AEEAO [1]
1.) IIIssOEA IAUANOAA.
Iauanoai – yoi iainiaeaoayny io i?e?iaeu /anoue ie?a.
Yoi iainiaeaiea ninoieo a neaaeothuai: a ioee/ea io
noeoeeiuo i?e?iaeiuo nee a oeaio?a iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeoey
noieo /aeiaae, iaeaaeathuee niciaieai e aieae. I?e?iaea aea
nouanoaoao e ?acaeaaaony ii naiei nianoaaiiui, ia caaeneiui
io /aeiaaea e iauanoaa caeiiai. Aoi?ia ianoiyoaeuenoai: /aei-
aa/aneia iauanoai aunooiaao a ea/anoaa oai?oea, i?aia?aciaaoaey,
nicaeaoaey eoeueoo?u. Eoeueoo?a – yoi an?, nicaeaiiia /aeiaaeii:
yoi nioai??iiay /aeiaaeii “aoi?ay i?e?iaea”, eioi?ay eae au
iaaeno?iaia iaae i?e?iaeie anoanoaaiiie. I?e?iaea aeeyao ia iauanoai:
oae, iai?eia?, Eeth/aaneee aiai?ee i aeeyiee ?ae ia iauanoaaiioth
e oicyenoaaiioth aeeciue neaayi. N ae?oaie noi?iiu iauanoai aeeyao
ia anoanoaaiioth n?aaeo iaeoaiey /aeiaaea eae aeaaioai?ii, oae e
iaaoaii. Aiai?y ia iainiaeaiee iauanoaa io i?e?iaeu, iu eiaai
aaeaeo aai ea/anoaaiioth niaoeeoeeaoeeth, ii ia ioi?aaiiinoue io
i?e?iaeu e i?ioeannia a? anoanoaaiiiai ?acaeoey.
Iauanoai a oe?ieii niunea: niaieoiiinoue enoi?e/anee neiaeeaoeony
oi?i niaianoiie aeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae, a oceii niunea – enoi?e/anee
eiie?aoiue oei nioeeaeueiie nenoaiu (iai?eia?, eaieoaeenoe/aneia).
NOA?U IAUANOAAIIIE AEECIE.
Yeiiiie/aneay – ioiioaiey a i?ioeanna iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa;
nioeeaeueiay – acaeiiaeaenoaea eeannia, nioeeaeueiuo nei?a e a?oii;
iieeoe/aneay – aeayoaeueiinoue ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee,
iieeoe/aneeo
ia?oee; aeooiaiay – ii?aeue, ?aeeaey, eneonnoai, oeeinioey,
aeayoaeueiinoue
iao/iuo, ?aeeaeiciue, ia?aciaaoaeueiuo i?aaiecaoeee e o/?aaeaeaiee.
2.) I?AAA *AEIAAEA.
I?aaa /aeiaaea io?aaeaiu a caeiiao. Oae, iai?eia?, nouanoaoao
Anaiauay aeaeea?aoeey i?aa /aeiaaea, a eioi?ie caienaii: /oi
eaaeaeue /aeiaae eiaao i?aai ia aeeciue, ia naiaiaeo e ia ee/ioth
iai?eeiniiaaiiinoue. I?aaa aa?aioe?othony a Eiinoeoooeee, oai
cae?aieaiu iniiaiua i?aaa: nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeie i?aaaie yaeythony:
i?aai ia o?oae, ia ioaeuo, ia io?aio caei?iauey, ia iaineth, i?aai
ia aeeeeua, ia ia?aciaaiea, ia iieueciaaiea aeinoeaeaieyie eoeueoo?u,
naiaiaeo oai?/anoaa, i?aaa ia ee/ioth nianoaaiiinoue. Nouanoaotho
naiaiaeu: ia/aoe, neiaa, nia?aiee e o.ae.
AEEAO [2]
1.) ?ACAEOEA CIAIEE IA IAUANOAA.
Ethaee ecaeaaia iuoaeenue iauynieoue nouanoaiaaiea iauanoaa, eae iii
?acae-
aaaony? Eoaea iii eae?o, eaeiau aai ia?niaeoeau. Ia ?aiiae noaaeee
iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeoey iauanoaa iniiaiui niiniaii iiieiaiey ie?a
yaeyaony ieoieiaey. Ieou i aeayieyo aiaia e aa?iaa iauyniyee nioeeaeue-
ioth aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue. Ieou naycuaaee i?ioeia n ianoiyuei e aoaeouei,
ia?aaeaaaee aeooiaiua oeaiiinoe e ciaiey io iieieaiey e iieieaieth.
Ia?aui enoi/ieeii ae?aaiae ioae?inoe a ae?aaiae Eiaeee noaea aaaee/aneay
eeoa?aoo?a, iie aiai?eee i caaeneiinoe /aeiaaea io oieaa?naeueiiai
einie/aneiai ii?yaeea. O/aiea i Ea?ia. Ii?aaeae?iiia ianoi caieiatho
aeaineci, iaoea i iooe, e eiioooeeainoai. ss?eoth no?aieoeo a enoi?ee
?acaeoey ciaiee e i?aaenoaaeaiee i /aeiaaea e oi?iao aai auoey
aienaea oeeinioey aioe/iinoe, Nie?ao, Aeaiie?eo, Ieaoii, A?enoioaeue,
Yieeo?. Iie eniieueciaaee no?iaea iiiyoey eiaeee. Ieaoii iuoaeny
iiiyoue i?e/eiu aicieeiiaaiey ia?aaainoaa ethaeae, ii n/eoae, /oi
ethaee naeyony aianoa, /oia oaeiaeaoai?eoue iio?aaiinoe a ieua, aeeeuea
e iaeaaeaea, iie nicaeatho oaeei ia?acii ainoaea?noai. Ii ia?eniaae
eaeaae
ni?aaaaeeeaiai ainoaea?noaa. Aeaaiia a eaeaaeueiii ainoaea?noaa –
ni?aaaaeee-
ainoue. Ii aiai?ee, /oi ee/iinoue aeieaeia auoue iiae/eiaia eioa?anai
ainoaea?noaa. A?enoioaeue – iniiaiiieiaeiee iaoe ia iauanoaa. Ii
auaeaeioe
oaeea oeiu iauaiey, eae naiuey e naeaiea, ii ainoaea?noai iinoaaee iaae
ieie. Ae?aaiaa?a/aneea oeeiniou n/eoaee ainoaea?noai auoa /aeiaaea, i
i?aaao /aeiaaea aii?in ia noaaeeny. O?enoeainoai auaeaeioei aii?in i
?aaainoaa ethaeae, i ?aaainoaa ia?aae Aiaii. A 16-17 aaeao iiyaeeenue
naaoneea aa?eaiou “anoanoaaiiiai i?aaa” a o?oaeao aiaeeeneeo oeeinioia,
auaeaeioaoeo oai?eth “iauanoaaiiiai aeiaiai?a”. Aeoaieea eaeae auaeaeioe
Aaaaeue, n/eoaaoee, /oi iniiaie enoi?e/aneiai ?acaeoey yaeyaony
?aca??ouaaiea “aaniethoiie eaeae”. Ii nicaeae aeeaeaeoe/aneee iaoiae,
iauyniee, /oi an? nouanoaoao a ?acaeoee, eioi?ia i?ienoiaeeo a
neaaenoaea aicieeathueo i?ioeai?a/ee. Iaiiaeaiea e i?aainoaaiiinoue –
/a?ou iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeoey. Eiio aa?e iiiyoea nioeeieiaee. Ii
auaeaeioe eaeath ia yaiethoeee iauanoaa eae oeaeinoiiai i?aaiecia.
Caoai a na?aaeeia 19 aaea aicieeei ia?enenoneia o/aiea ia iauanoaa.
Ia?en e Yiaaeuen n/eoaee, /oi ia?aiiniiaie ?acaeoey iauanoaa
yaeythony o?oaeiaay, i?iecaiaenoaaiiay aeayoaeueiinoue ethaeae, /oi
auoea ii?aaeaeyao niciaiea. A 2I aaea a iauanoaiciaiee iiyaeeenue
iiaua eiioeaioeee, o/aiey, iai?aaeaiey.
IAUANOAAIIUA IAOEE.
Enoi?ey, oeeinioey, nioeeieiaey, iieeoieiaey, i?aaiaaaeaiea, yoeea,
ynoaoeea e ae?oaea.
2.) YEIIIIEEA E A? ?IEUe A AEECIE NIA?AIAIIIAI IAUANOAA.
“Yeiiiieea” iaicia/aao oe?ieoth iaeanoue a aeecie iauanoaa,
aeeth/athuoth yeiiiieeo i?aaei?eyoee, io?aneae, ia?iaeiia oicyenoai
a oeaeii, oeiainu, aeaiaaeiua ia?auaiea e ae?. (neiai a?a/. ia?ai-
ia/aeueii icia/aei eneonnoai oi?aaeaiea aeiiaoiei oic-aii.)
Nouanoaoao i?yiay caaeneiinoue iaaeaeo ninoiyieai yeiiiieee e o?iaiai
aeecie ianaeaiey.
AEEAO [3]
1.) *AEIAAE. EIAeEAEAeOAEUeIAss EE*IINOUe.
Ii ii?aaeaeaieth Euea?eaai?a, /aeiaae – yoi neioac aaneiia/iiai e
eiia/iiai, a?aiaiiiai e aa/iiai, naiaiaeu e iaiaoiaeeiinoe,
ei?i/a aiai?y, neioac. A neioac – yoi ioiioaiea aeaoo /eaiia.
*aeiaae, yoi noauaeo iauanoaaiii-enoi?e/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe
e eoeueoo?u. *aeiaae aiciee ia caiea a eoiaa neiaeiiai e aeeeoaeue-
iiai enoi?eei-yaiethoeeiiiiai i?ioeanna. *aeiaae iaeaaeaao ?acoiii.
EIAeEAEAeOAEUeIINOUe – yoi iaiiaoi?eiia naiaia?acea eaeiai-eeai
yaeaiey, aeeth/ay i?e?iaeiua e iauanoaaiiua. Ee/iinoue – yoi
/aeiaa/aneee eiaeeaeae eae noauaeo ioiioaiee e niciaoaeueiie
aeayoaeueiinoe. A oaeaea, yoi onoie/eaay nenoaia nioeeaeueii cia/eiuo
/a?o, oa?aeoa?ecothueo eiaeeaeaea eae /eaia oiai eee eiiai iauanoaa.
A yoeo ii?aaeaeaieyo iiae/??eeaaaony nayce eiaeeaeaea, ee/iinoe e
iauanoaa.
Ee/iinoue – yoi noauaeo iiciaiey e naiaiaeiay ee/iinoue. O ee/iinoe
anoue
?iee: naiaeiay, i?iecaiaenoaaiiay, iieeoe/aneay, a aeecie ee/iinoue
aunooiaao a yoeo ?ieyo.
2.) ?UII*IUA IOIIOAIEss A NIA?AIAIIIE YEIIIIEEA.
NAIAIAeIUE ?UIIE OIAA?IA – a) ia?aaoee?oaiui i?aaeeiaeaieai;
a) ia?aaoee?oaiai ni?inii; a) ia?aaoee?oaiie oeaiie, ono?aeaathuae
ni?in e i?aaeeiaeaiea. Oaeei ia?acii, ?uiie ?aaoee?oao i?iecaiaenoai
“neaiaeece?oao” /a?ac ieo i?iecaiaeeoaeth, /oi i?iecaiaeeoue, eaeiai
ea/anoaa e a eaeeo eiee/anoaao. ?UIIE O?OAeA – eiaao oaaea o?e i?ec-
iaea: ni?in, i?aaeeiaeaiea, oeaia. Oio iniaaiiue oiaa?, /oi ooo i?iaea-
?ony e iieoiaaony ooo – ?aai/ay neea. ?UIIE EAIEOAEA – icia/aao
i?aaeeiaeaiea e ni?in, ii a ea/anoaa oiaa?a – oeaiiua aoiaae (aeoeee,
iaeeaaoeee, aaethoa). Aieueooth ?ieue a i?eaioaoeee ea?atho ae?aee.
OIAA?IAss AE?AEA – yoi oi?ia ?uiea oiaa?ia, i?iaeathueony aieueoeie
ia?oeyie. OIIAeIAAss AE?AEA – i?iaeaaea oeaiiuo aoiaa. AE?AEA O?OAeA –
?ani?aaeaeaiea aac?aaioiuo, niinianoaoao eo o?oaeiono?ienoao.
AEEAO [4]
1.) *AEIAA*ANEAss AeAssOAEUeIINOUe A A? IIIAIIA?ACEE.
?acaeoea iauanoaa – ?acoeueoao aeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae. A i?ioeanna
aeay-
oaeueiinoe i?ienoiaeeo oi?ie?iaaiea e naii?aaeecaoeey ee/iinoe.
Aeayoaeueiinoue ethaeae ?aca??ouaaaony a ?aciuo noa?ao aeecie iauanoaa,
a? iai?aaeaiiinoue, niaea?aeaiea, n?aaenoaa aaneiia/ii iiiaiia?aciu.
Nouanoaotho ?acee/iua eeanneoeeaoeee aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe. I?aaeaea
anaai
?acaeaeytho aeooiaioth e i?aeoe/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoe. I?aeoe/aneay
aeayoaeueiinoue iai?aaeaia ia i?aia?aciaaiea i?e?iaeu e iauanoaa,
iia aeeth/aao iaoa?eaeueii-i?iecaiaenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue e
nioeeaeueii-
i?aia?aciaaoaeueioth aeayoaeueiinoue. Aeooiaiay aeayoaeueiinoue naycaia
n
eciaiaieai ethaeae, a ia? aoiaeyo iiciaaaoaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue,
oeaiiinoii-i?eioe?iai/iay aeayoaeueiinoue, i?iaiinoe/aneay
aeayoaeueiinoue.
2.) A?AAEAeAINEIA IAUANOAI E AINOAeA?NOAI.
AEEAO [5]
1.) ENOI?E*ANEEE I?IOeANN.
Iienaiiue a enoi?ee iooue /aeiaa/anoaa n ae?aaiaeoeo a?ai?i aei eiioea
OO aaea iiaeii iacaaoue enoi?e/aneei i?ioeannii. Neiai i?ioeann icia-
/aao oiae eaeiai-eeai yaeaiey, iineaaeiaaoaeueioth niaio ninoiyiee aai
?acaeoey. Eeth/aaneee iieaaae, /oi enoi?e/aneee i?ioeann, yoi oiae,
oneiaey e oniaoe /aeiaa/aneiai iauaaeeoey eee aea /aeiaa/anoaa a
aai ?acaeoee e ?acoeueoaoao. Yoi i/aiue aeeeoaeueiue i?ioeann, ii
ioaaouaaao ?acaeoea /aeiaaea a iauanoaa naaa iiaeiaiuo io iiyaeaiey
/aeiaaea ?acoiiiai aieioue aei iaoeo aeiae. Eaaeaeia a?aiy ii?aaeaeyao
enoi?e/aneee i?ioeann ii naiaio, a yoii ioiioaiee Ea?aicei iacaae
ii?aaeaeaiea enoi?e/aneiai i?ioeanna – ca?oeaeii auoey e aeayoaeueiinoe
ia?iaeia. Ia naaiaeiy enoi?e/aneee i?ioeann – yoi iineaaeiaaoaeueiay
/a?aaea niaiythueo ae?oa ae?oaa niauoee, a eioi?uo i?iyaeeanue
aeayoaeue-
iinoue iiiaeo iieieaiee ethaeae.
2.) EIINOEOOOeEss ?INNEENEIE OAAeA?AOeEE.
Iniiaiie caeii ainoaea?noaa. A eiinoeoooeee cae?aieaiu iniiaiua i?aaa e
iaycaiinoe a?aaeaeai, ia?a/eneaiiu caeiiiaeaoaeueiua i?aaiu, i?eioeei eo
?aaiou, a oaeaea eniieieoaeueiua i?aaiu. Ianoiyuay eiinoeoooeey i?eiaoa
a 1993 aiaeo. I?acaaeaioo i?eiaaeeaaeeo eiio?ieue iaae aa?oiaiie
aeanoueth
ainoaea?noaa. Nouanoaoao o?e aaoae aeanoe: caeiiiaeaoaeueiay,
eniieieoaeueiay e
noaeaaiay. I?eioeei ?acaeaeaiey aeanoae icia/aao, /ei ieiiiio ec
ainoaea?-
noaaiiuo i?aaiia ia i?eiaaeeaaeeo any ainoaea?noaaiiay aeanoue a iieiii
iu?ia. IIEEOE*ANEEA ?AOI?IU A ?INNEE. Aei 1991 aiaea, a no?aia auee
nuacaeu Niaaoia. Nouanoaiaae Aa?oiaiue Niaao e Niaao Iaoeeiiaeueiinoae.
Aa?oiaiue Niaao aue aunuei i?aaiii ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe e ecae?aeny
?ac a iyoue eao, i?e anaiauai ?aaiii e i?yiii ecae?aoaeueiii i?aaa i?e
oaeiii aieiniaaiee, caoai ii aue oi?acaei?i e aicieeea Ain. Aeoia. Aei
1991 aiaea, a ?innee nouanoaiaaea iaeiiia?oeeiay nenoaia Eii-
ioienoe/aneie Ia?ee Niaaoneiai Nithca. Nae/an nouanoaoao iiiaiia?oeeiay
nenoaia. (Aeaiie?aoe/aneee auai? ?innee; EAeI?; ssaeiei; AEaiueiu
?innee…]
AEEAO [6]
1.) IICIAAAOAEUeIAss AeAssOAEUeIINOUe *AEIAAEA.
Ciaiea – neea, neacae aiaeeeneee oeeinio Ayeii. Ciaiea iaiaoiaeeii
/aeiaaeo ai anao aeaeao aeayoaeueiinoe. Ec iioiea eioi?iaoeee /aeiaae
onaaeaaao oieueei iaeioi?oth /anoue. Yoa /anoue e anoue nianoaaiii
ciaiey,
eioi?uie iu iaeaaeaee. A oeaeii iaoe ciaiey aeinoaoi/ii ?aciiia?aciu,
yoi ciaiey i i?aaeiaoao, i oii, eae eie iieueciaaoueny. Iniaue oei
ciaiee ninoaaeytho iaoe eaeae i oii, eae oi?ie?oaony naii ciaiea,
ioeoaea o ethaeae aa?oony aannii?iua i?aaenoaaeaiey. Ciaiey ia
aicieeatho
naie ii naaa, iie ?acoeueoao iniaiai i?ioeanna, iiciaaaoaeueiie
aeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae. Ae?aaiee /aeiaae, ioioynue, iaaethaeay ca
iiaaaeeaie
aeeeeo aeeaioiuo, i?eia??e iieaciua naaaeaiey, eioi?ua iiiiaaee aio
a aeaeueiaeoai eo iaeiiaoieaaiee. ?aa?iie, ?acaeaoee noaeei, ocia?o,
/oi iii o?oieia, yoe neooaoeee iieacuaatho, /oi iiciaiea iiaeao
i?ienoiaeeoue iai?iecaieueii, aieaoaynue a oeaiue iaoae iianaaeiaaiie
aeecie. Ae?oaea i?eia?u: ciieia i?iaiaeeo enneaaeiaaiey ii auyaeaieth
iniaaiiinoe ?aciiiaeaiey aeeeeo aeeaioiuo a iaaiea. Iiae?inoee ?aa?iie
a oeiea eco/aao ia o?ieao oeceee naienoaa oa??aeuo oae. Caeanue ?a/ue
eae?o i niaoeeaeueii i?aaieciaaiiii iiciaaaoaeueiii i?ioeanna.
I?ioeann iiciaiey, eae au ii ia i?ioiaeee, anaaaea i?aaeiieaaaao
iaee/ea aeaoo noi?ii: iiciathuaai /aeiaaea (noauaeoa iiciaiey) e
iiciaaaaiiai i?aaeiaoa (iauaeo iiciaiey). Iie niioiinyony ae?oa n
ae?oaii. *aeiaae iicia?o ie? iin?aaenoaii i?aaiia /oanoa: c?aiey,
iaiiyiey, inycaiey, neooa, aeona. *oanoaaiiia iiciaiea /aeiaaeii
ie?a inouanoaeyaony a oaeeo oi?iao, eae iuouaiea, aini?eyoea,
i?aaenoaaeaiea. Iuouaiea – yoi oi, /oi iu aini?eieiaao i?aaiaie
/oanoa. Aicaeaenoaea ia i?aaiu /oanoa oeaeinoiiai ia?aca i?aaeiaoa
iacuaaaony aini?eyoeai. *oanoaaiiue ia?ac i?aaeiaoia e yaeaiee
nio?aiyaiue a niciaiee aac eo iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai aicaeaenoaey
iacuaaaony i?aaenoaaeaieai. Iiciathuee /aeiaae ia iiaeao ia?aie/eoueny
eeoue /oanoaaiiui iiciaieai, ii i?iieeaao a nooue aauae, eniieuecoy
niiniaiinoue iuneeoue. Yoi ?aoeeiiaeueiia iiciaiea. I?ioeann iuoeaiey
i?ioaeaao aeaaiaea?y iuneeoaeueiui iia?aoeeyi: n?aaiaieth,
oiiaeiaeaieth,
iaiauaieth, ioaea/aieth. I?ioeann iuoeaiey e ioi?ieaiey aai a
?a/aaie oi?ia – ia aeaa naiinoiyoaeueiuo, eaeoueo ae?oa ca ae?oaii i?i-
oeanna, a aaeeiue. Oi?ia iunee, a eioi?ie /a?ac naycue iiiyoee
ooaa?aeaeaaony eee io?eoeaaony /oi-eeai, iacuaaaony noaeaeaieai.
A /aeiaa/aneie ?a/e noaeaeaiey naycaiu iaaeaeo niaie eiae/anee.
*aeiaae i?eoiaeeo e auaiaeo eee oiicaeeth/aieth.
IAO*IIA E IAIAO*IIA IICIAIEA.
Iao/iia iiciaiea aace?oaony ia oaeeo enoi/ieeao ciaiee, eae ?acoi,
iii iie?aaony ia ?acoeueoaou iaoee e iiuoia, oi?iie iao/iiai
iiciaiey yaeyaony oai?ey. iiiaea caeiiu iaoee ia?aiia/aeueii
aicieeatho a oi?ia aeiioac. Oi?iaie iaiao/iiai iiciaiey iiaeii
iacaaoue ieou, i?aeoe/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue, ia?iaeioth ioae?inoue e
cae?aaue niune.
Eiiaaea iaiao/iia iiciaiea – aace?oaony ia oaeeo enoi/ieeao, eae
/oanoai,
aaaeouaa e oae iacuaaaiui ioe?iaaieyi, eee iaoaoece/aneei ica?aieyi,
i?eia?ii iaiao/iiai iiciaiey yaeyaony aa?a. Nouanoaoao iaiao/iia
iiciaiea n?aaenoaaie eneonnoaa, eioi?ia nicaea?o ooaeiaeanoaaiiue ia?ac.
2.) AINOAeA?NOAI E YEIIIIEEA.
AEEAO [7]
1.) IE?IAICC?AIEA, OAAAEAeAIEA, AA?A.
Ie?iaicc?aiea – yoi niaieoiiinoue acaeyaeia /aeiaaea ia ie?, eioi?ue
aai
ie?oaeaao, n?iaeie ie?iaicc?aieth – ie?iiiieiaiea e ie?inica?oeaiea.
Ie?iaicc?aiea – yoi acaeyae ia ia eaeie-oi ioaeaeueiue i?aaeiao, a ia
ie? oeaeeeii. Iii i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ioiioaiea /aeiaaea e ie?oaeathuaio
ie?o: aieony, no?aoeony ee /aeiaae yoiai ie?a eee ii aeea?o a eaaeo,
a aa?iiiee n iei. Ie?iaicc?aiey auaatho: iauaeaiiui, ?aeeaeiciui,
iao/iui, aoiaienoe/aneei. Iiiyoea aa?u i/aiue oe?iei, iiaeii aa?eoue
ia oieueei a eiiaoe naaoa, ii e a iino?iaiea eiiioiecia, a nianoaaiiua
aiciiaeiinoe e oae aeaeaa. Oaaaeaeaiea e aa?a naycaiu. Eiaaea ciaiey
i?i/iu, iai?eia?, eaaeaeia oo?i anoiaeeo Nieioea, – yoe ciaiey i?aa?a-
uathony a oaaaeaeaiey. Ii ethaia ciaiea eiia/ii e ia?aie/aii
aiciiaeiinoyie
/aeiaaea. Anaai iiciaoue iaeuecy. A ie?a anoue iaiiiciaiiia e
iaaeinooiiia
iaoaio naaiaeiyoiaio iiciaieth. Oai, aaea iaaiciiaeii iiciaiea, oai
ia?aaeei ioe?uaaaony iiea aeayoaeueiinoe aeey aa?u. Iu ia?ei oai, aaea
ia ciaai oi/ii. Ieaoii aiai?ee, /oi oaaaeaeaiea iaeaaeatho e ociaaoea,
e iiaa?eaoea, aa?a naienoaaiii iiiyoea aano?aea. Aa?a ii?aaeaaony
iainiciaiiuie yiioeeyie e /oanoaaie, eiooeoeeyie. I?e yoii iao
iio?aaiinoe a a?aoiaioaoeee e ?aoeeiiaeueiie aeieacaoaeueiinoe.
2.) IAO*II-OAOIE*ANEAss ?AAIETHOeEss E A? IINEAAeNOAEss.
Yoi nea/?e a ?acaeoee i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee iauanoaa, ia?aoiae eo
a ea/anoaaiii iiaia ninoiyiea ia iniiaa ei?aiiuo naeaeaia a nenoaia
iao/iuo ciaiee. IOI – iaiyao iieiaeaiea /aeiaaea (noauaeo o?oaea).
IOI – aucuaaao ei?aiiua naeaeae a i?aaiecaoeee e o?oaea, a nenoaia
oi?aaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaii. IOI – ?aceia aic?anoaiea aaoi ia?aaicie,
oaaee/aiea nei?inoae, aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai o?ainii?oa. Oeo/oaiea n?aaenoa
nayce e o.ae. Ia/aaoaeny oaoiieiae/aneee ia?aai?io aeieaeai i?eaanoe a
neaaeothuai aaea e iiaie, iao/ii-oaoiieiae/aneie oeeaeeecaoeee.
AEEAO [8]
1.) IAUANOAAIIUE I?IA?ANN.
Iai?aaeaiea ?acaeoey, aeey eioi?iai oa?aeoa?ai ia?aoiae io iecoaai e
aunoaio, io iaiaa niaa?oaiiiai e aieaa niaa?oaiiiio iacuaaaony
i?ia?annii. I?ia?ann – yoi aeaeaeaiea aia??ae. Ii eaeiio iooe eaeao
iauanoai: ii iooe i?ia?anna eee ii iooe ?aa?anna? Io ioaaoa ia
yoio aii?in caaeneo i?aaenoaaeaiea ethaeae i aoaeouai: ian?o ee iii
eo/ooth aeeciue eee ia noeeo ie/aai oi?ioaai. Ae?aaiee iiyo Aaneiae
ienae i iyoe noaaeeyo a aeecie /aeiaa/anoaa: cieioie aae (ethaee aeeee
eaaei e aania/ii), na?aa?yiue aae (ia/aeinue iaaeaiea ii?aee),
aeaeaciue aae (cei e ianeeea), ii aeaeae iooue iauanoaa ?aa?anneaiui.
A ioee/ea io Aaneiaea Ieaoii e A?enoioaeue ?anniao?eaaee enoi?eth
eae oeeeee/aneee e?oaiai?io, iiaoi?ythuee iaeie e oa aea no?aaeaiey.
N aeinoeaeaieyie iaoee a yiioo aic?iaeaeaiey naycaii ?acaeoea eaeae
enoi?e/aneiai i?ia?anna. Iaeiei ec ia?auo oai?eth iauanoaaiiiai
i?ia?anna auaeaeioe o?aioeocneee oeeinio Oth?ai. Aai nia?aiaiiee
Eiiaei?na ienae, /oi enoi?ey i?aaenoaaeyao ea?oeio aani?a?uaiuo
eciaiaiee, ea?oeio i?ia?anna /aeiaa/aneiai ?acoia. Oaeou ec
enoi?ee 19 – 2I aaeia aiai?yo i oii, /oi ca ?aaiethoeeyie ia?aae-
ei neaaeiaaee eiio??aaiethoeee, ca ?aoi?iaie – eiio??aoi?iu, ca
ei?aiiuie ia?aiaiaie a iieeoe/aneii ono?ienoaa – ?anoaa?aoeey
noa?uo ii?yaeeia. Anee au iu iuoaeenue i?ia?ann /aeiaa/anoaa
ecia?aceoue a?aoe/anee, oi o ian iieo/eeanue au ainoiaeyuay ia
i?yiay, a eceiiaiiay eeiey, io?aaeathuay iiaeu?iu e niaaeu a ai?ueaa
iauanoaaiiuo nee, onei?aiiiai aeaeaeaiey aia??ae e aeaaioneea nea/ee
iacaae. Iaeia ec nouanoaaiiuo iuia oi/ae c?aiey ninoieo a oii,
/oi aunoei e anaiauei iauaeoeaiui e?eoa?eai iauanoaaiiiai i?ia?anna
yaeyaony ?acaeoea i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee, aeeth/ay ?acaeoea naiiai
/aeiaaea. Iai?aaeaiiinoue enoi?e/aneiai i?ioeanna iaoneiaeaia ?inoii
e niaa?oainoaiaaieai i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee iauanoaa. *ai /aeiaa/iaa
oneiaey aeecie, oai aieueoa aiciiaeiinoae aeey ?acaeoey a /aeiaaea
/aeiaa/aneiai: ?acoia, i?aanoaaiiinoe, oai?/aneeo nee. Iiyoiio
i?ia?anneaii oi, /oi niinianoaoao aicauoaieth aoiaiecia.
2.) IIEEOE*ANEEA IA?OEE E IAUANOAAIIUA AeAEAEAIEss,
IIIAIIA?OEEIAss NENOAIA.
Yoi noauaeou iieeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe. NOAUAEO IIEEOEEE – yoi
ai-ia?auo aieueoea nioeeaeueiua iauiinoe e eioi?ui iiaeii ioianoe
nioeeaeueiua a?oiiu.
AEEAO [9]
1.) IIIssOEA OeEAEEECAOeEE.
Oeeaeeecaoeey – yoi neiiiei eoeueoo?u. Oeeaeeecaoeey – yoi o?iaaiue,
nooiaiue iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeoey, iaoa?eaeueiie e aeooiaiie eoeueoo?u.
A ae?oaii cia/aiee oeeaeeecaoeey – yoi nooiaiue ?acaeoey, neaaeothuay
ca aa?aa?noaii. Nouanoaotho ae?aaiea oeeaeeecaoeee e nia?aiaiiua
oeeaeeecaoeee, Caiaaeiua e Ainoi/iua oeiu oeeaeeecaoeee.
NIA?AIAIIAss OeEAEEECAOeEss – yoi eiaeono?eaeueiay oeeaeeecaoeey.
Iia oa?aeoa?ecoaony ?acaeoeai eaieoaea, aicieeoaai a ?acoeueoaoa
oaoie/aneeo i?aaeiinueie aeey onei?aiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai i?ioeanna,
iiauie oeaiiinoyie, ioiaoathueo n?aaeiaaaeiaua oeaiiinoe,
ia?eaiaioa?eciii – nenoaiie i?aaeaiey, aeey eioi?ie oa?aeoa?ii iaee/ea
i?aaenoaaeoaeueiiai i?aaia – ia?eaiaioa, inouanoaeythuaai
caeiiiaeaoaeueioth aeanoue, aioo?aiithth e aiaoithth iieeoeeo
i?aaeoaeuenoaa.
Caiaaeiue oei oeeaeeecaoeee aiciee a aannaeia N?aaeecaiiiii?uey e,
i?ieaey
?aae noaaeee, i?ea?e a 19-2I aaeao e aicieeiiaaieth oae iacuaaaiuo
nia?aiaiiuo iauanoa a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia e Naaa?iie Aia?eea. Ei
naienoaaiii eioaineaiia i?iecaiaenoai, iia auaeaeioea a ea/anoaa
aaaeiaeoae oeaiiinoe iacaaeneioth, aaoiiiiioth ee/iinoue, /oi, a naith
i/a?aaeue, iineoaeeei iniiaie aeey au?aaioee eaeae i a?aaeaeaineii
iauanoaa e
i?aaiaii ainoaea?noaa. Ae?oaie oei nia?aiaiiie oeeaeeecaoeee, yoi
iacaiaaeiua
oeeaeeecaoeee eee o?aaeeoeeiiiua iauanoaa. A ieo ia?ainoaiaiiia cia/aiea
eiatho
eieeaeoeaiua oi?iu /aeiaa/aneiai iauaaeeoey.
2.) IAOeEIIAEUeIUA IOIIOAIEss A NIA?AIAIIII IE?A. I?IAEAIU
IAOeEIIAEUeIUO IOIIOAIEE A IAOAE NO?AIA.
Nia?aiaiiia /aeiaa/anoai – yoi 2000 ?acee/iuo ia?iaeia (a ie?a iacaae-
neiuo ainoaea?noa ieiei 20). Iaoeey – iaeaieaa ?acaeoay
enoi?e/anee-eoeue-
oo?iay iauiinoue ethaeae.
AEEAO [10]
1.) AEIAAEUeIUA I?IAEAIU NIA?AIAIIINOE E IOOE EO ?AOAIEss.
Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia iaoaai noieaoey /aeiaa/anoai noieeioeinue n a?oiiie
i?iaeai, io ?aoaiey eioi?uo caaeneo aeaeueiaeoee nioeeaeueiue i?ia?ann,
noaeueau oeeaeeecaoeee. Yoe i?iaeaiu iieo/eee iacaaiea aeiaaeueiuo.
E iei ioiinyo a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue neaaeothuea: i?aaeioa?auaiea oa?icu
iiaie ie?iaie aieiu, i?aiaeieaiea yeieiae/aneiai e?ecena e aai iineaae-
noaee, nie?auaiea ?ac?uaa a o?iaia yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey iaaeaeo
?acaeouie no?aiaie Caiaaea e ?acaeaathueieny no?aiaie “o?aoueaai ie?a”,
noaaeeecaoeey aeaiia?aoe/aneie oeeaeeecaoeee ia ieaiaoa. An? aieueoaa
cia/aiea a iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey i?eia?aoatho oaeaea i?iaeaiu
io?aiu caei?iauey e i?aaeioa?auaiey ?ani?ino?aiaiey NIEAea, ia?eiiaiee,
aic?aaeaiea eoeueoo?iuo e i?aanoaaiiuo oeaiiinoae, ai?ueaa n iaaeaeoia-
?iaeiui oa??i?eciii.
Iooe ?aoaiey: ii iiaiaeo i?aaeioa?auaiey aieiu – iaaei, eae aiai?ee
Yeiooaei, eciaieoue ioiioaiea ae?oa e ae?oao e i?aaeoi?aaeaeaoue
iieeoeeia
ia iianiinoe eaoano?iou. Nicaeaoue ie?iii?yaeie ia i?eioeeiao: ioiioaiea
e /aeiaaeo, eae e aunoae oeaiiinoe, ioeac io aieiu eae n?aaenoaa ?aoa-
iey nii?iuo aii?inia, i?eciaiea i?aaa ia?iaeia naiinoiyoaeueii auae?aoue
naith noaeueao, iiieiaiey nia?aiaiiiai ie?a eae oeaeinoiiai e acaeiinay-
caiiiai niiauanoaa ethaeae.
IA?NIAEOEAA AUOIAeA EC YEIEIAE*ANEIAI E?ECENA – a eciaiaieyo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea, aai niciaiey e ia?aca aeecie.
Iao/ii-oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann iiaeao nicaeaoue aaciooiaeiia i?iecaiaenoai,
iino?iaiiia ii i?eioeeio caieiooiai oeeeea.
2.) YEIEIAE*ANEAss NOA?A IAUANOAA. NIANOAAIIINOUe, A? OI?IU.
IOIIOAIEss NIANOAAIIINOE A NIA?AIAIIIE YEIIIIEEA.
AEEAO [11]
1.) EE*IINOUe E IAUANOAI IA ?OAAAEA XX-XXI AAEIA.
Ee/iinoue eiaao iieeoe/aneee noaoon, anee iauanoai, a eioi?ii
iia aeea?o, yoi aeaiie?aoe/aneia iauanoai.
Ii ii?aaeaeaieth Euea?eaai?a, /aeiaae – yoi neioac aaneiia/iiai e
eiia/iiai, a?aiaiiiai e aa/iiai, naiaiaeu e iaiaoiaeeiinoe,
ei?i/a aiai?y, neioac. A neioac – yoi ioiioaiea aeaoo /eaiia.
*aeiaae, yoi noauaeo iauanoaaiii-enoi?e/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe
e eoeueoo?u. *aeiaae aiciee ia caiea a eoiaa neiaeiiai e aeeeoaeue-
iiai enoi?eei-yaiethoeeiiiiai i?ioeanna. *aeiaae iaeaaeaao ?acoiii.
Eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoue – yoi iaiiaoi?eiia naiaia?acea eaeiai-eeai
yaeaiey, aeeth/ay i?e?iaeiua e iauanoaaiiua. Ee/iinoue – yoi
/aeiaa/aneee eiaeeaeae eae noauaeo ioiioaiee e niciaoaeueiie
aeayoaeueiinoe. A oaeaea, yoi onoie/eaay nenoaia nioeeaeueii cia/eiuo
/a?o, oa?aeoa?ecothueo eiaeeaeaea eae /eaia oiai eee eiiai iauanoaa.
A yoeo ii?aaeaeaieyo iiae/??eeaaaony nayce eiaeeaeaea, ee/iinoe e
iauanoaa. N eciaiaieai iauanoaa i?aoa?iaaaao eciaiaiea e ee/iinoue.
Aic?inei ioeeiiythuaany iiaaaeaiea ee/iinoe, oi anoue oaeia, eioi?ia
ia niaeanoaony n ii?iaie, ia niioaaonoaoao oiio, /oi aeae?o io
/aeiaaea iauanoai. Nioeeaeueiua ioeeiiaiey i?eia?aoatho ianniaua
yaeaiey: i?anooieaiey e i?aaiia?ooaiey, aeeiaieeci, ia?eiiaiey,
?aeeaeiciue oaiaoeci, oa??i?eci.
A nayce n ?inoii yeiiiieee ia ?oaaaea 2I-21 aaeia an? aieueoaa
?ani?ino?aiaiea a ie?a iieo/atho yeiiiie/aneea i?anooieaiey, iinyaath-
uea ia eioa?anu iio?aaeoaeae, iaiinyuea oua?a ie?oaeathuae n?aaea.
*aeiaa/aneay ee/iinoue oe?iei aoyaeaaaony a i?anooiiue ie?.
2.) IIEEOE*ANEAss NENOAIA IAUANOAA, A? NO?OEOO?A.
AEEAO [12]
1.) ENOEIA E A? E?EOA?EE.
Iiae enoeiie a oeeinioee iiieiaaony aeinoiaa?iia, i?aaeeueiia ciaiea.
Oeeiniou, aeiioneathuea ia?aoaiea /aeiaaeii enoeiiiai cia/aiey iacuaa-
eenue ?aoeeiiaeenoaie e yiie?eeaie. Oa, eoi io?eoeae yoo aiciiaeiinoue,
iacuaaeenue aaiinoeeaie. E?eoa?ee – yoi ia?eei. eaeiau e?eoa?ee
enoeiu? Aeey ?aoeeiiaeenoia – yoi ?acoi. Ii iniiaai ia iiuoa, ia
i?aeoeea. Ii iiaeao ee i?aeoeea neoaeeoue oieaa?naeueiui (anaiauei)
e?eoa?eai enoeiu a iiciaiee?
Oeaeue ?yae yaeaiee aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe aiiaua ia iiaeaea?ony
ioeaiea n oi/ee c?aiey enoeiiinoe e eiaeiinoe. Yoi ioiineony e
aeooiaiui oeaiiinoyi, oi?iai eoeueoo?iiai oai?/anoaa.
2.) IANOI ?AEEAEE A NENOAIA IOIIOAIEE *AEIAAEA E IE?OAEATHUAAI
IE?A.
?aeeaey – yoi ii?aaeae?iiua acaeyaeu e i?aaenoaaeaiey ethaeae, ni-
ioaaonoaothuea ia?yaeu e eoeueou. Iaeiie ec ae?aaiaeoeo oi?i eoeueoo?u
yaeyaony ?aeeaey. Iiyaeythony ie?iaua ?aeeaee: aoaeaeeci, o?enoeainoai,
ionoeueiainoai. IE?IAUA ?AEEAEE: AOAeAeECI – naiay ?aiiyy ie?iaay
?aeeaey, ?ani?. a Acee; caiiaaaeue: ethaiaue e ieeina?aeea ei anaio
aeeaioiiio. O?ENOEAINOAI: aoi?ia ii a?aiaie aicieeiiaaiey –
1) Caiaaeiia (eaoiee/aneia); 2) Ainoi/iia (i?aaineaaiia)
ENEAI (Ionoeueiainoai) – naiay iicaeiyy ie?iaay ?aeeaey
AEEAO [13]
1.) NIOeEAEUeIAss NOA?A IAUANOAA. NIOeEAEUeIAss EOEUeOO?A. OAIAeAIOeEss
Eciaiaiey nioeeaeueiie no?oeoo?u ?inneeneiai iauanoaa.
Ethaee, inouanoaeyy niaianoioth aeayoaeueiinoue, iauaaeeiythony a
?acee/iua a?oiiu, iauiinoe, acaeiiaeaenoaea ethaeae a oaeeo a?oiiao
e a?oii iaaeaeo niaie ninoaaeyao nioeeaeueioth noa?o
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe
iauanoaa e eco/aaony iaoeie nioeeieiaeae. Iauanoai aeeooa?aioee-
?iaaii. Iauanoai ?acaeaeaii ia a?oiiu, caieiathuea ?aciia nioeeaeueiia
iieiaeaiea. Nioeeaeueiia ?anneiaiea naienoaaiii iauanoao. Nouanoaotho
i?eaeeaae?iaaiiua a?oiiu e ioaa?aeaiiua: ethiiaiu e ia?aeiaeee.
Nouanoaoao yeiiiie/aneay, iieeoe/aneay e i?ioanneiiaeueiay
aeeooa?aioeeaoeey. Nouanoaoao iauanoaaiiia ia?aaainoai. A iauanoaa
nouanoaotho eeannu: aeaa iniiaiuo eeanna yoi – ?aai/ea e e?anoueyia.
Eioaeeeaaioeey – yoi nioeeaeueiay a?oiia. I?e nioeeaeueiie iiaeeueiinoe
i?ienoiaeeo ia?aoiae ethaeae ec iaeiie nioeeaeueiie a?oiiu a ae?oaoth.
Naiuey – aaaeiaeoee yeaiaio nioeeaeueiie no?oeoo?u.
A ?innee eciaiyaony nioeeaeueiay no?oeoo?a, oauaaao eeann e?anoueyi,
ia?aacaeathueo a ai?iaea, ianniaue iooie naeueneiai ianaeaiey a ai?iaea
i?ea?e e iaacethaeeaaieth iiiaeo ouny/ ?inneeneeo aea?aaaiue, oeaeuo
iaeanoae. A nayce n nie?auaiea ?aai/eo iano e aac?aaioeoeae
oiaiueoaaony eeann ?aai/eo, oaaee/eaaaony eeann iaeeeo
e e?oiiuo i?aaei?eieiaoaeae. A nayce n iaeie ?iaeaeaaiinoueth oaaee-
/eaaaony /enei noa?eeia e oiaiueoaaony /enei iieiaeuo ethaeae.
2.) ?IEUe I?AAA A AEECIE IAUANOAA. I?AAIAIA AINOAeA?NOAI.
AEEAO [14]
1.) OIAA?IIA I?IECAIAeNOAI.
– yoi oi?ia iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa, i?e eioi?ie i?iaeoeou
ecaioaaeeaathony aeey iaiaia. I?inoia oiaa?iia (iaeeioiaa?iia)
i?iec-ai, iniiaaiiia ia /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe ia n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa
e ee/iii o?oaea oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaey e aai naiuee, aicieeaao n
iiyaeaieai
iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea a ia?eiae ?aceiaeaiey ia?aiauoiiiaueiiiai no?iy
e aaae?ony a oeaeyo oaeiaeaoai?aiey ee/iuo iio?aaiinoae. Ia ecaanoiie
nooiaie enoi?e/aneiai ?acaeoey aicieeaao eaieoaeenoe/aneia
oiaa?iia i?iecaiaenoai, iniiaaiiia ia /anoiie eaieoaeenoe/aneie
nianoaaiiinoe n eniieueciaaieai o?oaea ia?iiuo ?aai/eo, o eioi?uo
iao n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa. Oiaa?iia i?iecaiaenoai noaiiaeony anaiauae
e ainiiaenoaothuae oi?iie i?iecaiaenoaa; ?aai/ay neea i?aa?auaaony a
oiaa?. Oeaeue eaieoaeenoe/aneiai oiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa – iieo/aiea
i?eauee. I?e oiaa?iii i?iecaiaenoaa aeaenoaotho oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiua
ioiioaiey, yoi ioiioaiey iaaeaeo ethaeueie a i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa e
iaiaia oiaa?ia. ?uiie – yoi noa?a iaiaia oiaa?a ia aeaiueae.
2.) AeOOIAIAss NOA?A IAUANOAA. I?IAEAIU ?ACAEOEss AeOOIAIIE
EOEUeOO?U A NIA?AIAIIUO ONEIAEssO.
AEEAO [15]
1.) OeEAEEECAOeEss ?INNEE.
*aaaeaaa ienae: “aiai?yo i?i ?inneth, /oi iia ia i?eiaaeeaaeeo ia
e Aa?iia, ia e Acee, /oi yoi iniaue ie?. Ionoue aoaeao oae, ii
iaaei aua aeieacaoue, /oi /aeiaa/anoai iiieii aeaoo naieo noi?ii,
ii?aaeaeyaiuo neiaaie “Caiaae” e “Ainoie”, iaeaaeaao au? o?aoueae
noi?iiie.” A?aiy oaeiai aeieacaoaeuenoaa acyee ia naay Oiiyeia,
Ee?aaaneee, Aenaeia e nai *aaaeaaa e ae?oaea, iacaaiiua neaayii-
oeeaie.
2.) IIEEOE*ANEEE NOAOON EE*IINOE.
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