noauaeoii
aeayoaeueiinoueth, iai?aaeaiiie ia ioe?uoea iiauo ciaiee.

Aeeth/ay a i?iaeoeoeaiia iuoeaiea aai eiiaiaioiua, iainiciaaaaiua
eiiiiiaiou, ioaeaeueiua enneaaeiaaoaee iaoee yenia?eiaioaeueiua i?eaiu,
iicaieythuea auyaeoue iaeioi?ua iniaaiiinoe yoeo eiiiiiaioia.

Eioa?aniue iaoiaee/aneee i?eai aeey yenia?eiaioaeueiiai eco/aiey
eiooeoeaiuo eiiiiiaioia i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey i?eiaiee A. I. Iooeei.
Ii i?aaeeaaae eniuooaiui oaeea iaaeyaeiua caaea/e (iiaeaee?othuea
oaoiaoiua ea?u, (ea?o a 5( e ae?.), ?aoaiea eioi?uo iiaei auoue
i?ineaaeaii aeacaie. Yoe aeaeaeaiey aeac ?aaeno?e?iaaeenue n iiiiuueth
yeaeo?iieoeia?aoe/aneie iaoiaeeee. Iooue aeaeaeaiey aeac niioiineeny n
iniaaiiinoyie ?aoaiey caaea/e e ni neiaaniuie io/aoaie i iai.
Enneaaeiaaiea iieacaei, /oi /aeiaae, ?aoay i?iaeaio, niae?aao ia iniiaa
aiaeeca iaaeyaeiie neooaoeee ai?acaei aieueoa eioi?iaoeee, /ai iniciaao
nai.

Aieueoia aeeyiea ia ?aoaiea i?iaeaiu, eae iieacaee ?acoeueoaou
enneaaeiaaiee a?oceineeo ineoieiaia, i?eiaaeeaaeaueo e oeiea
Ae. I. Ociaaeca, iiaeao ieacaoue iaee/ea onoaiiaee, o. a. aioo?aiiaai
iainiciaaaaiiai ninoiyiey aioiaiinoe e aeaenoaeth, ii?aaeaeythuae
niaoeeoeeo anae inouanoaeyaiie iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe.

I?eiaiea iaoiae aaaaeaiey aniiiiaaoaeueiuo caaea/, ss. A. Iiiiia?aa
auyaee ?yae caeiiiia?iinoae aeeyiey aniiiiaaoaeueiuo caaea/ ia ?aoaiea
i?iaeai. Iaeaieueoee yooaeo aeinoeaaaony oiaaea, eiaaea /aeiaae ia
iniiaa eiae/aneiai aiaeeca oaea oaaaeeeny a oii, /oi ia iiaeao ?aoeoue
eni?iaiaaiiuie ei niiniaaie caaea/o, ii aua ia iioa?ye aa?u a
aiciiaeiinoue oniaoa. I?e yoii aniiiiaaoaeueiay caaea/a naia ii naaa
aeieaeia auoue ia noieue eioa?aniie, /oiau iieiinoueth iiaeioeoue
niciaiea ?aoathuaai, e ia noieue eaaeie, /oiau aa ?aoaiea iiaei auoue
auiieiaii aaoiiaoe/anee. *ai iaiueoa aaoiiaoece?iaai niinia ?aoaiey, oai
eaa/a aai ia?aiin ia ?aoaiea iniiaiie caaea/e — i?iaeaiu.

Eae iieacaee yenia?eiaiou, eniieueciaaa niaea?aeauothny ai aoi?ie
caaea/a iiaeneaceo, eniuooaiue iau/ii n/eoae, /oi iicaeiaa iaeaeaiiia
?aoaiea iniiaiie i?iaeaiu ieeae ia naycaii n ?aoaieai aniiiiaaoaeueiie
caaea/e. Aio eacaeinue, /oi ?aoaiea cao?oaeiyaoae aai i?iaeaiu i?eoei
aiacaiii, a ii?yaeea einaeoa. Anee aniiiiaaoaeueioth caaea/o aeaaaee aei
iniiaiie, oi iia ia ieacuaaea ie eaeiai aeeyiey ia iineaaeothuea
aeaenoaey eniuooaiuo.

2. I?iaeoeoeaiia e ?ai?iaeoeoeaiia iuoeaiea.

Oioy iuoeaiea eae i?ioeann iaiauaiiiai e iiin?aaeiaaiiiai iiciaiey
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe anaaaea aeeth/aao a naay yeaiaiou i?iaeoeoeaiinoe,
oaeaeueiue aan aa a i?ioeanna iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe iiaeao auoue
?acee/iui. Oai, aaea oaeaeueiue aan i?iaeoeoeaiinoe aeinoaoi/ii aunie,
aiai?yo i nianoaaiii i?iaeoeoeaiii iuoeaiee eae iniaii aeaea
iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe. A ?acoeueoaoa i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey
aicieeaao ia/oi i?eaeiaeueiia, i?eioeeieaeueii iiaia aeey noauaeoa,
o. a. noaiaiue iiaeciu caeanue auniea. Oneiaea aicieeiiaaiey oaeiai
iuoeaiey — iaee/ea i?iaeaiiie neooaoeee, niinianoaothuae iniciaieth
iio?aaiinoe a ioe?uoee iiauo ciaiee, noeioee?othuae aunieoth aeoeaiinoue
?aoathuaai i?iaeaio noauaeoa.

Iiaecia i?iaeaiu aeeeooao iiaue iooue aa ?aoaiey: nea/eiia?aciinoue,
aeeth/aiea ya?enoe/aneeo, (iieneiauo( i?ia, aieueooth ?ieue naiaioeee,
niaea?aeaoaeueiiai aiaeeca i?iaeaiu. A yoii i?ioeanna ia?yaeo n
neiaanii-eiae/aneeie, oi?ioi iniciaiiuie iaiauaieyie, i/aiue aaaeiu
iaiauaiey eiooeoeaii-i?aeoe/aneea, ia iaoiaeyuea nia/aea naiaai
aaeaeaaoiiai io?aaeaiey a neiaa. Iie aicieeatho a i?ioeanna aiaeeca
iaaeyaeiuo neooaoeee, ?aoaiey eiie?aoii-i?aeoe/aneeo caaea/, ?aaeueiuo
aeaenoaee n i?aaeiaoaie eee eo iiaeaeyie, /oi cia/eoaeueii iaeaa/aao
iiene iaecaanoiiai, iaeiaei nai i?ioeann yoiai iienea iaoiaeeony aia
yniiai iiey niciaiey, inouanoaeyaony eiooeoeaii.

Aieaoaynue a niciaoaeueioth aeayoaeueiinoue, aoaeo/e iiae/an ?anoyiooui
ai a?aiaie, ia?aaeei aanueia aeeeoaeueiii, i?ioeann
eiooeoeaii-i?aeoe/aneiai iuoeaiey iniciaaony eae iaiiaaiiue aeo, eae
einaeo aeaaiaea?y oiio, /oi a niciaiea nia/aea (i?i?uaaaony( ?acoeueoao
?aoaiey, a oi a?aiy eae iooue e iaio inoaaony aia aai e iniciaaony ia
iniiaa iineaaeothuae aieaa ?acaa?iooie, iniciaiiie iuneeoaeueiie
aeayoaeueiinoe.

A ?acoeueoaoa i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey i?ienoiaeeo noaiiaeaiea
ineoe/aneeo iiaiia?aciaaiee — iiauo nenoai nayce, iiauo oi?i ineoe/aneie
naii?aaoeyoeee, naienoa ee/iinoe, aa niiniaiinoae, /oi ciaiaioao naeaea
a oinoaaiiii ?acaeoee.

Eoae, i?iaeoeoeaiia iuoeaiea oa?aeoa?ecoaony aunieie iiaeciie naiaai
i?iaeoeoa, naiaia?aceai i?ioeanna aai iieo/aiey e, iaeiiaoe,
nouanoaaiiui aeeyieai ia oinoaaiiia ?acaeoea. Iii yaeyaony ?aoathuei
caaiii a oinoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, oae eae iaania/eaaao ?aaeueiia
aeaeaeaiea e iiaui ciaieyi.

N ineoieiae/aneie oi/ee c?aiey iao i?eioeeieaeueiie ?acieoeu iaaeaeo
i?iaeoeoeaiui iuoeaieai o/aiiai, ioe?uaathuaai iauaeoeaii iiaua, aua ia
aaaeiiua /aeiaa/anoao caeiiiia?iinoe ie?oaeathuaai ie?a, e i?iaeoeoeaiui
iuoeaieai o/aieea, aeaeathuaai ioe?uoea iiaiai eeoue aeey iaai naiiai,
oae eae a iniiaa eaaeao iauea ineoe/aneea caeiiiia?iinoe. Iaeiaei
oneiaey iienea iiauo ciaiee o ieo aanueia ?acee/iu, eae ?acee/ai e
o?iaaiue iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe, i?eaiaeyuae e ioe?uoeth.

Aeey oiai /oiau eae-oi iaicia/eoue yoe ?acee/ey aieueoeinoai
enneaaeiaaoaeae i?aaeii/eoatho a ioiioaiee oaeiai aeaea iuoeaiey
oeieueieeia oiio?aaeyoue oa?iei (i?iaeoeoeaiia iuoeaiea(, a oa?ieiii
(oai?/aneia iuoeaiea( iaicia/aoue aunooth nooiaiue iuneeoaeueiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, inouanoaeyaioth oaie, eoi ioe?uaaao i?eioeeieaeueii
iiaua aeey /aeiaa/anoaa ciaiey, nicaeaao ia/oi i?eaeiaeueiia, ia
eiathuaa naaa aiaeiaa.

Oa?aeoa?ecoynue iaiueoae i?iaeoeoeaiinoueth, ?ai?iaeoeoeaiia iuoeaiea
oai ia iaiaa ea?aao aaaeioth ?ieue e a iiciaaaoaeueiie, e a i?aeoe/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea. Ia iniiaa yoiai aeaea iuoeaiey inouanoaeyaony
?aoaiea caaea/ ciaeiiie noauaeoo no?oeoo?u. Iiae aeeyieai aini?eyoey e
aiaeeca oneiaee caaea/e, aa aeaiiuo, eneiiiai, ooieoeeiiaeueiuo naycae
iaaeaeo ieie aeooaeece?othony ?aiaa noi?ie?iaaiiua nenoaiu naycae,
iaania/eaathuea i?aaeeueiia, eiae/anee iainiiaaiiia ?aoaiea oaeie
caaea/e, aaeaeaaoiia io?aaeaiea aai a neiaa.

?ai?iaeoeoeaiia iuoeaiea eiaao aieueoia cia/aiea a o/aaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe oeieueieeia. Iii iaania/eaaao iiieiaiea iiaiai iaoa?eaea
i?e aai eceiaeaiee i?aiiaeaaaoaeai eee a o/aaieea, i?eiaiaiea ciaiee ia
i?aeoeea, anee i?e yoii ia o?aaoaony eo nouanoaaiiiai i?aia?aciaaiey e
o. ae. Aiciiaeiinoe ?ai?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey i?aaeaea anaai
ii?aaeaeythony iaee/eai o /aeiaaea enoiaeiiai ieieioia ciaiee, iii, eae
iieacaee enneaaeiaaiey, eaa/a iiaeaeaaony ?acaeoeth, /ai iuoeaiea
i?iaeoeoeaiia, e a oi aea a?aiy ea?aao iaiaeoth ?ieue a ?aoaiee iiauo
aeey noauaeoa i?iaeai. A yoii neo/aa iii aunooiaao ia ia/aeueiii yoaia,
eiaaea /aeiaae iuoaaony ?aoeoue iiaoth aeey iaai caaea/o ecaanoiuie aeey
iaai niiniaaie e oaaaeaeaaony a oii, /oi ciaeiiua niiniau ia
iaania/eaatho aio oniaoa. Iniciaiea yoiai i?eaiaeeo e aicieeiiaaieth
(i?iaeaiiie neooaoeee(, o. a. aeoeaece?oao i?iaeoeoeaiia iuoeaiea,
iaania/eaathuaa ioe?uoea iiauo ciaiee, oi?ie?iaaiea iiauo nenoai naycae,
eioi?ua iicaeiaa iaania/ao aio ?aoaiea aiaeiae/iuo caaea/. Eae oaea
ioia/aeinue i?ioeann i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey nea/eiia?acai, /anoue aai
inouanoaeyaony iiaeniciaoaeueii, aac aaeaeaaoiiai io?aaeaiey a neiaa.
Nia/aea a neiaa iaoiaeeo au?aaeaiea aai ?acoeueoao ((Aaa! Iaoae!
Aeiaaaeaeny!(), a caoai — nai iooue e iaio.

Iniciaiea iaeaeaiiiai noauaeoii ?aoaiey, aai i?iaa?ea e eiae/aneia
iainiiaaiea aiiaue inouanoaeythony ia iniiaa ?ai?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey.
Oaeei ia?acii, ?aaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue, i?ioeann naiinoiyoaeueiiai
iiciaiey ie?oaeathuae aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe — ?acoeueoao neiaeiiai
ia?aieaoaiey, acaeiiaeaenoaey ?ai?iaeoeoeaiiai e i?iaeoeoeaiiai aeaeia
iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe.

3. Iniiaiua iieacaoaee i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey

?aoaiea caaea/e enneaaeiaaiey oai?/aneiai iuoeaiey i?aaeiieaaaao
auaeaeaiea niaieoiiinoe eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo iniaaiiinoae iuoeaiey,
oi?ie?othueony ea/anoa oia io eioi?uo caaeneo eaaeinoue iaeaaeaiey
iiauie ciaieyie, oe?ioa ia?aiina, i?eiaiaiey yoeo ciaiee ia i?aeoeea.

Aeey eo iainiiaaiiiai auaeaeaiey neaaeoao i?aaeaea anaai ia?aoeoueny e
aiaeeco iaeioi?uo eeoa?aoo?iuo aeaiiuo ia eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo iniaaiiinoyo
iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe oeieueieeia. Caoai, iie?aynue ia iaoa
i?aaenoaaeaiea i nouiinoe i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey o/aueony, ioaeii iaeoe
n?aaee ieo oa, eioi?ua, ii iaoaio iiaieth, aeieaeiu ea?aoue aaaeouoth
?ieue a oinoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe oeieueieeia i?e ioiineoaeueii
naiinoiyoaeueiii iaeaaeaiee eie iiauie ciaieyie, i?e ?aoaiee
caaea/-i?iaeai, ii?aaeaeyy oa?aeoa? yoie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Iiiyoea (eioaeeaeo( i/aiue oe?iei eniieuecoaony a iao/iie eeoa?aoo?a,
iaeiaei aei neo ii? iao aieaa eee iaiaa iieiiai iaeiicia/iiai
ii?aaeaeaiey aai niaea?aeaiey, no?oeoo?u, oaeoi?ia, a iaai aoiaeyueo,
acaeiiioiioaiee iaaeaeo ieie. Oai?ee no?oeoo?u eioaeeaeoa aanueia
i?ioeai?a/eau.

A iaeiioaeoi?iie (oi/iaa, aeoaeoi?iie) oai?ee eioaeeaeoa (C. Spearman)
ca iniiao eioaeeaeoa aa?aony iauee aeey auiieiaiey oinoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe aaia?aeueiue oaeoi? q, au?aaeathuee ii iiaieth
*. Nie?iaia, (iauoth oinoaaiioth yia?aeth(, oinoaaiioth aeoeaiinoue
/aeiaaea, eioi?ay ni/aoaaony n iiiaeanoaii niaoeeaeueiuo oaeoi?ia, ia
ei??aee?othueo ae?oa n ae?oaii. Ianeieueei aiciiaeii noaeeoue ii
i?eiaiyaiui aeey ii?aaeaeaiey oinoaaiiuo niiniaiinoae oanoai, ca
oaeoi?ii q eaaeeo niiniaiinoue e iaiauaieth.

A ioeueoeoaeoi?iie oai?ee (E. L. Thorndike, E. Hagen; L. L. Thurston) a
iniiao eioaeeaeoa aeeth/aii iiiaeanoai niaoeeaeueiuo, iacaaeneiuo ae?oa
io ae?oaa oaeoi?ia, /enei eioi?uo eiaao oaiaeaioeeth aic?anoaoue.
Iaee/ea aieueoiai /enea oaeoi?ia Aeae. Aeeoi?ae n/eoaao aiieia
caeiiiia?iui, iineieueeo iie io?aaeatho niaea?aeaiea noieue neiaeiiai
oaiiiaia eae eioaeeaeo (ni. na.: Ineoieiaey iuoeaiey, 1965).

A i?iiaaeooi/iie, (ea?a?oe/aneie( oai?ee eioaeeaeoa (Ph. Vernon e ae?.)
naeaeaia iiiuoea naycaoue aaia?aeueiue oaeoi? q ni iiiaeanoaii
niaoeeaeueiuo oaeoi?ia /a?ac i?iiaaeooi/iua oaeoi?u — aa?aaeueiue e
iaaa?aaeueiue eioaeeaeo, eaaeaeue ec eioi?uo ii?aaeaeyao ?acee/iua
noi?iiu niiniaiinoae.

Aeey ?aoaiey noiyuae ia?aae iaie i?iaeaiu aaaeii o/anoue aeaiiua i
niioiioaiee iaaeaeo eioaeeaeoii e i?iaeoeoeaiui (oai?/aneei,
(e?aaoeaiui() iuoeaieai. Nicaeaoaee ia?auo aa?eaioia oanoiauo iaoiaeee
Aeia-Neiiia (L., M. Terman e ae?.) n/eoaee niaa?oaiii i/aaeaeiui, /oi
(eiyooeoeeaio eioaeeaeoa( — IQ iaiin?aaenoaaiii naycai n oai?/aneei
iuoeaieai, aoiaeyuei a eioaeeaeo. Aieaa iicaeiea enneaaeiaaiey iieacaee,
/oi aeaoe n aunieei IQ aeaeaei ia anaaaea oi?ioi ?aoatho caaea/e
oai?/aneiai oa?aeoa?a.

I?aaenoaaeytho cia/eoaeueiue eioa?an oa iieacaoaee, ii eioi?ui noaeyo i
oai?/aneii iuoeaiee. E iei ioiinyony i?eaeiaeueiinoue iunee,
aiciiaeiinoue iieo/aiey ioaaoia, aeaeaei ioeeiiythueony io i?eau/iuo;
auno?ioa e ieaaiinoue (fluency) aicieeiiaaiey iaiau/iuo annioeeaoeaiuo
naycae; (aini?eei/eainoue( e i?iaeaia, aa iai?eau/iia ?aoaiea; aaaeinoue
iunee eae eiee/anoai annioeeaoeee, eaeae, aicieeathueo a aaeeieoeo
a?aiaie a niioaaonoaee n iaeioi?ui o?aaiaaieai; niiniaiinoue iaeoe
iiaua, iai?eau/iua ooieoeee ioaaoa eee aai /anoe (K. Duncker,
A. S. Luchins, E. N. Luchins, J. P. Guilford e ae?.). Aeae. Aeeoi?ae
n/eoaao, /oi ana eioaeeaeooaeueiua niiniaiinoe a eaeie-oi ia?a
oai?/aneea, ii iaeaieaa yaii iie i?iyaeythony a aeeaa?aaioiii iuoeaiee
eae niiniaiinoe aeaaaoue iaiau/iua ioaaou ia noaiaea?oece?iaaiiua oanou.
I. Oi??ain iieaaae, /oi a oai?/aneii iuoeaiee iiyaeyaony niiniaiinoue e
iinoaiiaea i?iaeai, /oanoaeoaeueiinoue e iaaeinoaoeai a eiathueony
ciaieyo, aiciiaeiinoue iino?iaiey aeiioac ia ionoonoaothueo yeaiaioao
yoeo ciaiee e o. i.

Nicaeaiu oeaeua aaoa?ae oanoia, iai?aaeaiiua ia auyaeaiea oeacaiiuo
iniaaiiinoae iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Ia eo iniiaa au/eneyaony
niaoeeaeueiue (eiyooeoeeaio oai?/aneiai iioaioeeaea aeaoae(
((creativity().

Ai iiiaeo ?aaioao i oai?/aneii iuoeaiee iniiaiuie aai iieacaoaeyie
n/eoathony oaeea, eioi?ua io?aaeatho noaiaiue ioeeiiaiey io i?eau/iiai
?aoaiey, i?aiaeieaiey (aa?uea?ia i?ioeiai iiuoa(. N oeaeueth eo
auyaeaiey eniieuecothony eneonnoaaiiua i?iaeaiu, i?aaeiieaaathuea ?aceia
noieeiiaaiea eiathuaainy iiuoa n o?aaiaaieyie caaea/e, iie
i?aaeiieaaatho iaiau/iua ?aoaiey, ia?ooathuea oi, /oi aeeeooaony iiuoii
aeecie.

Iu iiaeoiaeei e ?aoaieth i?iaeaiu acaeiiioiioaiey eioaeeaeoa e
i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey (aeeth/ay e aai aunooth nooiaiue — oai?/aneia
iuoeaiea) neaaeothuei ia?acii. Eioaeeaeo /aeiaaea (eee aai oi)
oa?aeoa?ecoaony iuoeaieai, acyoui a aniaeoa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo ?acee/ee.
Naiue nouanoaaiiue i?eciae ioee/athuee iuoeaiea io ae?oaeo ineoe/aneeo
i?ioeannia,— iai?aaeaiiinoue ia ioe?uoea iiauo ciaiee, o. a. aai
i?iaeoeoeaiinoue. A niioaaonoaee n yoei aiciiaeiinoe /aeiaaea e aieaa
eee iaiaa naiinoiyoaeueiiio ioe?uoeth iiauo ciaiee, ii?aaeaeyaiua (i?e
iaee/ea ae?oaeo iaiaoiaeeiuo oneiaee) o?iaiai ?acaeoey i?iaeoeoeaiiai
iuoeaiey, ninoaaeytho iniiao, (yae?i( aai eioaeeaeoa.

4. Iao/aaiinoue e aa eiiiiiaiou

?anniao?eaay eiaeeaeaeoaeueii-oeie/aneea eiiiiiaiou i?iaeoeoeaiiai
iuoeaiey, iu noaaeee ia?aae niaie caaea/o auaeaeeoue oa aai iniaaiiinoe,
io eioi?uo caaeneo eaaeinoue iaeaaeaiey iaeii?iaeiuie ciaieyie, oaii
i?iaeaeaeaiey a ieo, o. a. naycuaaee aai n iiiyoeai iaueo niiniaiinoae.
O oeieueieeia yoe naienoaa eo ineoeee iaoneaaeeaatho oniaoiinoue o/aaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, auno?ioo e eaaeinoue a iaeaaeaiee iiauie ciaieyie,
oe?ioo eo ia?aiina, o. a. aunooiatho eae eo iauea niiniaiinoe e o/aieth.
Aeey eo iaicia/aiey a ineoieiaee oe?iei eniieuecotho oa?iei
(iao/aaiinoue(.

*ai auoa iao/aaiinoue, oai auno?ae e eaa/a i?eia?aoaao /aeiaae iiaua
ciaiey, oai naiaiaeiaa iia?e?oao eie a ioiineoaeueii iiauo oneiaeyo, oai
auoa, neaaeiaaoaeueii e oaii aai oinoaaiiiai ?acaeoey. Aio ii/aio iu
iieaaaai, /oi iao/aaiinoue, ia?yaeo n oiiaeii aeaenoaaiiuo ciaiee, o. a.
oao, eioi?ua /aeiaae i?eiaiyao ia i?aeoeea, aoiaeeo a no?oeoo?o
oinoaaiiiai ?acaeoey.

Ia oinoaaiiuo niiniaiinoyo /aeiaaea noaeyo ia iioiio, /oi ii iiaeao
naeaeaoue ia iniiaa iiae?aaeaiey, onaieoue a ?acoeueoaoa iiae?iaiiai,
?acaa?iooiai iauyniaiey. Oi /aeiaaea i?iyaeyaony a ioiineoaeueii
naiinoiyoaeueiii i?eia?aoaiee, (ioe?uoee( iiauo aeey naay ciaiee, a
oe?ioa ia?aiina yoeo ciaiee a iiaua neooaoeee, i?e ?aoaiee
ianoaiaea?oiuo, iiauo aeey iaai caaea/. A yoie noi?iia ineoeee iaoiaeeo
naia au?aaeaiea i?iaeoeoeaiia iuoeaiea, aai iniaaiiinoe i?iyaeythony a
oi?ie?othueony o /aeiaaea ea/anoaao oia, ii?aaeaeyy o?iaaiue e
niaoeeoeeo iao/aaiinoe ee/iinoe. Yoe iniaaiiinoe, naienoaa iuneeoaeueiie
aeayoaeueiinoe o/aueony, ea/anoaa eo oia e anoue eiiiiiaiou iao/aaiinoe,
iie aoiaeyo a aa no?oeoo?o, a naiaia?acea eo ni/aoaiee ii?aaeaeyao
iiiaiia?acea eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo ?acee/ee a iao/aaiinoe o/aueony.

Iaeii ec aaaeiaeoeo ea/anoa oia — aai aeoaeia. Yoi ea/anoai i?iyaeyaony
a noaiaie nouanoaaiiinoe i?eciaeia, eioi?ua /aeiaae iiaeao
aano?aae?iaaoue i?e iaeaaeaiee iiaui iaoa?eaeii, i?e ?aoaiee i?iaeai, e
a o?iaia eo iaiauaiiinoe. I?ioeaiiieiaeiia ea/anoai — iiaa?oiinoiinoue
oia. Iii aeaeii ii auaeaeaieth aiaoieo, eaaeaueo eae au ia iiaa?oiinoe
iaaethaeaaiuo yaeaiee i?eciaeia, ii onoaiiaeaieth neo/aeiuo naycae
iaaeaeo ieie, /oi io?aaeaao ieceee o?iaaiue eo iaiauaiiinoe.

I?iaeoeoeaiia iuoeaiea i?aaeiieaaaao ia oieueei oe?ieia eniieueciaaiea
onaiaiiuo ciaiee, ii e i?aiaeieaiea aa?uea?a i?ioeiai iiuoa, iooiaea io
i?eau/iuo oiaeia iunee, ?ac?aoaiea i?ioeai?a/ee iaaeaeo
aeooaeece?iaaiiuie ciaieyie e o?aaiaaieyie i?iaeaiiie neooaoeee,
i?eaeiaeueiinoue ?aoaiee, eo naiaia?acea. Yoo noi?iio iuoeaiey /aua
anaai iaicia/atho eae aeaeinoue oia, aeeiaie/iinoue, iiaeaeaeiinoue e
o. ae. Iaeaieaa oaea/ai ia?aue oa?iei (aeaa ae?oaeo /aua oiio?aaeythony
a eiioaenoa ineoioeceieiae/aneeo ?aaio). I?e aeaeii oia /aeiaae eaaei
ia?aoiaeeo io i?yiuo naycae e ia?aoiui, io iaeiie nenoaiu aeaenoaee e
ae?oaie, anee yoiai o?aaoao ?aoaaiay caaea/a, ii iiaeao ioeacaoueny io
i?eau/iuo aeaenoaee e o. ae. Eia?oiinoue oia i?iyaeyaony a
i?ioeaiiieiaeiii: a neeiiiinoe e oaaeiio, a o?oaeiinoe ia?aeeth/aiey io
iaeieo aeaenoaee e ae?oaei, a aeeeoaeueiie caaea?aeea ia oaea ecaanoiuo
aeaenoaeyo, ianiio?y ia iaee/ea io?eoeaoaeueiiai iiaee?aieaiey e o. ae.

A. I. Aioiiiaa, enneaaeoy aeaeinoue iuoeaiey i?e ?aoaiee ?aciiia?aciuo
caaea/, ioia/aao onoie/eainoue yoiai ea/anoaa e iaee/ea aanueia
nouanoaaiiuo ?acee/ee ii noiia?iiio (iieacaoaeth aeaeinoe( iuoeaiey
oeieueieeia iaeiiai e oiai aea aic?anoa: aeey e?aeieo a?oii — iaeaieaa e
iaeiaiaa ?acaeouo e enneaaeiaaiiuo ath oeieueieeia yoio iieacaoaeue
?aaai niioaaonoaaiii 12,5% e 89%, o. a. iaeei iieacaoaeue i?aauoaao
aoi?ie aieaa /ai a 6 ?ac!

Aeey oai?/aneiai ?aoaiey i?iaeai aaaeii ia oieueei auaeaeeoue o?aaoaiua
neooaoeeae nouanoaaiiua i?eciaee, ii e, oaea?aeeaay a oia anth eo
niaieoiiinoue, aeaenoaiaaoue a niioaaonoaee n ieie ia iiaeaeaaaynue ia
aeeyiea aiaoieo, neo/aeiuo i?eciaeia aiaeece?oaiuo neooaoeee. Yoo
noi?iio iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe iaicia/aee eae onoie/eainoue oia.
Iia i?iyaeyaony a i?eaioaoeee ia niaieoiiinoue auaeaeaiiuo ?aiaa
cia/eiuo i?eciaeia, ianiio?y ia i?iaioee?othuaa aeaenoaea neo/aeiuo
i?eciaeia iiauo caaea/ oiai aea oeia. O?oaeiinoe a i?eaioaoeee ia ?yae
i?eciaeia, aoiaeyueo a niaea?aeaiea iiaiai iiiyoey eee caeiiiia?iinoe,
iaiainiiaaiiay niaia i?eaioaoeee, ia?aoiae io iaeieo aeaenoaee e ae?oaei
iiae aeeyieai neo/aeiuo annioeeaoeee — iieacaoaeue iaonoie/eainoe oia.

Ioe?uoea i?eioeeieaeueii iiauo ciaiee, noieue oa?aeoa?iia aeey
i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey, i?aaenoaaeyao niaie nea/eiia?aciue,
oeeeee/aneee i?ioeann, a eioi?ii a aeeaeaeoe/anee i?ioeai?a/eaii
aaeeinoaa aunooiatho eae oi?ioi iniciaiiua, neiaanii-eiae/aneea
eiiiiiaiou, oae e ia iaoiaeyuea aaeaeaaoiiai io?aaeaiey a neiaa,
iiaeniciaoaeueiua, eiooeoeaii-i?aeoe/aneea eiiiiiaiou. Aeeth/aiea
eiooeoeee a i?ioeann iienea iiaiai caeiiiia?ii. Iaeiaei, /oiau
iaeaeaiiua oaeei ia?acii ciaiey i?eia?aee aeaenoaaiioth neeo, o. a.
iiaee auoue ia?aaeaiu ae?oaei, eniieueciaaiu aeey ?aoaiey oe?ieiai e?oaa
caaea/, aeieaeiu auoue oi?ioi iniciaiu eae eo nouanoaaiiua i?eciaee, oae
e niiniau iia?e?iaaiey yoeie ciaieyie. Aio ii/aio iaeiei ec iniiaiuo
ea/anoa oia, aoiaeyueo a iao/aaiinoue, iu n/eoaai iniciaiiinoue naiae
iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe, aiciiaeiinoue naeaeaoue aa i?aaeiaoii
iunee naiiai ?aoathuaai i?iaeaio noauaeoa. A aeeceii cia/aiee
oiio?aaeyaony oa?iei (?aoeaeney(.

Yoi ea/anoai oia i?iyaeyaony a aiciiaeiinoe au?aceoue a neiaa eee a
ae?oaeo neiaieao (a a?aoeeao, noaiao, iiaeaeyo) oeaeue e i?iaeoeo,
?acoeueoao iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe ( nouanoaaiiua i?eciaee aiiaue
noi?ie?iaaiiuo iiiyoee, caeiiiia?iinoae), a oaeaea oa niiniau, n
iiiiuueth eioi?uo yoio ?acoeueoao aue iaeaeai, auyaeoue ioeai/iua oiaeu
iunee e eo i?e/eiu, niiniau eo eni?aaeaiey e o. i. Iainiciaiiinoue
iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?iyaeyaony a oii, /oi /aeiaae ia iiaeao
aeaoue io/aoa i ?aoaiee caaea/e (aeaaea anee iii aa?iia), ia caia/aao
naieo ioeaie, ia iiaeao oeacaoue oa i?eciaee, ia eioi?ua ii iie?aeny,
aeaaay oio eee eiie ioaao, e o. ae.

Aiaoia oi?ioi au?aaeaiiay iniaaiiinoue i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey —
naiinoiyoaeueiinoue i?e i?eia?aoaiee e iia?e?iaaiee iiauie ciaieyie. Yoi
ea/anoai oia i?iyaeyaony a iinoaiiaea oeaeae, i?iaeai, auaeaeaeaiee
aeiioac e naiinoiyoaeueiii ?aoaiee yoeo caaea/, i?e/ai nouanoaaiiua
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua ?acee/ey ii yoiio ia?aiao?o yenia?eiaioaeueii
iaia?oaeaiu oaea o ieaaeoeo oeieueieeia.

Ia aunoai o?iaia ?acaeoey yoiai ea/anoaa /aeiaae ia oieueei ?aoaao
neiaeiua aeey naay i?iaeaiu, ii e nai, aac aiaoiae noeioeyoeee, euao
iaeaieaa niaa?oaiiua, aieaa aunieiai o?iaiy iaiauaiiinoe niiniau eo
?aoaiey (yoio o?iaaiue iuoeaiey Ae. A. Aiaiyaeaineay iacaaea
e?aaoeaiui).

A oi aea a?aiy ia iecoai o?iaia, i?e iaaiciiaeiinoe naiinoiyoaeueiiai
?aoaiey iinoaaeaiiie caaea/e, ?acee/ey a i?iaeoeoeaiinoe iuoeaiey
i?iyaeythony a /oanoaeoaeueiinoe e iiiiue: /ai iaiueoa iiiiuue, eioi?ay
iaiaoiaeeia aeey ?aoaiey, oai auoa i?iaeoeoeaiinoue iuoeaiey. Aio ii/aio
iu i?aaeii/eoaai ?aca?aie/eaaoue naiinoiyoaeueiinoue e
/oanoaeoaeueiinoue e iiiiue.

Oaeiau iniiaiua, eae iu iieaaaai, iniaaiiinoe i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey,
ea/anoaa oia, io eioi?uo (i?e i?i/eo ioiineoaeueii ?aaiuo oneiaeyo)
caaeneo oniaoiinoue o/aiey.

Neaaeoao eeoue ioiaoeoue, /oi auaeaeaiea aeaiiuo ee/iinoiuo naienoa
i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey, ea/anoa oia, yaeyaony aanueia oneiaiui. Aaaeue
ineoeea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie /?acau/aeii neiaeiia aeeiaie/aneia oeaeia,
ii ioiioaieth e eioi?iio iaaiciiaeii, i?eiaieoue aeeoioiieth: neeoeii
oiiee, ieaaiu iiae/an ia?aoiaeu iaaeaeo auaeaeyaiuie i?e aiaeeca aa
noi?iiaie.

(2. Ineoieiai-iaaeaaiae/aneea i?eioeeiu ?acaeoey i?iaeoeoeaiiai
iuoeaiey oeieueieeia.

A niioaaonoaee n o?aaiaaieyie, i?aaeuyaeyaiuie nia?aiaiiie oeieie,
iao/aiea a iae aeieaeii i?eaioe?iaaoueny ia ?acaeoea i?iaeoeoeaiiai,
oai?/aneiai iuoeaiey, iaania/eaathuaai aiciiaeiinoue naiinoiyoaeueii
i?eia?aoaoue iiaua ciaiey, i?eiaiyoue eo a iiiaiia?aciuo oneiaeyo
ie?oaeathuae aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe.

Iu aa?ainy ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi aeaeueiaeoaa niaa?oainoaiaaiea iao/aiey ia
iiaeao auoue inouanoaeaii i?e i?eaioaoeee ia iaeei, aeaaea i/aiue
yooaeoeaiue, ineoieiai-iaaeaaiae/aneee i?eioeei (i?iaeaiiinoe,
aeaeaeaiey io aano?aeoiiai e eiie?aoiiio e o. ae.), iaecaaaeii
i?eaiaeyuee e iaaeiioeaiea ae?oaeo. Iaiaoiaeeia ?aaeecaoeey nenoaiu
i?eioeeiia, caaiuey eioi?ie ii?aaeaeythony niaoeeoeeie naiiai
i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey, iniaaiiinoyie aai aaiaoe/aneiai ?acaeoey o
oeieueieeia.

1. I?iaeaiiinoue iao/aiey.

I?eioeei i?iaeaiiinoe ioaa/ay niaoeeoeea i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey — aai
iai?aaeaiiinoe ia ioe?uoea iiauo ciaiee, yaeyaony iniiaiui, aaaeouei
i?eioeeiii ?acaeaathuaai iao/aiey.

I?iaeaiiui iacuaaaony oaeia iao/aiea, i?e eioi?ii onaiaiea ciaiee e
ia/aeueiue yoai oi?ie?iaaiey eioaeeaeooaeueiuo iaaueia i?ienoiaeyo a
i?ioeanna ioiineoaeueii naiinoiyoaeueiiai ?aoaiey caaea/-i?iaeai,
i?ioaeathuaai iiae iauei ?oeiaiaenoaii o/eoaey.

I?iaeaiiu oieueei oa caaea/e, ?aoaiea eioi?uo i?aaeiieaaaao oioy e
oi?aaeyaiue o/eoaeai, ii naiinoiyoaeueiue iiene aua iaecaanoiuo
oeieueieeo caeiiiia?iinoae, niiniaia aeaenoaey, i?aaee. Oaeea caaea/e
aicaoaeaeatho aeoeaioth iuneeoaeueioth aeayoaeueiinoue,
iiaeaea?aeeaaaioth eioa?anii, a naeaeaiiia naieie o/aueieny (ioe?uoea(
i?eiineo ei yiioeeiiaeueiia oaeiaeaoai?aiea e ai?acaei i?i/iaa
cae?aieyaony a eo iaiyoe, /ai ciaiey i?aiiaeianaiiua a (aioiaii( aeaea.
Yoa aeoeaiay naiinoiyoaeueiay iuneeoaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue i?eaiaeeo e
oi?ie?iaaieth iiauo naycae, naienoa ee/iinoe, iieiaeeoaeueiuo ea/anoa
oia e oai naiui — e iee?inaeaeao a eo oinoaaiiii ?acaeoee
(I. A. Iai/eineay, A. I. Iaothoeei).

Auai? caaea/ aeey i?iaeaiiiai iao/aiey i?aaeaea anaai caaeneo io
niaoeeoeee eo niaea?aeaiey. Iaoa?eae iienaoaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a,
iiaeeaaeauee onaiaieth, a?yae ee iiaeao neoaeeo n?aaenoaii i?iaeaiiiai
iao/aiey. I?iaeaiiuie iiaoo noaoue caaea/e ia i?eiaiaiea oaea ecaanoiuo
caeiiiia?iinoae a ioiineoaeueii iiauo oneiaeyo, ii oaeeo, eioi?ua
i?aaeiieaaatho aieaa eee iaiaa cia/eoaeueioth ia?ano?ieeo ciaeiiuo
niiniaia ?aoaiey, auai? ec iiiaeo aiciiaeiuo aa?eaioia iaeaieaa
?aoeeiiaeueiiai niiniaa aeaenoaey, i?eiaiaiea iaueo oai?aoe/aneeo
iieiaeaiee, i?eioeeiia ?aoaiee a ?aaeueiuo i?aeoe/aneeo oneiaeyo,
o?aaothueo aianaiey a ieo eiino?oeoeaiuo eciaiaiee, e o. ae. (oaeeo
caaea/ iaiaei a i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea)
(O. A. Eoae?yaoeaa).

Iaeaieueoee yooaeo i?e i?iaeaiiii iao/aiee aeatho caaea/e,
i?aaeiieaaathuea ioe?uoea iiauo aeey o/aueony i?e/eiii-neaaenoaaiiuo
naycae, caeiiiia?iinoae, iaueo i?eciaeia ?aoaiey oeaeiai eeanna caaea/,
a iniiaa eioi?uo eaaeao aua ia ecaanoiua noauaeoo ioiioaiey iaaeaeo
ii?aaeaeaiiuie eiiiiiaioaie enneaaeoaiuo eiie?aoiuo neooaoeee.

Auai? caaea/e-i?iaeaiu caaeneo e io iaee/ey o oeieueieeia enoiaeiiai
ieieioia ciaiee (aeeth/ay e eo iia?aoi?ioth noi?iio) eee aiciiaeiinoe ca
ioiineoaeueii ei?ioeee n?ie aei iinoaiiaee i?iaeaiu iciaeiieoue o/aueony
n iaiaoiaeeiuie aeey naiinoiyoaeueiiai ?aoaiey naaaeaieyie. Aianoa n oai
iaaei iiiieoue, /oi yoe ciaiey aeieaeiu neoaeeoue iii?ie aeey iieneia
iooe ?aoaiey, a ia (iaaiaeeoue(, ia iiaeneacuaaoue yoio iooue, eia/a
caaea/a ia?anoaiao auoue i?iaeaiiie.

Noaiaiue neiaeiinoe caaea/e, eae ia yoii ieoao A. I. Iaothoeei,
ii?aaeaeyaony /eneii nouanoaaiiuo acaeiinaycae a aa oneiaee, /eneii
iiin?aaeiaaiee e i?aia?aciaaiee, i?eaiaeyueo e iaoiaeaeaieth eneiiiai.
Caaeneo iia e io o?iaiy naiinoiyoaeueiinoe i?e iinoaiiaea e ?aoaiee
i?iaeaiu (A. A. E?ooaoeeee). Iaeiaiueoay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue o?aaoaony
io o/aueony oiaaea, eiaaea i?aiiaeaaaoaeue nai noaaeo i?iaeaio e
iaia/aao iniiaiua aaoe aeey aa ?aoaiey, aeeth/ay oeieueieeia eeoue a
ioaeaeueiua caaiuey ?annoaeaeaiey, i?eaiaeyuaai e ii?aaeaeaieth
eneiiiai. Iau/ii oae eaeao o?ie i?iaeaiiiai oeia ia ia/aeueiii yoaia
?aaiou iaae i?eioeeieaeueii iiaui aeey oeieueieeia ?acaeaeii i?ia?aiiu,
eiaaea aacen aeey ?aoaiey oaeiai ?iaea i?iaeai o ieo aua i/aiue iae.
Iinoaaea i?iaeaio, o/eoaeue aeieaeai aeaoue oeieueieeai naiei
iiiuoaoueny aa ?aoeoue ia iniiaa eiathueony ciaiee e oaaaeeoueny, /oi
yoeo ciaiee aeey aeinoeaeaiey oeaee yaii iaaeinoaao, a caoai i?eiyoue
o/anoea a iino?iaiee aeinooiiuo aeey ieo caaiueaa ?annoaeaeaiey,
i?eaiaeyueo e iiaiio ciaieth.

Ii ia?a iaeiieaiey enoiaeiuo ciaiee noaiaiue naiinoiyoaeueiinoe iieneia
?aoaiey aeieaeia ia?anoaoue. O/eoaeue, iinoaaea i?iaeaio, i?aaeinoaaeyao
oeieueieeai naiei eneaoue iooue aa ?aoaiey, aeaaay oaia?ue eeoue naiua
iauea oeacaiey i iai?aaeaiee iienea. Aeaeaa ii oieueei noaaeo i?iaeaio e
ia?aie/eaaaony e?eoeeie eiaeiuo oiaeia iunee i?e iiiuoeao oeieueieeia
iaeoe ?aoaiea. Iaeiiaoe, eiaaea o oeieueieeia a eco/aaiie iaeanoe
iaeiieeenue iaiaoiaeeiua ciaiey e iaauee, neaaeoao i?aaeinoaaeoue ei
aiciiaeiinoue naiei oaeaeaoue a i?aaeiieaaaaiuo enoiaeiuo neooaoeeyo
iiaoth aeey naay i?iaeaio, noi?ioee?iaaoue aa e iaeoe niinia ?aoaiey, a
iaaeaaia eeoue a e?aeiai neo/aa, anee naie o/aueany a ?annoaeaeaieyo
caoee a ooiee, ieacuaaao ei ieieiaeueioth iiiiuue, iaiaeay, eae iiaeii
aueoe ec iaai.

Oaeiau iaeioi?ua aieaa aiaoiea, iiaeaeathueany iauaeoeaiie ioeaiea
oneiaey, ii?aaeaeythuea i?iaeaiiinoue caaea/. Iaeiaei neaaeoao iniai
iiae/a?eiooue, /oi aeaaea iieiinoueth ioaa/athuay oeacaiiui oneiaeyi
caaea/a iiaeao ia noaoue aeey oeieueieeia i?iaeaiiie, anee i?e
iciaeiieaiee n iae o/eoaeth ia oaeanony nicaeaoue o ieo (i?iaeaiiie
neooaoeee( (A. I. Iaothoeei). I?iaeaiiay neooaoeey io?aaeaao
noauaeoeaiia i?eiyoea caaea/e, ?aaeueiia o/anoea eaaeaeiai oeieueieea
(oioy au iuneaiii) a i?ioeanna aa ?aoaiey. Aaaeii, /oiau o/aiee nai
caaeoiaeny iaae noi?ioee?iaaiiie a eeanna i?iaeaiie, nai naaa caaeae oio
aea aii?in e iiiuoaeny aeaoue ia iaai ioaao.

Iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiia n?aaenoaa aeey nicaeaiey o oeieueieeia i?iaeaiiuo
neooaoeee — eniieueciaaiea i?ioeai?a/ee, eiioeeeoa iaaeaeo onaiaiiuie
ciaieyie, ciaeiiuie niiniaaie ?aoaiey ii?aaeaeaiiiai eeanna caaea/ e
oaie o?aaiaaieyie, eioi?ua i?aaeuyaeyao iiaay caaea/a; oeieueieee
aeieaeiu oaaaeeoueny a oii, /oi ?aoaiea caaea/ ia iniiaa oaea eiathueony
ciaiee i?eaiaeeo e ioeaeai. O/eoaeue niciaoaeueii caino?yao eiioeeeo,
iiae/a?eeaaao aicieeathuaa i?ioeai?a/ea, noeioee?oao iiiuoee iaeoe
auoiae ec nicaeaaoaainy iieiaeaiey, ?ac?aoeoue i?ioeai?a/ea.

I?iaeaiiua neooaoeee o oeieueieeia iiaoo auoue nicaeaiu oai, /oi a
caaea/ao n iaaeinoathueie e ecauoi/iuie aeaiiuie ei aoaeao i?aaeeiaeaii
iaeoe ?yae aiciiaeiuo aa?eaioia ?aoaiey e iainiiaaiii aua?aoue iaeaieaa
yooaeoeaiue; /anoue aeaiiuo a ieo ii?aaeaeyaony ii oaaeeoeai, ia iniiaa
aeiiieieoaeueiuo ecia?aiee e o. ae. ?aoaiea oaeeo caaea/ i?eaeeaeaao
oeieueiia iao/aiea e aeeciaiiie i?aeoeea, iiauoaao aeaenoaaiiinoue
ciaiee, iineieueeo iineaaeiea i?eia?aoaiu a i?ioeanna aieaa eee iaiaa
naiinoiyoaeueiie aeoeaiie iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Eiioeeeoiua neooaoeee, eniieuecoaiua a i?iaeaiiii iao/aiee, eae au
iaoaeeeaatho o/aueony ia ioeaee. Yoi i?ioeai?a/eo aeieaia a?aiy
ainiiaenoaiaaaoaio a iaoiaee/aneie eeoa?aoo?a iieiaeaieth i
iaiaoiaeeiinoe iaa?aaaoue oeieueieeia io ioeaie. A i?iaeaiiii iao/aiee
i?e nicaeaiee eiioeeeoiuo neooaoeee iau/ii eniieuecoaony iaoa?eae, a
iniiaa onaiaiey eioi?iai eaaeeo oaeoaeaiiia iiieiaiea iniiaiuo ioiioaiee
iaaeaeo aai nouanoaaiiuie i?eciaeaie, caeiiiia?iinoae, iaueo i?eioeeiia
?aoaiey oeaeiai eeanna caaea/ e o. ae. Caaea/e-i?iaeaiu noaayo o/aieea a
oneiaey iaii?aaeaeaiiinoe, e aicieeiiaaiea caeanue ioeaie aiieia
aiciiaeii. Oaeea ioeaee ia no?aoiu, anee i?aiiaeaaaoaeue ia?aoeo ia ieo
aieiaiea oeieueieeia e aeiaueaony iiieiaiey oao i?e/ei, eioi?ua
ii?iaeeee ioeaee, e niiniaia eo i?aiaeieaiey.

Iniiaiie iooue ioe?uoey iiaiai aeey /aeiaaea niiniaa ?aoaiey i?iaeai —
(aiaeec /a?ac neioac( (N. E. ?oaeiooaei). Ii i?aaeiieaaaao aeeth/aiea
niaea?aeaueony a oneiaee caaea/e iniiaiuo e auaiaeeiuo ec ieo
i?iiaaeooi/iuo aeaiiuo ai ana iiaua e iiaua nenoaiu naycae, aeaaiaea?y
/aio a ieo auyaeythony ia auaeaeaiiua ?aiaa naienoaa, ioiioaiey,
?ane?uaathony eo aiciiaeiinoe aeey aeinoeaeaiey oeaee.

Aicieeiao ee a oneiaeyo iao/aiey o oiai eee eiiai o/auaainy i?iaeaiiay
neooaoeey, ia?aoeoueny ee ii aeey aa ?aoaiey e iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiiio
i?eaio i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey — (aiaeec /a?ac neioac( eee aea e
iaoaie/aneie iaieioeyoeee aeaiiuie — caaeneo ia oieueei io iauaeoeaiuo
oaeoi?ia, ii e io oaeoi?ia noauaeoeaiuo, e i?aaeaea anaai — io
oinoaaiiiai ?acaeoey oeieueieeia. Iineieueeo oeieueieee iaeiiai e oiai
aea aic?anoa eiatho aanueia nouanoaaiiua ?acee/ey a aeinoeaiooii eie
o?iaia oinoaaiiiai ?acaeoey, iieiay ?aaeecaoeey i?eioeeia i?iaeaiiinoe
ia iiaeao auoue inouanoaeaia aac eiaeeaeaeoaeecaoeee iao/aiey.

2. Eiaeeaeaeoaeecaoeey e aeeooa?aioeeaoeey iao/aiey

Oinoaaiiia ?acaeoea ninoaaeytho eae ciaiey (aeeth/ay e i?eaiu, iaoiaeu
iiciaiey), oae e iao/aaiinoue, niiniaiinoue i?eia?aoaoue yoe ciaiey.

Eae iieacaee iiiai/eneaiiua yenia?eiaiou, aanueia nouanoaaiiu
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua ?acee/ey a o?iaia onaiaiey ciaiee. Oeieueieee,
iaoiaeyueany a eaeaioe/iuo oneiaeyo iao/aiey, onaaeaatho iiaue aeey ieo
iaoa?eae ii-?aciiio: iaeie ia aunieii, ae?oaea ia n?aaeiai, o?aouee ia
ieceii o?iaia. I?e yoii iieacaoaeue o?iaiy onaiaiey, oa?aeoa?iue aeey
oiai eee eiiai o/auaainy, aeiaieueii onoie/ea (eieaaaiey oioy e eiatho
ianoi, ii iau/ii a i?aaeaeao aeeaeaeoaai o?iaiy). A o?iaiyo onaiaiey
ciaiee i?iyaeythony oeie/iua aeey o/aueony onoie/eaua iniaaiiinoe
ineoeee, io eioi?uo caaeneo oniaoiinoue o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe,
aiciiaeiinoue ?aoaoue i?iaeaiu, o?aaothuea i?aaeoniio?aiiuo i?ia?aiiie
ciaiee. Oeieueieee, onaieaoea yoe ciaiey ia ieceii o?iaia, ia niiaoo eo
eniieueciaaoue i?e ?aoaiee oaeeo i?iaeai.

Aiciiaeii ee aeiaaaeaiea eaaeaeiai o/auaainy ianniaie oeieu aei aunoaai
o?iaiy iaeaaeaiey ii?aaeaeaiiuie ciaieyie?

Yenia?eiaiou iieacaee, /oi aiciiaeii aeinoeaeaiea aunoaai o?iaiy
iaeaaeaiey iiaui aeey ieo iiiyoeai anaie o/aieeaie, ii ?acee/iui iooai.
Iaeie aeinoeaatho yoiai o?iaiy oaea ia iniiaa ia?ae/iiai ciaeiinoaa n
iiaui aeey ieo iiiyoeai; aeey ae?oaeo o?aaoaony a n?aaeiai ?aoaiea io 10
aei 20 caaea/ n iii?ie i?e cao?oaeiaiee ia iiiiuue yenia?eiaioaoi?a.
O?aoueei iaiaoiaeeii auei ?aoeoue ieiei nioie caaea/ aeey iieiiai
iaeaaeaiey iiaui aeey ieo iiiyoeai.

Oaeei ia?acii, a oneiaeyo eiaeeaeaeoaeecaoeee iao/aiey ?acee/ey a
o?iaiyo ciaiee (ii oiio eee eiiio ?acaeaeo i?ia?aiiu) iiaoo auoue niyou.
A ianniaie oeiea, aaea iau/ii iao ?aaeueiiai o/aoa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo
?acee/ee, e eiioeo eco/aiey ii?aaeaeaiiiai ?acaeaea i?ia?aiiu ?acieoea a
o?iaiyo aai onaiaiey ianeieueei naeaaeeaaaony, ii ana aea inoaaony
aanueia cia/eoaeueiie.

A aua aieueoae ia?a, /ai io o?iaiy ciaiee, i?iaeoeoeaiinoue
naiinoiyoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe o/aueony i?e onaiaiee iiauo ciaiee
caaeneo io iao/aaiinoe. N?aaee o/aueony ?aciuo aic?anoia eiathony
oeieueieee n aunieei, n?aaeiei e ieceei o?iaiai ?acaeoey eo eae
i?aeoe/aneiai, oae e neiaanii-eiae/aneiai eiiiiiaioia i?iaeoeoeaiiai
iuoeaiey, i?aeoeee n ioiineoaeueiui i?aiaeaaeaieai
eiooeoeaii-eiae/aneiai iuoeaiey iaae neiaanii-eiae/aneei e iaaieueoia
/enei oai?aoeeia.

Enneaaeiaaiey iieacaee, /oi eiaeeaeaeoaeueii-oeie/aneea iniaaiiinoe
?acaeoey i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey oeieueieeia cia/eoaeueii ia?ae?uaatho
aic?anoiua.

A oneiaeyo i?eaioaoeee ia (n?aaeiaai( o/aieea, o. a. aac ?aaeueiie
eiaeeaeaeoaeecaoeee iao/aiey, caiaaeeyaony oaii ?acaeoey oao, eoi i?eoae
a oeieo cia/eoaeueii aieaa ?acaeoui, /ai eo naa?noieee. Ii a iniaaiii
oyaeaeua oneiaey iiiaaeatho oeieueieee n caiaaeeaiiui oaiiii oinoaaiiiai
?acaeoey. Oneiaey iao/aiey a ianniaie oeiea ianoieueei ia niioaaonoaotho
eo aiciiaeiinoyi, /oi oaeea o/aueany n aic?anoii ia i?eaeeaeathony a
naiai ?acaeoee e naa?noieeai, a ana aieueoa e aieueoa ionoatho io ieo.

Ia oniaoiinoue o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe, naycaiiie n i?iaeaeaeaieai a
?acaeoee, aieueoia aeeyiea ieacuaatho e ae?oaea noi?iiu ineoeee
o/aueony, e i?aaeaea anaai — eo oinoaaiiay ?aaioiniiniaiinoue, eioi?ay
iiaeao a iaeioi?ie noaiaie eiiiaine?iaaoue iaee/ea ioiineoaeueii
iaaunieie iauae oniaaaaiinoe.

Ia i?iaeoeoeaiinoue iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe aanueia nouanoaaiii
aeeyao oaeia ea/anoai ee/iinoe eae eioaeeaeooaeueiay aeoeaiinoue, eee,
ii oa?ieiieiaee Ae. A. Aiaiyaeaineie, eioaeeaeooaeueiay eieoeeaoeaa. Eae
iieacaee enneaaeiaaiey Ae. A. Aiaiyaeaineie, iaee/ea aunieeo oinoaaiiuo
niiniaiinoae aua ia aa?aioe?oao i?iyaeaiea aunieiai o?iaiy eieoeeaoeau;
ia?aaeei aanueia niiniaiua ethaee ia?aie/eaathony e oaeiaeaoai?ythony
?aoaieai oie eee eiie iinoaaeaiiie i?iaeaiu aieaa yeaiaioa?iui niiniaii,
oioy, i?e niioaaonoaothuai iiaoaeaeaiee ni noi?iiu, ?aoatho oo aea
i?iaeaio ia naiii aunieii o?iaia.

Iaeuecy ia o/eouaaoue i?e ?aaioa ni oeieueieeaie e cia/eoaeueiuo
?acee/ee a eo eioa?anao: io iieiiai ionoonoaey, aei iaee/ey aeoaieiai,
onoie/eaiai, ?aciinoi?iiiaai, aeoeaiiai iiciaaaoaeueiiai eioa?ana e oiio
eee eiiio eco/aaiiio a oeiea i?aaeiaoo eee e eo a?oiia. Nouanoaaiiia
aeeyiea ia oniaoiinoue e niaoeeoeeo o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe ieacuaatho e
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua ?acee/ey a aa iioeaaoeee.

?aaeueii a ethaii eeanna iao aeaaea aeaoo o/aueony, eaeaioe/iuo ae?oa
ae?oao ii iniaaiiinoyi naiae ineoeee; eaaeaeue ii naiaio onaaeaaao
o/aaiue iaoa?eae. Anoanoaaiii, aicieeaao iuneue i oii, /oi a oneiaeyo
ianniaiai iao/aiey i?eioeei aai eiaeeaeaeoaeecaoeee ia iiaeao auoue
?aaeeciaai. Iaeiaei yoi ia oae. E. E. Oa?aeaiiaie yenia?eiaioaeueii
aeieacaia ia oieueei aiciiaeiinoue, ii e aunieay yooaeoeaiinoue
?aaeecaoeee a oeiea i?eioeeia i?iaeaiii-eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai iao/aiey. I?e
oaeie oi?ia ?aaiou, aieaa ?acaeoua oeieueieee eiatho aiciiaeiinoue
?aaioaoue iaae iaoa?eaeii iiauoaiiie o?oaeiinoe, naiinoiyoaeueii ?aoaoue
aaeaeaaoiua eo aiciiaeiinoyi i?iaeaiu. Iaiaa ?acaeoua iieo/atho aieaa
iiae?iaiua iauyniaiey io o/eoaey, ?aoatho caaea/e iinoaiaiii
iiauoathuaeny o?oaeiinoe e, i?aiaeieaaay o?oaeiinoe n iaeioi?ie
iiiiuueth ni noi?iiu, onaaeaatho iiaue iaoa?eae, i?iaeaeaathony a naiai
?acaeoee, ia?aaeei ia?aoiaey a a?oiiu n aieaa aunieei o?iaiai.

3. Iioeiaeueiia ?acaeoea ?acee/iuo aeaeia iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe

I?iaeaiiinoue e ae?oaea i?eioeeiu ?acaeoey oai?/aneiai iuoeaiey ia iiaoo
auoue ?aaeeciaaiu aac o/aoa aic?anoiuo e eiaeeaeaeoaeueii-oeie/aneeo
iniaaiiinoae iuoeaiey. Aic?anoiui iniaaiiinoyi eioaeeaeooaeueiiai
?acaeoey iinayuaii iaiaei enneaaeiaaiee. A ieo auyaeaia noaaeeaeueiinoue
?acaeoey eioaeeaeoa, aeaia oa?aeoa?enoeea eaaeaeie noaaeee a caaeneiinoe
io aaaeouaai aeaea iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Ia ia?aie noaaeee aaaeouei yaeyaony iaaeyaeii-aeaenoaaiiia, i?aeoe/aneia
iuoeaiea, eioi?ia inouanoaeyaony a eiie?aoiie neooaoeee, a i?ioeanna
i?aeoe/aneeo aeaenoaee n ?aaeueiuie i?aaeiaoaie. O iaeaiueeeo aeaoae yoi
(iuoeaiea ?oeaie(. Iaeuo oyiaony e ea?ooea, ia iiaeao a? aeinoaoue e
iinea ?yaea iiiuoie eniieuecoao iaeeo eee eacao ia oaao?aoeo, /oiau
iieo/eoue caeioa?aniaaaoee aai i?aaeiao.

Ia aoi?ie noaaeee i?aiaeaaeaao iaaeyaeii-ia?aciia iuoeaiea; iii
iicaieyao ?aoaoue caaea/e ia iniiaa iia?e?iaaiey oaea ia ?aaeueiuie
i?aaeiaoaie, a ia?acaie aini?eyoey e i?aaenoaaeaiee, niaea?aeaueieny a
aeaoneii iiuoa. Naycue iuoeaiey n i?aeoe/aneeie aeaenoaeyie oioue e
nio?aiyaony, ii ia yaeyaony oaeie i?yiie, iaiin?aaenoaaiiie, eae
?aiueoa. /oiau ?aoaoue caaea/e ?aaaiie aeieaeai io/aoeeai aini?eieiaoue,
iaaeyaeii i?aaenoaaeyoue ?enoaioth a ieo neooaoeeth.

Ia o?aoueae, aunoae, nooiaie ?acaeoey aaaeouoth ?ieue a iuneeoaeueiie
aeayoaeueiinoe i?eia?aoaao ioaea/aiiia, aano?aeoii-oai?aoe/aneia
iuoeaiea. Iuoeaiea aunooiaao caeanue a oi?ia ioaea/aiiuo iiiyoee e
?annoaeaeaiee, io?aaeathueo nouanoaaiiua noi?iiu ie?oaeathuae
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, caeiiiia?iua nayce iaaeaeo ieie. Iaeaaeaiea a oiaea
onaiaiey iniia iaoe iiiyoeyie, caeiiaie, oai?eyie ieacuaaao
cia/eoaeueiia aeeyiea ia oinoaaiiia ?acaeoea oeieueieeia. Iii ?ane?uaaao
aiaaoua aiciiaeiinoe naiinoiyoaeueiiai oai?/aneiai i?eia?aoaiey ciaiee,
eo oe?ieiai i?eiaiaiey ia i?aeoeea.

Iieo/aiiay a enneaaeiaaieyo oa?aeoa?enoeea noaaeee iuoeaiey iicaieeea
iaiaoeoue iniiaioth eeieth aai ?acaeoey — io i?aeoe/aneiai iuoeaiey,
neiaaiiiai eiie?aoiie neooaoeeae, e ioaea/aiiiio
aano?aeoii-oai?aoe/aneiio iuoeaieth, aaca?aie/ii ?anoe?ythuaio noa?o
iiciaiey, iicaieythuaio auoiaeeoue aeaeaei ca i?aaeaeu
iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai /oanoaaiiiai iiuoa.

Iiae aeeyieai anaaic?anoathueo o?aaiaaiee e oeieueiiio ia?aciaaieth
ineoieiae ia/aee enneaaeiaaoue (ciio aeeaeaeoaai ?acaeoey( aeaoae. Auea
iinoaaeaia caaea/a auynieoue, eaeiau aiciiaeiinoe iuoeaiey aeaoae, anee
oae eciaieoue niaea?aeaiea e iaoiaeu iao/aiey, /oiau iie aeoeaece?iaaee
?acaeoea ioaea/aiiiai, aano?aeoii-oai?aoe/aneiai iuoeaiey (A. A.
Aeaauaeia, N. O. AEoeeia, E. A. Caieia, A. A. Caii?iaeaoe, A. A.
Ethaeeineay, I. A. Iai/eineay, A. A. Ne?ei/aiei, Ae. A. Yeueeiiei e
ae?.).

Yenia?eiaiou aeanoyua iiaeoaa?aeeee aeiioaco i ai?acaei aieueoeo, /ai
n/eoaeinue ?aiaa, aiciiaeiinoyo eioaeeaeoa aeaoae. Ieacaeinue, /oi oaea
ia?aieeannieee iiaoo iia?e?iaaoue ioaea/aiiuie neiaieaie, ?aoaoue
caaea/e ia iniiaa oi?ioe, iaeaaeaaaoue a?aiiaoe/aneeie iiiyoeyie e o.
ae.

Aianoa n oai onoaiiaea ia aieaa ?aiiaa ?acaeoea ioaea/aiiiai,
iiiyoeeiiai iuoeaiey, ia aai oi?ie?iaaiee ia iniiaa aeaeaeaiey (io
aano?aeoiiai e eiie?aoiiio( — aa?iyoii, aneaaenoaea iiae/an ioeai/iiai
iiieiaiey nouiinoe yoiai i?ioeanna — ia i?aeoeea ia?aaeei i?eaiaeeo e
iaaeiioeaiea ?iee iaaeyaeiinoe, eiie?aoecaoeee ciaiee, a oaeaea e
cia/aiey aeayoaeueiinoe e ae?oaeo aeaeia iuoeaiey. Iaeuecy caauaaoue i
oii, /oi e ioaea/aiiia, aano?aeoii-oai?aoe/aneia iuoeaiea, aeaeaei
auoiaey ca i?aaeaeu /oanoaaiiiai iiuoa, oieueei oiaaea iaeaaeaao
aeaenoaaiiie neeie, iicaieyao i?iieeaoue a nooue iiciaaaaiie
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, eiaaea iii ia?ac?uaii naycaii n
iaaeyaeii-/oanoaaiiuie aeaiiuie. Oi?ne?iaaiiia ?acaeoea ioaea/aiiiai
iuoeaiey, aac aeinoaoi/iie eiie?aoecaoeee onaaeaaaiiai iaoa?eaea, aac
nayce n iaaeyaeii-i?aeoe/aneei e iaaeyaeii-ia?aciui iuoeaieai iiaeao
i?eaanoe e oi?iaeueiiio onaiaieth ciaiee, e ia?aciaaieth ionouo
aano?aeoeee, ioi?aaiiuo io aeeaie aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe.

Aa?iiie/iia ?acaeoea ee/iinoe i?aaeiieaaaao aeoeaecaoeeth anao aeaeia
iuoeaiey, eo niaa?oainoaiaaiea.

Iaiaoiaeeiinoue ?acaeaaoue ?acee/iua aeaeu iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe
auoaeaao ec niaoeeoeee i?iaeoeoeaiiai, oai?/aneiai iuoeaiey. I?ioeann
ioe?uoey iiauo ciaiee e o ?aaaiea, aia?aua iiciathuaai aeaaii ioe?uoua
/aeiaa/anoaii enoeiu, e o o/aiiai, aia?aua i?iieeathuaai ca i?aaeaeu
ecaanoiiai, ia i?ienoiaeyo a aeaea no?iaeo eiae/aneeo ?annoaeaeaiee,
iaiin?aaenoaaiii iie?athueony ia ciaeiiua caeiiiia?iinoe. ?aoaiea
i?iaeaiu ia?aaeei i?ienoiaeeo eiooeoeaii, e a yoii i?ioeanna
nouanoaaiioth ?ieue ea?atho e i?aeoe/aneia e ia?aciia iuoeaiea,
iaiin?aaenoaaiii naycaiiia n /oanoaaiiie iii?ie.

?aoaiea i?iaeaiu a neiaaniii ieaia, ia iniiaa oai?aoe/aneeo
?annoaeaeaiee ?acaa?ouaaaony iinoaiaiii, caaii ca caaiii. /aeiaaeo
iaaiciiaeii i?e yoii ioaaoeoue ana iaiaoiaeeiua caaiuey, /oi cao?oaeiyao
onoaiiaeaiea acaeiinayce iaaeaeo ieie. Aeeth/aiea a yoio i?ioeann
iaaeyaeii-ia?aciiai iuoeaiey aeaao aiciiaeiinoue n?aco, (iaeiei
acaeyaeii( ioaaoeoue ana aoiaeyuea a i?iaeaiioth neooaoeeth eiiiiiaiou,
a i?aeoe/aneea aeaenoaey iicaieytho onoaiiaeoue acaeiinaycue iaaeaeo
ieie, ?ane?uoue aeeiaieeo enneaaeoaiiai yaeaiey e oai naiui iaeaa/atho
iiene ?aoaiey.

I?aiaeaaeaiea i?aeoe/aneeo, ia?aciuo eee iiiyoeeiuo aeaeia iuneeoaeueiie
aeayoaeueiinoe ii?aaeaeyaony ia oieueei niaoeeoeeie ?aoaaiie i?iaeaiu,
ii e eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuie iniaaiiinoyie naieo ethaeae.

Aio ii/aio iu iieaaaai, /oi iaeiei ec aaaeiaeoeo i?eioeeiia ?acaeoey
oai?/aneiai iuoeaiey yaeyaony iioeiaeueiia (ioaa/athuaa oeaeyi iao/aiey
e ineoe/aneei iniaaiiinoyi eiaeeaeaea) ?acaeoea ?aciuo aeaeia
iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe: e aano?aeoii-oai?aoe/aneiai, e
iaaeyaeii-ia?aciiai, e iaaeyaeii-aeaenoaaiiiai, i?aeoe/aneiai iuoeaiey.

4. Niaoeeaeueiia oi?ie?iaaiea eae aeai?eoie/aneeo, oae e ya?enoe/aneeo
i?eaiia oinoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Enneaaeiaaiea i?ioeanna onaiaiey e i?eiaiaiey ciaiee iieacaee, /oi
iau/ii o/aueany onaaeaatho niaea?aeaoaeueioth noi?iio ciaiee e
iaiin?aaenoaaiii n iae naycaiiua eiie?aoiua i?eaiu ?aoaiey aeiaieueii
oceiai e?oaa caaea/. Eeoue o oeieueieeia n aunieie iao/aaiinoueth ia
iniiaa ?aoaiey aaeeie/iuo caaea/ oi?ie?othony iaiauaiiua i?eaiu, iaoiaeu
?aoaiey oeaeiai eeanna caaea/. Oi?ie?iaaiea oaeiai ?iaea iaiauaiiuo
i?eaiia oinoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe /?acau/aeii aaaeii, oae eae iii
icia/aao nouanoaaiiue naeaea a eioaeeaeooaeueiii ?acaeoee, ?anoe?yao
aiciiaeiinoe ia?aiina ciaiee a ioiineoaeueii iiaua oneiaey. Iineieueeo
iniiaiay ianna o/aueony naiinoiyoaeueii ia iaeaaeaaaao aieaa iaiauaiiuie
i?eaiaie oinoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, eo oi?ie?iaaiea aeieaeii noaoue
aaaeiie caaea/ae iao/aiey.

A niioaaonoaea n yoei iaeiei ec i?eioeeiia ?acaeoey oai?/aneiai,
i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey yaeyaony niaoeeaeueiia oi?ie?iaaiea iaiauaiiuo
i?eaiia oinoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Iaiauaiiua i?eaiu oinoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe aeaeyony ia aeaa aieueoea
a?oiiu — i?eaiu aeai?eoie/aneiai oeia e ya?enoe/aneea.

Inoaiiaeiny nia/aea ia oa?aeoa?enoeea i?eaiia aeai?eoie/aneiai oeia.

Yoi i?eaiu ?aoeeiiaeueiiai, i?aaeeueiiai iuoeaiey, iieiinoueth
niioaaonoaothuaai caeiiai oi?iaeueiie eiaeee. Oi/iia neaaeiaaiea
i?aaeienaieyi, aeaaaaiui oaeeie i?eaiaie, iaania/eaaao aacioeai/iia
?aoaiea oe?ieiai eeanna caaea/, ia eioi?ue yoe i?eaiu iaiin?aaenoaaiii
?ann/eoaiu.

Aii?oaeaiea o/aueony i?aaeeueiuie, ?aoeeiiaeueiuie i?eaiaie iuoeaiey,
iao/aiea oiio, eae ii?aaeaeyoue iiiyoey, eeanneoeoee?iaaoue eo, no?ieoue
oiicaeeth/aiey, ?aoaoue a niioaaonoaee n aeaiiui aeai?eoiii caaea/e,
ieacuaaao iieiaeeoaeueiia aeeyiea e ia naiinoiyoaeueiia, i?iaeoeoeaiia
iuoeaiea, iaania/eaaao aiciiaeiinoue ?aoaiey caaea/-i?iaeai.

Oi?ie?iaaiea i?eaiia iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe aeai?eoie/aneiai oeia,
i?eaioe?othueo ia oi?iaeueii-eiae/aneee aiaeec caaea/, yaeyaony
iaiaoiaeeiui, ii ia aeinoaoi/iui oneiaeai ?acaeoey iuoeaiey. Iaiaoiaeeii
iii, ai-ia?auo, iioiio, /oi niaeaenoaoao niaa?oainoaiaaieth
?ai?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey, yaeythuaainy aaaeiui eiiiiiaioii oai?/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoe (iniaaiii ia ia/aeueiii e eiia/iii yoaiao ?aoaiey
i?iaeai). Ai-aoi?uo, yoe i?eaiu neoaeao oai oiiaeii ciaiee, ec eioi?uo
o/aiee iiaeao /a?iaoue (no?ieoaeueiue iaoa?eae( aeey nicaeaiey,
eiino?oe?iaaiey iaoiaeia ?aoaiey iiauo aeey iaai caaea/. Iaaeinoaoi/iui
oi?ie?iaaiea aeai?eoie/aneeo i?eaiia yaeyaony iioiio, /oi ia
niioaaonoaoao niaoeeoeea i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey, ia noeioee?oao
eioaineaiia ?acaeoea eiaiii yoie noi?iiu iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Aio ii/aio oi?ie?iaaiea oaeeo i?eaiia aeieaeii ni/aoaoueny ni
niaoeeaeueiui aii?oaeaieai o/aueony i?eaiaie ya?enoe/aneiai oeia.

I?eaiu ae?oaiai oeia iacaaee ya?enoe/aneeie iioiio, /oi iie
iaiin?aaenoaaiii noeioee?otho iiene ?aoaiey iiauo i?iaeai, ioe?uoea
iiauo i?iaeai, ioe?uoea iiauo aeey noauaeoa ciaiee e oai naiui
niioaaonoaotho naiie i?e?iaea, niaoeeoeea oai?/aneiai iuoeaiey. A
ioee/ee io i?eaiia aeai?eoie/aneiai oeia, ya?enoe/aneea i?eaiu
i?eaioe?otho ia ia oi?iaeueii-eiae/aneee, a ia niaea?aeaoaeueiue aiaeec
i?iaeai. Iie iai?aaeytho iuneue ?aoathueo ia i?iieeiiaaiea a nooue
iienuaaaiiai a oneiaee i?aaeiaoiiai niaea?aeaiey, ia oi, /oiau ca
eaaeaeui neiaii iie aeaeaee aai ?aaeueiia niaea?aeaiea e ii iaio noaeeee
i ?iee a ?aoaiee oiai eee eiiai aeaiiiai. Iiiaea ya?enoe/aneea i?eaiu
noeioee?otho aeeth/aiea a i?ioeann ?aoaiey i?iaeai iaaeyaeii-ia?aciiai
iuoeaiey, /oi iicaieyao eniieueciaaoue aai i?aeiouanoai ia?aae neiaanii
eiae/aneei iuoeaieai — aiciiaeiinoue oeaeinoiiai aini?eyoey, aeaeaiey
anae iienuaaaiie a oneiaee neooaoeee. Oai naiui iaeaa/aaony oa/aiea
oa?aeoa?iuo aeey i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey eiooeoeaiuo i?ioeannia.

*anoue yoeo i?eaiia iai?aaeyao ?aoathuaai ia eniieueciaaiea aanueia
oa?aeoa?iiai aeey oai?/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe iuneeoaeueiiai yenia?eiaioa,
eioi?ue iaeaa/aao iinoaiiaeo e i?aaeaa?eoaeueioth i?iaa?eo aeiioac e
iooe ?aoaiey i?iaeai. Aeeth/ay eiathueany a oneiaee caaea/e aeaiiua a
?acee/iua nayce, a iiaua neooaoeee, ?aoathuee oai naiui (au/a?iuaaao( eo
iiaua i?eciaee, eniieuecoy iioeiaeueiue aeey oai?/aneiai i?ioeanna
(aiaeec /a?ac neioac(.

E ya?enoe/aneei i?eaiai ioiineony eiie?aoecaoeey, eiaaea o/aiee i?eaeaao
aano?aeoiui aeaiiui oneiaey aieaa eiie?aoioth oi?io. Oae, a caaea/a
neacai, /oi i?e i?iaeaaea oiaa?a iieo/aii 1260 ?oaeae i?eauee. O/aiee
ooi/iyao: (Yoi iaaacei eoiee ca eaeoth-oi oeaio, a iioii i?iaeae oiaa? e
ca iaai iieo/ee ia 1260 ?oaeae aieueoa(. Yoio i?eai aeiiieiyaony i?eaiii
a?aoe/aneiai aiaeeca, aaiaeyuaai iaaeyaeiua iii?u ?acee/iie noaiaie
neiaieecaoeee. Iai?eia?, e oie aea caaea/a eniuooaiue iaa?anuaaao noaio,
io?aaeathuoth (iaaeaaaeo(:

? 1260

I?ioeaiiieiaeiui yaeyaony i?eai aano?aae?iaaiey, eiaaea ?aoathuee
ioa?anuaaao eiie?aoiua aeaoaee, (iaieyy( aeaiiua e niioiioaiey iaaeaeo
ieie. (Ia 4800 ?oaeae aieueoa e aaeaia aei?iaea( — aio e ana, /oi
auaeaeaii o/aieeii a iaeiie ec caaea/, e ia yoii nin?aaeioa/eaaao ii
aieiaiea.

Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiui i?eaiii, iaeaa/athuei auyaeaiea
ooieoeeiiaeueiuo naycae iaaeaeo aeaiiuie, yaeyaony aa?uee?iaaiea. Yoio
i?eai caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi o/aiee i?iecaieueii ioa?anuaaao eee
eciaiyao aaee/eio iaeiiai ec aeaiiuo (a eiiaaea e ianeieueeeo) e ia
iniiaa eiae/aneiai ?annoaeaeaiey auyniyao, eaeea neaaenoaey auoaeatho ec
oaeiai i?aia?aciaaiey, eae io?aceeanue ecieyoeey aeaiiiai ia inoaeueiuo.
Ii yoei eciaiaieyi eaa/a noaeeoue i nayce auaeaeaiiiai aeaiiiai n
ae?oaeie. Iai?eia?, a iaeiie ec caaea/ eniuooaiue iineaaeiaaoaeueii
ioa?anuaaao niaea?aeaueany a iae aeaiiua. (Anee ioa?ineoue 1 ?oa. 50
eii., o. a. ?acieoeo iaaeaeo eeo?a eeneiou e eeo?a ?anoai?a, oi noaei au
aeaoaaea… A o ian iieo/aii 3 ?oaey i?eauee… Caaoaeai i o?ao ?oaeyo…(
?aoathuee ioa?anuaaao o?e ?oaey, iioii iyoue eeo?ia aiaeu, aeiaaaeaiiua
a eeneioo, e yoi iineaaeiaaoaeueiia iuneaiiia yenia?eiaioe?iaaiea
i?eaiaeeo aai e aa?iiio ?aoaieth.

Oe?iei eniieuecothony i?e ?aoaiee i?iaeai i?eaiu aiaeiaee, iinoaiiaea
aiaeeoe/aneeo aii?inia.

I?iaeaia ya?enoe/aneeo i?eaiia ?aoaiey caaea/ iinayuaia eieaa Ae. Iaey
(Eae ?aoaoue caaea/o(. Aaoi? ?aeiiaiaeoao i?aaeaea anaai oi?ioi iiiyoue
oneiaea caaea/e, iineaaeiaaoaeueii noaay naaa aii?inu: (*oi ecaanoii?
*oi aeaii? Aeinoaoi/ii ee yoeo aeaiiuo, /oiau ii?aaeaeeoue eneiiia?( E
o. i. Aeaeaa ii niaaooao naeaeaoue /a?oaae, e?aoei caienaoue oneiaea,
?acaeoue aai ia /anoe. Iieacii aniiiieoue iioiaeoth caaea/o e
iii?iaiaaoue eniieueciaaoue iaoiae a? ?aoaiey eee aea i?eiaieoue
aiaeiaeth.

Aeaaeatho ee ya?enoe/aneeie i?eaiaie oeieueieee e n eaeiai i?eia?ii
aic?anoa? Eae iie eie iaeaaeaaatho? Enneaaeiaaiey iieacuaatho, /oi yoe
i?eaiu i?e ?aoaiee iiauo caaea/ eniieuecotho eeoue iaeaieaa ?acaeoua
oeieueieee.

I/aaeaeii, iaiaoiaeeii niaoeeaeueii iao/aoue ya?enoe/aneei i?eaiai.

Eiathony ?aaiou, iai?aaeaiiua ia ?aoaiea yoie caaea/e. Oaeia
enneaaeiaaiea, iai?eia?, i?iaaaeaii TH. I. Eoethoeeiui. A iai auee
eniieueciaaiu yeaiaiou i?ia?aiie?iaaiiiai iao/aiey, ninoaaeaiu
i?ia?aiiu, i?aaeoniao?eaathuea iienaiea ya?enoe/aneeo i?eaiia. E iei
ioiinyony neaaeothuea i?eaiu:

Ia?aiia/aeueiay noaiaoecaoeey eiathueony a oneiaee caaea/e ioiioaiee (o.
a. e?aoeia a? niaea?aeaiea n auaeaeaieai enoiaeiuo aeaiiuo).

Ia?aaiae oneiaey n aeeoaeneiai ycuea, ia eioi?ii iii ia?aaeei aeaii, ia
ycue iao/iuo oa?ieiia, iiiyoee.

I?eaea/aiea iaaeyaeiinoe, a oii /enea iaaeyaeiuo aiaeiaee, eae iii?u
aeey iienea ?aoaiey.

Oneiaiia oi?iuaiea aiaeece?oaiie nenoaiu.

Ooi/iaiea eaeae ?aoaiey, eiaaea iia iaeaeaia (o. a. oi/iia ii?aaeaeaiea
oiai oeia niioiioaiee, eioi?ia niaea?aeeony a aeaiiie neooaoeee).

TH. I. Eoethoeei oeacuaaao, /oi iieiaeeoaeueiui eoiaii i?iaaaeaiiiai
iao/aiey yaeeinue eciaiaiea naiiai iiaeoiaea e o/aieth. Oeieueieeia
noaea i?eaeaeaoue naiinoiyoaeueiay iiciaaaoaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue, o.
a. o ieo eciaieeanue iioeaaoeey o/aiey. I/aaeaeii, nouanoaaiiia aeeyiea
ieacaee iieiaeeoaeueiua yiioeee, aicieeathuea i?e naiinoiyoaeueiii
ioe?uoee, eioi?ia ioeaieaaaony ?aoathuei, eae aai eioaeeaeooaeueiay
iiaaaea.

Eoae, aeai?eoie/aneea i?eaiu iaania/eaatho i?aaeeueiia ?aoaiea caaea/
ecaanoiuo o/aueiny oeiia; iie o/ao oeieueieeia eiaeea ?annoaeaeaiee,
neoaeao oiiii, eioi?ue aiciiaeii eniieueciaaoue i?e iieneao ?aoaiey
i?iaeai. Ya?enoe/aneea i?eaiu iicaieytho aeaenoaiaaoue a oneiaeyo
iaii?aaeaeaiiinoe, a i?eioeeieaeueii iiauo neooaoeeyo, iaeaa/ay iiene
?aoaiey iiauo i?iaeai.

Neaaeiaaoaeueii iaeiei ec i?eioeeiia ?acaeoey oai?/aneiai iuoeaiey
aeieaeii auoue niaoeeaeueiia oi?ie?iaaiea eae aeai?eoie/aneeo, oae e
ya?enoe/aneeo i?eaiia oinoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.

5. Niaoeeaeueiay i?aaiecaoeey iiaie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe

A ineoieiae/aneeo ?aaioao, iaiin?aaenoaaiii naycaiiuo n i?iaeaiaie
i?iaeoeoeaiiai, oai?/aneiai iuoeaiey, iaiaeia aieiaiea oaeaeyaony
iienaieth io?eoeaoaeueiie ?iee i?ioeiai iiuoa, eioi?ue iiaeao
i?aiyonoaiaaoue, oi?iiceoue aeaeaeaiea a i?eioeeieaeueii iiaii
iai?aaeaiee, iiae/a?eeaaaony iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?aiaeieaiey (aa?uea?a
i?ioeiai iiuoa(.

Yoe enneaaeiaaiey io?aaeatho ecaanoiue i?ia?ann a ?aoaiee i?iaeaiu
i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey e iooae aai ?acaeoey e ieacuaatho naia
iieiaeeoaeueiia aeeyiea ia i?aeoeeo iao/aiey. Iaeiaei, eae yoi ia?aaeei
auaaao, oneeaiiia aieiaiea e iaeiie noi?iia iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe
(i?iaeoeoeaiiio iuoeaieth) a i?aeoeea iao/aiey iiaeao i?eaanoe e
iaaeiioeaiea ae?oaie aa noi?iiu — ?ai?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey e ia?ac?uaii
naycaiiie n iae iiaie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, iaania/eaathuae i?i/iinoue
ciaiee, eo aioiaiinoue e aeooaeecaoeee a niioaaonoaee n o?aaiaaieyie
caaea/e. A ?acoeueoaoa yoiai o oeieueieeia iiae/an ia oi?ie?oaony
i?i/iie nenoaiu ciaiee iniia eco/aaiiai iaoa?eaea, ec-ca /aai oi?iiceony
e eioaeeaeooaeueiia ?acaeoea.

Ia?aaeei iieaaatho, iai?eia?, /oi ia neaaeoao caaioeoueny i ciaiee
oi?ioe, eo anaaaea iiaeii aini?iecaanoe ii ni?aai/ieeai. Ioaao ia
aii?in, iaaei ee caiiieiaoue oi?ioeu, a /anoiinoe, iieo/ai a
enneaaeiaaiee N. E. Oaie?i. ?acoeueoaou yenia?eiaioia iieacaee, /oi a
i?inouo neooaoeeyo, eiaaea caaeneiinoe eniieuecothony anaaaea iaeeiaeiai
(o. a. eiaaea o?aaoaony ?ai?iaeoeoeaiia iuoeaiea), eo i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia
niaoeeaeueiia caiiieiaiea ia iaycaoaeueii, aiieia aiciiaeii
eniieueciaaiea aiaoieo n?aaenoa (ni?aai/ieeia e o. i.). Iai?ioea, a
neiaeiuo neooaoeeyo, i?e ?aoaiee ianoaiaea?oiuo caaea/, o. a. oiaaea,
eiaaea aeieaeii aeoeaece?iaaoueny i?iaeoeoeaiia iuoeaiea, iaiaoiaeeii
i?i/iia cae?aieaiea iniiaiuo oi?ioe a iaiyoe. Ecaanoiue iaaeaaia
A. O. Oaoaeia ia aiaeiae/iue aii?in ioaa/aao: (O/aiee, eioi?ue ?aaioaao
ni ni?aai/ieeii, ioee/aaony io o/aieea, eioi?ue ciaao ana oi?ioeu, oae
aea eae ioee/aaony ia/eiathuee oaoiaoeno io a?inniaenoa?a. Ii aeaeeo
oieueei iaeei oiae aia?aae.(

I?yiay onoaiiaea ia caiiieiaiea iiauoaao o?iaaiue iuneeoaeueiie
aeoeaiinoe i?e ?aaioa iaae iiaeeaaeauei onaiaieth iaoa?eaeii, noaiaiue
aa naii?aaoeyoeee e naiieiio?iey, /oi cia/eoaeueii oaaee/eaaao yooaeo
onaiaiey. Yoiio aea niinianoaoao niciaoaeueiia i?eiaiaiea ?aoeeiiaeueiuo
i?eaiia iiaie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe (oaeeo eae a?oiie?iaea,
eeanneoeeaoeey, ninoaaeaiea ieaia, auaeaeaiea niuneiauo iii? e o. ae.).
I?iaeoeoeaiia iuoeaiea i?aaeiieaaaao auoiae ca i?aaeaeu eiathueony
ciaiee. Iaeiaei eiaiii yoe ciaiey — iii?a a ioe?uoee iiaiai. *oiau
ioe?uaaoue iiaia, ioaa?aaoue oaea ecaanoiia, iaiaoiaeeii aeaaeaoue yoei
noa?ui, eiaoue aeinoaoi/ii oe?ieee iauai ciaiee (aeeth/ay e eo
iia?aoeeiiioth noi?iio), aeinoaoi/iuo aeey aeaeaeaiey aia?aae e
iaoiaeyueony a ninoiyiee aioiaiinoe e aeooaeecaoeee a niioaaonoaee n
iinoaaeaiiie ia?aae noauaeoii oeaeueth. *oiau auiieieoue yoi /?acau/aeii
aaaeiia o?aaiaaiea, ioaeii i?aaeoniio?aoue niaoeeaeueioth i?aaiecaoeeth
iiaie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, iaania/eaathuoth i?i/iinoue onaaeaaaiuo
ciaiee e eo aioiaiinoue e aeooaeecaoeee i?e ?aoaiee i?iaeai. Yoa
niaoeeaeueiay i?aaiecaoeey — iaeei ec aaaeiaeoeo i?eioeeiia ?acaeoey
i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey.

Aeey iaania/aiey aeinoaoi/iiai o?iaiy ciaiee aaoi?u o/aaiuo i?ia?aii e
o/aaieeia no?aiyony aaiaeeoue a ieo ana iiaua e iiaua aeaiiua. Iaeiaei,
/ai aieueoa iauai iiaeeaaeaueo onaiaieth ciaiee, oai o?oaeiaa
iaania/eoue i?i/iinoue eo onaiaiey. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, iaiaoiaeeii eae-oi
ia?aie/eoue oio e?oa ciaiee, eioi?ua iiaeeaaeao onaiaieth e eneaoue iooe
i?aaiecaoeee ciaiee a oaeoth nenoaio aunieiai o?iaiy iaiauaiey, a
eioi?ie ii ioiineoaeueii iaiiiaei i?i/ii cae?aieaiiui aa caaiueyi ia
iniiaa ?annoaeaeaiee o/aiee iia au iaeoe aeiiieieoaeueiua caaiuey,
iaiaoiaeeiua aeey iia?e?iaaiey i?eia?aoaiiuie ciaieyie.

Aaaeii /aoei ia?aie/eoue iaycaoaeueiue ieieioi ciaiee io aoi?inoaiaiiiai
iaoa?eaea e i?eaioe?iaaoue o/aueony ia ouaoaeueiia cae?aieaiea eiaiii
iniiaiuo ciaiee e niiniaia iia?e?iaaiey eie, /oi eo/oa aeaeaoue n?aco
aea i?e aaaaeaiee iiaiai iaoa?eaea.

I?eaioaoeey ia auaeaeaiea e iaiauaiea nouanoaaiiiai a iaoa?eaea,
eeanneoeeaoeeth a caaeneiinoe io aai cia/eiinoe niaeaenoaoao
oi?ie?iaaieth iaeiiai ec aaaeiaeoeo ea/anoa i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey —
aeoaeiu oia.

A nayce n aieueoei iauaiii iiaeeaaeaueo onaiaieth ciaiee iaiaoiaeeii ii
aiciiaeiinoe (naeaoue(, (oieioieoue( eo, /oi iiaeao auoue inouanoaeaii
ia iniiaa aieaa ?aiiaai aaaaeaiey iaiauaiiuo ciaiee — oai?ee, caeiiia,
iaueo iaoiaeia ?aoaiey oe?ieiai eeanna caaea/. Oaeea ciaiey iicaieytho
o/aueiny ia caiiieiaoue iiiaeanoai ioaeaeueiuo /anoiuo caeiiiia?iinoae,
niiniaia ?aoaiey, a naiei ia iniiaa eiae/aneeo ?annoaeaeaiee
(auaiaeeoue( eo ec iaueo iieiaeaiee.

(3. Oneiaey e caaea/e ?acaeoey i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey a o/aaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe

N oeaeueth i?aeoe/aneiai iainiiaaiey auaiaeia, iieo/aiiuo a oiaea
iaaethaeaiey ca aeayoaeueiinoueth o/aueony naaeueiuo eeannia n?aaeiae
oeieu iaie auei i?iaaaeaii enneaaeiaaiea.

?aaioa aaeanue n ieoya?y 1995 ii ia?o 1996 aa. e i?aaeoniao?eaaea
ianeieueei yoaiia.

Ia ia?aii yoaia i?iaiaeeeny eiinoaoe?othuee yenia?eiaio, iai?aaeaiiue ia
auyniaiea o?iaiy noi?ie?iaaiiinoe i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey.

Aoi?ui yoaiii ?aaiou auei i?iaaaeaiea na?ee yenia?eiaioaeueiuo caiyoee,
iai?aaeaiiuo ia oi?ie?iaaiea o o/aueony ?aoeeiiaeueiuo i?eaiia
oai?/aneie iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Caeeth/eoaeueiue, o?aoee yoai enneaaeiaaiey, i?iaiaeeeny oaie aea
iaoiaeaie, /oi e ia?aue. Oeaeueth yoiai yoaia auei — auyaeoue eaeea-eeai
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua eciaiaiey a ?acaeoee iao/aaiinoe.

Caoai neaaeiaaei iiaeaaaeaiea eoiaia enneaaeiaaiey. ?anniio?ei
iiae?iaiaa eaaeaeue ec yoaiia.

1. Eiinoaoe?othuee yoai enneaaeiaaiey

A niioaaonoaee n oeaeyie enneaaeiaaiey ca iniiao iaoiaeeee ia ia?aii
yoaia aue acyo iaoiae Eaeiueiaie C. E. (Eaeiueiaa C. E. I?iaeoeoeaiia
iuoeaiea eae iniiaa iao/aaiinoe. I., 1981.).

Iaie auea i?iaaaeaia iiaeeoeeaoeey yoiai oanoa.

A nayce n oai, /oi caiyoey ii yenia?eiaioaeueiie i?ia?aiia
i?aaenoaaeeinue aiciiaeiui i?iaanoe oieueei a aeaoo naaeueiuo eeannao
n?aaeiae oeieu ? 18, oanoe?iaaiea auei i?iaaaeaii a o?ao eeannao: aeaoo
(yenia?eiaioaeueiuo( (52 /ae.) e (eiio?ieueiii( (28 /ae.), o. a. a iai
o/anoaiaaei 80 /aeiaae.

A iaoae iaoiaeeea iiaeaee?iaaeinue i?iaeaiiia iao/aiea, iaiin?aaenoaaiii
iai?aaeaiiia ia ?acaeoea i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey. Iia auea iino?iaia a
aeaea anoanoaaiiiai iao/athuaai yenia?eiaioa, a eioi?ii oeieueieee
aeeth/athony a i?iaeaiiua neooaoeee, ?ann/eoaiiua ia naiinoiyoaeueiia
?aoaiea iiauo aeey ieo o/aaiuo caaea/.

A ea/anoaa caaea/e-i?iaeaiu a iaoiaeeea auea eniieueciaaia ecaanoiay
oece/aneay caeiiiia?iinoue, io?aaeathuay oneiaey ?aaiiaaney ?u/aaa. Aeey
aa ?aoaiey o/aueany ?aniieaaatho iaiaoiaeeiuie ciaieyie. Iie ia ?ac
ano?a/aeenue n i?inoaeoeie neo/ayie ?aaiiaaney — acaaoeaaiea ia
?u/aaeiuo aanao, ea/aiea ia aeinea n iii?ie e o. ae. E?iia oiai, a
yenia?eiaioa eniieueciaaeanue oi?ioay iiaeaeue (aeaiiino?aoeeiiiue
?u/aa), eioi?ay neoaeeea iaaeyaeiie iii?ie i?e «ioe?uoee» o/aueieny
caeiiiia?iinoe. I?aeiouanoaa aeaiiie caeiiiia?iinoe a oii, /oi iia
iiaeao auoue iieacaia ia ?yaea iiaeaeae (?u/aa n iii?ie iaaeaeo eeieyie
aeaenoaey nee, ai?io e o. ae.). oai naiui anoue aiciiaeiinoue nicaeaoue
aa?eaiou iaoiaeeee, iaiaoiaeeiua i?e iiaoi?iuo eniuoaieyo, /oi aaaeii
aeey noaeaeaiey ia eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo naeaeaao a ?acaeoee iao/aaiinoe.

Inoaiiaeiny e?aoei ia oa?aeoa?enoeea no?oeoo?u yenia?eiaioia e niiniaia
ia?aaioee iieo/aaiuo ia eo iniiaa aeaiiuo.

Yenia?eiaio aeeth/ae o?e yoaia: i?aaeaa?eoaeueiue, iniiaiie e
aniiiiaaoaeueiue. Ia i?aaeaa?eoaeueiii yoaia yenia?eiaioaoi? iaania/eaae
oeieueieeai enoiaeiue ieieioi ciaiee; nicaeaaaeanue onoaiiaea ia ?aoaiea
iiaie i?iaeaiu, aucuaaeinue aeaeaiea ?aoeoue aa eae iiaeii eo/oa, aac
aiycie ioeaeoueny i?e iieneao ?aoaiey. N yoie oeaeueth ia ?yaea i?inouo
a?eoiaoe/aneeo caaea/ yenia?eiaioaoi? iaiiieiae oeieueieeai a
(i?aeoe/aneii ieaia) i i?yiie e ia?aoiie caaeneiinoe. Aeaeaa ei
aiai?eee, /oi a nayce n ?aaioie iaae iiauie aa?eaioaie oioyo auynieoue,
aiciiaeii ee n o/aueieny VII eeanna ?aoaoue caaea/e, eioi?ua ?aiaa
?aoaeenue oieueei noa?oaeeannieeaie.

Aeaaiaea?y oaeie iioeae?iaea, oeieueieee n/eoaee naay o/anoieeaie
yenia?eiaioa, ia eiathuaai i?yiiai ioiioaiey e eo nianoaaiiui
niiniaiinoyi. Anee oeieueiee cao?oaeiyeny a ?aoaiee, oi yoi aio
iauyniyee o?oaeiinoueth ?aoaiey caaea/ aeey aeaiiiai aic?anoa.

Iinea oaeie iiaeaioiaea ia?aoiaeeee e iniiaiiio yoaio yenia?eiaioa.
O/auaiony iieacuaaee ?u/aa, aai iea/e e neeu (ae?e ii 100 a).
Yenia?eiaioaoi? aiai?ee oeieueieeo, /oi oio aeieaeai ?aoeoue ?yae
i?aeoe/aneeo caaea/, a eioi?uo ii aaee/eiai nee e iea/ aeiaaaeaoueny,
aoaeao ee ?u/aa a ?aaiiaanee. Iieuecoynue iiaeaeueth ?u/aaa eee
iiniio?aa ioaao ia iai?ioa ea?oi/ee, ii iia i?iaa?eoue, aa?ia ee aai
aeiaaaeea. Iinea ?aoaiey ?yaea caaea/ aio neaaeiaaei ioaaoeoue ia aieaa
iauee aii?in: i?e eaeeo oneiaeyo ?u/aa a ?aaiiaanee, oi anoue naiiio
«ioe?uoue» iaecaanoioth aio caeiiiia?iinoue, ia iniiaa eioi?ie iiaeii
aacioeai/ii ?aoaoue oaeea caaea/e.

Caoai yenia?eiaioaoi? eeae ia?aae eniuooaiuie ea?oi/ee n caienaiiuie ia
ieo aaee/eiaie nee e iea/.

Anaai eniuooaiue i?aeoe/anee ?aoae 30 caaea/, ?acaeaeaiiuo ia 6 oeeeeia.
Ia/aoiua oeeeeu eiaee ii 4 caaea/e, a /aoiua — ii 6. Ia/aoiua oeeeeu
iieo/eee iacaaiea iaaeyaeii-aeaenoaaiiuo, oae eae a ieo io o/aieea,
o?aaiaaeinue naeaeaoue caeeth/aiea ia oneiaeyo ?aaiiaaney ?u/aaa ia
iniiaa i?aeoe/aneeo aeaenoaee n ?aaeueiie iiaeaeueth ?u/aaa. Iieo/ea
ea?oi/eo n oneiaeai caaea/, oeieueiee a niioaaonoaee n iei aaoae ae?ueee
(eaaeaeay ii 100 a) ia oeacaiiii ?annoiyiee io iii?u. Yenia?eiaioaoi? a
yoi a?aiy oaea?aeeaae ?u/aa a ?aaiiaanee. O/aueeny auneacuaae naia
i?aaeiieiaeaiea i oii, aoaeao ee ?u/aa a ?aaiiaanee, iinea /aai
yenia?eiaioaoi? ioioneae ?u/aa e o/aueeny iia i?iaa?eoue i?aaeeueiinoue
naiaai i?aaeiieiaeaiey. *aoiua oeeeeu iacaaiu /eneiauie, oae eae a ieo
o/aueeny eiae aeaei oieueei n /eneiauie aeaiiuie, niiinoaaeyy eioi?ua ii
auneacuaae naith aeiioaco i iaee/ee eee ionoonoaee ?aaiiaaney, a
i?iaa?ye aa ii ioaaoo ia iai?ioa ea?oi/ee.

Niaea?aeaiea anao 30 caaea/ auei eaeaioe/iui, eciaiyeenue eeoue /eneiaua
aeaiiua. Iineaaeiea iiaeae?aeenue oae, /oiau iia?aoeee n ieie ia
aucuaaee ieeaeeo o?oaeiinoae.

Iinea ?aoaiey caaea/ eaaeaeiai ec 6 oeeeeia oeieueieeo i?aaeeaaaeinue
iiiuoaoueny noi?ioee?iaaoue eneiioth caeiiiia?iinoue, oi anoue ioaaoeoue
ia aii?in: i?e eaeeo oneiaeyo ?u/aa aoaeao a ?aaiiaanee? Ia iniiaiii
yoaia caaea/e ?aoaeenue naiinoiyoaeueii, a iiaee?aieaieai neoaeeei eeoue
niiinoaaeaiea aeiioacu eniuooaiiai i iaee/ee ?aaiiaaney n aa?iui
ioaaoii. Eaaeaeue eniuooaiue, aia caaeneiinoe io i?aaeeueiinoe ioaaoia
?aoae ana 30 caaea/.

Aniiiiaaoaeueiue yoai yenia?eiaioia ?ann/eoai oieueei ia oao, eoi ia
iniiaiii yoaia ia ?aoee i?iaeaio, oi anoue ia aeae aa?ioth oi?ioee?iaeo
oneiaee ?aaiiaaney ?u/aaa. Aai oeaeue — ii?aaeaeeoue ia?o iiiiue,
eioi?ay o?aaoaony aeey ?aoaiey i?iaeaiu.

Inoaiiaeiny oaia?ue ia oa?aeoa?enoeea oao iieacaoaeae, ii eioi?ui iu
noaeeee i?e aiaeeca nia?aiiiai yenia?eiaioaeueiiai iaoa?eaea i
i?iaeoeoeaiinoe iuoeaiey oeieueieeia aeaaay aai ea/anoaaiioth
oa?aeoa?enoeeo.

Naiinoiyoaeueiinoue oia iu ii?aaeaeyee ii oiio, ni?aaeeny ee oeieueiee n
?aoaieai i?iaeaiu ia iniiaiii yoaia yenia?eiaioia, eee aio
iio?aaiaaeanue aeiiieieoaeueiay iiiiuue, i?aaeoniio?aiiay ia
aniiiiaaoaeueiii yoaia, e eaeay eiaiii. Auei i?aaeoniio?aii 4 noaiaie
iiiiue, io ieieiaeueiie e iaeneiaeueiie.

Ii noaiaie iiiiue, iaiaoiaeeiie eniuooaiiio aeey auaeaeaiey eneiiie
caeiiiia?iinoe (oneiaey ?aaiiaaney ?u/aaa) ii?aaeaeyee iioaioeeaeueiua
aiciiaeiinoe o/auaainy a ?aoaiee i?iaeaiu.

Aeoaeia oia, io?aaeathuay noaiaiue nouanoaaiiinoe aano?aae?oaiuo
i?eciaeia e noaiaie eo iaiauaiiinoe, ii?aaeaeyeanue ia iniiaa aiaeeca
noaeaeaiee eniuooaiuo i?e eo iiiuoeao noi?ioee?iaaoue eneiioth
caeiiiia?iinoue.

Ia iniciaiiinoe iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe e oa?aeoa?a aa ?aaeecaoeee
iiaeii noaeeoue ii niioiioaieth oiaea i?aeoe/aneiai ?aoaiey caaea/ n
auneacuaaiee eniuooaiuo i oao i?eciaeao, ii eioi?ui, ii eo iiaieth, iie
ii?aaeaeyee iaee/ea eee ionoonoaea ?aaiiaaney. Ionoonoaea niioaaonoaey
iaaeaeo ieie aeaao iniiaaiea aeey ooaa?aeaeaiey i neaaie iniciaiiinoe
iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe, i i?aiaeaaeaiee eiooeoeaii-i?aeoe/aneiai
iuoeaiey iaae neiaanii-eiae/aneei; eo niioaaonoaea aiai?eo ia
iniciaiiinoe yoie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Aeaeinoue oia i?iyaeyaony a aiciiaeiinoe oi?ioee?iaee aeaoo aa?eaioia
eneiiie caeiiiia?iinoe (ii i?iii?oeeiiaeueiinoe aaee/ei nee e iea/, e ii
iiiaioo nee), a niaa?oainoaiaaiee ?ac noi?ioee?iaaiiiai noaeaeaiey, a
ia?aoiaea e noaeaeaieyi aieaa aunieie noaiaie iaiauaiiinoe, aaaaeaiee a
ieo iiauo iao/iuo oa?ieiia aianoi aeeoaeneeo, a eaaeinoe ioeaca io
ioeai/iinoe noaeaeaiee e o. ae.

Onoie/eainoue oia iaeaeao naia au?aaeaiea a aini?iecaaaeaiee e
oeaeaniia?aciie i?eaioaoeee ia iaeaeaiiue a i?ioeanna aiaeeca cia/eiue
i?eciae ?aaiiaaney, a aiciiaeiinoe iaeiia?aiaiiie i?eaioaoeee ia iaa
i?eciaea ?aaiiaaney.

Ii?aaeaeythuaa oneiaea eiee/anoaaiiie ioeaiee ?acoeueoaoia yenia?eiaioia
enneaaeoaiie noi?iiu iuoeaiey — aaeaeaaoiinoue yoie ioeaiea,
ea/anoaaiiie aa oa?aeoa?enoeea.

Ea/anoaaiiue aiaeec i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey oeieueieeia i?eaae e
auaiaeo, /oi iaeaieaa iauei, noiia?iui iieacaoaeai o?iaiy aai ?acaeoey
iiaeao neoaeeoue yeiiiie/iinoue iuoeaiey, eae e?aoeinoue iooe e
naiinoiyoaeueiiio ?aoaieth i?iaeaiu.

A ii?aaeaeaiee iieacaoaey yeiiiie/iinoe iuoeaiey i?e ?aoaiee i?iaeaiu iu
enoiaeei ec neaaeothuae aeiioacu: /ai ?aiueoa eniuooaiue auaeaeeo
nouanoaaiiua i?eciaee ?aaiiaaney e aoaeao i?eaioe?iaaoueny ia ieo, oai
aa?iaa ii aoaeao ?aoaoue caaea/e. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, ia o?iaia
yeiiiie/iinoe iiaeii noaeeoue ii niaieoiiinoe aaeeia, ia/eneaiiuo ca
aa?ii ?aoaiiua caaea/e.

Iieacaoaee yeiiiie/iinoe iuoeaiey ?aniieaaaeenue a eioa?aaea io 0 aei 1,
iu auaeaeeee o?e eo o?iaiy (ia iniiaa i?inoiai aeaeaiey iauaai eioa?aaea
ia 3).

E iecoaio o?iaith auee ioianaiu iieacaoaee io 0 aei 0,33; e n?aaeiaio io
0,34 aei 0,67; e aunoaio io 0,68 aei 1,00.

A oiaea i?iaaaeaiey yenia?eiaioa auee iieo/aiu neaaeothuea ?acoeueoaou.
18 /aeiaae (35%) (yenia?eiaioaeueiuo( eeannia (eeannia, a eioi?uo a
aeaeueiaeoai aaeenue caiyoey ii iaoaiaoeea ii yenia?eiaioaeueiie
iaoiaeeea) iieacaee aeinoaoi/ii aunieea ?acoeueoaou e auee ioianaiu iaie
e aunoaio o?iaith yeiiiie/iinoe iuoeaiey. Ii oaeiio aea i?eioeeio a
(eiio?ieueiii( eeanna e aunoaio o?iaith yeiiiie/iinoe iuoeaiey auee
ioianaiu 10 o/aueony (36%). Aieueoay /anoue eniuooaiuo ec anao eeannia
auea ioianaia iaie e n?aaeiaio o?iaith: 26 /aeiaae ec
(yenia?eiaioaeueiuo( eeannia e 14 ec (eiio?ieueiiai(; eee niioaaonoaaiii
50% e 50%. Iaeiiaoe, ii 4 /aeiaaea ec eaaeaeiai eeanna auee ioianaiu
iaie e iecoaio o?iaith iieacaoaey yeiiiie/iinoe iuoeaiey (15% e 14%
niioaaonoaaiii).

Neaaeiaaoaeueii, enoiaey ec auoaia?a/eneaiiuo aeaiiuo iauee o?iaaiue
yeiiiie/iinoe iuoeaiey iiaeii n/eoaoue aeinoaoi/ii aunieei. I?e yoii iu
aeiioneaai iaee/ea aiciiaeiuo iia?aoiinoae a eniieiaiee, ia?aaioea e
o?aeoiaea aeaiiuo.

E?iia oiai, n?aaiaiea ?acoeueoaoia o/aueony o?ao naaeueiuo eeannia (oae
iacuaaaiuo (yenia?eiaioaeueiuo( e (eiio?ieueiiai() aeaeaao aeiionoeiui
i?iaaaeaiea a aeaoo ec ieo caiyoee ii yenia?eiaioaeueiie iaoiaeeea e
i?iaaaeaiea a aeaeueiaeoai iiaoi?iuo eniuoaiee n oeaeueth auynieoue
aeeyiea yenia?eiaioaeueiie iao/athuae iaoiaeeee ia ?acaeoea
i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey o/aueony.

2. Iao/athuee yenia?eiaio e aiaeec aai ?acoeueoaoia

Neaaeothuei yoaiii iaoae ?aaiou auei i?iaaaeaiea na?ee
yenia?eiaioaeueiuo caiyoee n o/aueieny 7-o eeannia n?aaeiae oeieu a.
Ano?aoaie.

Iu ia i?eaiaeei a iaoae ?aaioa iienaiea eaaeaeiai i?iaaaeaiiiai o?iea.
Inoaiaaeeaaainy eeoue ia iaeioi?uo iaoiaee/aneeo i?eaiao,
eniieueciaaaoeony iaie ia o?ieao aeaaa?u aeey aeoeaecaoeee oai?/aneie
iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe o/aueony, e eo oai?aoe/aneii iainiiaaiee.

Ca/ai ?aoatho caaea/e a oeiea.

Iu n/eoaai, /oi ?acaeoea oai?/aneiai iuoeaiey o o/aueony a i?ioeanna
eco/aiey eie iaoaiaoeee yaeyaony iaeiie ec aeooaeueiuo caaea/, noiyueo
ia?aae i?aiiaeaaaoaeyie iaoaiaoeee a nia?aiaiiie oeiea. Iniiaiui
n?aaenoaii oaeiai ainieoaiey e ?acaeoey iaoaiaoe/aneeo niiniaiinoae
o/aueony yaeythony caaea/e. Ia neo/aeii ecaanoiue nia?aiaiiue iaoaiaoee
e iaoiaeeno Ae. Iiea ieoao: «*oi cia/eo aeaaeaiea iaoaiaoeeie? Yoi anoue
oiaiea ?aoaoue caaea/e, i?e/ai ia oieueei noaiaea?oiua, ii e o?aaothuea
ecaanoiie iacaaeneiinoe iuoeaiey, cae?aaiai niunea, i?eaeiaeueiinoe,
ecia?aoaoaeueiinoe».

I?e iao/aiee iaoaiaoeea ia ?aoaiea caaea/ ioaiaeeoueny a(eueoay /anoue
o/aaiiai a?aiaie. Ionthaea iai?aoeaaaony auaiae, /oi o/aaiia a?aiy,
ioaiaeeiia ia ?aoaiea caaea/ a oeiea, eniieuecoaony iayooaeoeaii, a yoi
io?eoeaoaeueii neacuaaaony ia ea/anoaa iao/aiey iaoaiaoeea a oeaeii.

Iaeia ec aeaaiuo i?e/ei cao?oaeiaiee o/aueony, eniuouaaaiuo eie i?e
?aoaiee caaea/, caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi iaoaiaoe/aneea caaea/e,
niaea?aeaueany a iniiaiuo ?acaeaeao oeieueiuo o/aaieeia, eae i?aaeei,
ia?aie/aiu iaeiie oaiie. Eo ?aoaiea o?aaoao io o/aueony ciaiee, oiaiee e
iaaueia ii eaeiio-ieaoaeue iaeiiio aii?ino i?ia?aiiiiai iaoa?eaea e ia
i?aaeoniao?eaaao oe?ieeo naycae iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie ?acaeaeaie oeieueiiai
eo?na iaoaiaoeee. ?ieue e cia/aiea oaeeo caaea/ en/a?iuaathony a oa/aiee
oiai iai?iaeieaeeoaeueiiai ia?eiaea, eioi?ue ioaiaeeoueny ia eco/aiea
(iiaoi?aiea) oiai eee eiiai aii?ina i?ia?aiiu. Ooieoeey oaeeo caaea/
/aua anaai naiaeeoueny e eeethno?aoeee eco/aaiiai oai?aoe/aneiai
iaoa?eaea, e ?acuyniaieth aai niunea. Iiyoiio o/aueiny iao?oaeii iaeoe
iaoiae ?aoaiey aeaiiie caaea/e. Yoio iaoiae eiiaaea iiaeneacuaaaony
iacaaieai ?acaeaea o/aaieea eee caaea/ieea, oaiie, eco/aaiie ia o?iea,
oeacaieyie o/eoaey e o. ae. Naiinoiyoaeueiue iiene iaoiaea ?aoaiey
o/aieeii caeanue ieieiaeai. I?e ?aoaiee caaea/ ia iiaoi?aiea, o?aaothueo
ciaiey ianeieueeeo oai, o o/aueony, eae i?aaeei, aicieeatho
ii?aaeaeaiiua o?oaeiinoe.

E niaeaeaieth, a i?aeoeea iao/aiey iaoaiaoeea ?aoaiea caaea/ /aua anaai
?anniao?eaaaony eeoue eae n?aaenoai niciaoaeueiiai onaiaiey oeieueieeaie
i?ia?aiiiiai iaoa?eaea. E aeaaea caaea/e iiauoaiiie o?oaeiinoe
niaoeeaeueiuo nai?ieeia, i?aaeiacia/aiiuo aeey aiaeeanniie ?aaiou, a
iniiaiii eiatho oeaeueth cae?aieaiea oiaiee e iaaueia o/aueony a ?aoaiee
noaiaea?oiuo caaea/, caaea/ ii?aaeaeaiiiai oeia. A iaaeaeo oai ooieoeee
caaea/ i/aiue ?aciiia?aciu: iao/athuea, ?acaeaathuea, ainieouaathuea,
eiio?iee?othuea.

Eaaeaeay i?aaeeaaaaiay aeey ?aoaiey o/aueiny caaea/a iiaeao neoaeeoue
iiiaei eiie?aoiui oeaeyi iao/aiey. E ana aea aeaaiay oeaeue caaea/ —
?acaeoue oai?/aneia iuoeaiea o/aueony, caeioa?aniaaoue eo iaoaiaoeeie,
i?eaanoe e «ioe?uoeth» iaoaiaoe/aneeo oaeoia.

Aeinoe/ue yoie oeaee n iiiiuueth iaeieo noaiaea?oiuo caaea/ iaaiciiaeii,
oioy noaiaea?oiua caaea/e, aaconeiaii, iieaciu e iaiaoiaeeiu, anee iie
aeaiu aia?aiy e a ioaeiii eiee/anoaa. Iu n/eoaai, /oi neaaeoao ecaaaaoue
aieueoiai /enea noaiaea?oiuo caaea/ eae ia o?iea, oae e ai aiaeeanniie
?aaioa, oae eae a yoii neo/aa neeueiua o/aieee iiaoo iioa?youe eioa?an e
iaoaiaoeea e aeaaea eniuoaoue ioa?auaiea e iae.

Iciaeiieaiea o/aueony eeoue ni niaoeeaeueiuie niiniaaie ?aoaiey
ioaeaeueiuo oeiia caaea/ nicaeatho, ia iao acaeyae, ?aaeueioth
iianiinoue oiai, /oi o/aueany ia?aie/aony onaiaieai iaeieo oaaeiiiuo
i?eaiia e ia i?eia?aooo oiaiey naiinoiyoaeueii ?aoaoue iaciaeiiua
caaea/e («Iu oaeea caaea/e ia ?aoaee»,— /anoi cayaeytho o/aueany,
ano?aoeaoenue n caaea/ae iaciaeiiiai oeia).

A nenoaia caaea/ oeieueiiai eo?na iaoaiaoeee, aaconeiaii, iaiaoiaeeiu
caaea/e, iai?aaeaiiua ia io?aaioeo oiai eee eiiai iaoaiaoe/aneiai
iaauea, caaea/e eeethno?aoeaiiai oa?aeoa?a, o?aie?iai/iua oi?aaeiaiey,
auiieiyaiua ii ia?acoeo.

Ii ia iaiaa iaiaoiaeeiu caaea/e, iai?aaeaiiua ia ainieoaiea o o/aueony
onoie/eaiai eioa?ana e eco/aieth iaoaiaoeee, oai?/aneiai ioiioaiey e
o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe iaoaiaoe/aneiai oa?aeoa?a. Iaiaoiaeeiu
niaoeeaeueiua oi?aaeiaiey aeey iao/aiey oeieueieeia niiniaai
naiinoiyoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe, iauei i?eaiai ?aoaiey caaea/, aeey
iaeaaeaiey eie iaoiaeaie iao/iiai iiciaiey ?aaeueiie aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe
e i?eaiai i?iaeoeoeaiie oinoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?uie iieuecothony
o/aiua-iaoaiaoeee, ?aoay oo eee eioth caaea/o.

Inouanoaeyy oeaeaiai?aaeaiiia iao/aiea oeieueieeia ?aoaieth caaea/, n
iiiiuueth niaoeeaeueii iiaeia?aiiuo oi?aaeiaiee, iiaeii o/eoue eo
iaaethaeaoue, iieueciaaoueny aiaeiaeae, eiaeoeoeeae, n?aaiaieyie, e
aeaeaoue niioaaonoaothuea auaiaeu. Iaiaoiaeeii, eae iu n/eoaai,
i?eaeaaoue o/aueiny i?i/iua iaauee oai?/aneiai iuoeaiey.

A oeieueiuo o/aaieeao iaoaiaoeee (e ia oieueei iuia aeaenoaothueo) iaei
caaea/, n iiiiuueth eioi?uo iiaeii iieacaoue o/aueiny ?ieue
iaaethaeaiey, aiaeiaee, eiaeoeoeee, yenia?eiaioa.

Iu enoiaeei ec oiai, /oi ianiio?y ia ioeai/iua aeiioacu, eioi?ua iiaeii
iieo/eoue a ?acoeueoaoa iaaethaeaiee e iaiieiie eiaeoeoeee, o/eoaeue
aeieaeai eniieueciaaoue ana i?aaeinoaaeyaiua aio i?ia?aiiie e o/aaieeaie
(a oii /enea e ?aiaa aeaenoaothueie, e i?iaiuie, yenia?eiaioaeueiuie)
aiciiaeiinoe, /oiau ?acaeoue o o/aueony iaauee oai?/aneiai iuoeaiey. N
yoie oeaeueth, iai?eia?, iu i?aaeeaaaee o/aueiny neaaeothuoth caaea/o:
«Iiaeao ee: a) noiia iyoe iineaaeiaaoaeueiuo iaoo?aeueiuo /enae auoue
i?inoui /eneii; a) noiia eaaae?aoia iyoe iineaaeiaaoaeueiuo iaoo?aeueiuo
/enae auoue i?inoui /eneii?» ([3], ?1168).

Eiiaaea aeey ?acaeoey iaaueia oai?/aneiai iuoeaiey iu iin/eoaee ioaeiui
ianeieueei eciaiyoue oneiaey caaea/, ano?a/athueony a oeieueiuo e
ae?oaeo o/aaieeao.

Ia?aae ?aoaieai caaea/e «Aeieacaoue, /oi anee ec o?aocia/iiai /enea
au/anoue o?aocia/iia /enei, caienaiiia oaie aea oeeo?aie, /oi e ia?aia,
ii a ia?aoiii ii?yaeea, oi iiaeoeue iieo/aiiie ?aciinoe aoaeao
aeaeeoueny ia 9 e 11» ([1], ? 949) oeaeaniia?acii aeey iaoaiaoe/aneiai
?acaeoey o/aueony i?aaeeiaeeoue ei onoaiiaeoue (n iiiiuueth eiaeoeoeee),
eaeei naienoaii iaeaaeaao ?anniao?eaaaiay ?aciinoue (aeaeeoueny ia 9,
11, 99), e oieueei iinea yoiai aeieacaoue iiaeia/aiioth ia /anoiuo
i?eia?ao caeiiiia?iinoue a iauai aeaea.

Caaea/a «Aeieaaeeoa, /oi aeey oiai, /oiau iaeoe eaaae?ao aeaocia/iiai
/enea, ieai/eaathuaainy oeeo?ie 5 e eiathuaai i aeanyoeia aeinoaoi/ii
/enei aeanyoeia i oiiiaeeoue ia i + 1 e e ?acoeueoaoo i?eienaoue 25»
([4], ? 969) aaconeiaii eiaao ii?aaeaeaiioth iiciaaaoaeueioth
oeaiiinoue: o/aueany ciaeiiyony n i?aaeeii aicaaaeaiey a eaaae?ao
aeaocia/iuo /enae, ieai/eaathueony ia 5. Ii ?ieue yoie caaea/e
aic?anoao, anee aa noi?ioee?iaaoue oae: «Iaeaeeoa e iainioeoa i?aaeei
aicaaaeaiey a eaaae?ao aeaocia/iuo /enae, ieai/eaathueony ia oeeo?ie 5».

Iieacii i?aaeeiaeeoue o/aueiny VII eeanna naiei onoaiiaeoue n iiiiuueth
iaaethaeaiee e eiaeoeoeee neaaeothuea oi?ioeu aeey iiaen/aoa noii:

1 + 3 + 5 + … + (2i – 1) = i2,

13 + 23 + 33 + … + i3 = (1 + 2 + 3 + … + i)2.

O/aueany, ia ciaeiiua n iaoiaeii iaoaiaoe/aneee eiaeoeoeee,
eniieuecoaiui aeey aeieacaoaeuenoaa yoeo oi?ioe, eiaiii n iiiiuueth
oaeiai ?iaea caaea/ iiieiaee iaiaoiaeeiinoue eco/aiey yoiai iaoiaea a
aeaeueiaeoai.

I?eaaaeaiiua caaea/e ?aoaeenue ni anaie o/aueieny ia o?ieao, a i?ioeanna
eco/aiey eee iiaoi?aiey i?ia?aiiiiai iaoa?eaea, a ia oieueei n
ioaeaeueiuie, oi?ioi oniaaathueie o/aieeaie ai aiao?i/iia a?aiy.

Iu enoiaeei ec oiai, /oi iaiaoiaeeii ia o?ieao nenoaiaoe/anee
eniieueciaaoue caaea/e, niinianoaothuea oeaeaiai?aaeaiiiio ?acaeoeth
oai?/aneiai iuoeaiey o/aueony, eo iaoaiaoe/aneiio ?acaeoeth,
oi?ie?iaaieth o ieo iiciaaaoaeueiiai eioa?ana e naiinoiyoaeueiinoe.
Oaeea caaea/e o?aaotho io oeieueieeia iaaethaeaoaeueiinoe, oai?/anoaa e
i?eaeiaeueiinoe.

Yooaeoeaiia ?acaeoea iaoaiaoe/aneeo niiniaiinoae o o/aueony iaaiciiaeii
aac eniieueciaaiey a o/aaiii i?ioeanna caaea/ ia niia?aceoaeueiinoue,
caaea/-oooie, iaoaiaoe/aneeo ?aaonia, nioeciia.

Eae iieacaee i?iaaaeaiiua iaie caiyoey, ?anniio?aiey ia o?iea
iaoaiaoe/aneiai nioecia, aeey ?acaaaeee eioi?iai iaaeinoaoi/ii
ecaanoiiai o/aueiny iaoa?eaea, aucuaaao anoanoaaiiue eioa?an e iiaie
oaia, iniciaiea iaiaoiaeeiinoe aa eco/aiey e niioaaonoaothuee iano?ie e
i?aiaeieaieth i?aaenoiyueo ia iooe i?eia?aoaiey iiauo ciaiee
o?oaeiinoae.

I iaoiaeeea iao/aiey o/aueony ?aoaieth ianoaiaea?oiuo aeaaa?ae/aneeo
caaea/.

Eaeay caaea/a iacuaaaony ianoaiaea?oiie? «Ianoaiaea?oiua caaea/e — yoi
oaeea, aeey eioi?uo a eo?na iaoaiaoeee ia eiaaony iaueo i?aaee e
iieiaeaiee, ii?aaeaeythueo oi/ioth i?ia?aiio eo ?aoaiey»
(O?eaeiai E. I., Oo?aoeeee A. I. Eae iao/eoueny ?aoaoue caaea/e.— I.:
I?inaauaiea, 1989.— N. 48.).

Iaeiaei neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi iiiyoea «ianoaiaea?oiay caaea/a»
yaeyaony ioiineoaeueiui. Iaeia e oa aea caaea/a iiaeao auoue
noaiaea?oiie e ianoaiaea?oiie, a caaeneiinoe io oiai, ciaeii ?aoathuee
caaea/o ni niiniaaie ?aoaiey caaea/ oaeiai oeia eee iao. Iai?eia?,
caaea/a «I?aaenoaaueoa au?aaeaiea 2o2 + 2o2 a aeaea noiiu aeaoo
eaaae?aoia» ([5], ? 1264) yaeyaony aeey o/aueony ianoaiaea?oiie aei oao
ii?, iiea o/aueany ia iiciaeiieeenue ni niiniaaie ?aoaiey oaeeo caaea/.
Ii anee iinea ?aoaiey yoie caaea/e o/aueiny i?aaeeiaeeoue ianeieueei
aiaeiae/iuo caaea/, oaeea caaea/e noaiiayony aeey ieo noaiaea?oiuie.
Aiaeiae/ii caaea/a «I?e eaeeo iaoo?aeueiuo cia/aieyo o e o aa?ii
?aaainoai 3o + 7o = 23?» ([5], ? 1278) yaeyaony ianoaiaea?oiie aeey
o/aueony VII eeanna aei oao ii?, iiea o/eoaeue ia iiciaeiieo eo ni
niiniaaie ?aoaiey oaeeo caaea/ (/oi, enoaoe neacaoue, iiaeii naeaeaoue
i?e iao/aiee o/aueony iaoaiaoeea oaea a VI eeanna).

Oaeei ia?acii, ianoaiaea?oiay caaea/a — yoi caaea/a, aeai?eoi ?aoaiey
eioi?ie o/aueiny iaecaanoai, oi anoue o/aueany ia ciatho ca?aiaa ie
niiniaa aa ?aoaiey, ie oiai, ia eaeie o/aaiue iaoa?eae iie?aaony
?aoaiea.

E niaeaeaieth, eiiaaea o/eoaey aaeeinoaaiiui niiniaii iao/aiey ?aoaieth
caaea/ n/eoatho iieac niiniaia ?aoaiey ii?aaeaeaiiuo aeaeia caaea/,
iinea /aai neaaeoao ii?ie ecio?eoaeueiay i?aeoeea ii iaeaaeaieth eie.
Iaeuecy ia niaeaneoueny n iiaieai ecaanoiiai aia?eeaineiai iaoaiaoeea e
iaoiaeenoa Ae. Iiea, /oi, anee i?aiiaeaaaoaeue iaoaiaoeee «caiieieo
ioaaaeaiiia aio o/aaiia a?aiy iaoaneeaaieth o/aueony a oaaeiiiuo
oi?aaeiaieyo, ii oaueao eo eioa?an, caoi?iiceo eo oinoaaiiia ?acaeoea e
oionoeo naie aiciiaeiinoe».

Eae aea iiii/ue o/aueiny iao/eoueny ?aoaoue ianoaiaea?oiua caaea/e?

Oieaa?naeueiiai iaoiaea, iicaieythuaai ?aoeoue ethaoth ianoaiaea?oioth
caaea/o, e niaeaeaieth, aeaeeii iao, oae eae ianoaiaea?oiua caaea/e a
eaeie-oi noaiaie iaiiaoi?eiu. Iaeiaei iiuo ?aaiou iiiaeo ia?aaeiauo
o/eoaeae, aeiaeaathueony oi?ioeo ?acoeueoaoia a iaoaiaoe/aneii ?acaeoee
o/aueony eae o ian a no?aia, oae e ca ?oaaaeii, iicaieyao
noi?ioee?iaaoue iaeioi?ua iaoiaee/aneea i?eaiu iao/aiey o/aueony
niiniaai ?aoaiey ianoaiaea?oiuo caaea/.

A eeoa?aoo?a (ioa/anoaaiiie e ca?oaaaeiie) iaoiaee/aneea i?eioeeiu
iao/aiey o/aueony oiaieai ?aoaoue ianoaiaea?oiua caaea/e iienaiu
iaieioi. Iaeaieaa oaea/iuie, ia iao acaeyae, a yoii ioiioaiee yaeythony
eieae Ae. Iiea «Eae ?aoaoue caaea/o», «Iaoaiaoe/aneia ioe?uoea»,
«Iaoaiaoeea e i?aaaeiiiaeiaiua ?annoaeaeaiey» E. I. O?eaeiaia,
A. I. Oo?aoeeiai «Eae iao/eoueny ?aoaoue caaea/o», TH. I. Eieyaeia,
A. A. Iaaianyia «O/enue ?aoaoue caaea/e». E oioy iaeioi?ua ec ieo
aae?aniaaiu o/aueiny, aeaeathuei iao/eoueny ?aoaoue caaea/e, iie, aac
niiiaiey, iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiee o/eoaeyie i?e iao/aiee oeieueieeia
oiaieyi ?aoaoue ianoaiaea?oiua caaea/e.

I?aaeaea anaai ioiaoei, /oi iao/eoue o/aueony ?aoaoue caaea/e (a oii
/enea e ianoaiaea?oiua) iiaeii oieueei a oii neo/aa, anee o o/aueony
aoaeao aeaeaiea eo ?aoaoue, oi anoue anee caaea/e aoaeoo
niaea?aeaoaeueiuie e eioa?aniuie n oi/ee c?aiey o/aieea. Iiyoiio
i?iaeaia ia?ainoaiaiiie aaaeiinoe, noiyuay ia?aae o/eoaeai,— aucaaoue o
o/aueony eioa?an e ?aoaieth oie eee eiie caaea/e. Iaiaoiaeeii ouaoaeueii
ioae?aoue eioa?aniua caaea/e e aeaeaoue eo i?eaeaeaoaeueiuie aeey
o/aueony. Eae yoi naeaeaoue — ?aoaoue naiiio o/eoaeth. Iaeaieueoee
eioa?an aucuaatho o o/aueony caaea/e, acyoua ec ie?oaeathuae eo aeecie,
caaea/e, anoanoaaiiui ia?acii naycaiiua ni ciaeiiuie o/aueiny aauaie,
iiuoii, neoaeauea iiiyoiie o/aieeo oeaee.

O/eoaeue, eae iai eaaeaony, aeieaeai oiaoue iaoiaeeoue eioa?aniua aeey
o/aueony caaea/e e naiaa?aiaiii i?aaeeaaaoue eo. I?eaaaeai i?eia?u.

O/eoaeue iaoaiaoeee ia?aoee aieiaiea o/aueony, /oi a oeeueia
«Aica?auaiea n i?aeou», iieacaiiii iaeaioia ii oaeaaeci?o, aeaaiue
aa?ie, ociaa, /oi aai iaaanoa 24 aiaea, aiai?eo ae: «Eiaaea oaaa aoaeao
noieueei eao, neieueei iia nae/an, iia aoaeao 60». Aii?in o/eoaey
«Neieueei eao aa?ith oeeueia» aucaae o anao o/aueony VII—VIII eeannia
aeaeaiea ?aoeoue i?aaeeiaeaiioth caaea/o, oioy io iaeioi?uo iia
iio?aaiaaea ianoiyuaai oneeey.

Ae?oaie i?eia?. AEaeay iao/eoue o/aueony ?aoaoue a iaoo?aeueiuo /eneao
o?aaiaiey aeaea ao + by = n, iiaeii, eiia/ii, i?aaeeiaeeoue o/aueiny
auiieieoue oi?aaeiaiea ? 1278 ec [5] (I?e eaeeo iaoo?aeueiuo cia/aieyo o
e o aa?ii ?aaainoai 3o+7o=23?). Ii, eae iieacuaatho iaoe iaaethaeaiey,
o/aueany eaa/a e n a(eueoei eioa?anii o/aony niiniaai ?aoaiey oaeeo
o?aaiaiee, anee ei i?aaeeiaeeoue, iai?eia?, neaaeothuoth caaea/o:

«*oiau eoieoue aauue, ioaeii oieaoeoue 19 ?. O iieoiaoaey oieueei
o?ao?oae?aua eoith?u, o eanne?a oieueei aeanyoe?oaeaaua. Iiaeao ee
iieoiaoaeue ?anieaoeoueny ca iieoieo? A anee o eanne?a oieueei
iyoe?oaeaaua eoith?u?»

Aieueoie eioa?an, yaeythueeny aeey o/aueony noeioeii aeey i?eia?aoaiey
oiaiee e iaaueia ?aoaiey iaii?aaeaeaiiuo o?aaiaiee ia?aie noaiaie n
aeaoiy iaecaanoiuie a iaoo?aeueiuo e oeaeuo /eneao, aucuaaao, eae
i?aaeei, o o/aueony VII eeanna neaaeothuay caaea/a:

«A eiiiaoa noiyo nooeuey e oaao?aoee. O eaaeaeie oaao?aoee o?e iiaeee, o
eaaeaeiai nooea /aou?a iiaeee. Eiaaea ia anao nooeueyo e oaao?aoeao
neaeyo ethaee, a eiiiaoa 39 «iia». Neieueei nooeueaa e oaao?aoie a
eiiiaoa?» (Anee nooeueaa o, oaao?aoie o, oi eiaai o?aaiaiea
4o + 3o + 2 (o + o) = 39, ioeoaea 5o = 39 – 6o, o = 4, o = 3.) Iiiai
eioa?aniuo caaea/ ia niioaaonoaothuoth oaiaoeeo eiaaony a aeo?iaea
«Eaaio».

Iu iiieiaai, eiia/ii, /oi iaeuecy i?eo/aoue o/aueony ?aoaoue oieueei oa
caaea/e, eioi?ua aucuaatho o ieo eioa?an. Ii iaeuecy e caauaaoue, /oi
oaeea caaea/e o/aueeny ?aoaao eaa/a e naie eioa?an e ?aoaieth iaeiie eee
ianeieueeeo caaea/ ii iiaeao a aeaeueiaeoai ia?aianoe e ia «neo/iua»
?acaeaeu, iaecaaaeiua i?e eco/aiee ethaiai i?aaeiaoa, a oii /enea e
iaoaiaoeee.

Oaeei ia?acii, o/eoaeue, aeaeathuee iao/eoue oeieueieeia ?aoaoue
caaea/e, aeieaeai, ia iao acaeyae, aucaaoue o ieo eioa?an e caaea/a,
oaaaeeoue, /oi io ?aoaiey iaoaiaoe/aneie caaea/e iiaeii iieo/eoue oaeia
aea oaeiaieuenoaea, eae io ?acaaaeuaaiey e?innai?aea eee ?aaona.

Caaea/e ia aeieaeiu auoue neeoeii eaaeeie, ii e ia aeieaeiu auoue
neeoeii o?oaeiuie, oae eae o/aueany, ia ?aoea caaea/o eee ia
?acia?aaoenue a ?aoaiee, i?aaeeiaeaiiii o/eoaeai, iiaoo iioa?youe aa?o a
naie neeu. Ia neaaeoao i?aaeeaaaoue o/aueiny caaea/o, anee iao
oaa?aiiinoe, /oi iie niiaoo aa ?aoeoue.

Io a eae aea iiii/ue o/auaiony iao/eoueny ?aoaoue caaea/e, anee eioa?an
e ?aoaieth caaea/ o iaai anoue e o?oaeiinoe ?aoaiey aai ia ioaatho? A
/ai aeieaeia caeeth/aoueny iiiiuue o/eoaey o/aieeo, ia noiaaoaai ?aoeoue
eioa?anioth aeey iaai caaea/o? Eae yooaeoeaiui ia?acii iai?aaeoue oneeey
o/aieea, cao?oaeiythuaainy naiinoiyoaeueii ia/aoue eee i?iaeieaeeoue
?aoaiea caaea/e?

Iu n/eoaai, /oi ia neaaeoao eaeoe ii naiiio eaaeiio a yoii neo/aa iooe —
iiciaeiieoue o/aieea n aioiaui ?aoaieai. Ia neaaeoao e iiaeneacuaaoue, e
eaeiio ?acaeaeo oeieueiiai eo?na iaoaiaoeee ioiineony i?aaeeiaeaiiay
caaea/a, eaeea ecaanoiua o/aueiny naienoaa e oai?aiu ioaeii i?eiaieoue
i?e ?aoaiee.

?aoaiea ianoaiaea?oiie caaea/e — i/aiue neiaeiue i?ioeann, aeey
oniaoiiai inouanoaeaiey eioi?iai o/aueeny aeieaeai oiaoue aeoiaoue,
aeiaaaeuaaoueny. Iaiaoiaeeii oaeaea oi?ioaa ciaiea oaeoe/aneiai
iaoa?eaea, aeaaeaiea iaueie iiaeoiaeaie e ?aoaieth caaea/, iiuo a
?aoaiee ianoaiaea?oiuo caaea/.

A i?ioeanna ?aoaiey eaaeaeie caaea/e e o/aieeo, ?aoathuaio caaea/o, e
o/eoaeth, iao/athuaio ?aoaieth caaea/, oeaeaniia?acii /aoei ?acaeaeyoue
/aou?a nooiaie: 1) eco/aiea oneiaey caaea/e; 2) iiene ieaia ?aoaiey e
aai ninoaaeaiea; 3) inouanoaeaiea ieaia, oi anoue ioi?ieaiea iaeaeaiiiai
?aoaiey; 4) eco/aiea iieo/aiiiai ?aoaiey — e?eoe/aneee aiaeec
?acoeueoaoa ?aoaiey e ioai? iieaciie eioi?iaoeee.

Aeaaea i?e ?aoaiee ianeiaeiie caaea/e o/aueany iiiai a?aiaie o?aoyo ia
?annoaeaeaiey i oii, ca /oi acyoueny, n /aai ia/aoue. *oiau iiii/ue
o/aueiny iaeoe iooue e ?aoaieth caaea/, o/eoaeue aeieaeai oiaoue
iinoaaeoue naay ia ianoi ?aoathuaai caaea/o, iiiuoaoueny oaeaeaoue e
iiiyoue enoi/iee aai aiciiaeiuo cao?oaeiaiee, iai?aaeoue aai oneeey a
iaeaieaa anoanoaaiiia ?onei. Oiaeay iiiiuue o/aieeo, inoaaeythuay aio
?acoiioth aeieth naiinoiyoaeueiie ?aaiou, iicaieeo o/auaiony ?acaeoue
iaoaiaoe/aneea niiniaiinoe, iaeiieoue iiuo, eioi?ue a aeaeueiaeoai
iiiiaeao iaoiaeeoue iooue e ?aoaieth iiauo caaea/.

«Eo/oaa, /oi iiaeao naeaeaoue o/eoaeue aeey o/auaainy, ninoieo a oii,
/oiau iooai iaiacieeeaie iiiiue iiaeneacaoue aio aeanoyuoth eaeath…
Oi?ioea eaeae eiatho naiei enoi/ieeii i?ioeue iiuo e ?aiaa i?eia?aoaiiua
ciaiey… *anoi ieacuaaaony oianoiui ia/aoue ?aaioo n aii?ina: «Ecaanoia
ee aai eaeay-ieaoaeue ?iaenoaaiiay caaea/a?» (Iiea Ae.). Oaeei ia?acii,
oi?ioei n?aaenoaii iao/aiey ?aoaieth caaea/, n?aaenoaii aeey
iaoiaeaeaiey ieaia ?aoaiey yaeythony aniiiiaaoaeueiua caaea/e. Oiaiea
iiaeae?aoue aniiiiaaoaeueiua caaea/e naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi
o/aueeny oaea aeaaeaao ii?aaeaeaiiui caianii ?acee/iuo i?eaiia ?aoaiey
caaea/. Anee yoio caian ia aaeee (/oi aiieia i/aaeaeii aeey o/aueony
VII—VIII eeannia), oi o/eoaeue, aeaey cao?oaeiaiey o/auaainy, aeieaeai
nai i?aaeeiaeeoue aniiiiaaoaeueiua caaea/e. Oiaei iinoaaeaiiua
aniiiiaaoaeueiua aii?inu, aniiiiaaoaeueiay caaea/a eee nenoaia
aniiiiaaoaeueiuo caaea/ iiiiaoo iiiyoue eaeath ?aoaiey. Iaiaoiaeeii
no?aieoueny e oiio, /oiau o/aueeny eniuoae ?aaeinoue io ?aoaiey o?oaeiie
aeey iaai caaea/e, iieo/aiiiai n iiiiuueth aniiiiaaoaeueiuo caaea/ eee
iaaiaeyueo aii?inia, i?aaeeiaeaiiuo o/eoaeai.

Oae, eiaaea o/aueany cao?oaeiyeenue ?aoeoue n iiiiuueth ninoaaeaiey
o?aaiaiey caaea/o «E iaeioi?iio aeaocia/iiio /eneo neaaa e ni?aaa
i?eienaee ii aaeeieoea. A ?acoeueoaoa iieo/eee /enei a 23 ?aca aieueoaa
ia?aiia/aeueiiai. Iaeaeeoa yoi aeaocia/iia /enei» ([5], ? 1254), oi a
ea/anoaa aniiiiaaoaeueiuo caaea/ iu i?aaeeaaaee neaaeothuea:

E /eneo o i?eienaee ni?aaa oeeo?o 4. I?aaenoaaueoa iieo/aiiia /enei a
aeaea noiiu, anee o: a) aeaocia/iia /enei; a) o?aocia/iia /enei.

E /eneo o i?eienaee neaaa oeeo?o 5. I?aaenoaaueoa iieo/aiiia /enei a
aeaea noiiu, anee o: a) aeaocia/iia /enei; a) o?aocia/iia /enei.

Eiia/ii, aeoiathuee o/aiee caaeanony aii?inii: eae naiiio, aac iiiiue
o/eoaey, iaoiaeeoue aniiiiaaoaeueiua caaea/e?

Aaconeiaii, o/aueony neaaeoao i?eo/aoue naiei ninoaaeyoue
aniiiiaaoaeueiua caaea/e, eee oi?iuaoue oneiaey i?aaeeiaeaiiuo caaea/
oae, /oiau aac iiiiue o/eoaey iaeoe niiniau eo ?aoaiey.

Oiaiea iaoiaeeoue aniiiiaaoaeueiua caaea/e, eae e aiiaua oiaiea ?aoaoue
caaea/e, i?eia?aoaaony i?aeoeeie. I?aaeeaaay o/aueiny caaea/o, neaaeoao
iiniaaoiaaoue auynieoue, iaeuecy ee iaeoe naycue iaaeaeo aeaiiie
caaea/ae e eaeie-ieaoaeue caaea/ae n ecaanoiui ?aoaieai eee n caaea/ae,
?aoathuaeny i?iua.

Aeey i?eia?aoaiey iaaueia ?aoaiey aeiaieueii neiaeiuo caaea/ ioaeii
i?eo/aoue oeieueieeia aieueoa aieiaiey oaeaeyoue eco/aieth iieo/aiiiai
?aoaiey. Aeey yoiai iu i?aaeeaaaee o/aueiny aeaeieciaiyoue oneiaey
caaea/e, /oiau cae?aieoue niinia aa ?aoaiey, i?eaeoiuaaoue caaea/e
aiaeiae/iua ?aoaiiui, aieaa eee iaiaa o?oaeiua, n eniieueciaaieai
iaeaeaiiiai i?e ?aoaiee iniiaiie caaea/e niiniaa ?aoaiey.

?aoea caaea/o «A aeaoo ai/eao auei aiaeu ii?iaio. Eiee/anoai aiaeu a
ia?aie ai/ea nia/aea oiaiueoeeinue ia 10%, a caoai oaaee/eeinue ia 10%.
Eiee/anoai aiaeu ai aoi?ie ai/ea nia/aea oaaee/eeinue ia 10%, a caoai
oiaiueoeeinue ia 10%. A eaeie ai/ea noaei aieueoa aiaeu?» ([5], ?1245),
iu iin/eoaee ioaeiui caaeaoue o/aueiny aii?inu: anee aianoi 10% acyoue
20%, 30%, a%? Eaeie auaiae iiaeii naeaeaoue?

Nenoaiaoe/aneay ?aaioa ii eco/aieth niiniaia ?aoaiey caaea/ iiiiaaao
o/aueiny ia oieueei iao/eoueny ?aoaoue caaea/e, ii e naiei eo
ninoaaeyoue.

Oae, iinea ?aoaiey caaea/e «Aeieaaeeoa, /oi o?aaiaiea o2 – o2 = 30 ia
eiaao ?aoaiee a oeaeuo /eneao» ([5], ? 1272), iiaeii i?aaeeiaeeoue
o/aueiny iiiuoaoueny noi?ioee?iaaoue ?anniio?aiioth caaea/o a iauai
aeaea. Yoi aoaeao auaeyaeaoue oae: «Aeieaaeeoa, /oi o?aaiaiea
o2 – o2 = 4? + 2 (? — i?inoia /enei) ia eiaao ?aoaiey a oeaeuo /eneao».

Eiino?oe?iaaiea caaea/ — eioa?aniia caiyoea, iaeei ec aa?iuo niiniaia
?aoaoue caaea/e.

Oiaiea o/aueony ninoaaeyoue ianoaiaea?oiua caaea/e, ?aoaaiua
ianoaiaea?oiuie niiniaaie, naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i eoeueoo?a eo iuoeaiey,
oi?ioi ?acaeouo iaoaiaoe/aneeo niiniaiinoyo.

I?e aiaeeca ?aoaiey caaea/e iieacii niiinoaaeoue ?aoaiea aeaiiie caaea/e
n ?aiaa ?aoaiiuie, onoaiiaeoue aiciiaeiinoue aa iaiauaiey.

Iu aeoiaai, o/eoaeue aeieaeai iinoiyiii iiiieoue, /oi ?aoaiea caaea/
yaeyaony ia naiioeaeueth, a n?aaenoaii iao/aiey. Ianoaeaeaiea
iaeaeaiiiai ?aoaiey, iiene ae?oaeo niiniaia ?aoaiey, cae?aieaiea a
iaiyoe oao i?eaiia, eioi?ua auee eniieueciaaiu, auyaeaiea oneiaee
aiciiaeiinoe i?eiaiaiey yoeo i?eaiia, iaiauaiea aeaiiie caaea/e — ana
yoi aeaao aiciiaeiinoue oeieueieeai o/eoueny ia caaea/a.

Eiaiii /a?ac caaea/e o/aueany iiaoo ociaoue e aeoaiei onaieoue iiaua
iaoaiaoe/aneea oaeou, iaeaaeaoue iiauie iaoaiaoe/aneeie iaoiaeaie,
iaeiieoue ii?aaeaeaiiue iiuo, noi?ie?iaaoue oiaiey naiinoiyoaeueii, e
oai?/anee i?eiaiyoue iieo/aiiua ciaiey.

I ?iee iaaethaeaiee e eiaeoeoeee i?e iaoiaeaeaiee niiniaia ?aoaiey
ianoaiaea?oiuo aeaaa?ae/aneeo caaea/.

Iauaecaanoia ?ieue, eioi?ay ioaiaeeony eiaeoeoeee e iaaethaeaieyi i?e
iao/aiee iaoaiaoeea o/aueony ieaaeoeo eeannia. Iicaeiaa eiaeoeoeaiue
iaoiae onooiaao ianoi aeaaeoeoeaiiio. I?e yoii /anoi eiaeoeoeaiue niinia
?aoaiey caaea/e ia i?iaiaeeony, ?aoaiea auiieiyaony aeaaeoeoeaiui
niiniaii. A ?acoeueoaoa io o/aueony oneieuecatho iooe iienea ?aoaiey
caaea/e, /oi io?eoeaoaeueii neacuaaaony ia iaoaiaoe/aneii ?acaeoee.

E niaeaeaieth, eae naeaeaoaeuenoaotho aeaiiua iaoaai enneaaeiaaiey, i?e
iao/aiee o/aueony iaoaiaoeea (a /anoiinoe, i?e iao/aiee o/aueony
niiniaai ?aoaiey ianoaiaea?oiuo caaea/) iaaethaeaiea e eiaeoeoeey (a oii
/enea e iieiay) ia caiyee aua aeieaeiiai ianoa. A iaaeaeo oai o/eoaeue
aeieaeai ciaoue, e ii aiciiaeiinoe aeiaanoe aei niciaiey o/aueony oio
oaeo, /oi iaoaiaoeea yaeyaony yenia?eiaioaeueiie, eiaeoeoeaiie iaoeie,
/oi iaaethaeaiea e eiaeoeoeey ea?aee e ea?atho aieueooth ?ieue i?e
ioe?uoee iiiaeo iaoaiaoe/aneeo oaeoia. Aua E. Yeea? ienae, /oi naienoaa
/enae, ecaanoiua naaiaeiy, ii aieueoae /anoe auee ioe?uou iooai
iaaethaeaiey e ioe?uou caaeieai aei oiai, eae eo enoeiiinoue auea
iiaeoaa?aeaeaia no?iaeie aeieacaoaeuenoaaie.

Iiyoiio oaea a ieaaeoeo eeannao oeieu i?e iao/aiee iaoaiaoeea (aea e
ae?oaei i?aaeiaoai) iaaei o/eoue oeieueieeia iaaethaeaieyi, i?eaeaaoue
ei iaauee enneaaeiaaoaeueneie oai?/aneie ?aaiou, eioi?ua iiaoo
i?eaiaeeoueny a aeaeueiaeoai, eaeie au aeae aeayoaeueiinoe iie ia
eca?aee iinea ieii/aiey oeieu.

Yoie oeaee iiaeao neoaeeoue, iai?eia?, oaeia caaeaiea: «*enei 6
i?aaenoaaei a aeaea noiiu anao aai aeaeeoaeae, eneeth/ay ec eo ninoaaa
naii yoi /enei (6 = 1 + 2 + 3). Onoaiiaeoa, neieueei a ia?auo aeaoo
aeanyoeao iaoo?aeueiuo /enae (1, 2, 3, …, 20) nouanoaoao /enae, ?aaiuo
noiia anao naieo aeaeeoaeae (oaeea /enea iacuaatho niaa?oaiiuie)».
O/aueany iooai ia?aai?a iieo/atho ioaao. I?e yoii neaaeoao aeiaeaaoueny
io ieo iiieiaiey oiai, /oi iieo/aiiue auaiae (a ia?auo aeaoo aeanyoeao
iaoo?aeueiuo /enae niaea?aeeony iaeii «niaa?oaiiia» /enei — /enei 6,
aeeaeaeoei neaaeothuei «niaa?oaiiui» /eneii, eioi?ia iiaeii iaia?oaeeoue
iooai i?ia, yaeyaony 28: 28 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14) yaeyaony no?iai
(iao/ii) iainiiaaiiui, oae eae i?eiaiaiiue iaoiae iieiie eiaeoeoeee (oae
iacuaaaiue iaoiae ia?aai?a) yaeyaony iao/iui e oe?iei i?eiaiyaony a
iaoaiaoeea i?e aeieacaoaeuenoaa oai?ai e ?aoaiee caaea/.

Iaoiaeii iieiie eiaeoeoeee (?anniio?aieai anao aiciiaeiuo neo/aaa)
iiaeao auoue oaea a ieaaeoeo eeannao oeieu aeieacaia oai?aia: «A ia?aie
nioia iaoo?aeueiuo /enae niaea?aeeony 25 i?inouo /enae».

Iiae/a?eeaay ?ieue aeaaeoeoeaiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa (aeieacaoaeuenoa a
iauai aeaea), o/eoaeue aeieaeai ia?aoeoue aieiaiea o/aueony ia ?ieue
iaaethaeaiee e iaiieiie eiaeoeoeee i?e «ioe?uoee» iaoaiaoe/aneeo
caeiiiia?iinoae, i?e iaoiaeaeaiee niiniaa ?aoaiey naiuo ?aciiia?aciuo
iaoaiaoe/aneeo caaea/, ia ?ieue iieiie eiaeoeoeee i?e iainiiaaiee
iaeaeaiiuo eiaeoeoeaiui iooai caeiiiia?iinoae.

Iiyniei neacaiiia i?eia?aie. ?anniio?ei caaea/o:

«Iiaeao ee: a) noiia iyoe iineaaeiaaoaeueiuo iaoo?aeueiuo /enae auoue
i?inoui /eneii; a) noiia eaaae?aoia iyoe iineaaeiaaoaeueiuo iaoo?aeueiuo
/enae auoue i?inoui /eneii?»

I?aaeaea, /ai ?aoaoue yoo caaea/o a iauai aeaea, oeaeaniia?acii ia
ianeieueeeo /anoiuo i?eia?ao auynieoue, eaeei /eneii (i?inoui eee
ninoaaiui) iiaoo auoue oeacaiiua a caaea/a noiiu. N iiiiuueth i?eia?ia
iiaeii iieo/eoue aeiioacu: a) noiia iyoe iineaaeiaaoaeueiuo iaoo?aeueiuo
/enae — /enei ninoaaiia; a) noiia eaaae?aoia iyoe iineaaeiaaoaeueiuo
iaoo?aeueiuo /enae — /enei ninoaaiia.

Iieo/aiiua ia i?eia?ao (n iiiiuueth iaiieiie eiaeoeoeee) aeiioacu eaaei
aeieacuaathony a iauai aeaea.

Ae?oaay caaea/a: «Iiaeao ee ?aciinoue aeaoo o?aocia/iuo /enae, ec
eioi?uo aoi?ia caienaii oaie aea oeeo?aie, /oi e ia?aia, ii a ia?aoiii
ii?yaeea, auoue eaaae?aoii iaoo?aeueiiai /enea?»

Ia iaoeo caiyoeyo i?aaeaea /ai ?aoaoue yoo caaea/o a iauai aeaea,
o/aueeny aeieaeai aue ia /anoiuo i?eia?ao, n iiiiuueth iaiieiie
eiaeoeoeee, iieo/eoue i?aaeiieaaaaiue ioaao (auneacaoue aeiioaco):
?anniao?eaaaiay ?aciinoue ia iiaeao auoue ?aaia eaaae?aoo eaeiai-eeai
iaoo?aeueiiai /enea. Aeaaeoeoeaiia iainiiaaiea yoie aeiioacu, eae
i?aaeei, ia aucuaaao o o/aueony cao?oaeiaiee.

O/aueany aeieaeiu iiieiaoue, /oi ia /anoiuo i?eia?ao ieeaeiai
ooaa?aeaeaiey aeieacaoue iaeuecy. *anoiue i?eia? ie/aai ia aeieacuaaao a
iaoaiaoeea, ii ii iiaeao iiaeaanoe e i?aaeeueiiio auaiaeo.

A ioee/ee io iaiieiie eiaeoeoeee iieiay eiaeoeoeey eiaao
aeieacaoaeueioth neeo, e aa ?ieue i?e ?aoaiee iiiaeo aeaaa?ae/aneeo
caaea/ (i?aaeaea anaai ia aeaeeiinoue), o?oaeii ia?aioeaieoue.

I?eaaaeai i?eia?u. Ionoue o/aueiny i?aaeeiaeaia caaea/a: «Aeieaaeeoa,
/oi ethaoth noiio aieueooth 7 e., iiaeii oieaoeoue o?ao- e
iyoeeiiaa/iuie iiiaoaie ia iieo/ay naea/e».

Aeey ?aoaiey yoie caaea/e aeinoaoi/ii i?iaa?eoue, /oi o?ao- e
iyoeeiiaa/iuie iiiaoaie iiaeii oieaoeoue 8, 9 e 10 e. (8 = 3 + 5, 9 = 3
+ 3 + 3, 10 = 5 + 5), a caoai aeiaaaeyoue iiiaou ii 3 e.

?aoea oaeei ia?acii caaea/o, neaaeoao aeiaeoueny io o/aueony yniiai
iiieiaiey oiai, /oi caaea/a ?aoaia n iiiiuueth iieiie eiaeoeoeee: ana
/enea aieueoea 7, ?acaeee ia o?e iaia?anaeathueony eeanna — 8 + 3k, 9 +
3k, 10 + 3k, aaea k (N, a eaaeaeii ec eioi?uo ?aoaiea caaea/e
nouanoaoao.

Iiaeii ioi?ieoue ?aoaiea caaea/e ianeieueei eia/a, i?aaenoaaea ethaia
iaoo?aeueiia /enei i, aieueoaa 7, a iaeiii ec neaaeothueo aeaeia:

i = 3k, aaea k (N, k ( 3;

i = 3k + 1, aaea k (N, k ( 3;

i = 3k + 2, aaea k (N, k ( 2.

Aeieacaa a eaaeaeii ec o?ao neo/aaa aiciiaeiinoue i?aaenoaaeaiey /enea i
o?aaoaiui ia?acii, ?aoei caaea/o iaoiaeii iieiie eiaeoeoeee.

Aeey cae?aieaiey niiniaa ?aoaiey caaea/ iaoiaeii iieiie eiaeoeoeee
iieacii ?anniao?eaaaioth caaea/o ?aoeoue ae?oaei niiniaii, ?acaea
iaoo?aeueiua /enea ia ia 3, a ia 5 eeannia.

O/aueany aeieaeiu iiieiaoue, /oi iaoiae iieiie eiaeoeoeee yaeyaony
iao/ii-iainiiaaiiui iaoiaeii e ei iiaeii iieueciaaoueny ia?yaeo n
ae?oaeie.

ssnii, /oi i?eiaiyoue iaoiae iieiie eiaeoeoeee iiaeii eeoue oiaaea,
eiaaea /enei ?anniao?eaaaiuo a caaea/a neo/aaa eiia/ii e ia neeoeii
aeaeaei. Ii eiiaaea yoei iaoiaeii caaea/o iiaeii ?aoeoue iiiai i?iua,
/ai ae?oaei.

I iaoiaeaeaiee niiniaia ?aoaiey caaea/.

Ia?iiiay cia/eiinoue iaoiaeaeaiey oeieueieeaie ?acee/iuo niiniaia
?aoaiey caaea/ ii iaoaiaoeea ia ?ac ioia/aeanue ia no?aieoeao
iaoiaee/aneie eeoa?aoo?u. Iaeiaei iaoe iaaethaeaiey iieacuaatho, /oi ia
o?ieao, eae i?aaeei, ?anniao?eaaaony eeoue iaeei ec niiniaia ?aoaiey
caaea/e, i?e/ai ia anaaaea iaeaieaa ?aoeeiiaeueiue. I?eaiaeeiay a oaeeo
neo/ayo a?aoiaioaoeey a aeaea ionoonoaey aeinoaoi/iiai eiee/anoaa
a?aiaie ia ?aoaiea iaeiie caaea/e ?acee/iuie niiniaaie ia eiaao iiae
niaie iniiau: aeey iaoaiaoe/aneiai ?acaeoey o/aueony, aeey ?acaeoey eo
oai?/aneiai iuoeaiey ai?acaei iieaciaa iaeio caaea/o ?aoeoue
ianeieueeeie niiniaaie (anee yoi aiciiaeii) e ia aeaeaoue ia yoi
a?aiaie, /ai ianeieueei iaeiioeiiuo caaea/ iaeiei niiniaii. Ec ?acee/iuo
niiniaia ?aoaiey iaeiie e oie aea caaea/e iaaei i?aaeeiaeeoue o/aueiny
aua?aoue iaeaieaa ?aoeeiiaeueiue, e?aneaue.

I?e iouneaiee ?acee/iuo niiniaia ?aoaiey caaea/ o oeieueieeia
oi?ie?oaony iiciaaaoaeueiue eioa?an, ?acaeaathony oai?/aneea
niiniaiinoe, au?aaaouaathony enneaaeiaaoaeueneea iaauee. Iinea
iaoiaeaeaiey i/a?aaeiiai iaoiaea ?aoaiey caaea/e o/aueeny, eae i?aaeei,
iieo/aao aieueoia ii?aeueiia oaeiaeaoai?aiea. O/eoaeth, eae iai
eaaeaony, aaaeii iiiu?youe iiene ?acee/iuo niiniaia ?aoaiey caaea/, a ia
no?aieoueny iaaycuaaoue naia ?aoaiea. Iauea iaoiaeu ?aoaiey caaea/
aeieaeiu noaoue i?i/iui aeinoiyieai o/aueony, ii ia?yaeo n yoei
iaiaoiaeeii ainieouaaoue o ieo oiaiea eniieueciaaoue eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua
iniaaiiinoe eaaeaeie caaea/e, iicaieythuea ?aoeoue aa i?iua. Eiaiii
iooiae io oaaeiia, eiie?aoiue aiaeec oneiaee caaea/e yaeythony caeiaii
oniaoiiai aa ?aoaiey.

Iniaia aieiaiea, ia iao acaeyae, neaaeoao ia?aoeoue ia ?aoaiea caaea/
a?eoiaoe/aneei niiniaii, oae eae eiaiii ?aoaiea caaea/ a?eoiaoe/aneei
niiniaii niinianoaoao ?acaeoeth i?eaeiaeueiinoe iuoeaiey,
ecia?aoaoaeueiinoe.

*anoi o/aueany, iciaeiieaoenue ni niiniaii ?aoaiey caaea/ n iiiiuueth
o?aaiaiey, ia ia?aiaiytho naay aeoaieei aiaeecii oneiaey caaea/e,
noa?athony iiauno?aa ninoaaeoue o?aaiaiea e ia?aeoe e aai ?aoaieth. I?e
yoii e aaaaeaiea iaicia/aiee, e noaia ?aoaiee, eae i?aaeei,
niioaaonoaotho ii?aaeaeaiiiio oaaeiio.

A yoii neo/aa caaea/a o/eoaey — iieacaoue o/aueiny ia i?eia?ao, /oi
?aoaiea caaea/ ii oaaeiio /anoi i?eaiaeeo e cia/eoaeueiiio oaaee/aieth
iauaia ?aaiou, a eiiaaea e e oneiaeiaieth ?aoaiey, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai
oaaee/eaaaony aiciiaeiinoue iiyaeaiey ioeaie. Iiyoiio o/aueiny iieacii
i?aaeeiaeeoue, i?aaeaea /ai ninoaaeyoue o?aaiaiea aeey ?aoaiey caaea/e,
aieiaoaeueii eco/eoue oneiaea caaea/e, iiaeoiaoue iaae oai, eaeie niinia
?aoaiey iaeaieaa niioaaonoaoao aa oneiaeth, iiiuoaoueny ?aoeoue caaea/o
aac eniieueciaaiey o?aaiaiee, a?eoiaoe/aneei niiniaii.

E niaeaeaieth, aeiaieueii oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaii iiaiea, /oi ?aoaiea
caaea/ iiauoaiiie o?oaeiinoe a?eoiaoe/aneeie iaoiaeaie eceeoia aaeaeo
nouanoaiaaiey aieaa neeueiiai iaoiaea ?aoaiey caaea/ n iiiiuueth
ninoaaeaiey o?aaiaiey.

Nouanoaoao e ae?oaia iiaiea, iie?athuaany ia iaaethaeaiey ca o/aueieny,
niaeanii eioi?iio ?aoaiea caaea/ oieueei aeaaa?ae/aneei iaoiaeii aaaeao
e iaeiinoi?iiiaio iaoaiaoe/aneiio ?acaeoeth o/aueony. Neaaeoao
o/eouaaoue e oi, /oi aeey ninoaaeaiey o?aaiaiey neaaeoao eniieueciaaoue
ii?aaeaeaiiua a?eoiaoe/aneea iaauee, iiieiaiea caaeneiinoae iaaeaeo
aaee/eiaie. E?iia oiai, nouanoaoao ?yae caaea/, ?aoaiea eioi?uo
a?eoiaoe/aneeie iaoiaeaie ecyuiaa e i?iua, /ai n iiiiuueth o?aaiaiee.

A ea/anoaa i?eia?a ?anniio?ei caaea/o: «Aeaa iioioeeeeenoa auaoaee
iaeiia?aiaiii ec ioieoia A e A iaano?a/o ae?oa ae?oao e ano?aoeeenue a
50 ei io A. I?eaua a ioieou A e A, iioioeeeeenou n?aco aea iiaa?ioee
iacaae e ano?aoeeenue aiiaue a 25 ei io A. Neieueei eeeiiao?ia iaaeaeo A
e A?»

?aoaiea yoie caaea/e n iiiiuueth o?aaiaiey i?aaenoaaeyao aeey o/aueony
ii?aaeaeaiiua o?oaeiinoe: ia neo/aeii a oeieueiii o/aaieea aiaeiae/iay
caaea/a iiiauaia a ?acaeaea «Caaea/e iiauoaiiie o?oaeiinoe aeey 8
eeanna».

Ia iaoeo caiyoeyo o/aueany ?aoaee yoo caaea/o, ia ninoaaeyy o?aaiaiey, a
?annoaeaeay oae. Io ia/aea aeaeaeaiey aei ia?aie ano?a/e iaa
iioioeeeeenoa i?iaoaee ?annoiyiea ?aaiia AA, a e iiiaioo aoi?ie ano?a/e
i?iaoaee ao?ia aieueoaa ?annoiyiea. Oaeei ia?acii, eaaeaeue ec ieo aei
aoi?ie ano?a/e i?iaoae ao?ia aieueoa, /ai aei ia?aie. Iioioeeeeeno,
auaoaaoee ec ioieoa A, aei ia?aie ano?a/e i?iaoae 50 ei.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, aei aoi?ie ano?a/e ii i?iaoae 150 ei (50 ( 3 = 150).
Iiyoiio ?annoiyiea io A aei A ?aaii 125 ei (150 – 25 = 125).

I?e oaeii iiaeoiaea yoo caaea/o iiaoo ?aoeoue o/aueany ia oieueei VIII,
ii e V eeanna.

A?eoiaoe/aneee niinia ?aoaiey caaea/, eiaaea oaaeiiiue iaoiae ia eaaei
i?eaiaeeo e ?acoeueoaoo, yaeyaony, eae naeaeaoaeuenoaotho iaoe
iaaethaeaiey, iaeiei ec eo/oeo n?aaenoa ?acaeoey naiinoiyoaeueiiai,
oai?/aneiai ?aoaiey o/aueony. N iiiiuueth niaoeeaeueii iiaeia?aiiuo
caaea/, eioi?ua iiaoo caeioa?aniaaoue o/aueony naiae eaaeouaeny
i?inoioie e oai, /oi eo ?aoaiea ia n?aco aeaaony a ?oee, iiaeii
iieacaoue o/aueiny e?anioo, i?inoioo e ecyuanoai eiae/aneiai
?annoaeaeaiey, i?eaiaeyuaai e ?aoaieth caaea/e. Eeethno?aoeeae
neacaiiiai neoaeeo caaea/a ? 1287 ec [5]. (Anaaeiee e iaoaoiae
iaeiia?aiaiii ioi?aaeeenue ec ioieoa A a ioieo A. Anaaeiee, i?eaua a
ioieo A ia 50 iei. ?aiueoa iaoaoiaea, aica?aoeeny ia?aoii a A. Ia
ia?aoiii iooe ii ano?aoeeny n iaoaoiaeii a aeaoo eeeiiao?ao io A. Ia
aanue iooue anaaeiee cao?aoee 1 /an 40 ieioo. Iaeaeeoa ?annoiyiea io A
aei A e nei?inoue anaaeieea e iaoaoiaea.)

?anniao?eaay ?aoaiea caaea/ ianeieueeeie niiniaaie, o/eoaeue ia o?iea e
ai aiaeeanniie ?aaioa aeieaeai i?eaioe?iaaoue o/aueony ia iienee
e?aneauo, ecyuiuo ?aoaiee. Oai naiui o/eoaeue aoaeao niinianoaiaaoue
ynoaoe/aneiio ainieoaieth o/aueony e iiauoaieth eo iaoaiaoe/aneie
eoeueoo?u.

?aoay n o/aueieny oo eee eioth caaea/o, o/eoaeue aeieaeai no?aieoueny e
aeinoeaeaieth aeaoo oeaeae. Ia?aay — iiii/ue o/aieeo ?aoeoue eiaiii
aeaiioth caaea/o, iao/eoue aai ?aoaoue caaea/e, aiaeiae/iua
?anniao?eaaaiie; aoi?ay — oae ?acaeoue niiniaiinoe o/aieea, /oiau ii iia
a aoaeouai ?aoeoue ethaoth caaea/o oeieueiiai eo?na naiinoiyoaeueii. Yoe
aeaa oeaee, aaconeiaii, naycaiu iaaeaeo niaie, oae eae, ni?aaeaoenue n
caaeaiiie aeinoaoi/ii o?oaeiie aeey iaai caaea/ae, o/aueeny ianeieueei
?acaeaaao naie niiniaiinoe e ?aoaieth caaea/ aiiaua.

Iiyoiio, i?aneaaeoy aoi?oth oeaeue, i?e ?aoaiee caaea/ ianeieueeeie
niiniaaie iu ia?auaee aieiaiea o/aueony ia oieueei ia iaeaieaa
?aoeeiiaeueiue, e?aneaue niinia ?aoaiey aeaiiie caaea/e, ii e ia oa
niiniau, eioi?ua oe?iei i?eiaiythony i?e ?aoaiee ae?oaeo caaea/ e a
iaeioi?uo neo/ayo ieacuaathony aaeeinoaaiiuie. Iiyniei neacaiiia
i?eia?ii.

?» ([5], ? 1263) o/aueany, eae i?aaeei, i?eiaiytho iaeaieaa
anoanoaaiiue a aeaiiii neo/aa niinia ?aoaiey — i?eaaaeaiea ae?iaae e
iauaio ciaiaiaoaeth e n?aaiaiea eo /eneeoaeae.

Iu iiciaeiieee o/aueony e n ae?oaeie niiniaaie ?aoaiey yoie caaea/e,
eioi?ua iiaee ieacaoueny iieaciuie i?e ?aoaiee ae?oaeo caaea/.

Oae, au/oy ec iaaeo ae?iaae ii 0,1, iu iieo/eee ae?iae n iaeeiaeiauie
/eneeoaeyie, eioi?ua n?aaiei onoii:

.

Iiaeii n?aaieoue aeaiiua ae?iae e ae?oaei niiniaii: oiiiaeea eaaeaeoth
ec ae?iaae ia 10 e auaeaeea aaeeieoeo, aoaeai eiaoue

, oi ia?aay ec aeaiiuo ae?iaae aieueoa aoi?ie.

Eiiaaea auaaao oeaeaniia?aciui ?aoeoue caaea/o a iauai aeaea, oioy, eae
i?aaeei, /eneiaua aeaiiua i?ecaaiu oi?iuaoue ?aoaiea caaea/e.

Naieeeannieeai auea i?aaeeiaeaia caaea/a: «Aeieaaeeoa, /oi ia nouanoaoao
oeaeuo eiyooeoeeaioia a, b, c, d, oaeeo, /oi cia/aiea iiiai/eaia ax3 +
bx2 + cx + d ?aaii 1 i?e o = 19 e ?aaii 2 i?e o = 62» ([5], ? 1273).

Ia?yaeo n ?aoaieai yoie caaea/e n iiiiuueth ninoaaeaiey nenoaiu
o?aaiaiee aeey caaeaiiuo /eneiauo cia/aiee auei aeaii ?aoaiea caaea/e a
iauai aeaea. Ec nenoaiu

, ioeoaea neaaeiaaei, /oi aeey oeaeuo a, b, c, o1, o2, A, A au?aaeaiea
A – A anaaaea e?aoii o1 – o2. Iiaenoaaea o1 = 62, o2 = 19, A = 2, A =1,
iieo/aee, /oi A – A ia aeaeeony ia o1 – o2 (1 ia aeaeeony ia 43).
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, ooaa?aeaeaiea caaea/e aeieacaii.

Oaeie niinia ?aoaiey iicaieee iai (e o/aieeai) aa?uee?iaaoue oneiaea
yoie caaea/e, eii?iaece?iaaoue ia aa oaio.

Iai?eia?, auei i?aaeeiaeaii o/aueiny caiieieoue iaaeinoathuea aeaiiua a
oneiaeyo neaaeothueo caaea/:

Aeieaaeeoa, /oi ia nouanoaoao oeaeuo eiyooeoeeaioia a, b, c e d, oaeeo,
/oi cia/aiea iiiai/eaia ax3 + bx2 + cx + d ?aaii 1 i?e o =… e ?aaii 2
i?e o =… .

Aeieaaeeoa, /oi ia nouanoaoao oeaeuo eiyooeoeeaioia a, b, c e d, oaeeo,
/oi cia/aiea iiiai/eaia ax3 + bx2 + cx + d ?aaii … i?e o = 19 e ?aaii …
i?e o = 2.

Iieacii oaeaea i?aaeeiaeeoue o/aueiny ninoaaeoue e ?aoeoue ae?oaea
caaea/e ia aeaiioth oaio, iniiauaaynue ia ?aoaiee caaea/e a iauai aeaea.

Caiaoei, /oi /anoia eniieueciaaiea iaeiiai e oiai aea iaoiaea i?e
?aoaiee caaea/ eiiaaea i?eaiaeeo e i?eau/ea, eioi?ay noaiiaeoueny
a?aaeiie. O ?aoathuaai caaea/o au?aaaouaaaony neeiiiinoue e oae
iacuaaaiie ineoieiae/aneie eia?oeee. Iiyoiio, eae au ie eacaeny o/aueiny
i?inoui iaeaeaiiue niinia ?aoaiey caaea/e, anaaaea iieacii iiiuoaoueny
iaeoe ae?oaie niinia ?aoaiey, eioi?ue iaiaaoeo iiuo ?aoathuaai caaea/o.
E?iia oiai, a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo, iieo/aiea oiai aea ?acoeueoaoa ae?oaei
niiniaii neoaeeo eo/oae i?iaa?eie i?aaeeueiinoe ?acoeueoaoa.

A caeeth/aiea iaie auei i?iaaaeaii aoi?e/iia oanoe?iaaiea. Aeey
i?iaaaeaiey iiaoi?iuo eniuoaiee eniieueciaaeny aa?eaio iaoiaeeee
aeueoa?iaoeaiue (?u/aaiaiio(, i?aaeiieaaathuee (ioe?uoea( oneiaey
?aaiiaaney ai?ioa.

?acoeueoaou aoi?e/iiai eniuoaiey io?aaeaiu a oaaeeoea:

ieoya?ue 1995 a. ia?o 1996 a.

a n i a n i

yenia?eiaioaeueiua eeannu 18 35% 26 50% 8 15% 28 54% 22 42% 2 3%

eiio?ieueiue eeann 10 36% 14 50% 4 14% 11 39% 14 50% 3 11%

Eae aeaeei, ?acoeueoaou ai anao eeannao oeo/oeeenue. Iaeiaei, aeaeaei ia
i?iii?oeeiiaeueii. N?aaieoaeueii iaaieueoia oeo/oaiea iieacaoaeae
(eiio?ieueiiai( eeanna iu neeiiiu ioianoe ca n/ao i?eaueaiey o/aueony e
iiaeiaiiio oanoe?iaaieth (e, eiia/ii, iu iieaaaai, /oi eco/aiea
iaoaiaoeee e ii noaiaea?oiie iaoiaeeea niinianoaoao aeoeaecaoeee
oai?/aneie iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe o/aueony). Oeo/oaiea aea
iieacaoaeae (yenia?eiaioaeueiuo( eeannia (i?e/ai a aieaa cia/eoaeueiie
noaiaie iaaeaee a (eiio?ieueiii( eeanna) aeaao iai iniiaaiea n/eoaoue
aeiioaco, auaeaeioooth iaie a ia/aea iaoae ?aaiou, iiaeoaa?aeeaoaeny e
eiie?aoiua iaoiaee/aneea i?eaiu ii ?acaeoeth i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey
oeieueieeia caneoaeeaathueie aieiaiey.

Iu ia n/eoaee iao ?acoeueoao eiia/iui. Iaiaoiaeeii e aeaeaa
?ac?aaaouaaoue e oniaa?oainoaiaaoue i?eaiu e iaoiaeu ?acaeoey
i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey, a caaeneiinoe io eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo naienoa e
iniaaiiinoae eaaeaeiai ioaeaeueii acyoiai o/auaainy. Iiiaia oaeaea
aoaeao caaenaoue io iaaeaaiaa-i?aaeiaoieea, io oiai, aoaeao ee ii
o/eouaaoue iniaaiiinoe iiciaaaoaeueiuo i?ioeannia oeieueieeia e
i?eiaiyoue i?eaiu aeoeaecaoeee i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey a oiaea
iauyniaiey e cae?aieaiey iaoa?eaea, aoaeao ee ii no?ieoue naie o?iee ia
y?eii, yiioeeiiaeueii ie?aoaiiii ?anneaca eee /oaiee oaenoa o/aaieea e
io iiiaeo ae?oaeo oaeoia.

Aiaeece?oy i?iaeaeaiioth ?aaioo iiaeii naeaeaoue ?yae auaiaeia:

Yenia?eiaioaeueiua caiyoey ii eo?no iaoaiaoeee a 7 eeannao NO ? 18 a.
Ano?aoaie auee aeinoaoi/ii i?iaeoeoeaiu. Iai oaeaeinue aeinoe/ue
iniiaiie oeaee aeaiiiai enneaaeiaaiey — au?aaioaoue ?yae iaoiaee/aneeo
i?eaiia, aeeth/aiiuo a iau/iua i?ia?aiiiua o?iee e iicaieythueo
iaeaaeaaaoue i?eaiaie i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey, a neaaeiaaoaeueii
iaeaa/aoue onaaeaaaiinoue iaoa?eaea e aeoeaece?iaaoue oai?/aneea
niiniaiinoe oeieueieeia.

Aiaeec o/aaiiai iaoa?eaea, i?aaeoanoaothuee i?aeoe/aneie /anoe ?aaiou,
iicaieee no?oeoo?e?iaaoue ioia?aiiue iaoa?eae iaeaieaa eiae/iui e
i?eaieaiui niiniaii, a niioaaonoaee n oeaeyie enneaaeiaaiey.

?acoeueoaoii i?iaaaeaiiie ?aaiou yaeythony ianeieueei iaoiaee/aneeo
?aeiiaiaeaoeee e eo?no iaoaiaoeee:

A oeaeyo niaa?oainoaiaaiey i?aiiaeaaaiey iaoaiaoeee oeaeaniia?acia
aeaeueiaeoay ?ac?aaioea iiauo iaoiaeee eniieueciaaiey ianoaiaea?oiuo
caaea/.

Nenoaiaoe/anee eniieueciaaoue ia o?ieao caaea/e, niinianoaothuea
oi?ie?iaaieth o o/aueony iiciaaaoaeueiiai eioa?ana e naiinoiyoaeueiinoe.

Inouanoaeyy oeaeaiai?aaeaiiia iao/aiea oeieueieeia ?aoaieth caaea/, n
iiiiuueth niaoeeaeueii iiaeia?aiiuo oi?aaeiaiee, o/eoue eo iaaethaeaoue,
iieueciaaoueny aiaeiaeae, eiaeoeoeeae, n?aaiaieyie e aeaeaoue
niioaaonoaothuea auaiaeu.

Oeaeaniia?acii eniieueciaaiea ia o?ieao caaea/ ia niia?aceoaeueiinoue,
caaea/-oooie, iaoaiaoe/aneeo ?aaonia, nioeciia.

O/eouaaoue eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua iniaaiiinoe oeieueieea, aeeooa?aioeeaoeeth
iiciaaaoaeueiuo i?ioeannia o eaaeaeiai ec ieo, eniieuecoy caaeaiey
?acee/iiai oeia.

Oaeei ia?acii, i?iaaaeaiiia iaie enneaaeiaaiea iicaieyao ooaa?aeaeaoue,
/oi ?aaioa iaae oi?ie?iaaieai iaaueia i?iaeoeoeaiiai iuoeaiey o o/aueony
aeaei aaaeiia e iaiaoiaeeiia. Iiene iiauo iooae aeoeaecaoeee oai?/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoe oeieueieeia yaeyaony iaeiie ec iaioeiaeiuo caaea/
nia?aiaiiie ineoieiaee e iaaeaaiaeee.

Nienie eeoa?aoo?u

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