O?IE 1
No?. 22-23
Oaeno1.
IA EAEOeEE II AAIIAO?EE
Yoi – ecia?aaeaiea eeanniie eiiiaou.
Yoi – ainiiaeei Aeae, i?ioanni? iaoaiaoeee. Yoi – ainiiaea Oooo, iia
– iiiiuiee ainiiaeeia Aeaea. Ainiiaea Oooo aea?aeeo eeiaeeo e eoni/ae
iaea a ?oeao.
A eeanna iaoiaeyony ianeieueei iieiaeuo ethaeae e aeaiuei . Oieueei
o?e ianyoea iacaae iie auee oeieueieeaie. Oaia?ue iie – nooaeaiou
Aiaeeeneiai oaoie/aneiai eieeaaeaea.
Naaiaeiy aoi?ia (2-ia) naioya?y. O nooaeaioia naaiaeiy o?e eaeoeee .
Ia?aay (1-ay) eaeoeey ii aaiiao?ee.
Eeanniay eiiiaoa aieueoay e naaoeay. Ni?aaa aeaa aieueoeo ieia e
neaaa aeaa?ue . A oaeo eiiiaou eieaeiue oeao . Iaae eieaeiui oeaoii
aenyo /anu. Anoue ee caeanue eieaeiua iieee ? Iao, oai iao ieeaeeo
eieaeiuo iieie a eiiiaoa (ia eiaaony eaeeo-eeai). Ia?aae iaeiei ec ieii
noie. *oi oai ia noiea .Ia noiea iiiai i?aaeiaoia, iai?eia?, iaeioi?ua
aeieoiaiou, eiaa?eoie/aneay eeiaeea, eeiaeea, eiiian, ia?i, ianeieueei
?o/ae e caieniua eieaeee.
A na?aaeeia eiiiaou noiyo ianeieueei ia?o aeey nooaeaioia. Ia noaiea
aenyo aeinea e oaaeeoeu. Ia aeinea /oi-oi ia?eniaaii. Yoi –
aaiiao?e/aneea oeao?u e?oa a na?aaeeia, eaaae?ao neaaa, o?aoaieueiee
ni?aaa e yeeein ieaea e?oaa. Iiae ?enoieaie eiathony /enea e neiaieu.
Aaiiao?ey ?anniao?eaaao naienoaa, iino?iaiea e ?acia?u eeiee,
iiaa?oiinoae, e aaiiao?e/aneeo oae.
Oaa?aeia oaei, eee oaei, eiaao o?e ecia?aiey: aeeeio, oe?eio e
oieueio.
Iiaa?oiinoue eiaao oieueei aeaa ecia?aiey: aeeeio e oe?eio. A eeiey
eiaao oieueei iaeii ecia?aiea: aeeeio. A oi/ea ia eiaao ieeaeiai
ecia?aiey, a i?inoi iieiaeaiea a i?ino?ainoaa. A eiioea naiae eaeoeee
ainiiaeei Aeae aiai?eo: ” Au oaea eco/aee iaoaiaoeeo a oeiea. Oaia?ue Au
eco/aaoa aunooth iaoaiaoeeo, eioi?ay yaeyaony i/aiue aaaeiui
i?aaeiaoii aeey nooaeaioia oaoie/aneiai eieeaaeaea. Aa eiiaaea
iacuaatho ei?ieaaie iaoe. ”
O?IE 2
No?.34-35
O A O O A.
?ACIA?U
Ainiiaeei Oaee /eoaao eaeoeee nooaeaioai a oii aea naiii eieeaaeaea.
Ii /eoaao eaeoeee, o?e ?aca a iaaeaeth: a iiiaaeaeueiee, n?aaeo, e
iyoieoeo. Ainiiaeei Oaee – i/aiue oi/iue /aeiaae. Ii anaaaea ia/eiaao
eaeoeee aia?aiy.
Naaiaeiy – 5-ia naioya?y, iiiaaeaeueiee. Aai eaeoeey – i ?acia?ao.
Ainiiaeei Oaee /eoaao naie eaeoeee n iiiai/eneaiiuie i?eia?aie,
a?aoeeaie e yenia?eiaioaie. Ii aiai?eo: « A iao/iie ?aaioa iu iau/ii
eiaai ?acia?u a iao?e/aneie nenoaia ecia?aiey. Iao?e/aneay eee
aeanyoe/iay nenoaia -yoi iaaeaeoia?iaeiay nenoaia ia? e aania, eioi?ay
iniiaaia ia iao?a e eeeia?aiia. Aaeeieoea ecia?aiey aeeeiu – iao?. Iao?
iniiaai ia aeeeia aieiu i?aiaeaai – e?aniiai naaoa, eioi?ue auaeaeai
yeaiaioii E?eioii 86, e ecia?yaony n aieueoie oi/iinoueth a iao/iuo
eaai?aoi?eyo ai anai ie?a. Iao? ?acaeaeai ia 100 naioeiao?ia e eaaeaeue
naioeiao? ia 10 ieeeeiao?ia.
Niioaaonoaothuea aaeeieoeu iannu, iauaia e aeaaeaiey – eeeia?aii,
eoae/aneee iao? e Iiaue – oiiia/iao? eaaae?aoiue niioaaonoaaiii.
Ainiiaeei Oaee caeai/eaaao eaeoeeth ni neiaaie: ” nenoaia iieacaoaey ia?
e aania eniieuecoaony a aieueoeinoaa no?ai ie?a. Ii eiaaony oaeaea
ae?oaay nenoaia ia? e aania, eiia?neay nenoaia, eioi?ay iniiaaia ia oooa
e ooioa. Iaeioi?ua no?aiu ana aua eniieuecotho yoo nenoaio. ”
Eiaaony i?eia? ?aciinoe iaaeaeo aeaoiy nenoaiaie.
Aetheiu
Naioeiao?u
Eiia?neay Nenoaia Iao?e/aneay
Nenoaia
1 aethei (in) 2.540 ni
1ooo (ft) 30.45 ni
1 y?ae (yd) 91.44 ni
1 ieey (m) 1.609 ei
Caiaoueoa 3 aetheia = 3 ”
5 oooia = 5
O?IE 3
No?.48-49
T E X T A.
AEUeAA?O YEIOOAEI
Aeueaa?o Yeiooaei, ecaanoiue iaiaoeeee oecee e iaoaiaoee ?iaeeeny a
Aa?iaiee 14 ia?oa, 1879 .Aai iaiau/iua niiniaiinoe e iaoaiaoeea e oeceea
i?iyaeee naay a oaoie/aneie oeiea a Oeth?eoa. A aic?anoa 21aiaea, iinea
/aou?ao eao oieaa?neoaoneiai iao/aiey, Aeueaa?o Yeiooaei iieo/ee ?aaioo
eea?ea a ioena. Ii oaea a 1905 ii naeaeae ?aaiethoeeiiiua ioe?uoey a
iaoea. Ii ecaeae o?e aeieoiaioa a iaeanoe oeceee e iaoaiaoeee. A ia?aii
ii iauyniee oioiyeaeo?e/aneee yooaeo iin?aaenoaii oai?ee eaaioa Ieaiea.
Aoi?ie aeieoiaio, eae ii ?ac?aaioae iaoaiaoe/aneoth oai?ey A?ioiianeiai
aeaeaeaiey. Ii iioaeeeiaae naie o?aoee aeieoiaio ia oaio ” Niaoeeaeueiay
Oai?ey Ioiineoaeueiinoe ” a oece/aneii aeo?iaea. Yeiooaei au?acee naith
oai?eth a o?aaiaiee E = mc2, i?eaeeceoaeueii yoa yia?aey ?aaiyaony ianna
ia eaaae?ao nei?inoe naaoa.
Ai anai ie?a o/aiua /eoatho ?aaioo n aieueoei oaeeaeaieai. Iaiiiai
oeceeia iiiyee cia/aiea a oi a?aiy. Eaaeaeue oioae ociaoue a
iaeneiaeueii aiciiaeiie noaiaie ia aaoi?a. A eaeii einoeoooa ii iao/ae?
A /ueae eaai?aoi?ee ii i?iaiaeee naia enneaaeiaaiea?
Ecaanoiinoue Yeiooaeia n?aaee o/aiuo ?inea iaaeeaiii, ii ianiiiaiii. A
oa/aiea ianeieueeeo eao ii aeee a I?aaa, aaea ?aaioae i?ioanni?ii,
eiaaea ii i?eaoae a I?aao, ii /anoi aiai?ee naiei nooaeaioai: ” y aoaeo
anaaaea i?iaiaaoue iiiiaaoue Aai. Anee o Aan anoue i?iaeaia, eaeeoa, ei
iia n yoei iu ?aoei yoi aianoa. ”
Ii ethaee aii?inu e ioaa/ae ia ieo n?aco, aeey iaai ia eiaeinue
ieeaeeo i?inouo eee aeo?aoeeeo aii?inia . Ii aiai?ee iiiai ni naieie
nooaeaioaie ioiineoaeueii iao/iuo i?iaeai e aai iiauo eaeae. Aai
ia?auaiea e nooaeaioai auei, Ia aa?eoa i?inoua i?iaeaiu. ”
A 1921 Yeiooaei iieo/ee Iiaaeaaneee I?aieth a oeceea ii ia ca oai?eth
ioiineoaeueiinoe a ca eiae/aneia iauyniaiey oioiyeaeo?e/aneiai yooaeoa.
Iinea Aaeeeie Ieoya?ueneie Nioeeaeenoe/aneie ?aaiethoeee a ?innee
Yeiooaei noae enoeiiui ae?oaii iieiaeie Nioeeaeenoe/aneie ?anioaeeee. Ii
onoaiiaee iao/iua eiioaeou n aai eieeaaaie a Niaaoneie ?innee.
A 1922 ii noae eiino?aiiui /eaiii ?inneeneie Aeaaeaiee Iaoe ca aai
auaeathueeny aeeaae a oeceeo e iaoaiaoeeo.
14 ia?oa, 1979 ?aoaieai THIANEI ana ethaee ai anai ie?a i?acaeiiaaee
noieaoea ?iaeaeaiey aaeeeiai o/aiiai 20 aaea.
Oi?.6 no?.46
1. Ii?aaeaeeoue cia/aiea “a”. Au ii?aaeaeeee yoi i?aaeeueii. Oaia?ue Au
ii?aaeaeeoa cia/aiea “b”. 2. Ii ?aaioaao iiiai a naiai aeieoiaioa.
Iineaaeithth iaaeaeth ii ?aaioae 10 /ania a aeaiue. Oaia?ue o iaai
eioa?aae a aai ?aaioa. Ia aeiyo ii i?iaeieaeeo naith ?aaioo. 3. Aeaaaeoa
ecia?youe aaee/eio eoaa. Yoi iiiiaeao iai ii?aaeaeyoue iauai. 4. A
i?ioeue iiiaaeaeueiee i?aiiaeaaaoaeue /eoae eaeoeeth ii aaiiao?e/aneei
oeao?ai e eo ecia?aieyi. Ia neaaeothuae iaaeaea ii iauynieo iai ?acieoeo
iaaeaeo iao?e/aneie e eiia?neie nenoaiaie. 5. O ian auei oieueei
ianeieueei eaai?aoi?ee a iaoai einoeoooa ianeieueei eao iacaae. Oaia?ue
o ian eo iiiai. *a?ac aiae eee aeaa o ian aoaeao niaoeeaeueiia caeaiea
aeey eaai?aoi?ee.
Oi?.7 no?.47
1. Iaoaiaoeea – aaaeiue i?aaeiao aeey nooaeaioia oaoie/aneeo aocia ,
iioiio /oi i?eiaiyaony ei anai aaoayi iaoe. 2. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay nenoaia
ia? e aania iacaaia iao?e/aneie nenoaiie , iineieueeo iniiaaia ia iao?a
e eeeia?aiia. 3. Iu au/eoaai 32 e oiiiaeaainy ia 5/9, eiaaea iu
i?aia?aciauaaai oaiia?aoo?u io ianooaaa Oeaeu Oa?aiaaeoa aei
Noia?aaeoniiai. 4. Iu ia/iai iiaue yenia?eiaio iinea oiai, eae Au
iieacuaaaoa iai ?acoeueoaou aaoaai iineaaeiaai yenia?eiaioa. 5. Ii
ii?aaeaeeo ae?oaea ia?aiao?u, iaania/ee, Au niiauaaoa aio aan
ioiineoaeueii i?ino?ainoaaiiiai. 6. A neo/aa, anee iiaay iaoa?ey eiaao
naienoai caii?iceoueny auno?i yoi aoaeao eiaoue aieueoia cia/aiea aeey
iaoae ?aaiou.
Oi?.8 no?. 47-48
Aeaaeaiey. I?iaeaia. Eea?e. Eaaio.
Eieeaaa.
?aaeueii. ?aaiethoeeiiii Eiioaeo. ?anioaeeea .
Yia?aey.
AEo?iae. Oioiyeaeo?e/anee Nioeeaeeno. Oaeaioeeai
Oecee. Oieaa?neoao. Oai?ey. Oeceea
effect-aeaenoaea; idea-iuneue; prize-i?aiey;
revolution-ia?aai?io;
O?IE 4
No?.62-63
OAENO A.
IAOA CAACAeA – NIEIOeA
*oi Au ciaaoa naaiaeiy i naiie aeeceie caacaea, eioi?ay iaoiaeeony a 150
ieeeeiiao eeeiiao?ia ?
Nieioea – ianna iaiaiiie iaoa?ee, oaiia?aoo?a ia iiaa?oiinoe – auoa
5,500 a?aaeonia ii Noia?aaeoniie oeaea, oaiia?aoo?a a oeaio?a Nieioea –
auoa 20 ieeeeiiia a?aaeonia ii Noia?aaeoniie oeaea. Aeeaiao? Nieioea – a
109 ?ac aieueoa Caiee, e ianna a 330,000 ?ac aieueoa.
Inaauaiea Caiee Nieioeai, 10 ieeeea?aeia eao neeueiaa /ai Ne?eon-
naiay y?eay caacaea naaa?iiai iieooa?ey, Ii yoi ia iiae?acoiaaaao, /oi
Nieioea aieueoaa /ai Ne?eon: iii i?inoi aeeaea e Caiea.
Aeaayoue ieaiao n eo niooieeaie a?auathony aie?oa Nieioea aeaaiaea?y
neea anaiauae a?aaeoaoeee. Iaoae Caiea o?aaoaony iaiiiai aieueoa 365
aeiae, /oiau niaa?oeoue a?auaiea aie?oa Nieioea.
Nieioea – iaeaieaa aaaeiia oaei ai Anaeaiiie aeey /aeiaa/anoaa. Iii
iaania/eaaao ian naaoii a oa/aiea aeiy, a naao Eoiu -yoi oieueei
io?aaeaiiue nieia/iue naao. Oaeaea aaaeii, /oi Nieioea aeaao iai oaiei,
aac eioi?iai ieeaeay aeeciue ia Caiea nouanoaiaaoue ia iiaeao. Yoi
iaania/eaaao ian anao yia?aeae, eioi?oth iu eniieuecoai eaaeaeue aeaiue.
Eiaaea iu ?anniao?eaaai Nieioea, iii eaaeaony oa?eeii iaiy. Ii
aeaaea io e?aoeiai ciaeiinoaa n iaeioi?uie ec nieia/iuo yaeaiee ynii,
/oi Nieioea yaeyaony eeiyuei ieaaiii.
Nieioea – aeaaioneay anoanoaaiiay aiaei?iaeiay aiiaa, yeaeaaeaio e
ieeeeiiai eneonnoaaiiuo, aaea oa?iiyaea?iay ?aaeoeey i?iaeieaeaaony
iai?a?uaii.
Eioa?anii ioiaoeoue /oi eaaeaeue aoi?ie ec nieia/iuo eo/ae
iinueaao a einiin noieueei yia?aee ,neieueei eniieueciaaeinue a oa/aiea
oeaeiai ia?eiaea nouanoaiaaiey io ia?aiai iaiy iaua?iiai /aeiaaea aei
eniieueciaaiey yaea?iie yia?aee a aoiiiuo yeaeo?inoaioeeyo.
Nieia/iay yia?aey eiaao aieueoia cia/aiea aeey /aeiaa/anoaa.
*aeiaae i?iaiaae eniieueciaaoue nieia/ioth yia?aeth ia/eiay n naiuo
?aiieo a?aiai. Iaoiaeu eniieueciaaiey naaoa e yia?aee oaiea io Nieioea
ia iiau, ii iie ia i/aiue, yooaeoeaiu ,iiea aua.
Iaiaoiaeeii iaeoe yooaeoeaiua iaoiaeu eniieueciaaiey yoie ia?iiiie
iiaeaoeeaie ec anao aanieaoiuo yia?aee, Naeaeaoue iaoo caacaeo – Nieioea
-ianeoaeeaathuae /aeiaa/anoai.
Oi?.6 no?. 60-61
a) 1. Yoi oaa?aeia oaei ieioiaa ae?oaiai. 2. I?aaay ?oea iau/ii
neeueiaa eaaie. 3. Yoe ?aiee i/aiue iaeu. Iu oioei iieo/aoue aieueoea.
a) 1. Yoi – iiaue ecia?eoaeueiue i?eai?, aieaa oi/iue /ai noa?ue. 2.
Oi/ea caia?caiey aiaeu a Noia?aaeoniii ianooaaa – 0 ‘ e /oi a ianooaaa
Oeaeu Oa?aiaaeoa yaeyaony + 32 ‘. 3. Ieioiinoue aeeaeeiai aicaeooa –
oieueei iaiiiai iaiueoa /ai aiaeu.
a) 1. Aaoa oaaaeiieaiea aieaa aaaeii aeey ian /ai aa 2. Aeieoiaiou a
iaoae eaai?aoi?ee ia ianoieueei nia?aiaiiu eae a aaoai. 3. Eo ioen –
aeaeueoa io Einoeoooa /ai iao. 4. Ia?eo?ee a?auaaony aie?oa Nieioea n
aieaa aunieie nei?inoueth /ai ae?oaea ieaiaou. Nei?inoue – iaiiiai auoa
/ai eo.
Oi?.7 no?.61
a) Yoi iicaeii. *aou?a /ana.
Iaeei eeeiiao? io iaoaai ioena aei Einoeoooa.
a) Iaiaoiaeeii aiai?eoue …
Yoi auei iaiaoiaeeii …
Aoaeao iaiaoiaeeii aeaeaoue .
Yoi aaaeii …
Auei aaaeii ecia?eoue …
Aoaeao i?inoi ii?aaeaeeoue …
a) Yoi oiiiyiooi …
Yoi auei ecaanoii …
Yoi aoaeao iieacuaaoueny …
Yoi eaaeaony yoei …
O?IE 5
No?. 74-75
OAENO A.
NOAIEE-IA?A I?IA?ANNA *AEIAAEA
Iiiaiia?acea e eiiaeiaoeee noaieia naaiaeiy iaia?aie/aiiu. Iaeioi?ua
ec ieo i/aiue iaeu e iiaoo auoue onoaiiaeaiu ia aa?noaea, ii ae?oaea
ianoieueei aieueoea, /oi iu aeieaeiu nicaeaoue niaoeeaeueiua caeaiey,
/oiau ?acianoeoue eo.
Eiathony iaeioi?ua iniiaiua iia?aoeee a ethaii oeaoa. Yoi oi/aiea,
naa?eaiea, ia?acaiea ?acueau, e o.ae. Aeaaiui ec noaieia oaeiai oeaoa
yaeyaony iiiaioeaeaaie oiea?iue noaiie. *oi yaeyaony oiea?iui noaieii?
Yoi – noaiie n iaoaie/aneei i?eaiaeii ni niaoeeaeueiuie
eino?oiaioaeueiuie n?aaenoaaie, eioi?ua iiaoo ?acaoue eee oi?ie?iaaoue
iaoaeee/aneea /anoe. Iaoaee, eioi?ue au?acaao ae?oaie iaoaee, aeieaeai
auoue i/aiue oaa?ae e oae /oi eino?oiaioaeueiua n?aaenoaa aeieaeiu auoue
naeaeaiu ec i/aiue oaa?aeuo nieaaia noaee. Eino?oiaio iaiin?aaenoaaiii
i/aiue iae a n?aaiaiee n iaoaieciii, eioi?ue aeieaeai aai iai?aaeoue.
Oaoiieiae/aneee i?ia?ann oeo/oaao oi/iinoue noaiea. Naaiaeiyoiaa
iai?oaeiaaiea iiaeao i?iecaiaeeoue /anoe n i/aiue aunieie oi/iinoueth.
Iiaeii iaeoe ?yae noaieia eioi?ua iiaoo ecia?youe e i?iaa?youe eo
i?iecaiaenoai naiinoiyoaeueii – noaiee, eioi?ua aeieaeiu ia?aaaouaaoue
/anoe iaoaie/anee e aaoiiaoe/anee. Oaeea iaoeiu iiaoo aea?aeaoue /anoe,
eioi?ua aeieaeiu ecia?youeny e niiniaiu oeacaoue iaiin?aaenoaaiii eo
oi/iua ?acia?u . Aieueoia eiee/anoai oaeeo ” oiiuo ” iaoei iiaeao auoue
iaeaeaii naaiaeiy a iaoae i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
Oae eae noaiee noaioo auno?aa e aieaa eiiieaeniaa, aaoiiaoe/aneea
?acia?u e i?iaa?ea aeieaeiu eiaoue aieueoia cia/aiea. Aaoiiaoecaoeey –
iaeia ec aeaaiuo oaeoi?ia ?ac?aaioee i?ia?anna.
Aeaeea iioi/iua eeiee oi?ie?otho iniiaaiea aeey aaoiiaoece?iaaiiuo
oeaoia. Aeaaiue i?eioeei oaeie aeaeie eeiee – oaeo, /oi yoi iiaeao auoue
ia?aeeth/aii ii/oe iaiiaaiii io iaeiiai ecaeaeey aei ae?oaiai,
eiathuaai iiaeiaioth no?oeoo?o, ii ?acee/ioth ea?a?oe/aneoth no?oeoo?o .
Yoi a ?aaiie noaiaie yooaeoeaii a ianniaii e iaeina?eeiii i?iecaiaenoaa
e aoaeao neoaeeoue, aeey oaaee/aiey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe.
NNN? e ae?oaea auniei i?iiuoeaiiua no?aiu ia/eiatho eniieueciaaoue ia
oe?ieie iniiaa aeaeea iiaeoee e aaoiiaoece?iaaiiua oeaoa .
O?ie 6
Oaeno A..
NENOAIA CAUEOU IO IAAIAeIAIEss.
A ieoya?a 1980 aiaea ni neiaaie ” Aeaaaeoa caueuaoue Eaieia?aae io
iaaiaeiaiee ” aue a?ioai ia?aue eaiaiue a aieiu Oeineiai caeeaa
iaaeaeaei io Ai?neie-, eioi?ue noae ia/aeii eiino?oeoeee nenoaiu caueou
io iaaiaeiaiey, eioi?ay aeieaeia auea e 1990 aiaeo caueoeoue Eaieia?aae
io iaaiaeiaiee.
Ca aieaa /ai 280 eao nouanoaiaaiey, ai?iae iioa?iae ii/oe 300
iaaiaeiaiee. O?e ec ieo, a 1777, 1824 e 1924 aiaeao auee
eaoano?ioe/aneea. N oao ii?, eae a 1703 aiaeo Iao?ii Aaeeeei aue iniiaai
ai?iae, niaoeeaeenoaie i?aaeeaaaeinue iiiaeanoai ?acee/iuo noai caueou .
Ii oieueei aeaaiaea?y nia?aiaiiie oaoiieiaee noae aiciiaeai oaeie
aeaaioneee aeae?ioaoie/aneee i?iaeo .
Ioi?aaiie oi/eie auei i?eiyoea Iauaai ieaia i?iaeoe?iaaiey Eaieia?aaea
(1966aiae), eioi?ue i?aaeoniio?ae eiino?oe?iaaiea nenoaiu caueou io
iaaiaeiaiey. 52 iao/iuo, ?ac?aaioie/aneeo e ae?oaeo i?aaiecaoeee
?ac?aaaouaaee yoo noaio a oa/aiea oanoe eao.
Ia /oi iioiae aeae?ioaoie/aneee eiiieaen ?
Iaeeiiaaeoeaoue aeaaioneeo aeaia ec eaiiy e ii/au (eaaeaeue aunioie 8
iao?ia auoa o?iaiy ii?y ) ia?anaeaao Oeineee caeea io Ai?neie ia naaa?a
e Eiiiiiniao ia thaa caeeaa /a?ac Eioeei ino?ia (e?aiinoue E?iiooaaeo ).
Ii aeeeia aeaia eiaaony oanoue aiaeineeaia, /oiau iicaieeoue aiaea
oee?eoee?iaaoue a ii?iaeueiii ninoiyiee.
Noaea i?ioiaeyo /a?ac aeaa aeoaieiaiaeiuo eaiaea, eioi?ua ?aniieiaeaiu
ia eaaeaeie noi?iia ino?iaa, oe?eiie 200 iao?ia, thaeiue eaiae aeaaiue.
Eiaaea i?ienoiaeeo iiauoaiea aiaeiiai o?iaiy , i?eaiaeeony a aeaenoaea
oeaeay aaoiiaoe/aneay nenoaia . Oethcu, ?aniieiaeaiiua ii anae
iiaa?oiinoe aiaeineeaia, iioneathony aei cae?uoey “ieii” e oethcu,
eioi?ua neieuecyo ii niaoeeaeueiui aeaeaciui aei?iaai ia aeia eaiaeia
auoiaeyo ec eaia? aeiea e i?aa?aaeaeatho iooue ii?neie aieia. O?aaoaony
oieueei 30 ieioo, /oiau eniieieoue ana aeaenoaey.
Iaaei neacaoue, /oi eiino?oeoeey oaeeo oethcia – naiaai ?iaea
?aaiethoeey e ia eiaao ieeaeie aiaeiaee a nia?aiaiiie iaaeaeoia?iaeiie
i?aeoeea.
Oinna – aeeeiie 24.4 eeeiiao?a e oe?eiie 35 iao?ia – aaaeeo ii aa?oeia
aeaia e ia?aiu/ae(ooioia) ii aiaeineeaai, e aeaaaeaeu “iu?yao” a ooiiaee
iiae aeiii eaiaeia. Aeeeia thaeiiai ooiiaey – i?eaeeceoaeueii 2,000
iao?ia, a naaa?iiai – 1,400 iao?ia.
Eiino?oeoeee oinna oaeaeaii aieueoia aieiaiea e niaeanii Iauaio ieaio
i?iaeoe?iaaiey Eaieia?aaea, aeieaeii noaoue aiaoiae /anoueth ec 150 ei
aaoino?aaeu eieueoea , eioi?ia aoaeao iino?iaii aie?oa ai?iaea.
Eiiieaen iicaieeo ?aoaoue i?iaeaio Eaieia?aaeneie caueou io iaaiaeiaiee.
6a.
analogy – aiaeiaey, specialist – niaoeeaeeno, catastrophic –
eaoano?ioe/aneee
6a.
construction eiino?oeoeey
general aeaaiue
operation iia?aoeey
organization i?aaiecaoeey
practice i?aeoeea
protection caueoa
scheme noaia
start noa?oiaaoue
technology oaoiieiaey
tunnel ooiiaeue
7.Ioaaoueoa ia aii?inu.
1. When was the General Plan for the development of Leningrad adopted?
2. How long were designers and engineers working at the scheme of the
flood defence system?
3. In what year was the construction of the hydro-engineering project
started?
4. What is the aim of .this project?
5. Where is the giant dam located?
6. How many channels for the passage of ships are there in the system?
7. Where does the motor-car highway run?
8. How long is it?
9. Where are the tunnels for motor cars located?
10. When must the flood defence system be put into operation?
1. The starting point was the adoption of the General Plan of Leningrad
development (1966) which provided for the construction of a flood
defence system.
2. Scientific, designing and other organizations were working out this
scheme for six years.
3. In October 1980 the first stone with the words “Let’s protect
Leningrad from floods” was thrown into the waves of the Gulf of Finland
near Gorskaya — that was the beginning of the construction of a flood
defence system.
4. That by 1990 will protect Leningrad from floods.
5. Eleven giant dams of rock and soil (each 8 metres high above mean sea
level) cross the Gulf of Finland from Gorskaya in the north to Lomonosov
in the south of the Gulf through Kotlin Island (Kronstadt Fortress).
6. Ships will pass through two deep-water channels which are located on
each side of the island, the 200 metres wide southern channel will be
the main.
7. Motor-car highway runs along the top of the dams and bridges over the
spillways and twice it “dives” into the tunnels.
8. 24.4 kilometres long.
9. The tunnels under the bottom of the channels.
10. In 1990.
O?ie 7
Oaeno A.
A OEIE*ANEIE EAAI?AOI?EE.
Iiniio?eoa ia ecia?aaeaiea!
Aio iaoa oeie/aneay eaai?aoi?ey. Iia caieiaao aieueooth eiiiaoo, eioi?ay
onoaaeaia iiiaeanoaii aeeeiiuo noieia eee eaai?aoi?iuo noieia, eae eo
iacuaatho. Ia yoeo eaai?aoi?iuo noieao iau/ii aeaeathony yenia?eiaiou .
Caeanue iiiai aauae ia ia?aii eaai?aoi?iii noiea. Ii/oe a na?aaeeia oai
noieo noaiae aoicaiianeie ai?aeee n oeyaie . A oa/aiea yenia?eiaioa
aoicaiianeay ai?aeea naycaia n aeaaiie aaciaie eeieae ?aceiiaie o?oaeie.
Ieaiy ai?aeee ?aaoee?oaony iin?aaenoaii ioaaoaeaiey. Oeyaa e?aieony e
eieueoeaaiio noaiaeo. Anee eaeie-oi ?anoai? eeieo ai oeyaa, ia? ec iaa
auoiaeeo.
A noi?iia eaai?aoi?iiai noiea eiaaony neea n aeaoiy ioaaoaeaieyie aeey
oieiaeiie e ai?y/ae aiaeu. A oooa io eaai?aoi?iiai noiea ii eaaoth ?oeo
eiathony aeaa iieee n iaeioi?ui eiee/anoaii aooueie ia ieo. Iie
niaea?aeao oeie/aneea aauanoaa: oaa?aeua iannu e aeeaeeinoe.. Iaeioi?ua
ec aeeaeeinoae aanoeaaoiua e aac caiaoa, a oi a?aiy eae ae?oaea
iaeaaeatho ?acee/iuie oeaaoaie e a?iiaoaie.
Ii i?aaoth ?oeo noieo noieea n aeaaiaaeoeaoueth i?iae?eaie ia iae. Ia
noaia auoa eaai?aoi?iiai noiea iiaeii oaeaeaoue Ia?eiaee/aneoth Oaaeeoeo
Yeaiaioia. A aooaoa neaaa au iiaeaoa aeaeaoue oeyae ?acee/iuo oi?i e
?acia?ia, ?acee/iua aeaeu noaeeyiiuo o?oaie,
eiiiainaoi?ia(eiiaeainaoi?ia), oeeueo?ia, e oae aeaeaa, oi anoue aaue,
aac eioi?uo ia iiaeao auoue auiieiai ie iaeei oeie/aneee yenia?eiaio.
Nooaeaio ai anai aaeii, Aa?aa?a, aioiaeony e yenia?eiaioo ia naiai
eaai?aoi?iii noiea . Iia aeieaeia iieo/eoue iiaue ninoaa. Aa?aa?a
ecia?yao eaeoth-oi aeeaeeinoue a ecia?eoaeueiii noaeaia. Eiaaea
aeeaeeinoue ecia?aia, aa euetho a niaoeeaeueiia noaeii e niaoeaatho n
aiaeie. A?aiy io a?aiaie Aa?aa?a iiniio?eo ia ?anoai?, eioi?ue eeieo ia
aoicaiianeie ai?aeea.
Ae?oaie nooaeaio, Aeyaeae, neaeeo ca noieii ii eaaoth ?oeo io ieia e
caienuaaao ?acoeueoaou aai yenia?eiaioia, eioi?ua ii auiieiye n 11 aei
12 /ania aeiy. Aiacaiii ii iiaeieiaao aieiao e aiai?eo:
” Ye, Aa?aa?a, /oi Au aeaeaaoa? Ii/aio eiiiaoa caiieiyaony ia?ii?
Io?aaoee?oeoa ieaiy ai?aeee, iiaeaeoenoa, eee aueeth/eoa aa. ”
Aa?aa?a aaaeeo e ai?aeea. Iia ?aaoee?oao ai?aeeo e aeeth/aao
aaioeeyoi?u.
Ieaiy ?aaoee?oaony, iiuiua aaioeeyoi?u aeeth/athony. Aua iaiiiai e
oeaeue aeinoeaiooa, a eiiiaoa ana i/euaaony.
8.
condenser-eiiaeainaoi? periodic-ia?eiaee/aneay
element-yeaiaio regulate-?aaoee?iaaoue
filter-oeeueo? ventilator-aaioeeyoi?
9. Ioaaoueoa ia aii?inu ii oaenoo.
1.What kind of room can you see in the picture?
2.What is the chemical laboratory furnished with?
3.What things are there on the first bench?
4. What is) there in the middle of this bench?
5. What is-the Bunsen burner connected with?
6. How can the flame of the burner be regulated?
7. What is the flask fixed to during experiments?
8. What is boiling in the flask?
9. What is Barbara doing?
10. Is David preparing for an experiment?
11. What is he doing?
12. When was he carrying out his experiment?
13.Why did Barbara purify the air in the laboratory?
1. Chemical laboratory.
2. It occupies a large room which is furnished with many long tables or
benches as they are called.
3. There are a lot of things on the first bench.
4. Nearly in the middle there stands a Bunsen burner with a flask over
it.
5. The Bunsen burner is connected with the main gas line by a rubber
tube.
6. The flame of the burner is being regulated by means of’ a tap.
7. During an experiment the flask is fixed to the ring-stand.
8. Some solution is boiling in the flask.
9. Barbara, is preparing for an experiment at her bench. She is to get a
new compound. Barbara is measuring some liquid in the measuring-glass.
When the liquid is measured it is poured into a special vessel and is
mixed with water. From time to time Barbara looks up at the solution
which is boiling on the Bunsen burner.
10. No.
11. David, is sitting at the table on the left near the window and is
putting down the results of his experiments.
12. He was carrying out his experiments from 11 to 12 a. m.
13. Because a solution of the beginnings to boil away and to be poured
on the torch.
O?ie 8
Oaeno A.
?ACAEOEA ?AAeEI E OAEAAEAeAIEss
Aieaa /ai aeaayiinoi eao i?ioei n oao ii? eiaaea ?onneee o/aiue
Aeaenaiae?a Iiiia i?iaeaiiino?e?iaae naie “a?iciaie oeacaoaeue”, eioi?ue
aue i?ioioeiii nia?aiaiiuo ?aaeeii?eaiieeia.
Aieueoie i?ia?ann naeaeai a ?aaeei i?iaeoe?iaaiee, ?aaeei nayce,
aauaoaeueiii ?aaeei e oaeaaeaeaiee n yoiai a?aiaie. Iu noaee ianoieueei
eniieueciaaoue yoe n?aaenoaa nayce, /oi iu ia iiaeai i?aaenoaaeoue naaa
iaoo aeeciue aac anaai yoiai.
A nia?aiaiiii ie?a, ?aaeei e oaeaaeaeaiea ea?atho aaaeioth ?ieue eae
n?aaenoaa ianniaie eioi?iaoeee e eae n?aaenoaa ia?iaeiiai iieeoe/aneiai
e eoeueoo?iiai ia?aciaaiey.
A?yae ee anoue ia iaoe?iie oa??eoi?ee Niaaoneiai Nithca oi/ee aaea iao
?aaeei. Aiein Niaaoneiai ?aaeei oneuoai ai anai ie?a. Naaiaeiy aieaa /ai
500 ?aaeei o?ainee?othueo noaioeee a iaoae no?aia ia?aaeatho a iauae
neiaeiinoe 1,500 /ania a aeaiue. I?ia?aiiu a ae?oaeo no?aiao i?iaiaeyony
ia 77 ycueao.
Nia?aiaiiua n?aaenoaa ?aaeei nicaeatho iie?uoea aieueoae /anoe caiiiai
oa?a n aeeeiiui, n?aaeieie e oeueo?aei?ioeeie ?aaeei aieiaie. Iiaua
?aaeei noaioeee no?iyony e iaania/eaathony iaeaieaa nia?aiaiiui
iai?oaeiaaieai.
Oaeaaeaeaiea oaeaea ?acaeaaaony auno?i a iaoae no?aia. A ianoiyuaa
a?aiy Niaaoneee Nithc eiaao nenoaio oaeaaeaeaiey, eioi?ay yaeyaony naiie
aieueoie a ie?a. Iia aeeth/aao 120 oaeaoeaio?ia, eioi?ua aeaeatho
naie nianoaaiiua i?ia?aiiu. No?ieoaeuenoai anaie?iiai naiiai aieueoiai
oaeaaeceiiiiai oeaio?a, Iineianeiai oeaio?a, eioi?ue ?aniieaaaaony ia
aunioa 533-iao?aa Inoaieeineie oaeaaeceiiiie aaoie auei caaa?oaii 1970
aiaeo. Ana i?ia?aiiu, eioi?ua ia?aaeathony Iineianeei oeaio?ii, –
ia?aaeathony a oeaaoa. Oaeaaeceiiiua ia?aaea/e auoiaeyo ec Iineau
eaaeaeue aeaiue ia 12 eaiaeao e ninoaaeytho 159.6 /ania o?aineyoeee a
eaaeaeii 24-/aniaii ia?eiaea. Oaeaea anoue ?aaoey?iue iaaeaeoia?iaeiue
iaiai i?ia?aii oaeaaeaeaiey. Iaoa oaeaaeaeaiea naycaii n
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie nenoaiaie Eioa?aeaeaieai e Aa?iaeaeaieai.
?aaioa ii oeo/oaieth i?ino?ainoaa oaeaaeceiiiie o?aineyoeee –
i?aaenoaaeyao aieueoie eioa?an. Eniieueciaaiea iiuiiai aiaoiaai
i?ino?ainoaa ia?aaea/e, aeaeaao aiciiaeiui iieacuaaoue ii oaeaaeaeaieth
i?ia?aiiu iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia ia?iiiuo oa??eoi?eyo.
Iaeioi?ua oeaee Niaaoneiai ?aaeei e oaeaaeaeaiey aeieaeiu iiii/ue
oneeeoue ie? e ae?oaeao n?aaee no?ai, /oiau iaania/eoue neooaoaeae e
oaeac?eoaeae iauaeoeaiui iaci?ii niauoee i?ienoiaeyueo a ie?a e
ciaeiieoue eo n aeeciueth a Niaaoneii Nithca. Cia/eoaeueii naeaeaii,
/oiau ?ac?aaioaoue ?aaeei o?aineyoeeth e oaeaaeaeaiea a iaoae no?aia ii
ana aua iiiai inoaeinue /oi aeieaeiu auoue naeaeaii a aoaeouai.
6. Ioaaoueoa ia aii?inu.
When did Alexander Popov demonstrate his “storm indicator”?
2. What was the “storm indicator”?
3. Why can’t we imagine our life without radio and television?
4. What role do radio and television play in the modern world?
5. How many radio broadcasting stations work in our country?
6. In how many languages are programmes to other countries conducted?
7. Where is the Moscow television centre housed?
8. What is the aim of Soviet radio and TV?
1. More than ninety years passed since the day when the Russian
scientist Alexander Popov demonstrated his “storm indicator”
2. “Storm indicator” was the prototype of modern radio receivers.
3. We have become’ so used to these means of communication that we
can’t imagine our life without all this.
4. In the modern world, radio and television play an important role as
a mass media of information and as a means of people’s political and
cultural education.
5. Today more than 500 radio broadcasting stations in our country.
6. Programmes to other countries are conducted in 77 languages.
7. The Moscow television centre is housed in the 533-metre high
Ostankino television tower.
8. Some of the aims of Soviet radio and TV are to help strengthen peace
and friendship among nations, to provide the listeners and viewers with
an objective review of events taking place in the world and to acquaint
them with the life in the Soviet Union.
O?ie 9.
Oaeno A.
EO*OEA IAOAEEU AEECIAIII AAAEIUA A OAOIIEIAE*ANEII I?IA?ANNA
N naiuo ?aiieo aeiae ia ca?a oeeaeeecaoeee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiay iiaeaioiaea
iaoaeeia aeey oaoie/aneiai eniieueciaaiey auea i/aiue aaaeiie.
Cieioi, na?aa?i e iaaeue auee ia?auie, eioi?ua iiaee eniieueciaaoueny
i?inoui /aeiaaeii, ii ia?a oiai eae i?inoi iie iaia?oaeeaaeenue ii
i?ienoiaeaeaieth. Naaiaeiy iu ciaai aieaa /ai oanoueaeanyo iyoue
iaoaeeia aeinooiiuo a aeinoaoi/ii aieueoeo eiee/anoaao, eioi?ua iiaoo
eniieueciaaoueny a i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
Iaoaeeu yaeythony ii aieueoae /anoe oaa?aeuie aauanoaaie i?e iau/iie
oaiia?aoo?a e iaeaaeatho n?aaieoaeueii aunieie oi/eie ieaaee ca
eneeth/aieai ?oooe. Iie – aeaaiui ia?acii oi?ioea i?iaiaeieee oaiea e
yeaeo?e/anoaa, e na?aa?i – a yoii ioiioaiee i?iyaeyao naay iaeeo/oei
ia?acii Iie iiaoo auoyaeaaoueny a oiieea i?iaiaea e eiaaoueny ia oiieea
eenou.
*oi eanaaony eo oeie/aneeo naienoa nia/aea aeieaeii auoue oiiiyiooi, –
oi, /oi iie eciaiythony oe?iei a noaiaie oeie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe:
iaeioi?ua i/aiue aeoeaiua e ae?oaea – eia?oiua. Caiey niaea?aeeo iiiai
iaoaeeia iieaciuo aeey /aeiaaea. Ec anao iaoaeeia, eioi?ua aeieaeiu
eniieueciaaoueny a i?iiuoeaiiinoe aeaeaciua ?oaeu cia/eoaeueii iaeaieaa
aaaeiua. Nia?aiaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe ioaeiu cia/eoaeueiua eiee/anoaa
yoiai iaoaeea eae a oi?ia aeaeaca eee noaee.
*oiau iieo/eoue aeaeaoaeueiua oa?aeoa?enoeee a iaoaeeao eee oeo/oeoue eo
naienoaa ia/aee niaoeaaoue iaoaeeu e ae?oaea noanoaioeee. Ia?aua
nieaau, eioi?ua auee noi?ie?iaaiu oaeei ia?acii auee eiiaaea aieaa
i?i/iuie, aieaa aeanoeeie, aieaa oaa?aeuie e aieaa oi?oaeie /ai iaoaeeu
ec eioi?uo iie auee noi?ie?iaaiu. Ioeaieoue a ianoiyuaa a?aiy neieueei
nieaaia nouanoaoao a nia?aiaiiii ie?a i/aiue o?oaeii iineieueeo eo /enei
oaaee/eaaaony aaeaaeiaaii.
Aeey oiai, /oiau niaoeeaeueii eniieuecoaiua nia?aiaiiua iaoaeeu e nieaau
auee iaeaieaa iieaciu iie aeieaeiu auoue aua aieaa i?i/iua, aieaa
caueuaiu io ei??icee , aieaa i?eaiaeiua aeey aaoiiaoece?iaaiiiai
ecaioiaeaiey iaiaa aei?iaea /ai aeinooiiua i?aaeaea.
O/aiua ?ac?aaaouaatho iiaua i?ioeannu e oeo/oatho noa?ua /oiau
i?iecaiaeeoue iaoaeeu e nieaau, eioi?ua oaeiaeaoai?yo nia?aiaiiui
o?aaiaaiey. Iaeia ec iaeaieaa eioa?aniuo oeaeae -, iai?eia?, /oiau
naeaeaoue iaoaeeu aieaa i?i/iui, ae?oaeie neiaaie, /oiau oneeeoue eo
oe?aieyy eo aieieiaie.
Naaiaeiy o?ainii?oe?iaea, naycue, caieaaeaeea, eiino?oe?iaaiea e
i?iecaiaenoai- ana caaeneo io aeinooiiinoe i?eaiaeiuo iaoaeeia e
nieaaia.
6. Ioaaoueoa ia aii?inu.
Since what time was the preparation of metals vital to the advance of
Civilization?
2. What metals did a primitive man use?
3. Why did he use gold, silver and copper?
4. How many metals do we. know today?
5. Have metals low or high melting points?
6. Are they good conductors of heat and electricity?
7.Which metal is the best conductor?
8. Does the Earth contain a large number of metals?
9. What is the most important metal?
10. How are alloys formed?
11. What properties do they possess?
12. How are metals strengthened now?
13. What depends on the availability of suitable metals and alloys?
1. Since the earliest days the preparation of metals for mechanical use
was vital to the advance of civilization.
2. Gold, silver and copper were the first to be used by a primitive man.
3. Because they were found free in nature.
4. Today we know more than sixty-five metals.
5. Metals are mostly solids at ordinary temperatures and possess
comparatively high melting points with the exception of mercury.
6. They are for the most part good conductors of heat and electricity.
7. Silver is the best conductor.
8. The Earth contains a large number of metals useful to man.
9. Of all metals to be utilized in industry iron remains by far the
most important.
10. To get the desirable characteristics in metals or to improve them
the art to mix metals and other substances began to develop.
11. The first alloys that were formed in this way were sometimes
stronger, tougher, harder and more elastic than the metals of which they
were composed.
12. One of the most interesting purposes is, for instance, to make
metals stronger, in other words, to strengthen them by reinforcing them
with fibres.
13. Today transportation, communication, farming, construction and
manufacturing all depend on the availability of suitable metals and
alloys.
O?ie 10.
Oaeno A.
Ae.E. IAIAeAEAAA- AI?AeINOUe ?ONNEIE IAOEE.
Nienie noa? ciaiey, eioi?ua cao?iioe aaiee Iaiaeaeaaaa , ia?iiai. Oeiey,
oeceea, iaoee i caiea, iao?ieiaey, yeiiiieea, iaoaeeo?aey e iiiaia
ae?oaia. Ianeaaenoai Iaiaeaeaaaa aeeth/aao 25 oiiia, e o?aoue eo
iinayuaia oeiee.
Ae.E. Iaiaeaeaaa, auaeathueeny ?onneee o/aiue, ?iaeeeny a Oiaieuenea a
1834 aiaeo. A 1850 aiaeo a aic?anoa 16 eao ii iinooiee a Iaaeaaiae/aneee
Einoeooo a Naieo Iaoa?ao?aa, /oiau eco/aoue oeieth. Iyoueth aiaeaie
iicaea ii ieii/ee aai n cieioie iaaeaeueth e aai i?eaeaneee /eoaoueny
eaeoeee ii oai?aoe/aneie e i?aaie/aneie oeiee a Naieo Iaoa?ao?aneii
Oieaa?neoaoa. *oiau i?iaeieaeeoue aai caiyoey e enneaaeiaaiey Iaiaeaeaaa
aue iineai a Aa?iaieth a 1859 aiaeo. AEeay ca a?aieoeae ii naeaeae
iiiaea aaaeiua enneaaeiaaiey.
Aiae 1868 noae ia/aeii aai i/aiue aaaeiie ?aaiou “Iniiau Oeiee”. ?aaioay
ii i?aaeiaoo Iaiaeaeaaa aiaeece?iaae ia?iiioth ianno eeoa?aoo?u, aeaeae
ouny/e yenia?eiaioia e au/eneaiee. Yoa ia?iiiay ?aaioa caeii/eeanue
Oaaeeoeae Yeaiaioia ninoiyuae ec aa?oeeaeueiuo a?oii e ai?eciioaeueiuo
ia?eiaeia. Iaiaeaeaaa aue ia?aui, eoi i?aaeeiaeee nenoaio eeanneoeeaoeee
a eioi?ie yeaiaiou ?aciauathony a ii?yaeea aic?anoathuaai aoiiiiai aana.
Iniiaiay eaeay Ia?eiaee/aneie Nenoaiu yaeyaony eaeaae ia?eiaee/aneiai
iiaoi?aiey naienoa n oaaee/aieai aoiiiiai aana.
?aciauay ana nouanoaothuea yeaiaiou a Oaaeeoea Iaiaeaeaaa aeieaeai aue
i?aiaeieaoue aieueoea o?oaeiinoe, oae eae cia/eoaeueiia eiee/anoai
yeaiaioia auee iaecaanoiuie a yoi a?aiy e aoiiiue aan 9 yeaiaioia (ec
63) aue ii?aaeaeai iai?aaeeueii. Aeaaiaea?y aai enneaaeiaaieyi
Iaiaeaeaaa niia i?aaeneacaoue ia oieueei nouanoaiaaiea iaeioi?uo
iaecaanoiuo yeaiaioia ii oaeaea eo naienoa. Iicaea i?aaeneacaiiua
yeaiaiou auee iaia?oaeaiu.
Aieaa /ai 350 ?aaio nicaeaiiuo Iaiaeaeaaaui eiatho aeaei n aieueoei
eiee/anoaii i?aaeiaoia. Iauaaeeiyy oai?eth n i?aeoe/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoueth ii i?iaae ia?iiiia enneaaeiaaiea a eaiaiiii oaea,
aeaeaca e noaeueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe a ?innee. Ii oia? a 1907 aiaeo a
aic?anoa 73 eao.
Aeinoeaeaiey a oeiee e oeceea a eiioea 19-iai e ia/aea 20-iai noieaoey
naeaeaee iaiaoiaeeiui ia?aaeaeaoue Ia?eiaee/aneoth Oaaeeoeo i?eieiay ai
aieiaiea iiaua ioe?uoey.
A?aiy yaeyaony naiui na?ueaciui noaeueae a iaoea. Iinea aieaa /ai 100
eao naiaai nouanoaiaaiey, Ia?eiaee/aneee Caeii nio?aiee naith iieioth
aaee/eio e iinoiyiii ?ac?aaaouaaaony n eaaeaeui iiaui ioe?uoeai.
7. 0oaaoueoa ia aii?inu.
1. What was D. 1. Mendeleyev?
2. Where and when was he born?
3. What institute did he enter?
4. What subjects did he study at the institute?
5. When did he graduate from it?
6. When was he sent abroad?
7. In what year did Mendeleyev publish his Periodic Law of Elements?
8. What could the scientist predict thanks to his investigations?
9. Were these unknown elements discovered?
10. In what spheres of science did Mendeleyev carry out research?
11. When did he die?
1. D. I. Mendeleyev, the outstanding Russian scientist.
2. He was born in Tobolsk in 1834.
3. He entered the Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg.
4. In the institute it studied a chemistry.
5. Five years later he graduated from it.
6. To continue his studies and research Mendeleyev was sent to Germany
in 1859.
7. Mendeleyev published his Periodic Law of Elements in 1869.
8. Thanks to his investigations Mendeleyev was able to predict not
only the existence of a few unknown elements but their properties as
well.
9. Later the elements predicted were discovered.
10. Combining theory with practical activities he carried out enormous
research in coal, iron and steel industries in Russia.
11. He died in 1907.
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