Формирование самоконтроля в процессе обучения математике по системе Д.Б.Эльконина – В.В.Давыдова в начальных классах

Aaaaeaiea.

Iaeiie ec aaaeiaeoeo caaea/ iaoiaeeee iao/aiey iaoaiaoeea yaeyaony
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea ioeaie o/aueony. I?e/eiie iiaeaaeythuaai aieueoeinoaa
ioeaie ii iaoaiaoeea yaeyaony oi?iaeeci a ciaieyo o/aueony.

?aoaiea aioiauo , iaeii?iaeiuo i?eia?ia e caaea/ iaeeiaeiauie i?eaiaie
a oa/aiea aeeeoaeueiiai a?aiaie au?aaaouaatho o o/aueony i?eau/eo
iaoaie/anee i?iecaiaeeoue cao/aiiua iaoaiaoe/aneea i?aia?aciaaiey a
i?yiii ii?yaeea. Iiaiiy oieueei ca eiee/anoaii ?aoaiiuo caaea/ e
i?eia?ia i?eaiaeeo e iaaeiioeaiea oai?aoe/aneiai iainiiaaiey
i?iecaiaeeiuo aeaenoaee. Iiyoiio iniaia ianoi a no?oeoo?a o/aaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe caieiatho aeaenoaey naiieiio?iey, eiathuea niaoeeoe/aneea
ooieoeee: iie iai?aaeaiu ia naio aeayoaeueiinoue, oeene?otho ioiioaiea
o/aueony e naaa eae e noauaeoo yoie aeayoaeueiinoe, aneaaenoaea /aai eo
iai?aaeaiiinoue ia ?aoaiea o/aaiie caaea/e iineo iiin?aaeiaaiiue
oa?aeoa?.

E niaeaeaieth, ia oi?ie?iaaiea naiieiio?iey a oeieao ia?auatho iaei
aieiaiey, /oi iniaaiii iaaeiionoeii a aniaeoa ?acaeaathuaai iao/aiey,
e?iia oiai, yoa oaia iaaeinoaoi/ii oi?ioi ?ac?aaioaia a iao/iie
eeoa?aoo?a. A nayce n auoaneacaiiui iu aua?aee oaiie enneaaeiaaiey
“Oi?ie?iaaiea naiieiio?iey a i?ioeanna iao/aiey iaoaiaoeea ii nenoaia
Ae.A.Yeueeiieia- A.A.Aeaauaeiaa a ia/aeueiuo eeannao”.

Oeaeue enneaaeiaaiey ninoieo a auyaeaiee iooae oi?ie?iaaiey
naiieiio?iey.

Iauaeo enneaaeiaaiey: o/aaiay aeayoaeueiinoue ieaaeoeo oeieueieeia.

I?aaeiao enneaaeiaaiey: i?ioeann oi?ie?iaaiey o ieaaeoeo oeieueieeia
naiieiio?iey eae eiiiiiaioa o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Aeiioaca enneaaeiaaiey: eniieueciaaiea niaoeeaeueiuo caaeaiee iiaeao
niinianoaiaaoue oi?ie?iaaieth e ?acaeoeth naiieiio?iey.

Oeaeue, i?aaeiao e aeiioaca enneaaeiaaiey ii?aaeaeytho iinoaiiaeo
neaaeothueo caaea/:

Eco/aiea e aiaeec ineoieiai- iaaeaaiae/aneie e iaoiaee/aneie eeoa?aoo?u
ii oaia enneaaeiaaiey.

Aiaeec iniaaiiinoae naiieiio?iey o aeaoae ieaaeoaai oeieueiiai aic?anoa.

Ioai? e iainiiaaiea nenoaiu caaeaiee ii oi?ie?iaaieth naiieiio?iey i?e
iao/aiee iaoaiaoeea ii nenoaia Ae.A.Yeueeiieia- A.A.Aeaauaeiaa.

I?iaaaeaiea iiuoii- yenia?eiaioaeueiie ?aaiou ii oi?ie?iaaieth iaaueia
naiieiio?iey.

Iaoiaeu enneaaeiaaiey:

-oai?aoe/aneee aiaeec,

-iaaeaaiae/aneia iaaethaeaiea ca aeayoaeueiinoueth o/aueony,

-eco/aiea i?iaeoeoia aeayoaeueiinoe ieaaeoeo oeieueieeia,

-i?iaaaeaiea eiinoaoe?othuaai e iao/athuaai yenia?eiaioia.

Enneaaeiaaiea i?iaiaeeeinue a o?aoueai eeanna /anoiie oeieu “Eeoeoea”.

AEAAA 1.

Ineoieiai-iaaeaaiae/aneay oa?aeoa?enoeea o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe
ieaaeoeo oeieueieeia.

Nouiinoue o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Ia/aei oeieueiiai iao/aiey e ainieoaiey ?aaaiea yaeyaony nouanoaaiiui
ia?aeiiiui iiiaioii ai anae aai aeecie. Aiaoiea i?eciaee yoiai
ia?aeiiiiai iiiaioa iaia?oaeeaathony a aa i?aaiecaoeee, a iiauo
iaycaiiinoyo ?aaaiea eae o/aieea. Iaeiaei yoio ia?aeiiiue iiiaio eiaao
aeoaieia aioo?aiiaa iniiaaiea- n i?eoiaeii a oeieo ?aaaiie ia/eiaao
onaaeaaoue acu iaeaieaa ?acaeouo oi?i iauanoaaiiiai niciaiey- iaoee,
eneonnoaa, ii?aee, i?aaa, eioi?ua naycaiu n oai?aoe/aneei niciaieai e
iuoeaieai ethaeae. Onaiaiea acia yoeo oi?i iauanoaaiiiai niciaiey e
niioaaonoaothueo ei aeooiaiuo ia?aciaaiee i?aaeiieaaaao auiieiaiea
aeaoueie oaeie aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?ay aaeaeaaoia enoi?e/anee
aiieiuaiiie a ieo /aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Yoie aeayoaeueiinoueth
aeaoae yaeyaony eo o/aaiay aeayoaeueiinoue.

I?aaeaea anaai n/eoaai oianoiui aeaoue ii?aaeaeaiea aeayoaeueiinoe
aiiaua. “Aeayoaeueiinoue- yoi i?aeoe/aneia i?aia?aciaaiea iauanoaaiiui
/aeiaaeii iauaeoeaiiai ie?a. A aeayoaeueiinoe i?ienoiaeeo ia?aoiae
iauaeoa a aai noauaeoeaioth oi?io- a ia?ac, eioi?ue eaaeeo a iniiaa
i?eaioe?iaee /aeiaaea a ie?a. Aeayoaeueiinoue anaaaea aeeth/aaony a
eiie?aoiua iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey e ii?aaeaeyaony oneiaeyie
iaoa?eaeueiiai e aeooiaiiai iauaiey, oa?aeoa?iuie aeey aeaiiiai
iauanoaa”( 22,N.10).

Eoae, ia?aoiae e oeieueiiio iao/aieth ciaiaioao niaie ei?aiiia
eciaiaiea niaea?aeaiey e i?ioeanna onaiaiey ciaiee. Onaiaiea i?eieiaao
iiaoth oi?io- oi?io o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe. O/aaiay aeayoaeueiinoue n
naiie nouanoaaiiie noi?iiu oa?aeoa?ecoao aiieia ii?aaeaeaiiue ia?eiae
ineoe/aneiai ?acaeoey ?aaaiea- ia?eiae, ioiinyueeny e aai ieaaeoaio
oeieueiiio aic?anoo.

O.A.Aaaae aeaao neaaeothuaa ii?aaeaeaiea o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe:”
O/aaiay aeayoaeueiinoue- yoi aeayoaeueiinoue, i?aaeiaia?aiii
iai?aaeaiiay ia i?eia?aoaiea iiuoa iaeiei ec aa o/anoieeia.”(6,N.77)

Iniiaiie i?iaeoeo a o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe yaeyaony ia oieueei
iauaeoeaii aeaaiui i?iaeoeoii yoie aeayoaeueiinoe, a eioi?ie ana
iiae/eiaii aai iieo/aieth, ii e iniciaaony /aeiaaeii eae aeaaiue,
ninoaaeyy aa oeaeue. Aeaiiia ianoiyoaeuenoai ioee/aao o/aaioth
aeayoaeueiinoue io ea?u e noeoeeiiai iauaiey. Eo niaoeeoeeie yaeyaony
oi, /oi, oioy iaania/eaaaiue eie iiciaaaoaeueiue yooaeo e yaeyaony eo
aeaaiui i?iaeoeoii, ii ia noaaeony eie a ea/anoaa oeaee, eioi?ay
ia?aie/eaaaony iieo/aieai yiioeeiiaeueiiai oaeiaeaoai?aiey io naiiai
i?ioeanna, /oi e ia?acoao “noauaeoeaiue niune” yoeo aeaenoaee. E?iia
oiai, oa?iei “o/aaiay aeayoaeueiinoue” ia neaaeoao ioiaeaeanoaeyoue n
oa?ieiii “o/aiea”. Aeaoe o/aony a naiuo ?aciuo aeaeao aeayoaeueiinoe ( a
ea?a, a o?oaea, i?e caiyoeyo nii?oii e o.ae.). O/aaiay aea
aeayoaeueiinoue eiaao naia iniaia niaea?aeaiea e no?iaiea, e aa
iaiaoiaeeii ioee/aoue io ae?oaeo aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe, auiieiyaiuo
aeaoueie eae a ieaaeoai oeieueiii aic?anoa, oae e a ae?oaeo aic?anoao.

Niaoeeoe/aneie iio?aaiinoueth e iioeaii o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea
yaeyaony iaeaaeaiea oai?aoe/aneei ioiioaieai e aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe e
niioaaonoaothueie aio niiniaaie i?eaioaoeee a iae. I?aaeiaoiui
niaea?aeaieai o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe aunooiatho acaeiinaycaiiua oi?iu
oai?aoe/aneiai niciaiey ethaeae (iao/iiai, ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai,
i?aanoaaiiiai, i?aaiaiai). A iniiaa nicaeaiey ethaeueie anao oi?i
oai?aoe/aneiai niciaiey eaaeeo aeeaeaeoe/aneia iuoeaiea.

Nouanoaoao iiaiea, /oi aua iaeiie oa?aeoa?enoeeie o/aaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe yaeyaony oi, “/oi i?eia?aoaaiue /aeiaaeii iiuo ia
ioe?uaaaony ei a enneaaeiaaoaeueneii i?ioeanna, a iieo/aaony a aioiaii
aeaea io ae?oaeo o/anoieeia yoie aeayoaeueiinoe”.( 6,N.77)

Yoio aea aaoi? ioia/aao, /oi “a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe ia nouanoaoao
neooaoeee onaiaiey nioeeaeueiiai iiuoa, a eioi?ie o/aueeny aue au
iieiinoueth ecaaaeai io auiieiaiey enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo yeaiaioia, aieaa
oiai iie ninoaaeytho a aai aeayoaeueiinoe ian?aaiaiii aieueooth /anoue,
/ai nianoaaiii iiciaiea.”(6,N.78) Oaeei ia?acii , iai eaaeaony, /oi
aaoi? i?ioeai?a/eo nai naaa. Iu n/eoaai aieaa i?eaieaiui aoi?ia
auneacuaaiea.

Iineaaeiyy iniaaiiinoue o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe naycaia n oai, /oi
aeaenoaey iiciathuaai eeoea ia?aie/eaathony auiieiaieai eeoue aa
iniiaiiai ooieoeeiiaeueiiai eiiiiiaioa, oiaaea eae any noiia
iiaeaioiaeaiiuo ooieoeeiiaeueiuo eiiiiiaioia yoie aeayoaeueiinoe
ia?aaeaia iao/athuaio eeoeo.

Caneoaeeaaao iniaiai aieiaiey aii?in i niaea?aeaiee iiiyoey “o/aaiay
aeayoaeueiinoue” n oi/ee c?aiey oiai oeia nioeeaeueiiai iiuoa, eioi?ue a
iae onaaeaaaony. Caeanue anoue ?acee/iua iiaiey. Oae iiiyoea o/aaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, eniieuecoaiia A.A.Aeaauaeiaui e aai nio?oaeieeaie,
ia?aie/eaaaony neooaoeeyie onaiaiey i?aeiouanoaaiii iaiauaiiuo
oai?aoe/aneeo ciaiee e niioaaonoaothueo ei niiniaia aeayoaeueiinoe. “A
i?ioeanna o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe eae aaaeouae a ieaaeoai oeieueiii
aic?anoa aeaoe aini?iecaiaeyo ia oieueei ciaiey e oiaiey,
niioaaonoaothuea iniiaai oi?i iauanoaaiiiai niciaiey ( iaoee, eneonnoaa,
ii?aee, i?aaa), ii e oa enoi?e/anee aicieeoea niiniau, eioi?ua eaaeao a
iniiaa oai?aoe/aneiai niciaiey e iuoeaiey- ?aoeaeneth, aiaeec,
iuneeoaeueiue yenia?eiaio. Eiuie neiaaie, niaea?aeaieai o/aaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe yaeythony oai?aoe/aneea ciaiey.”(8,N.132). A oi aea a?aiy
ae?oaea aaoi?u ia n/eoatho oeaeaniia?aciui ia?aie/eaaoue iiaeiaiui
ia?acii aeaiiia iiiyoea. Iii yaeyaony o ieo iaiauaiiui a ioiioaiee aeaea
onaaeaaaiiai iiuoa, eioi?ue iiaeao auoue eae oai?aoe/aneeie, oae e
yiie?e/aneeie ciaieyie (I.O. Oaeuceia, E.E. Eeueynia e ae?.). I.O.
Oaeuceia naycuaaao onaiaiea eaaeaeiai ec yoeo aeaeia n ?acee/iuie oeiaie
o/aiey, auaeaeyaiuie a oai?ee ieaiiia?iiai oi?ie?iaaiey oinoaaiiuo
aeaenoaee.

?anniio?ei no?oeoo?o o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Iio?aaiinoue a o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe aicieeaao o ?aaaiea noa?oaai
aeioeieueiiai aic?anoa a i?ioeanna o/anoey aai a nthaeaoiie ea?a, a
eioi?ie eioaineaii oi?ie?oaony aiia?aaeaiea e neiaiee/aneay oaioacey.
Auiieiaiea ?aaaieii aeinoaoi/ii neiaeiuo ?ieae i?aaeiieaaaao iaee/ea o
iaai ia?yaeo n aiia?aaeaieai e neiaiee/aneie oaioaceae aua e
?aciiia?aciuo naaaeaiee ia ie?oaeathuai ie?a, i ac?ineuo ethaeyo, oiaiey
i?eaioe?iaaoueny a ieo n o/aoii eo niaea?aeaiey. Nthaeaoii- ?ieaaay ea?a
niinianoaoao aicieeiiaaieth o ?aaaiea iiciaaaoaeueiuo eioa?ania, iaeiaei
naia ii naaa iieiinoueth oaeiaeaoai?eoue eo ia iiaeao. Iiyoiio
aeioeieueieee no?aiyony oaeiaeaoai?eoue naie iiciaaaoaeueiua eioa?anu
iooai iauaiey ni ac?ineuie, iooai iaaethaeaiee ca ie?oaeathuei eo ie?ii,
ecaeaeay ?acee/iua naaaeaiey ec aeinooiiuo ei eiea, aeo?iaeia, eeii.
Iinoaiaiii noa?oea aeioeieueieee ia/eiatho ioaeaeaoueny a aieaa iaoe?iii
enoi/ieea ciaiee, /ai ei iiaeao i?aaeinoaaeoue iianaaeiaaiay aeeciue e
ea?a.

I?eoiae a oeieo iicaieyao ?aaaieo aueoe ca i?aaeaeu naiaai aeaoneiai
ia?eiaea aeecie, caiyoue iiaoth aeeciaiioth iiceoeeth e ia?aeoe e
auiieiaieth iauanoaaiii cia/eiie o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?ay
i?aaeinoaaeyao aiaaoue iaoa?eae aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey iiciaaaoaeueiuo
eioa?ania ?aaaiea. Yoe eioa?anu aunooiatho eae ineoieiae/aneea
i?aaeiinueee aicieeiiaaiey o ?aaaiea iio?aaiinoe a onaiaiee
oai?aoe/aneeo ciaiee.

A naiii ia/aea oeieueiie aeecie o ?aaaiea aua iao iio?aaiinoe a
oai?aoe/aneeo ciaieyo eae ineoieiae/aneie iniiaa o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Yoa iio?aaiinoue o ?aaaiea aicieeaao a i?ioeanna ?aaeueiiai onaiaiey ei
yeaiaioa?iuo oai?aoe/aneeo ciaiee i?e niaianoiii n o/eoaeai auiieiaiee
i?inoaeoeo o/aaiuo aeaenoaee, iai?aaeaiiuo ia ?aoaiea niioaaonoaothuae
o/aaiie caaea/e.

Oaeei ia?acii, ciaiey, eae niaea?aeaiea o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe,
yaeythony aianoa n oai e aa iio?aaiinoueth. Eae ecaanoii,
aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea niioiineony n ii?aaeaeaiiie iio?aaiinoueth, a
aeaenoaey- n iioeaaie. A i?ioeanna oi?ie?iaaiey o ieaaeoeo oeieueieeia
iio?aaiinoe a o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?ienoiaeeo aa eiie?aoecaoeey a
iiiaiia?acee iioeaia, o?aaothueo io aeaoae auiieiaiey o/aaiuo aeaenoaee,
iin?aaenoaii eioi?iai ?aaeecoaony o/aaiay aeayoaeueiinoue. Niaeanii
iauae caeiiiia?iinoe eioa?ei?ecaoeee, ia?aiia/aeueiie oi?iie o/aaiuo
aeaenoaee yaeyaony eo ?acaa?iooia auiieiaiea ia aiaoia i?aaenoaaeaiiuo
iauaeoao.

Iioeau o/aaiuo aeaenoaee iiaoaeaeatho oeieueieeia e onaiaieth niiniaia
aini?iecaiaenoaa oai?aoe/aneeo ciaiee. I?e auiieiaiee o/aaiuo aeaenoaee
oeieueieee iaeaaeaaatho i?aaeaea anaai niiniaaie aini?iecaiaenoaa oao
eee eiuo eiie?aoiuo iiiyoee, ia?acia, oeaiiinoae e ii?i- e /a?ac yoe
niiniau onaaeaatho niaea?aeaiea yoeo oai?aoe/aneeo ciaiee.

Eoae, iio?aaiinoue a o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe iiaoaeaeaao oeieueieeia e
onaiaieth oai?aoe/aneeo ciaiee, iioeau- e onaiaieth niiniaia eo
aini?iecaiaenoaa iin?aaenoaii o/aaiuo aeaenoaee, iai?aaeaiiuo ia ?aoaiea
o/aaiie caaea/e.

Ae.A.Yeueeiiei n/eoaao o/aaioth caaea/o iniiaiie aaeeieoeae o/aaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe. Ii ieoao:” O/aaiay caaea/a ninoieo ec iniiaiuo
acaeiinaycaiiuo no?oeoo?iuo yeaiaioia: o/aaiie oeaee e o/aaiuo
aeaenoaee. Iinea aeeth/aiey a naay eae o/aaiuo aeaenoaee, a oceii niunea
neiaa, oae e aeaenoaee ii eiio?ieth ca i?iecaaaeaiiuie aeaenoaeyie e eo
ioeaiea. A noi?ie?iaaiiie o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe ana yoe yeaiaiou
iaoiaeyony a ii?aaeaeaiiuo acaeiiioiioaieyo.”(5,N.188) Ii Aeaauaeiao
“caaea/a- yoi aaeeinoai oeaee aeaenoaey e oneiaee aa
aeinoeaeaiey”.(8,N.151)

O/aaiay aeayoaeueiinoue iai?aaeaia ia ?aoaiea o/aaiie caaea/e.
Nouanoaaiiie oa?aeoa?enoeeie o/aaiie caaea/e neoaeeo iaeaaeaiea
oeieueieeaie oai?aoe/anee iaiauaiiui niiniaii ?aoaiey iaeioi?iai eeanna
eiie?aoii- /anoiuo caaea/. “Iinoaaeoue ia?aae oeieueieeii o/aaioth
caaea/o- yoi cia/eo aaanoe aai a neooaoeeth, o?aaothuoth i?eaioaoeee ia
iaiauaiiue niinia aa ?ac?aoaiey ai anao aiciiaeiuo /anoiuo e eiie?aoiuo
aa?eaioao oneiaee”. ( 22,N.15)

Aieaa oi/ioth oa?aeoa?enoeeo o/aaiie caaea/e iiaeii aeaoue iooai aa
n?aaiaiey n eiie?aoii- i?aeoe/aneie caaea/ae. Oae i?e ?aoaiee
i?aeoe/aneie caaea/e o/aueeny eae noauaeo aeiaeaaaony eciaiaiey iauaeoa
naiaai aeaenoaey. ?acoeueoaoii oaeiai ?aoaiey noaiiaeony iaeioi?ue
eciaiaiiue iauaeo. I?e ?aoaiee o/aaiie caaea/e o/aueeny oaeaea
i?iecaiaeeo naieie aeaenoaeyie eciaiaiea a iauaeoao eee a
i?aaenoaaeaieyo i ieo, iaeiaei aai ?acoeueoao- eciaiaiea a naiii
aeaenoaothuai noauaeoa. O/aaiay caaea/a iiaeao n/eoaoueny ?aoaiiie
oieueei oiaaea, eiaaea i?iecioee ca?aiaa caaeaiiua eciaiaiey a noauaeoa.
?aoaiea o/aaiie caaea/e iai?aaeaii ia onaiaiea eee iaeaaeaiea
oeieueieeaie niiniaaie aeaenoaee.

O/aaiay aeayoaeueiinoue a naiae iniiaa iaoeaeaia ia oi, /oiau
oeieueieee onaaeaaee ciaiey a i?ioeanna naiinoiyoaeueiiai ?aoaiey
o/aaiie caaea/e, eioi?ay iicaieyao ei ?ane?uoue oneiaey i?ienoiaeaeaiey
yoeo ciaiee. O/aaiay caaea/a ?aoaaony oeieueieeaie iooai auiieiaiey
ii?aaeaeaiiuo aeaenoaee. Iaciaai yoe aeaenoaey:

– i?aia?aciaaiea oneiaey caaea/e n oeaeueth iaia?oaeaiey anaiauaai
ioiioaiey eco/aaiiai iauaeoa;

– iiaeaee?iaaiea auaeaeaiiiai ioiioaiey a i?aaeiaoiie, a?aoe/aneie eee
aoeaaiiie oi?ia;

– i?aia?aciaaiea iiaeaee ioiioaiey aeey eco/aiey aai naienoa a “/enoii
aeaea”;

– iino?iaiea nenoaiu /anoiuo caaea/, ?aoaaiuo iauei niiniaii;

– eiio?ieue ca auiieiaieai i?aaeuaeoueo aeaenoaee;

– ioeaiea onaiaiey iauaai niiniaa eae ?acoeueoaoa ?aoaiey aeaiiie
o/aaiie caaea/e.

Eoae, neaaeothuei eiiiiiaioii o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe yaeythony o/aaiua
aeaenoaey oeieueieeia, auiieiyy eioi?ua iie inaaeaatho i?aaeiaoiue
niinia aeaenoaey. Iacaaeneii io oiai, eae ei caaeaaony niinia aeaenoaey
(o/eoaeai eee iie iaia?oaeeaatho aai naie), o/aaiua aeaenoaey ii aai
inaiaieth ia/eiathony n oiai iiiaioa, eiaaea auaeaeai ia?acaoe.
“I?iecaiaeeiua ?aaaieii aeaenoaey ii ninoaaeaieth i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai
i?aaenoaaeaiey i niiniaa aeaenoaey e ii aai ia?aiia/aeueiiio aini?eyoeth
anoue nianoaaiii o/aaiua aeaenoaey .” ( 24,N.164)

Eaaeaeia o/aaiia aeaenoaea ninoieo ec niioaaonoaothueo iia?aoeee,
iaai?u eioi?uo iaiythony a caaeneiinoe io eiie?aoiuo oneiaee ?aoaiey oie
eee eiie o/aaiie caaea/e.

?anniio?ei iniiaiua iniaaiiinoe o/aaiuo aeaenoaee.

Enoiaeiui e, iiaeii neacaoue, aeaaiui aeaenoaeai yaeyaony
i?aia?aciaaiea o/aaiie caaea/e n oeaeueth iaia?oaeaiey iaeioi?iai
anaiauaai ioiioaiey oiai iauaeoa, eioi?ue aeieaeai auoue io?aaeai a
niioaaonoaothuai oai?aoe/aneii iiiyoee. Aaaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi ?a/ue
caeanue eaeao i oeaeaiai?aaeaiiii i?aia?aciaaiee oneiaee caaea/e,
iai?aaeaiiie ia iiene, iaia?oaeaiea e auaeaeaiea aiieia ii?aaeaeaiiiai
ioiioaiey iaeioi?iai oeaeinoiiai iauaeoa.

Neaaeothuaa o/aaiia aeaenoaea ninoieo a iiaeaee?iaaiee auaeaeaiiiai
anaiauaai ioiioaiey a i?aaeiaoiie, a?aoe/aneie eee aoeaaiiie oi?ia.
O/aaiua iiaeaee ninoaaeytho aioo?aiia iaiaoiaeeiia caaii i?ioeanna
onaiaiey oai?aoe/aneeo ciaiee e iaiauaiiuo niiniaia aeaenoaee. I?e yoii
ia anyeia ecia?aaeaiea iiaeii iacaaoue o/aaiie iiaeaeueth, a eeoue
oaeia, eioi?ia oeene?oao eiaiii aiiaua ioiioaiea iaeioi?iai oeaeinoiiai
iauaeoa e iaania/eaaao aai aeaeueiaeoee aiaeec.

Aua iaeii o/aaiia aeaenoaea ninoieo a i?aia?aciaaiee iiaeaee n oeaeueth
eco/aiey naienoaa auaeaeaiiiai anaiauaai ioiioaiey iauaeoa.
I?aia?aciauaay e ia?aeiino?oe?oy iiaeaeue, oeieueieee iieo/atho
aiciiaeiinoue eco/aoue naienoaa anaiauaai ioiioaiey eae oaeiaiai, aac
“caoaiiaiey” i?eaoiaeyueie ianoiyoaeuenoaaie. ?aaioa n o/aaiie
iiaeaeueth aunooiaao eae i?ioeann eco/aiey naienoa niaea?aeaoaeueiie
aano?aeoeee anaiauaai ioiioaiey.

Neaaeothuaa o/aaiia aeaenoaea ninoieo a auaaaeaiee e iino?iaiee
ii?aaeaeaiiie nenoaiu /anoiuo caaea/. Aeaaiaea?y yoiio aeaenoaeth
oeieueieee eiie?aoece?otho enoiaeioth o/aaioth caaea/o e oai naiui
i?aa?auatho aa a iiiaiia?acea /anoiuo caaea/, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue ?aoaiu
aaeeiui niiniaii, onaiaiiui i?e inouanoaeaiee i?aaeuaeoueo o/aaiuo
aeaenoaee. Aeaenoaaiiue oa?aeoa? yoiai niiniaa i?iaa?yaony eiaiii i?e
?aoaiee /anoiuo caaea/, eiaaea oeieueieee iiaeoiaeyo e iei eae e
aa?eaioai enoiaeiie caaea/e e n?aco auaeaeytho a eaaeaeie ec ieo oi
iauaa ioiioaiea, i?eaioaoeey ia eioi?ia iicaieyao ei i?eiaiyoue ?aiaa
onaiaiiue iauee niinia ?aoaiey.

?anniio?aiiua o/aaiua aeaenoaey a nouiinoe ana aianoa iai?aaeaiu ia oi,
/oiau i?e eo auiieiaiee oeieueieee ?ane?uaaee oneiaey i?ienoiaeaeaiey
onaaeaaaiiai eie iiiyoey. Oai naiui yoi iiiyoea eae au no?ieony naieie
oeieueieeaie, i?aaaea, i?e nenoaiaoe/anee inouanoaeyaiii ?oeiaiaenoaa
o/eoaey.

Iniaia ianoi a no?oeoo?a o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe caieiaao aeaenoaea
eiio?iey, eiathuaa niaoeeoe/aneea ooieoeee: iii iai?aaeaii ia naio
aeayoaeueiinoue, oeene?oao ioiioaiea o/aueony e naaa eae e noauaeoo,
aneaaenoaea /aai aai iai?aaeaiiinoue ia ?aoaiea o/aaiie caaea/e iineo
iiin?aaeiaaiiue oa?aeoa?. Ae.A.Yeueeiiei oeacuaaao, /oi “ooieoeey
eiio?iey ninoieo a ii?aaeaeaiee i?aaeeueiinoe e iieiiou auiieiaiey
o/aueieny iia?aoeee, aoiaeyueo a ninoaa aai aeaenoaee”. (22,N.107)
Eiio?ieue oae aea ninoieo a ii?aaeaeaiee niioaaonoaey ae?oaeo o/aaiuo
aeaenoaee oneiaeyi e o?aaiaaieyi o/aaiie caaea/e. Eiio?ieue iicaieyao
o/aieeo, iaiyy iia?aoeeiiiue ninoaa aeaenoaee, auyaeyoue eo naycue n
oaie eee eiuie iniaaiiinoyie oneiaee ?aoaaiie caaea/e e iieo/aaiiai
?acoeueoaoa. Aeaaiaea?y yoiio eiio?ieue iaania/eaaao ioaeioth iieiioo
iia?aoeeiiiiai ninoaaa aeaenoaee e i?aaeeueiinoue eo auiieiaiey. Ii
i?aaeiieiaeaieth Ae.A.Yeueeiieia eiaiii aeaenoaea eiio?iey oa?aeoa?ecoao
anth o/aaioth aeayoaeueiinoue eae oi?aaeyaiue naiei ?aaaieii
i?iecaieueiue i?ioeann. “I?iecaieueiinoue o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe
ii?aaeaeyaony iaee/eai ia noieueei iaia?aiey ia/oi naeaeaoue e aeaeaieai
o/eoueny, neieueei (e aeaaiui ia?acii) eiio?ieai ca auiieiaieai
aeaenoaee a niioaaonoaee n ia?acoeii.” (24,N.165) Eiaiii iiyoiio
aeaenoaeth eiio?iey a i?ioeanna ?aoaiey o/aaiie caaea/e i?eaeaaony
iniaia cia/aiea.

E?iia aeaenoaey eiio?iey aieueooth ?ieue a onaiaiee ieaaeoeie
oeieueieeaie ciaiee ea?aao aeaenoaea ioeaiee. Iii iicaieyao ii?aaeaeeoue
onaiai eee ia onaiai (e a eaeie noaiaie) iauee niinia ?aoaiey aeaiiie
o/aaiie caaea/e, niioaaonoaoao eee iao (e a eaeie ia?a) ?acoeueoao
o/aaiuo aeaenoaee eo eiia/iie oeaee. Aianoa n oai ioeaiea ninoieo ia a
i?inoie eiinoaoaoeee yoeo iiiaioia, a a niaea?aeaoaeueiii ea/anoaaiiii
?anniio?aiee ?acoeueoaoa onaiaiey iauaai niiniaa aeaenoaey e
niioaaonoaothuaai aio iiiyoey a aai niiinoaaeaiee n oeaeueth. Aeaaiaea?y
aeaenoaeth ioeaiee ?aaaiie ii?aaeaeyao aeaenoaeoaeueii ee ei ?aoaia
o/aaiay caaea/a, aeaenoaeoaeueii ee ii iaeaaeae o?aaoaiui niiniaii
aeaenoaey ianoieueei, /oiau caoai eniieueciaaoue aai i?e ?aoaiee iiiaeo
/anoiuo i?aeoe/aneeo caaea/. Ii oai naiui ioeaiea noaiiaeony eeth/aaui
iiiaioii i?e ii?aaeaeaiee, ianeieueei ?aaeecoaiay oeieueieeii o/aaiay
aeayoaeueiinoue ieacaea aeeyiea ia iaai naiiai eae noauaeoa yoie
aeayoaeueiinoe. Iaeiaei i?e iai?aaeeueiie i?aaiecaoeee o/aaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe ioeaiea ia auiieiyao anao naieo ooieoeee.

Auiieiaiea aeaenoaee eiio?iey e ioeaiee i?aaeiieaaaao ia?auaiea
aieiaiey oeieueieea ia niaea?aeaiea nianoaaiiuo aeaenoaee, ia
?anniio?aiea eo iniia n oi/ee c?aiey niioaaonoaey o?aaoaiiio caaea/ae
?acoeueoaoo.

Iaeiaei oaeie no?oeoo?a o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe noaiiaeony eeoue ia
ii?aaeaeaiiii yoaia naiaai oi?ie?iaaiey. Iaaethaeaiey iieacuaatho, /oi a
naiii ia/aea naiaai oi?ie?iaaiey o/aaiay aeayoaeueiinoue oeieueieea
aeaeaea io yoie oi?iu. Eiiaaea a iae ynii auaeaeaia aeey ?aaaiea oieueei
ioeaiea, a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo i?aaenoaaeaii e aeaenoaea eiio?iey. Yoi
caaeneo io eiie?aoiiai niaea?aeaiey onaaeaaaiiai iaoa?eaea e
i?aaiecaoeee i?ioeanna iao/aiey.

Eoae, iu ?anniio?aee no?oeoo?o e niaea?aeaiea o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe. A
caeeth/aiee aeiaaaei, /oi ciaiey /aeiaaea iaoiaeyony a aaeeinoaa n aai
iuneeoaeueiuie aeaenoaeyie (aano?aae?iaaieai, iaiauaieai e
o.ae.).Iuoeaiea oeieueieeia oioy e eiaao iaeioi?ua iauea /a?ou, iaeiaei
ia oiaeaeanoaaiii iuoeaieth o/aiuo, aeayoaeae eneonnoaa, oai?aoeeia
ii?aee e i?aaa. Oeieueieee ia nicaeatho iiiyoee, ia?acia, oeaiiinoae e
ii?i iauanoaaiiie ii?aee, a i?enaaeaatho eo a i?ioeanna o/aaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe. Ii a i?ioeanna aa auiieiaiey oeieueieee inouanoaeytho
iuneeoaeueiua aeaenoaey, aaeaeaaoiua oai, iin?aaenoaii eioi?uo
enoi?e/anee au?aaaouaaeenue yoe i?iaeoeou aeooiaiie eoeueoo?u.

A naiae o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe oeieueieee aini?iecaiaeyo ?aaeueiue
i?ioeann nicaeaiey ethaeueie iiiyoee, ia?acia, oeaiiinoae e ii?i. Eae e
ae?oaea aeaeu aini?iecaiaeyuae aeayoaeueiinoe aeaoae, eo o/aaiay
aeayoaeueiinoue yaeyaony iaeiei ec iooae ?aaeecaoeee aaeeinoaa
enoi?e/aneiai e eiae/aneiai a ?acaeoee /aeiaa/aneie eoeueoo?u.

A i?ioeanna nenoaiaoe/aneiai auiieiaiey oeieueieeaie o/aaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe o ieo, ia?yaeo n onaiaieai oai?aoe/aneeo ciaiee,
?acaeaaaony oai?aoe/aneia niciaiea e iuoeaiea. A ieaaeoai oeieueiii
aic?anoa o/aaiay aeayoaeueiinoue yaeyaony aaaeouae e aeaaiie n?aaee
ae?oaeo aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe, auiieiyaiuo aeaoueie. A oiaea noaiiaeaiey
o ieaaeoeo oeieueieeia o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe o ieo oi?ie?oaony e
?acaeaaaony aaaeiia ineoieiae/aneia iiaiia?aciaaiea aeaiiiai aic?anoa-
iniiaa oai?aoe/aneiai niciaiey e iuoeaiey, e naycaiiua n ieie
ineoe/aneea niiniaiinoe (?aoeaenee, aiaeeca, ieaie?iaaiey).

INIAAIIINOE IAO*AIEss IAOAIAOEEA II NENOAIA Ae.A.YEUeEIIEIA-
A.A.AeAAUAeIAA.

Iuoeaiea oeieueieeia a i?ioeanna o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe eiaao ia/oi
iauaa n iuoeaieai o/aiuo, eceaaathueo ?acoeueoaou naieo enneaaeiaaiee
iin?aaenoaii niaea?aeaoaeueiuo aano?aeoiuo, iaiauaiiuo e oai?aoe/aneeo
iiiyoee, ooieoeeiie?othueo a i?ioeanna ainoiaeaeaiey io aano?aeoiiai e
eiie?aoiiio. A nayce n yoei o/aaiay aeayoaeueiinoue oeieueieeia a
?acaeaathuai aniaeoa no?ieony a niioaaonoaee ni niiniaaie eceiaeaiey
iao/iuo ciaiee ni niiniaaie ainoiaeaeaiey io aano?aeoiiai e eiie?aoiiio.

A.A. Aeaauaeia n/eoaao:” I?e ?ac?aaioea i?iaeaiu ?acaeaathuaai iao/aiey
iaiaoiaeeii iie?aoueny ia neaaeothuaa iieiaeaiea: iniiaie ?acaeaathuaai
iao/aiey neoaeeo aai niaea?aeaiea, io eioi?iai i?iecaiaeiu iaoiaeu
i?aaiecaoeee iao/aiey”.(8,N.145) Yoi iieiaeaiea oa?aeoa?ii oaeaea aeey
aicc?aiee E.N.Auaioneiai e Ae.A.Yeueeiieia. ?acaeaathuee oa?aeoa?
o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe, eae aaaeouae aeayoaeueiinoe a ieaaeoai oeieueiii
aic?anoa, naycai n oai, /oi aa niaea?aeaieai yaeythony oai?aoe/aneea
ciaiey.

I?e o?aaeeoeeiiiii iao/aiee aeaaiia aieiaiea iaaeaaiaa iai?aaeaii ia ia
i?ioeann o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe ?aaaiea, a ia aa ?acoeueoao. Iiyoiio
aeaaiui ?acoeueoaoii n/eoaeanue i?i/iinoue onaiaiey ii?aaeaeaiiie noiiu
ciaiee e oaeoia. I?e ?acaeaathuai iao/aiee noaaeony neaaeothuay caaea/a:
ia oieueei iaania/eoue onaiaiea ?aaaieii o?aaoaiuo iauanoaii iao/iuo
ciaiee, ii e aeiaeoueny, /oiau ia eaaeaeii o?iea o/aiee iaeaaeaaae, a
caoai n aic?anoathuae noaiaiueth naiinoiyoaeueiinoe eniieueciaae naie
niiniau aeiauaaiey ciaiee.

Ae?oaei i?eciaeii ?acaeaathuaai iao/aiey yaeyaony aai eioaineaiinoue.
I?e ethaii iao/aiee ?aaaiie ?acaeaaaony (aeaaea i?e coa?aaeea), ii i?e
?acaeaathuai iao/aiee naeaeae a ?acaeoee ee/iinoe aieaa cia/eoaeueiu.

Eoae, “?acaeaathuaa iao/aiea- yoi oaeia iao/aiea, i?e eioi?ii oi?iu,
iaoiaeu, i?eaiu, n?aaenoaa i?aiiaeaaaiey iai?aaeaiu ia oieueei ia
onaiaiea ciaiee, oiaiee, iaaueia, ii e ia eioaineaiia ananoi?iiiaa
?acaeoea ee/iinoe o/auaainy, iaeaaeaiea ei niiniaaie aeiauaaiey ciaiee,
?acaeoea aai oai?/aneie aeoeaiinoe”.(11,N.11)

No?aoaaey ?acaeaathuaai iao/aiey ninoieo a oii, /oi, o/eouaay
ii?aaeaeaiiua o?iaie nic?aaaiey ineoeee, iu ia aeieaeiu aeiaeeaeaoueny,
iiea ineoe/aneea ooieoeee iieiinoueth nic?atho, a niioaaonoaothueie
caaeaieyie ianeieueei oi?aaeaeaao eo e oai naiui onei?yao ea/anoaaiiue
nea/ie ia iiaue o?iaaiue ?acaeoey. Iai?eia?, ieaaeoei oeieueieeai
i?enoua a aieueoie noaiaie eiie?aoiinoue iuoeaiey, a iu
niioaaonoaothueie caaeaieyie ia ?acaeoea aano?aeoiiai iuoeaiey onei?ei
ianooieaiea noaaeee aano?aeoiuo iia?aoeee, ia aeiaeeaeaynue niiioaiiiai
eo oi?ie?iaaiey. Yoi a naith i/a?aaeue aoaeao niinianoaiaaoue iauaio
?acaeoeth ?aaaiea.

A iineaaeiaa a?aiy /anoi ianoaeaeaaony aii?in i iaaeinoaoeao
o?aaeeoeeiiiie i?ia?aiiu i?aiiaeaaaiey iaoaiaoeee a oeiea. Yoa i?ia?aiia
ii iiaieth iiiaeo iaaeaaiaia e ineoieiaia ia niaea?aeeo iniiaiuo
i?eioeeiia e iiiyoee nia?aiaiiie iaoaiaoe/aneie iaoee, ia iaania/eaaao
aeieaeiiai ?acaeoey iaoaiaoe/aneiai iuoeaiey o/aueony, ia iaeaaeaao
i?aainoaaiiinoueth e oeaeueiinoueth ii ioiioaieth e ia/aeueiie, aunoae e
n?aaeiae oeiea. I?e o?aaeeoeeiiiii iao/aiee ia ia?aue ieai aaoi?u
i?ia?aii i?aaeii/eoatho auaeaeaaoue ia oai?aoeei-iiciaaaoaeueiua e
eiaeei-ineoieiae/aneea iiiaiou, a nianoaaiii iaoaiaoe/aneoth noi?iio
aeaea- aii?inu nayce naiiai iaoaiaoe/aneiai iaoa?eaea.

Ai iiiaeo no?aiao e iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo i?aaiecaoeeyo aaaeaony ?aaioa ii
oniaa?oainoaiaaieth o/aaiuo i?ia?aii. Auaeaeaathony ?acee/iua
i?aaeeiaeaiey i iooyo ?aoeeiiaeueiiai eceiaeaiey nia?aiaiiuo
iaoaiaoe/aneeo iiiyoee a oeieueiuo eo?nao. Iaeioi?ua i?aaeeiaeaiey
i?aaenoaaeytho, ianiiiaiii, aieueoie oai?aoe/aneee e i?aeoe/aneee
eioa?an. N?aaee ieo i?ia?aiia iao/aiey iaoaiaoeea i?aaeeiaeaiiay
Ae.A.Yeueeiieiui e A.A.Aeaauaeiaui. ?anniio?ei yoo nenoaio iiae?iaiaa.

Iniiaiay caaea/a eco/aiey iaoaiaoeee a oeiea ninoieo a oii, /oiau
i?eaanoe o/aueony “e aiciiaeii aieaa yniiio iiieiaieth eiioeaioeee
aeaenoaeoaeueiiai /enea”. (8,N.179) Iniiau yoie eiioeaioeee aeieaeiu
onaaeaaoueny aeaoueie oaea a ia/aeueiie oeiea. Yoi icia/aao, /oi aeaoyi
n naiiai ia/aea aeieaeii auoue ?ane?uoi iauaa iniiaaiea anao aeaeia
aeaenoaeoaeueiiai /enea. Oaeei iniiaaieai yaeyaony onaiaiea aeaoueie
iaoaiaoe/aneiai iiiyoey aaee/eiu. Ciaeiinoai aeaoae n iiiaiia?aceai
/enae, ?anniao?eaaaiuo a eiioeaioeee aeaenoaeoaeueiiai /enea, yaeyaony
aaaeiui iooai eiie?aoecaoeee iiiyoey aaee/eiu.

“Onaiaiea aeaoueie iniiaiie eaeae eiioeaioeee aeaenoaeoaeueiiai /enea
aeieaeii ia/eiaoueny n iaeaaeaiey eie iiiyoeai aaee/eiu e n eco/aiey aa
iaueo naienoa.”(8,N.179) Oae n/eoatho ninoaaeoaee yoie i?ia?aiiu.

A iniiaa yenia?eiaioaeueiiai eo?na iao/aiey iaoaiaoeea (oae aea eae e a
iniiaa i?eiyoiai eo?na) iieiaeaia eiioeaioeey aeaenoaeoaeueiiai /enea.
Iaeiaei a ioee/ea io iau/iie i?ia?aiiu a yenia?eiaioaeueiii iao/aiee
i?aaeoniio?ai oaeie aaiaeiue ?acaeae, i?e onaiaiee eioi?iai aeaoe
niaoeeaeueii eco/atho aaiaoe/anee enoiaeiia iniiaaiea
iineaaeiaaoaeueiiai auaaaeaiey anao aeaeia aeaenoaeoaeueiiai /enea, a
eiaiii eco/atho iiiyoea aaee/eiu.

Yoio iiaeoiae e i?iaeaia iino?iaiey yenia?eiaioaeueiiai o/aaiiai
i?aaeiaoa ii iaoaiaoeea ii?aaeaeee neaaeothuoth nenoaio aai iniiaiuo
o/aaiuo caaeaiee, ninoaaeaiiuo i?eiaieoaeueii e ieaaeoei eeannai:

aaaaeaiea aeaoae a noa?o ioiioaiee aaee/ei- oi?ie?iaaiea o ieo
aano?aeoiiai iiiyoey iaoaiaoe/aneie aaee/eiu;

?ane?uoea aeaoyi e?aoiiai ioiioaiey aaee/ei eae iauae oi?iu /enea-
oi?ie?iaaiea o ieo aano?aeoiiai iiiyoey /enea e iiiyoey iniiaaiey
acaeiinayce iaaeaeo aai eiiiiiaioaie (/enei i?iecaiaeii io e?aoiiai
ioiioaiey aaee/ei);

iineaaeiaaoaeueiia aaaaeaiea aeaoae a iaeanoue ?acee/iuo /anoiuo aeaeia
/enae (a iaeanoue iaoo?aeueiuo, ae?iaiuo, io?eoeaoaeueiuo /enae)-
oi?ie?iaaiea o ieo iiiyoee ia yoeo /eneao eae iaeiii ec i?iyaeaiee
iauaai e?aoiiai ioiioaiey aaee/ei i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo eiie?aoiuo oneiaeyo;

?ane?uoea aeaoyi iaeiicia/iinoe no?oeoo?u iaoaiaoe/aneeo iia?aoeee
(anee ecaanoiu cia/aiey aeaoo yeaiaioia iia?aoeee, oi ii iei iiaeii
iaeiicia/ii ii?aaeaeeoue cia/aiea o?aoueaai yeaiaioa)- oi?ie?iaaiea o
ieo iiieiaiey acaeiinayce yeaiaioia iniiaiuo a?eoiaoe/aneeo aeaenoaee.

Aeaaeei e?aoeoth oa?aeoa?enoeeo niaea?aeaiey ia?a/eneaiiuo o/aaiuo
caaea/.

Oae, ia?aay caaea/a o?aaoao io aeaoae auaeaeaiey iin?aaenoaii
ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?aaeiaoiuo aeaenoaee o?ao ioiioaiee iauaeoia (“?aaii”,
“aieueoa”, “iaiueoa”). Caoai yoe ioiioaiey aeaoe oeene?otho n iiiiuueth
aoeaaiiuo oi?ioe, /oi iicaieyao i?enooieoue e eco/aieth naienoa
ioiioaiee ?aaainoaa e ia?aaainoaa a eo “/enoii aeaea”. Eco/ay oneiaey
ia?aoiaea io ia?aaainoaa e ?aaainoao e eo naienoaa (iai?eia?,
o?aiceoeaiinoue), aeaoe a aeaeueiaeoai, oaea iinea iciaeiieaiey n iauae
oi?iie /enea, auaiaeyo naienoaa /eneiaiai ?yaea.

Niaea?aeaieai aoi?ie o/aaiie caaea/e yaeyaony iaeaaeaiea aeaoueie iauae
oi?iie /enea iin?aaenoaii ii?aaeaeaiey e?aoiiai ioiioaiey aaee/ei, iaeia
ec eioi?uo aunooiaao a ea/anoaa enoiaeiie aaee/eiu, a ae?oaay- a
ea/anoaa aa ia?u.

I?e iinoaiiaea iineaaeothueo o/aaiuo caaea/ o/eoaeue nicaeaao oaeea
neooaoeee, eioi?ua o?aaotho io aeaoae eniieueciaaiey ia iaeiie, a
oeaeiai ?yaea iineaaeiaaoaeueii oaaee/eaathueony ia?, iineieueeo
?acee/ea iaaeaeo ia?ie e ecia?yaiui iauaeoii noaiiaeony cia/eoaeueiui.
I?e eniieueciaaiee aeaoueie yoiai ?yaea ia? aicieeaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue
onoaiiaeoue iinoiyiiia ioiioaiea ?acia?a iineaaeothuae ia?u e
i?aaeuaeouae. Caienue ?acoeueoaoia ecia?aiey iieo/aao oi?io
iiceoeeiiiiai /enea, eioi?ay a caaeneiinoe io cia/aiey iinoiyiiiai
ioiioaiey ia? iiaeao auoue ioianaii e ethaie nenoaia n/eneaiey, a oii
/enea e e aeanyoe/iie, anee yoi ioiioaiea aoaeao aeanyoee?aoiui. Oae a
ia?aii eeanna aaiaeeony iiiyoea iiiaicia/iiai /enea.

Iaeiaei a iaeioi?uo neooaoeeyo ia?a iiaeao ia oianoeoueny a iauaeoa
oeaeia /enei ?ac. Oiaaea i?eoiaeeony i?eaaaaoue ia e oe?oiiaieth aa, a e
oiaiueoaieth. ?acoeueoao aeaenoaee ecia?aiey, niioaaonoaothuee oaeei
neooaoeeyi, iienuaaaony ae?iaiui /eneii.

Aeaeueiaeoaa eciaiaiea e iaiaauaiea i?aaeiaoiie iaeanoe, a eioi?ie
aeaenoaotho o/aueany (iai?eia?, iciaeiieaiea eo n iai?aaeaiiuie
aaee/eiaie), iicaieytho ei i?e auiieiaiee aeaenoaee ecia?aiey
iaicia/eoue aai ?acoeueoaou n iiiiuueth iieiaeeoaeueiiai e
io?eoeaoaeueiiai /enea (niioaaonoaothuay ?aaioa i?iaiaeeony oaea a
o?aoueai eeanna).

Ia?aoiae aeaoae io eco/aiey iaueo naienoa aaee/eiu e auaeaeaieth aa
/anoiuo aeaeia, eiathueo oi?io /enea- yoi aeaaiay eeiey iino?iaiey anaai
yenia?eiaioaeueiiai iao/aiey iaoaiaoeea. Aianoa n oai io yoi eeiee
inouanoaeythony iiiaiia?aciua ioaaoaeaiey, naycaiiua n oai, /oi
ii?aaeaeaiiua naienoaa auaeaeyaiuo ioiioaiee iiaoo neoaeeoue iniiaaieai
aeey iino?iaiey iiauo iiiyoee.

I?e ?aoaiee ia?aieeannieeaie o/aaiie caaea/e, i?eaiaeyuae eo e
iiieiaieth acaeiinaycaiiuo yeaiaioia a?eoiaoe/aneeo aeaenoaee neiaeaiey
e au/eoaiey, aeaoe nia/aea ciaeiiyony n niioaaonoaothueie iia?aoeeyie
iaae ieie, oeene?oy eo i?ino?ainoaaiii-a?aoe/aneeie noaiaie e aoeaaiiuie
oi?ioeaie. Caoai i?e iino?iaiee io?aceia, aeaoe auyniytho oaeia naienoai
iia?aoeee eae iaeiicia/iinoue aa no?oeoo?u. Yoi iicaieyao iino?ieoue ia
iniiaa caaeaiiiai ?aaainoaa ianeieueei aeaeia o?aaiaiee (aeaoe
onoaiaaeeaatho, /oi eiee/anoai oaeeo o?aaiaiee ?aaii eiee/anoao
yeaiaioia, aeeth/aiiuo a ?aaainoai- o + a = n; n – o = a; n – a = o ).

Ii yoei o?aaiaieyi eaeoth-eeai enoiaeioth oaenoiaoth nthaeaoioth
neooaoeeth aeaoe i?aia?acotho a niioaaonoaothuaa eiee/anoai oae
iacuaaaiuo oaenoiauo caaea/.

Oaenoiaua caaea/e no?iyony aeaoueie eae /anoiua neo/ae au?aaeaiey
iaeioi?uo iaueo caeiiiia?iinoae. Eiaiii oaeei ia?acii a ia?aii eeanna
iiyaeythony i?inoua caaea/e ia neiaeaiea- au/eoaiea, a ai aoi?ii- ia
oiiiaeaiea- aeaeaiea. Ninoaaiua caaea/e no?iyony aeaoueie ai aoi?ii
eeanna ec i?inouo caaea/ i?e caiaia aoeau, iaicia/athuae ecaanoiia
aeaiiia, aoeaaiiui au?aaeaieai, iienuaathuei iia?aoeeth
aeiiieieoaeueiiai iienea cia/aiey yoiai aeaiiiai.

Oi?ie?iaaieth o o/aueony oiaiey aiaeece?iaaoue ninoaaiua oaenoiaua
caaea/e iniiaiia aieiaiea oaeaeyaony a o?aoueai eeanna. Aaaaeaiea a
o?aoueai eeanna io?eoeaoaeueiuo /enae iicaieyao o/aueiny i?eiaiyoue
aeaaa?ae/aneea niiniau ?aoaiey caaea/.

Oi?ie?iaaiea oiaiee e iaaueia ?acee/iuo au/eneaiee i?ienoiaeeo ia
iniiaa i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai onaiaiey aeaoueie iaueo caeiiiia?iinoae e
naienoa oao eee eiuo a?eoiaoe/aneeo aeaenoaee. A iauai aeaea aeaoe
i?aaeaa?eoaeueii ?anniao?eaatho aiciiaeiinoe eo eniieueciaaiey i?e
au/eneaieyo ?aciiai ?iaea e eeoue caoai i?enooiatho e auiieiaieth
eiie?aoiuo caaea/ ia au/eneaiey.

Yenia?eiaioaeueiay i?ia?aiia Ae.A.Yeueeiieia e A.A.Aeaauaeiaa ii
iaoaiaoeea aeeth/aao eco/aiea yeaiaioia aaiiao?ee. Eiaaea yoi aiciiaeii,
aaiiao?e/aneee iaoa?eae naycuaaaony n eco/aieai /enae e a?eoiaoe/aneeo
aeaenoaee. Ia o?ieao i?iaiaeyony e , nianoaaiii, aaiiao?e/aneea
oi?aaeiaiey. Ia iniiaa au/a?/eaaiey, au?acaiey, iiaeaee?iaaiey aeaoe
o/aony ?aniiciaaaoue aaiiao?e/aneea oeao?u, ciaeiiyony n eo naienoaaie.
?aoaiea aaiiao?e/aneeo caaea/, naycaiiuo n aiaeecii iieiaeaiey e oi?iu
oeao?, niinianoaoao ?acaeoeth o aeaoae yeaiaioa?iuo i?ino?ainoaaiiuo
i?aaenoaaeaiee e oiaiey ?annoaeaeaoue.

Aieueoia cia/aiea ea?atho aoeaaiiua iiaeaee. Iaeiei ec o/aaiuo
aeaenoaee yaeyaony i?aia?aciaaiea yoeo iiaeaeae. Inaiaiea ?aaaieii
i?aia?aciaaiey iiaeaeae inouanoaeyaony a aeaoo iai?aaeaieyo. Nia/aea
iiaeaeue no?ieony ei iinea eee a i?ioeanna iaieioeyoeee n i?aaeiaoiui
iaoa?eaeii. Caoai iaiai?io, ii caaeaiiie iiaeaee ?aaaieo ioaeii
auiieieoue niioaaonoaothuea iaieioeyoeee.

E?iia aoeaaiiuo iiaeaeae, aaaeioth ?ieue i?e oi?ie?iaaiee
iaoaiaoe/aneeo iiiyoee ea?atho i?ino?ainoaaiii- a?aoe/aneea iiaeaee.
Nouanoaaiiie eo iniaaiiinoueth yaeyaony iauaaeeiaiea a ieo aano?aeoiiai
niunea n i?aaeiaoiie iaaeyaeiinoueth.

Eae iiaeii aeaeaoue, iiaeaee?iaaiea naycaii n iaaeyaeiinoueth, eioi?ay
oe?iei eniieuecoaony o?aaeeoeeiiiie aeeaeaeoeeie. Iaeiaei a ?aieao
yenia?eiaioaeueiiai iao/aiey iaaeyaeiinoue eiaao niaoeeoe/aneia
niaea?aeaiea. A iaaeyaeiii iiaeaee?iaaiee iaoiaeyo io?aaeaiea
nouanoaaiiua eee aioo?aiiea ioiioaiey e nayce iauaeoa, auaeaeaiiua
(aano?aae?iaaiiua) iin?aaenoaii niioaaonoaothueo i?aia?aciaaiee (iau/ii
iaaeyaeiinoue oeene?oao eeoue aiaoia iaaethaeaaiua naienoaa aauae).

Oa?aeoa?ii, /oi a i?eiyoii ia/aeueiii iao/aiee iiyaeyaony
aano?aae?iaaiea iaoa?eaea (a /anoiinoe, aoeaaiiuie neiaieaie) a nayce n
ieii/aieai o/aaiie ?aaiou ii eaeiio- eeai ?acaeaeo. A yenia?eiaioaeueiii
aea iao/aiee oaeie iaoa?eae aaiaeeony a naiii ia/aea o/aaiie ?aaiou.

Ia?aoiae io iauaai e /anoiiio inouanoaeyaony ia oieueei a oi?ia
eiie?aoecaoeee niaea?aeaiey enoiaeiuo aano?aeoeee, ii e iooai niaiu aoea
neiaieeee eiie?aoii /eneiaie. Aaaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi oaeie ia?aoiae
inouanoaeyaony eae iiaeeeiiia iino?iaiea eiie?aoiiai ec aano?aeoiiai ia
iniiaaiee auaeaeaiiuo caeiiiia?iinoae. I?e yoii aeaoe aeieaeiu
ia?aiia/aeueii auiieiyoue ?acaa?iooua oi?iu oeenaoeee yoiai ia?aoiaea, a
caoai o/eoueny eo naa?ouaaoue.

Eiaaea ?aaaiie oaea iaeaaeae i?eioeeieaeueiie noaiie iauaai niiniaa
i?aaeiaoiuo aeaenoaee, iaiaoiaeeiiai aeey ?aoaiey o/aaiie caaea/e, ia
ia?aue ieai aunooiaao o/aaiia aeaenoaea eiio?iey, iniiaiay ooieoeey
eioi?iai ninoieo a iaania/aiee yoiai niiniaa anaie iia?aoeeyie,
iaiaoiaeeiuie aeey oniaoiiai ?aoaiey ?aaaieii anaai iiiaiia?acey
eiie?aoii- /anoiuo caaea/.

OA?AEOA?ENOEEA NAIIEIIO?IEss EAE EIIIIIAIOA O*AAIIE AeAssOAEUeIINOE.

A iineaaeiea aiaeu i?iaeaia naiieiio?iey ana aieueoa noaiiaeony
i?aaeiaoii ineoieiae/aneeo e iaaeaaiae/aneeo enneaaeiaaiee. Ii iaoaio
iiaieth yoi iaoneiaeaii oai, /oi naiieiio?ieue- iaeei ec aaaeiaeoeo
oaeoi?ia, iaania/eaathueo naiinoiyoaeueioth aeayoaeueiinoue o/aueony.
Aai iacia/aiea caeeth/aaony a naiaa?aiaiiii i?aaeioa?auaiee eee
iaia?oaeaiee oaea niaa?oaiiuo ioeaie. Oi?ie?iaaiea o/aaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe ?aoeeiiaeueiaa anaai ia/eiaoue n oi?ie?iaaiey
naiinoiyoaeueiiai eiio?iey. Iaaeaeo oai i?iaa?ea iieacuaaao, /oi eiaiii
iaaue naiieiio?iey iau/ii ieacuaaaony iaeaieaa neaai noi?ie?iaaiiui o
o/aueony.

Aaoi?u, iieuecothueany iiiyoeai naiieiio?iey, iiieiatho aai aeaeaei ia
anaaaea iaeeiaeiai. Ii i?e anai ?aciiia?acee ii?aaeaeaiee a yoi iiiyoea
iaycaoaeueii aoiaeeo oaeie i?eciae, eae niiinoaaeaiea naiaai aeaenoaey-
aai oiaea, eee aai ?acoeueoaoa, eee oiai e ae?oaiai aianoa- n yoaeiiii,
ia?acoeii. A iaeieo neo/ayo iiae ia?acoeii iiieiatho caaeaiiue
?acoeueoao aeaenoaey, a ae?oaeo- ia?acoeii yaeyaony nai ii?yaeie
auiieiaiey iniiaiiai aeaenoaey, niaea?aeaiey e iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue aai
iia?aoeee. Iaiaoiaeeiinoue oi?ie?iaaiey naiieiio?iey aeey oniaoiiai
auiieiaiey aeayoaeueiinoe i?eciaaony anaie enneaaeiaaoaeyie. Ai anao
?aaioao oaeaea ooaa?aeaeaaony, /oi naiieiio?ieth neaaeoao iao/aoue
niaoeeaeueii.

Ia?aoeiny e oiio, eae ii?aaeaeytho naiieiio?ieue iaeioi?ua
enneaaeiaaoaee.

“Naiieiio?ieue- yoi oiaiea o/aieea ioeaieaaoue naith ?aaioo n aeaoo
oi/ae c?aiey: aa?ii ee y ioaaoee? Ana ee y ioaaoee?” (16,N.18) I/aiue
aeecei e yoiio ii?aaeaeaieth naiieiio?ieth ii?aaeaeaiea A.E.No?aoiaa,
eioi?ue n/eoaao, /oi “naiieiio?ieue anoue oi?ia aeayoaeueiinoe,
i?iyaeythuayny a i?iaa?ea iinoaaeaiiie caaea/e, a e?eoe/aneie ioeaiea
i?ioeanna ?aaiou, a eni?aaeaiee aa iaaei/aoia”.( 7,N.27)

Ae.A. Yeueeiiei iaiiiai eia/a oi?ioee?oao iiiyoea naiieiio?iey, ii niune
aai inoaaony oai aea : “Aeaenoaea eiio?iey ninoieo a niiinoaaeaiee
aini?iecaiaeeiiai ?aaaieii aeaenoaey e aai ?acoeueoaoa n ia?acoeii /a?ac
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiue ia?ac”.(25,N.218) Ia?acaoe niiniaa aeaenoaey aeieaeai
niaea?aeaoue a naaa iii?iua oi/ee, ia iniiaaiee niiinoaaeaiey n eioi?uie
iiaeao auoue i?iecaaaeaii aeaenoaea eiio?iey aei oiai, eae inouanoaeony
oi eneiiia aeaenoaea, ?aaee eioi?iai i?eiaiyaony aeaiiue niinia. A oaeeo
neo/ayo i?yiia iaeiaeaiea ia ia?acaoe iaaiciiaeii, iioiio /oi ia?acaoe,
aeaiiue o/eoaeai (aeaaea anee ii iaoiaeeony ia?aae aeacaie ?aaaiea),
-anaaaea eeoue aaeeie/iue neo/ae onaaeaaaiiai niiniaa aeaenoaey, e eae
oaeiaie ii ieeiaaea ia iiaeao niaiaaeaoue ni noieue aea aaeeie/iui
neo/aai i?iecaaaeaiiiai ?aaaieii aeaenoaey. Ae.A.Yeueeiiei aeaao aua
iaeii ii?aaeaeaiea naiieiio?ieth: “Eiio?ieue anoue a eiia/iii eoiaa
aeaenoaea ii niiinoaaeaieth i?aaenoaaeaiey i i?aaenoiyuai aeaenoaee n
iaiin?aaenoaaiii aeaiiui aai ia?acoeii.”(25,N.218) Ia iao acaeyae iaa
yoe ii?aaeaeaiey oianoiu, ii iie niioaaonoaotho ?aciui aeaeai
naiieiio?iey.

A aeaoo neaaeothueo ii?aaeaeaieyo naiieiio?ieue ?anniao?eaaaony aieaa
oe?iei. Oae, a ii?aaeaeaiee, aeaiiii E.E.Eoaoeiiaui naiieiio?ieue
ioiaeaeanoaeyaony n niciaoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoueth aiiaua:
“Naiieiio?ieue- yoi niciaoaeueiia ?aaoee?iaaiea e ieaie?iaaiea
aeayoaeueiinoe ia iniiaa aiaeeca i?ienoiaeyueo a i?aaeiaoa o?oaea
eciaiaiee, iicaieythuaa aeinoe/ue iinoaaeaiiie oeaee”.( 7,N.27)
A.A.Niaieaaa n/eoaao, /oi “naiieiio?ieue- yoi oiaiea e?eoe/anee
ioianoenue e naiei iinooieai, aeaenoaeyi, /oanoaai e iuneyi,
?aaoee?iaaoue naia iiaaaeaiea e oi?aaeyoue ei. Naiieiio?ieue naycai n
ee/iinoueth a oeaeii.”(7,N.30)

I.ss.Aaeueia?ei naeaeae iiiuoeo aeaoue ineoieiae/aneoth oa?aeoa?enoeeo
naiieiio?iey a nayce n i?iaeaiie aieiaiey. Aaoi? ieoao:”…eiio?ieue
ninoaaeyao iaiouaieaiue yeaiaio ineoeee eae i?eaioe?iai/iie
aeayoaeueiinoe.” Ii ia eiaao naiaai i?iaeoeoa, ioaeaeueiiai io oie
aeayoaeueiinoe, aioo?e eioi?ie inouanoaeyaony. Inouanoaeyaony aea ii “n
iiiiuueth e?eoa?ey, ia?ee, ia?acoea”. Anee eiio?ieue aunooiaao eae
aiaoiyy i?aaeiaoiay iaoa?eaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue, ii ia yaeyaony
aieiaieai. “Iaiai?io, ii nai o?aaoao aeoia aieiaiey, neiaeeaoeony e
yoiio a?aiaie.” Iinoaiaiii oi?ie?oynue, aeaenoaea eiio?iey noaiiaeony
nie?auaiiui oinoaaiiui aeaenoaeai. A yoii neo/aa I.ss.Aaeueia?ei aiai?eo
i aieiaiee:” Eiaaea iiaia aeaenoaea eiio?iey i?aa?auaaony a oinoaaiiia e
nie?auaiiia, oiaaea – e oieueei oiaaea- iii noaiiaeony aieiaieai… Ia
anyeee eiio?ieue anoue aieiaiea, ii anyeia aieiaiea icia/aao
eiio?ieue”.(5,N.186)

Eoae, a ineoieiai- iaaeaaiae/aneie eeoa?aoo?a io?aaeaiu ?aciiia?aciua
iiaeoiaeu e ii?aaeaeaieth nouiinoe naiieiio?iey. Aaoi?u iaeieo ?aaio
?anniao?eaatho naiieiio?ieue eae naienoai ee/iinoe a oe?ieii niunea
yoiai neiaa. Ae?oaea aaoi?u n/eoatho naiieiio?ieue aeoii oinoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea (oi?iie i?iyaeaiey e ?acaeoey naiiniciaiey,
iuoeaiey, ea/anoaii oia, i?eciaeii aai e?eoe/iinoe, aeenoeeieeiu). Ai
iiiaeo ?aaioao naiieiio?ieue ii?aaeaeyaony eae eiiiiiaio o/aaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe o/aueony, caeeth/athueeny a aiaeeca e ?aaoee?iaaiee aa
oiaea e ?acoeueoaoia, eee eae oiaiea (iaaue, i?eau/ea) eiio?iee?iaaoue
naith aeayoaeueiinoue e eni?aaeyoue caia/aiiua ioeaee. Iaeiiaoe, anoue
aaoi?u, eioi?ua n/eoatho naiieiio?ieue iaoiaeii (n?aaenoaii, oneiaeai)
naii?aaoeyoeee iiaaaeaiey, aeayoaeueiinoe e aeoeaecaoeee iao/aiey. A
iaeioi?uo ?aaioao naiieiio?ieue ii?aaeaeyaony ia ii iaeiiio, a ii aeaoi-
o?ai i?eciaeai. Ana yoe ii?aaeaeaiey ia yaeythony ioeai/iuie.
Naiieiio?ieue- yaeaiea neiaeiia e iiiaia?aiiia. Eaaeaeia ec i?eaaaeaiiuo
ii?aaeaeaiee io?aaeaao ioaeaeueiua aai noi?iiu. Anee niiinoaaeoue ana
ii?aaeaeaiey naiieiio?iey, oi iiaeii caiaoeoue, /oi, ianiio?y ia
iaeioi?ua ?acee/ey a oi?ioee?iaeao aeaiiiai iiiyoey, o anao iacaaiiuo
aaoi?ia iaeeiaeiai au?aaeaia aai ineoieiae/aneay nouiinoue. Caeeth/aaony
iia a “niiinoaaeaiee”, “niioianaiee” auiieiyaiuo aeaenoaee n
“ia?acoeii”, n “iinoaaeaiiie oeaeueth”, “n i?aaeuyaeyaiuie
o?aaiaaieyie”. O.a. iiaeii neacaoue, /oi aeaenoaea eiio?iey ninoieo a
niiinoaaeaiee aini?iecaiaeeiiai ?aaaieii aeaenoaey e aai ?acoeueoaoa n
ia?acoeii /a?ac i?aaeaa?eoaeueiue ia?ac.

A oiaea naiieiio?iey /aeiaae niaa?oaao oinoaaiiua e i?aeoe/aneea
aeaenoaey ii naiiioeaiea, ei??aeoe?iaaieth e niaa?oainoaiaaieth
auiieiyaiie eie ?aaiou, iaeaaeaaaao niioaaonoaothueie oiaieyie e
iaaueaie. E?iia oiai, naiieiio?ieue niinianoaoao ?acaeoeth iuoeaiey.

A naith i/a?aaeue naiieiio?ieue iie?aaony ia iuoeaiea e ae?oaea
ineoe/aneea i?ioeannu. Aieueoia cia/aiea aeey iiaaaeaiey /aeiaaea, aai
naiiioeaiee e naii?aaoeyoeee eiaao ?a/ue. Iniaaiii aaeeea ?ieue
aioo?aiiae ?a/e, yaeythuaeny iaoaieciii naiiniciaiey. Naiieiio?ieue
oaeaea oanii naycai n iaiyoueth e aieiaieai. Oae, iaiyoue iaania/eaaao
cae?aieaiea ia?acoea, /oiau iiaeii auei n?aaieaaoue n iei oiae e
?acoeueoaou auiieiyaiie ?aaiou. Aieueooth ?ieue a ?aaeecaoeee
naiieiio?iey ea?atho iuouaiey e aini?eyoea.

Aoaeo/e ea/anoaii ee/iinoe e oneiaeai i?iyaeaiey aa naiinoiyoaeueiinoe
e aeoeaiinoe, naiieiio?ieue a oi aea a?aiy yaeyaony ninoaaiie /anoueth,
iaiaoiaeeiui eiiiiiaioii anao aeaeia o/aaiie e o?oaeiaie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Ii iaiaoiaeei ia oieueei i?e auiieiaiee naiinoiyoaeueiie ?aaiou, ii e
i?e auiieiaiee caaeaiee ia anao i?aaeoanoaothueo noaaeeyo, ia/eiay n
i?iaiuo aeaenoaee, niaa?oaaiuo iiae aiaoiei oi?aaeaieai. Aeaaiaea?y
naiieiio?ieth ?aaaiie ieii/aoaeueii iaeaaeaaaao ii?aaeaeaiiui niiniaii
aeaenoaey. E?iia oiai, aaoi?u oeacuaatho ia oi, /oi aac niaoeeaeueiiai
oi?ie?iaaiey i?eaiia e iaaueia naiieiio?iey ea/anoai aeayoaeueiinoe
inoaaony i/aiue ieceei. Eeoue ia iniiaa naiieiio?iey aiciiaeii
?aaoee?iaaiea aeayoaeueiinoe i?e auiieiaiee ii?aaeaeaiiuo iia?aoeee.

Aieueoia cia/aiea eiaao naiieiio?ieue i?e auiieiaiee naiinoiyoaeueiie
?aaiou ia o?iea, o.e. yoaiu aa i?iaaaeaiey iiaoo eiio?iee?iaaoueny
oieueei naiei eniieieoaeai. Ethaay naiinoiyoaeueiay ?aaioa ia iiaeao
auoue auiieiaia aac naiieiio?iey. O/aueany aeieaeiu i?iaiaeeoue
naiieiio?ieue ia ?aciuo yoaiao auiieiaiey naiinoiyoaeueiie ?aaiou ia
o?ieao e aeiia.

Eae e iiiyoea naiieiio?iey, aai ooieoeee a ineoieiai- iaaeaaiae/aneie
eeoa?aoo?a o?aeoothony ii ?aciiio. A ?yaea ?aaio naiieiio?ieue
?anniao?eaaaony a oceii ieaia, eae niinia oeenaoeee ninoiyiey
auiieiyaiie ?aaiou e onoaiiaeaiey aa ea/anoaa, eae naiiioeaiea
aeayoaeueiinoe, iiaaaeaiey. ?aaoee?iaaiea e oniaa?oainoaiaaiea naieo
aeaenoaee e eo ?acoeueoaoia a i?ioeann naiieiio?iey ia aeeth/aaony. Iiae
naiieiio?ieai iiieiaaony e?eoe/aneia ioiioaiea o/aueony e naiaio
iiaaaeaieth, naiei aeaenoaeyi e aeaenoaeyi oiaa?euae.

Ioianaiea e naiieiio?ieth oieueei ooieoeee ?aaeno?aoeee ninoiyiey
auiieiaiiie ?aaiou e ioeaiee naiae aeayoaeueiinoe, iiaaaeaiey (ia iniiaa
?aiaa onaiaiiiai ia?acoea), aac aeoeaiiai o/anoey ee/iinoe a eo
?aaoee?iaaiee e eni?aaeaiee. Iaeuecy i?eciaoue i?aaeeueiui. Ionoonoaea
ei??aeoeee iaecaaaeii i?eaiaeeo e iacaaa?oaiiinoe naiieiio?iey,
nieaeaieth aai yooaeoeaiinoe e ino?iou naiiioeaiee. Iiyoiio a
naiieiio?ieue neaaeoao aeeth/aoue ia oieueei ioeaii/ioth ooieoeeth, ii e
?aaoee?iaaiea o/aueieny naiae aeayoaeueiinoe e iiaaaeaiey, eni?aaeaiea e
iaia?oaeaiea ioeaie e aianaiea ei??aeoea, ?aoeeiiaeecaoeeth e
oniaa?oainoaiaaiea auiieiyaiie ?aaiou.

Aeeth/aiiua a niaea?aeaiea naiieiio?iey eiio?ieueii- ioeaii/iay e
?aaoee?iai/iay ooieoeee ioiinyony ia oieueei e i?ioeanno e ?acoeueoaoo
auiieiyaiie ?aaiou, ii e e aa ieaie?iaaieth.

E no?oeoo?iui yeaiaioai naiieiio?iey I.Ae. Eaaeoia ioiineo:

aieiaiea e ?acoeueoaoai naiae ?aaiou, aa oneiaeyi, i?eaiai;

iaaethaeaiea ca oiaeii ?aaiou ii aa iieacaoaeyi: nei?inoe, oi/iinoe
i?eiaiyaiuo i?eaiia e o.ae;

iuneeoaeueiua iia?aoeee: i?aaeaea anaai aiaeec ?acoeueoaoia
iaaethaeaiey, onoaiiaeaiea i?e/eiiie caaeneiinoe eiathueony iaaeinoaoeia
io aiaoieo oneiaee e io naiiai /aeiaaea;

oi/iay e naiaa?aiaiiay ?aaeoeey ia iiaeia/aiiua iaaeinoaoee a ?aaioa,
au?aaeathuayny a eo eni?aaeaiee;

Oaeei ia?acii, iaeiei ec yeaiaioia naiieiio?iey yaeyaony
oniaa?oainoaiaaiea eniieieoaeai naiae aeayoaeueiinoe, o/anoea aai a
?aoaiee oai?/aneeo caaeaiee.

Naiieiio?ieue yaeyaony ninoaaiie /anoueth anao aeaeia o/aaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe e inouanoaeyaony ia anao yoaiao aa auiieiaiey. Ii
aueeth/aao a naay /oanoaaiiua, oinoaaiiua e aeaeaaoaeueiua eiiiiiaiou
aeayoaeueiinoe, iicaieythuea o/auaiony ia iniiaa iinoaaeaiiie oeaee,
iaia/aiiiai ieaia e onaiaiiiai ia?acoea neaaeeoue ca naieie aeaenoaeyie,
?acoeueoaoaie yoeo aeaenoaee e niciaoaeueii ?aaoee?iaaoue eo. I?e yoii a
oiaea naiieiio?iey ioeaieaaaony oeaeaniia?aciinoue e yooaeoeaiinoue
naiiai i?ioeanna auiieiaiey ?aaiou, iaia/aiiiai ieaia e oaea
inouanoaeaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey.

Iauay yaiethoeey naiieiio?iey i?aaenoaaeyaony a oaeii aeaea:
ia?aiia/aeueii aeaoe iiaoo eiio?iee?iaaoue naay eeoue ii aioiaui
ia?acoeai, i?aaeuyaeaiiui o/eoaeai. Eiio?ieue iai?aaeai ia iniiaiia
aeaenoaea eae ia naie iauaeo, anoanoaaiii, oieueei neaaeoao ca iei.
Naiii?iaa?ea ia iniiaa eiathueony ciaiee noaiiaeony aeinooiiie aeaoyi
iicaea, eiaaea iaeaieeaaaony ii?aaeaeaiiue oiiae oi?ioi cae?aieaiiuo
i?eaiia e iia?aoeee. Eiio?ieue ia/eiaao ana aieueoa niaiaaeaoue n
iniiaiui aeaenoaeai e, iaeiiaoe, aeaaea iia?aaeaoue aai. N eiia/iiai
?acoeueoaoa aeaenoaey naiieiio?ieue iinoaiaiii ?ani?ino?aiyaony ia ana
aieaa ?aiiea oacu aeayoaeueiinoe, i?e yoii ii “aacaea niaiaaeaao n iae
ii iniiaiiio niaea?aeaieth e ana iaiaa ioaeaeyaony io iaa ii caiaoiiio
aeey noauaeoa a?aiaie”.(7,N.37) Anoanoaaiii, /oi ia yoie
caeeth/eoaeueiie noaaeee aeey anyeeo iaaethaeaiee eiio?ieue aunooiaao
i?inoi eae iai?aaeaiiinoue e nin?aaeioi/aiiinoue ia iauaeoa, eae
aieiaoaeueiia ianeaaeiaaiea neooaoeee e oaeia aea aieiaoaeueiia
eniieueciaaiea iniiaiiai aeaenoaey.

Eoae, eciaiaiey naiieiio?iey i?iyaeythony e a oii, /oi ia?aiia/aeueii
ii iai?aaeai ia ?acoeueoao aeayoaeueiinoe e eeoue iinoaiaiii
au?aaaouaaaony oiaiea eiio?iee?iaaoue e nai i?ioeann aeayoaeueiinoe.
Eciaiyaony naiieiio?ieue e a ae?oaii ioiioaiee: iaiyaony niaea?aeaiea
eiio?iee?oaiuo aeaenoaee.

A niioaaonoaee n o?iaiai noi?ie?iaaiiinoe aeaenoaey eiio?iey auaeaeytho
ianeieueei aeaeia naiieiio?iey. Eae i?aaeei a o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aiaeaaeaao eiio?ieue ii ?acoeueoaoo eee oae iacuaaaiue eoiaiaue
eiio?ieue. Yoi ia?aiia/aeueiay e i?inoaeoay oi?ia naiieiio?iey, eioi?ay
inaaeaaaony o/aueieny. Aai ooieoeey ninoieo a nee/aiee ?acoeueoaoa n
caaeaiiui ia?acoeii, o.a. niaa?oaaony i?iaa?ea. A i?ioeanna i?iaa?ee
aeaoe oaaaeaeathony, /oi ioaao oaeiaeaoai?yao anai enoiaeiui oneiaeyi, a
i?ioeaiii neo/aa ?aoaiea i?iaaaeaii iaaa?ii. Iu naie o/ei aeaoae eiaiii
oaeiio eiio?ieth. Oae, aeey oiai, /oiau i?ieiio?iee?iaaoue
i?aaeeueiinoue a?eoiaoe/aneiai aeaenoaey, o/aieeai ?aeiiaiaeoaony
i?iaa?eoue aai ae?oaei aeaenoaeai: neiaeaiea- au/eoaieai, aeaeaiea-
oiiiaeaieai e o.ae. Oaeei ia?acii i?iaa?yaony ia i?aaeeueiinoue
i?iaaaeaiey ioaeaeueiuo iia?aoeee e eo iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue, a
iieo/aiiue ?acoeueoao.

Nouanoaoao aeaa oi/ee c?aiey ia oianoiinoue i?iaaaeaiey eiio?iey ii
?acoeueoaoo. I.I.Y?aeieaa n/eoaao, /oi “i?iaa?ea ioaaoia ethauo
oi?aaeiaiee anaaaea naycaia n oai?/aneei ioiioaieai ?aoathuaai e
niaea?aeaieth caaea/e. I?e i?iaa?ea niuneiaua nayce aunooiatho a iiaii
ni/aoaiee, a iiaie iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe, a caian ciaiee eniieuecoaony a
eiuo naycyo e iiin?aaeiaaieyo ninoaaeythueo aai yeaiaioia. Iiyoiio,
i?iaa?yy ?aoaiea oiai eee eiiai oi?aaeiaiey, o/aueany aeoeaii iiaoi?ytho
?aiaa eco/aiiue iaoa?eae.”(26,N.4)

I?ioeaiiieiaeiie oi/ee c?aiey i?eaea?aeeaathony Ae.A.Yeueeiiei,
A.A.Aeaauaeia e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea enneaaeiaaoaee. Iie n/eoatho, /oi
oaeay oi?ia naiieiio?iey, eae eiio?ieue ii ?acoeueoaoo ia cao?aaeaaao
i?ioeannoaeueiie noi?iiu aeayoaeueiinoe. Iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue e iieiioa
i?iaeaeaiiuo o/aueieny iia?aoeee inoathony aia yoiai eiio?iey.
“Eiio?ieue ii ?acoeueoaoo ia noaaeo ia?aae o/aueieny caaea/e iniciaiiiai
onaiaiey o/aaiiai aeaenoaey.”(22,N.108) Ii eiaao niune oieueei a oii
neo/aa, eiaaea ii aica?auaaony e eiio?ieth ii i?ioeanno, a yoi
ano?a/aaony oieueei oiaaea, eiaaea o/aueeny niaa?oee ioeaeo. Ii e a yoii
neo/aa ai?acaei oeaeaniia?aciaa aa?iooue o/aieea e ?acaa?iooiio
aeaenoaeth e i?ioeannoaeueiiio iiiia?aoeeiiiiio eiio?ieth.

Iai aieaa aeecea yoa oi/ea c?aiey. Iu n/eoaai, /oi eiio?ieue ii
?acoeueoaoo oeaeaniia?acii eniieueciaaoue ia ia/aeueiii yoaia
oi?ie?iaaiey naiieiio?iey, a caoai iinoaiaiii ia?aoiaeeoue e ae?oaei aai
aeaeai.

Ooieoeey iiiia?aoeeiiiiai eiio?iey ninoieo a auyaeaiee iieiiou,
i?aaeeueiinoe e iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe i?iecaaaeaiiuo aeaenoaee. Yoio aeae
eiio?iey a ineoieiae/aneie eeoa?aoo?a ii?aaeaeyaony eae iioaaiaue. Ii a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue ia?auaao aieiaiea o/aueony ia niinia inouanoaeyaiiai
eie aeaenoaey.

Aua aieaa neiaeiie oi?iie eiio?iey yaeyaony i?aaeaa?ythuee
(i?iaiice?othuee) eiio?ieue, aeathuee o/auaiony eae noauaeoo
aeayoaeueiinoe aiciiaeiinoue i?aaeainoeuaoue ?acoeueoaou aua ia
inouanoaeaiiiai aeaenoaey. I?iea?uaay ai aioo?aiiai ieaia
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue aeaenoaee, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey ?aoaiey o/aaiie
caaea/e, i?iaiice?oy aiciiaeiua ?acoeueoaou aeayoaeueiinoe, o/aueany n
iiiiuueth yoie oi?iu eiio?iey iiaoo auaeaeeoue iaeaieaa o?oaeiua yoaiu
?aoaiey o/aaiie caaea/e, iaiaoeoue iooe naiaai niaa?oainoaiaaiey.
“Aioeoeeie?othuea aeaenoaey, ninoaaeythuea iniiao i?iaiice?othuaai
eiio?iey, niinianoaotho au?aaioea o/aueieny eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai noeey
aeayoaeueiinoe, iioeiaeueiiio eniieueciaaieth eie naieo aiciiaeiinoae e
aunooiatho eae aaaeiaeoee eoia e iieacaoaeue noi?ie?iaaiiinoe o/aaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe.”( 22,N.108) Yoio aeae eiio?iey ianao ia naaa ooieoeeth
“ii?aaeaeaiey o/aueieny iauae no?aoaaee o/aaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe.”(22,N.108)

Eeanneoeeaoeey naiieiio?iey i?iaiaeeony oaeaea ia iniiaa ae?oaeo
i?eciaeia. Ii aoiaeyuei a iaai yeaiaioai ?acee/atho naiieiio?ieue
eiinoaoe?othuee e ei??aeoe?othuee; ii niiniaai iieo/aiey eioi?iaoeee i
i?ioaeaiee auiieiyaiie iia?aoeee- iaiin?aaenoaaiiue e iiin?aaeiaaiiue
eiio?ieue; ii oeio, eaeea i?aaiu /oanoa o/anoaotho a ioeaiea auiieiyaiie
iia?aoeee, auaeaeytho iuoa/ii- aeaeaaoaeueiue, c?eoaeueiue, neooiaie,
eiiaeie?iaaiiue. Nouanoaoao oaeaea eeanneoeeaoeey naiieiio?iey ii oi?iai
i?aaiecaoeee ?aaiou o/aueony. Inoaiiaeiny ia iae iiae?iaiaa. Niaeanii
yoie eeanneoeeaoeee naiieiio?ieue aeaeeony ia o?iioaeueioth,
eiaeeaeaeoaeueioth e acaeiioth i?iaa?ee. I?e o?iioaeueiie i?iaa?ea
i?iaiaeeony eieeaeoeaiue ?acai? i?aaeeueiinoe iaienaiiiai oaenoa,
auiieiaiiiai oi?aaeiaiey, caaea/e, ?aoaiiie a eeanna eee aeiia,
ecaioiaeaiiiai ecaeaeey e o.ae. A oiaea yoie i?iaa?ee o/aueany
?acae?atho aeiiouaiiua ioeaee, eo i?e/eiu e iooe ono?aiaiey, ciaeiiyony
ni niiniaaie ?aaeecaoeee naiieiio?iey, ianoaeaeatho e ioeaieaatho
i?aaeeiaeaiey naieo oiaa?euae ii eni?aaeaieth ioeaie. Oaeay oi?ia
yaeyaony iaeaieaa i?inoie e i?eiaiyaony , eae i?aaeei, aeey ia/aeueiiai
iao/aiey o/aueony naiieiio?ieth.

Acaeiiue eiio?ieue i?iaiaeeony i?e i?iaa?ea ienueiaiiuo e a?aoe/aneeo
?aaio, ecaeaeee e o.ae., a oaeaea i?e ?aoeaice?iaaiee onoiuo ioaaoia e
niiauaiee. O/aueany iaiaieaathony ?aaioaie, e eaaeaeue ec ieo aunooiaao
a ?iee ?aoeaicaioa. Iie aeieaeiu ioiaoeoue aeiiouaiiua eo oiaa?euai
ioeaee, iauynieoue eo i?e/eiu, niiniau eni?aaeaiey e i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey
i?e auiieiaiee aiaeiae/iie ?aaiou. Acaeiiue eiio?ieue iicaieyao
oaeoaeoue ciaiey e oiaiey o/aueony, niinianoaoao ?acaeoeth aieiaiey,
ioaaonoaaiiiai ioiioaiey e aeaeo, oi?ie?iaaieth iaauea naiieiio?iey. Yoi
aieaa aunieay oi?ia aeaenoaey eiio?iey, i?aaenoaaeythuay niaie n?aaenoai
iao/aiey o/aueony naiieiio?ieth.

E eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiio eiio?ieth ioiinyony ana aeaeu naiieiio?iey,
i?iaiaeeiiai ii yoaiai auiieiyaiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Yoi iniiaiay e naiay
neiaeiay oi?ia naiieiio?iey. Eaaeaeue auiieiyao ana aai yeaiaiou
naiinoiyoaeueii.

A no?oeoo?a naiieiio?iey iiaeii auaeaeeoue neaaeothuea caaiuey:

oyniaiea o/aueieny oeaie aeayoaeueiinoe e ia?aiia/aeueiia iciaeiieaiea n
eiia/iui ?acoeueoaoii e niiniaaie aai iieo/aiey, n eioi?uie iie aoaeoo
n?aaieaaoue i?eiaiyaiua eie i?eaiu ?aaiou e iieo/aiiue ?acoeueoao. Ii
ia?a iaeaaeaiey aeaiiui aeaeii ?aaiou, ciaiea ia?acoeia aoaeao
oaeoaeyoueny e niaa?oainoaiaaoueny;

nee/aiea oiaea ?aaiou e aeinoeaiooiai ?acoeueoaoa n ia?acoeaie;

ioeaieaaiea ninoiyiey auiieiyaiie ?aaiou, onoaiiaeaiea e aiaeec
aeiiouaiiuo ioeaie e auyaeaiea eo i?e/ei (eiinoaoaoeey ninoiyiey);

ei??aeoeey ?aaiou ia iniiaa aeaiiuo naiiioeaiee e ooi/iaiea ieaia aa
auiieiaiey, aianaiea oniaa?oainoaiaaiee.

Ioaaonoaaiiui iiiaioii a iao/aiee o/aueony naiieiio?ieth yaeyaony
oyniaiea oeaee aeayoaeueiinoe e iciaeiieaiea n ia?acoeaie, ii eioi?ui
iie aoaeoo n?aaieaaoue i?eiaiyaiua niiniau auiieiaiey ?aaiou e
iieo/aiiua ?acoeueoaou. I/aiue aaaeii n naiiai ia/aea aeaoue o/aueiny
en/a?iuaathuea oeacaiey i i?aaeeueiii auiieiaiee i?aaenoiyuae ?aaiou e
iciaeiieoue eo n ia?acoeaie aeey nee/aiey.

I?iaeaiu naiieiio?iey e aai oi?ie?iaaiey o ieaaeoeo oeieueieeia
?acee/iuie aaoi?aie o?aeoothony ii ?aciiio. Iaeioi?ua ec ieo n/eoatho,
/oi i?aaenoaaeaiey i naiieiio?iea eiathony oaea o oeieueieeia 1-2
eeannia. Iaeiaei i?eau/ee e ?aaoey?iiio aai i?iaaaeaieth o ieo aua iao
(A.A.Niaeaaa, E.I.Ia?aieei, A.E.Na?aethe). Ae?oaea n/eoatho, /oi
“nianoaaiii eiio?ieue noaiiaeony aiciiaeai eeoue e eiioeo aoi?iai aiaea
iao/aiey”.(7,N.31) A iaeioi?uo ?aaioao (N.I.Oeuaiei, E.I.Iaeueoeaaa,
I.A.?iiaiiaa e ae?.) ioia/aaony, /oi o o/aueony 1-2 eeanna naiieiio?iey
iao nianai eee aea ii e?aeia iacia/eoaeai. Oi?ie?iaaiea naiieiio?iey-
aeeeoaeueiue i?ioeann, ii i?aaeiieaaaao iinoiyiiia i?aaeuyaeaiea e
o/aueiny ii?aaeaeaiiuo o?aaiaaiee. “I?eaiu i?iaaaeaiey naiieiio?iey
oeieueieee onaaeaatho n o?oaeii, o.e. iie aua ia aeaaeatho aeinoaoi/iui
iauaiii ciaiee e oiaiee e niiniaaie eo onaiaiey. Ana o/aaiua caaeaiey
iie auiieiytho iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii iaaeaaiaa. Naiinoiyoaeueiinoue a
?aaioao o ieo ?acaeoa neaai. Yoi a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie ioiineony e
o/aueiny 3-5 eeanna. Iiyoiio aeaaiia aieiaiea aeieaeii auoue ia?auaii ia
iao/aiea oeieueieeia. Ii ia?a ?inoa ciaiee e oiaiee o oeieueieeia aoaeao
?acaeaaoueny e naiieiio?ieue.”(14,N. 64)

Iu ia niaeaniu ni noi?iiieeaie yoie oi/ee c?aiey. Naiieiio?ieue- yoi
eiiiiiaio o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe, ii aeaaea i?e iaee/ee niioaaonoaothueo
i?aaeiinueie o/aaiay aeayoaeueiinoue aicieeaao o ?aaaiea ia n?aco.
?aaaiie, oieueei /oi i?eoaaeoee a oeieo, oioy e ia/eiaao iao/aoueny
iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii o/eoaey, ii aua ia oiaao o/eoueny. O/aaiay
aeayoaeueiinoue oi?ie?oaony a i?ioeanna iao/aiey iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii
o/eoaey. Aa oi?ie?iaaiea aunooiaao aaaeiaeoae caaea/ae iao/aiey-
caaea/ae ia iaiaa aaaeiie, /ai onaiaiea ciaiee, oiaiee e iaaueia.

AEAAA 2

IAOIAeE*ANEEA INIIAU OI?IE?IAAIEss NAIIEIIO?IEss A IA*AEUeIUO EEANNAO IA
O?IEAO IAOAIAOEEE.

NIINIAU OI?IE?IAAIEss NAIIEIIO?IEss.

Auiieiaiea ?acee/iiai ?iaea caaeaiee ia o?ieao iaoaiaoeee iiaeii
i?aaieciaaoue oae, /oi o/aiee, naeaeaa ioeaeo, nai iaia?oaeeo aa, nai
(eee n iiiiuueth aeiiieieoaeueiie eioi?iaoeee) eni?aaeo aa e iiaeieaeao
e neaaeothuaio yoaio ?aaiou oieueei iinea iieiiai onaiaiey i?aaeuaeouaai
iaoa?eaea, auiieiea oaeei ia?acii caaeaiea oieueei i?aaeeueii. Yoi
i?iecieaeao a oii neo/aa, anee o ?aaaiea noi?ie?iaai iaaue naiieiio?iey.
“Naiieiio?ieue yaeyaony ninoaaiie /anoueth ethaiai aeaea aeayoaeueiinoe
/aeiaaea e iai?aaeai ia i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea eee iaia?oaeaiea -oaea
niaa?oaiiuo ioeaie.”(15,N.3) Eia/a aiai?y, n iiiiuueth naiieiio?iey
/aeiaae anyeee ?ac iniciaao i?aaeeueiinoue naieo aeaenoaee, a oii /enea
a ea?a, o/aaa e o?oaea. A i?aeoeea iao/aiey neaaeoao o/eouaaoue iaee/ea
i?yiie caaeneiinoe iaaeaeo o?iaiai naiinoiyoaeueiinoe o/aueony i?e
auiieiaiee o/aaiuo caaeaiee e noaiaiue aeaaeaiey eie iaaueii
naiieiio?iey.

E niaeaeaieth, i?iaeaia iao/aieth naiieiio?ieth a oeiea aei neo ii?
inoaaony ia?aoaiiie, i?aeoe/anee ia eniieuecothony aiciiaeiinoe
oi?ie?iaaiey o oeieueieeia iaauea naiieiio?iey. A nayce n yoei o/aueany
ia anaaaea oiatho naiinoiyoaeueii iaeoe ioeaee a naiae ?aaioa e
eni?aaeoue eo ia iniiaa ninoaaeaiey nianoaaiiuo aeaenoaee n eiie?aoiui
eee iaiauaiiui ia?acoeii. A oi a?aiy eae oiaiea nee/eoue naith ?aaioo n
ia?acoeii e naeaeaoue auaiaeu (iaia?oaeeoue ioeaeo eee oaaaeeoueny a
i?aaeeueiinoe auiieiaiey caaeaiey)- aaaeiue yeaiaio naiieiio?iey,
eioi?iio ioaeii o/eoue.

A caaeaieyo, iai?aaeaiiuo ia onaiaiea nouiinoe i?eaiia naiieiio?iey,
i?aaeiieaaaaony eniieueciaaiea i?eaiia, ninoaaeythueo iniiao ?acee/iuo
aeaeia i?iaa?ee, i?eiaiyaiuo i?e ?aoaiee iaoaiaoe/aneeo caaea/. Oaeea
caaea/e o/eoaeth aieueoae /anoueth i?eoiaeeony ninoaaeyoue naiiio, o.e.
/enei caaeaiee n onoaiiaeie ia naiieiio?ieue ninoaaeyao (ii aeaiiui
iaeioi?uo enneaaeiaaoaeae) iaiaa 2% io iauaai /enea caaeaiee, eiathueony
a o/aaieeao e o/aaiuo iiniaeyo ii iaoaiaoeea.

*oiau ?aaioa o/eoaey ii ainieoaieth iaauea naiieiio?iey ieacaeanue
aieaa yooaeoeaiie, iaaei oaaaeeoue o/aueony a iaiaoiaeeiinoe
naiieiio?iey e eiie?aoii iieacaoue ei eae iinooiaoue a oii neo/aa, anee
i?e i?iaa?ea auynieony, /oi iieo/aiiue ioaao ia oaeiaeaoai?yao oneiaeth
caaea/e. Ioaeia nenoaiaoe/aneay ?aaioa a yoii iai?aaeaiee. N.I.*oeaioeia
i?aaeeaaaao nenoaiaoece?iaaoue ?aaioo neaaeothuei ia?acii:

“1.Iaaei nicaeaoue iio?aaiinoue a naiieiio?iea. O/aueany aeieaeiu /aua
ano?a/aoueny n ?aaeueiuie oneiaeyie, noaayueie eo ia?aae
iaiaoiaeeiinoueth naiinoiyoaeueii eiio?iee?iaaoue i?aaeeueiinoue
iieo/aiiiai ioaaoa.

2.Ec?aaeea oeaeaniia?acii i?aaeeaaaoue o/aueiny oaeea caaeaiey,
iai?aaeeueiinoue iieo/aiiiai ioaaoa eioi?uo auynieony oieueei a
?acoeueoaoa i?iaa?ee.

3.Iaaei niiauaoue o/aueiny niinia i?iaa?ee ?aoaiiie caaea/e, o?aaiaiey,
ia?aaainoaa, oiaeaeanoaaiiiai i?aia?aciaaiey. ?acuyniyoue, /oi
i?iaa?youe iaaei ia oieueei ieii/aoaeueiue ioaao, ii e i?iiaaeooi/iua
?acoeueoaou.

4.Ai a?aiy aiaeeca ienueiaiiuo eiio?ieueiuo e naiinoiyoaeueiuo ?aaio
eiiaaea iieacii nia/aea ?anniio?aoue ia oieueei iaeaieaa /anoi
ano?a/athueany iai?aaeeueiua ?aoaiey, ii e, iooai i?iaa?ee, aeieacaoue
o/aueiny eo iai?aaeeueiinoue, e eeoue iinea yoiai ?anniio?aoue
i?aaeeueiia ?aoaiea.

5.Eiiaaea o/eoaeue i?aaeiaia?aiii aeiioneaao ioeaee ia aeinea.

6.A oao oaiao, a eioi?uo yoi aiciiaeii, aeaeaoaeueii i?iaiaeeoue
iaaethaeaiey e i?aeoe/aneea ?aaiou ii iaoaiaoeea. Naiieiio?ieue i?e
auiieiaiee eaai?aoi?iuo ?aaio inouanoaeyaony iau/ii iiaoi?iui ecia?aieai
e au/eneaieyie (i?e aiciiaeiinoe- ae?oaei niiniaii), eiiaaea e
iaiin?aaenoaaiiui ecia?aieai eneiiie aaee/eiu.

7.Iieacii eiiaaea o/aueiny i?aaeeaaaoue naiei ioeaieoue naith ?aaioo
(eiio?ieueioth eee naiinoiyoaeueioth). Yoi iiauoaao ioaaonoaaiiinoue
o/aieea ca aa auiieiaiea e niinianoaoao ainieoaiey oiaiey e i?eau/ee
naiieiio?iey.

8.Iieacii eiiaaea i?aaeeaaaoue o/aueiny i?iaa?eoue e ioeaieoue ?aaioo
oiaa?eua.”( 23,N.55-60)

Noaiaiue eee ia?a iaiauaiey aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe yaeyaony iaeiei ec
aaaeiaeoeo ia?aiao?ia naiieiio?iey, io?aaioea eioi?iai iaiaoiaeeia aeey
iieo/aiea iieiioeaiiiai oinoaaiiiai aeaenoaey. Iiyoiio iao/aiea
naiieiio?ieth neaaeoao ia/eiaoue aua a aei/eneiaie ia?eiae, eniieuecoy
neaaeothuea caaeaiey:

I?iaa?ue, i?aaeeueii ee n?eniaai oci? (i?aaeeueii ee n?eniaaii
iieiaeaiea oeao? ia oaoiaoiie aeinea).

Iaeaee oaeoth aea ea?oeieo.

*oi iai?aaeeueii ia?eniaaii ia ea?oeiea?

Iicaeiaa iiaeii aeeth/aoue a ?aaioo caaeaiey n oeeo?aie e aoeaaie:

I?iaa?ue, iaeeiaeiaua ee oeeo?u au/a?eioou ia ea?oi/ea e ia ia?acoea.

Iaeaee oeeo?o (aoeao) n?aaee iiiaeo, ecia?aaeaiiuo a aanii?yaeea.

Aeaeaa i?e iao/aiee iaoaiaoeea aiciiaeii eniieueciaaoue ?aciiia?aciua
i?eaiu oi?ie?iaaiey naiieiio?iey, eioi?ua iiaeii eeanneoeoee?iaaoue
neaaeothuei ia?acii:

“-naa?ea n ia?acoeii;

-iiaoi?iia ?aoaiea caaea/e;

-?aoaiea ia?aoiie caaea/e;

-i?iaa?ea iieo/aiiuo ?acoeueoaoia ii oneiaeth caaea/e;

-?aoaiea caaea/e ?acee/iuie niiniaaie;

-iiaeaee?iaaiea;

-i?eia?iay ioeaiea eneiiuo ?acoeueoaoia (i?eeeaeea);

-i?iaa?ea ia /anoiii neo/aa;

-eniuoaiea iieo/aaiuo ?acoeueoaoia ii einaaiiui ia?aiao?ai.”(15,N.6)

Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi iiae neiaii “caaea/a” caeanue iiae?acoiaaathony
ia oieueei oaenoiaua caaea/e, ii e ae?oaea aeaeu iaoaiaoe/aneeo
caaeaiee.

Yoa eeanneoeeaoeey i?eaiia naiieiio?iey ninoaaeaia N.A. Iaiaaeiaui. Iu
?anniio?ei iiae?iaiaa iaeioi?ua ec ieo.

Eeth/aaui caaiii a i?iaaaeaiee eiio?iey iaae aeaenoaeyie yaeyaony
naa?ea n ia?acoeii. Ia?acaoe aeaenoaey aeieaeai auoue oi?ioi onaiai,
i?aaeaea /ai ii iiaeao auoue eniieueciaai a naiieiio?iea ca aeaenoaeyie,
eioi?ua aeieaeiu niioaaonoaiaaoue eiaiii yoiio ia?acoeo. O.a., /oiau
noi?ie?iaaoue naiieiio?ieue o oeieueieeia, iaaei nia/aea iaania/eoue
onaiaiea ia?acoea aeaenoaey, yoi cia/eo, iaaei nicaeaoue o o/aueony
iiuo, niioaaonoaothuee ioaeiiio “aeoeaioi?o aeaenoaey”. Aieaa oiai,
i?ioeann ?acaeoey naiieiio?iey oeieueieeia aace?oaony ia ia?aoiaea io
aioiauo ia?acoeia e ninoaaiui e eo ni/aoaieyi i?e iinoaiaiiii
i?iaaaeaiee eiio?iee?oaiiai aeaenoaey. E?iia oiai, /oiau aeaoe
iao/eeenue eiio?ieth, iaiaoiaeeii, /oiau aeaenoaea n aai iia?aoi?ii-
i?aaeiaoiui ninoaaii auei i?aaenoaaeaii aeinoaoi/ii ?acaa?iooi, a aai
ninoaa ?ac?aaioai niaianoii o/eoaeai e o/aieeii. A yoii neo/aa ia?acoeu
aeaenoaee i?aaenoaioo ia?aae o/aueieny ia eae caaeaiiua ecaia, a
neaaeiaaoaeueii neo/aeiua, a eae iaiaoiaeeiua e iaycaoaeueiua.

A.N.Ieeeoi?ia n/eoaao (iu niaeaoaainy n iei), /oi “iaee/ea oieueei
iaeiiai ia?acoea, o.a. iaania/aiea yoaeiiiie ninoaaeythuae a iaoaiecia
naiieiio?iey, aua iaaeinoaoi/ii aeey ?aaeecaoeee iineaaeiaai. Ioaeii
iiaoaeaeaiea e inouanoaeaieth naiieiio?iey. Ii iineieueeo ieaaeoea
oeieueieee aua ieioi iniciatho ?ieue naiieiio?iey a ?aoaiee iinoaaeaiiuo
ia?aae ieie caaea/, oi iaiaoiaeei nenoaiaoe/aneee e iineaaeiaaoaeueiue
eiio?ieue ca o/aueieny ni noi?iiu o/eoaeae, ?iaeeoaeae, anaai eeanniiai
eieeaeoeaa. Eiio?ieue ecaia yaeyaony oai iaycaoaeueiui oneiaeai,
niaethaeaiea eioi?iai nicaeaao iaiaoiaeeioth iniiao aeey oi?ie?iaaiey
naiieiio?iey.”(17,N.93) Oaeei ia?acii, naiieiio?ieue o/aueony ia
ioiaiyao eiio?iey o/eoaey e ia nieaeaao aai ?iee, n oieueei i?aaeaa?yao,
e oai naiui oneeeaaao aai. O/eoaeue aeieaeai nenoaiaoe/anee eco/aoue e
aiaeece?iaaoue ioeaee o/aueony, ia?auaoue aieiaiea ia aioo?aiiaa
niaea?aeaiea, a ia ia aiaoithth, oi?iaeueioth eo noi?iio, aeieaeai
auyaeyoue i?e/eiu eo iiyaeaiey e i?eieiaoue ia?u e i?aaeoi?aaeaeaieth
ioeaie. Eiia/ii yoi i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea aeieaeii auoue oaeoe/iui e ia
iaayc/eaui.

I?eo/aoue o/aueony e naiii?iaa?ea neaaeoao oaea ia caiyoeyo ii
a?eoiaoeea, aaea yoi iniaaiii i?inoi, e i?iaeieaeaoue a oa/aiea eco/aiey
anaai eo?na iaoaiaoeee. N ia?aiai eeanna iaiaoiaeeii iaoeaeeaaoue aeaoae
ia oi, /oi eiio?iee?iaaoue naay ioaeii n?aco aea, eae oieueei ?aoeee
naiinoiyoaeueii oioy au iaeei i?eia?. Yoei ?aaeecoaony i?eioeei
iaiaaeeaiiie i?iaa?ee ?aoaiey (?aoee i?eia?- i?iaa?ue naay; oaaaeeeny,
/oi oaia ?aoaiea aa?iia- i?enooiae e ?aoaieth neaaeothuaai i?eia?a).
Oaeia iieiaeaiea a eeanna nicaeaaony i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo. A
ea/anoaa aiaoieo oneiaee aia/aea aunooiatho iaoa?eaeeciaaiiua
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua n?aaenoaa iao/aiey e eniieueciaaiea eo i?e
naiieiio?iea ia yoaia iauyniaiey e ia?ae/iiai cae?aieaiey iiaiai
o/aaiiai iaoa?eaea. Iao/ay yeaiaioai naiieiio?iey ia yoii yoaia, aeaaiia
au?aaioaoue o aeaoae iio?aaiinoue eiio?iee?iaaoue i?aaeeueiinoue
iieo/aiiuo ?acoeueoaoia. Yoai naiieiio?iey n eiie?aoiuie i?aaeiaoaie
aeieaeai ia?aeoe a yoai naiieiio?iey caiaieoaeyie i?aaeiaoia a aeaea
?enoieia, noai, /a?oaaeae e o.ae. Caeanue iaoiaee/aneea oneeey o/eoaeth
oeaeaniia?acii iai?aaeoue, aeaaiui ia?acii, ia iiieiaiea aeaoueie
niioaaonoaey iaaeaeo iaoaiaoe/aneeie caienyie, ia?acoeaie
iaoaiaoe/aneeo au?aaeaiee e eo eeethno?aoeeyie a o/aaieeao, oao?aaeyo ia
ia/aoiie iniiaa, aeeaeaeoe/aneeo iaoa?eaeao. Yoe aeaeu ?aaio
oeaeaniia?acii i?eiaiyoue ia ia/aeueiie noaaeee oi?ie?iaaiey
au/eneeoaeueiuo i?eaiia n iinoaiaiiui oiaiueoaieai aniiiiaaoaeueiuo
iaaeyaeiuo yeaiaioia a iao/aiee, ia?aoiaey e iao/aieth naiieiio?ieth, a
iniiaa eioi?iai eaaeao caeiiiia?iinoe, naienoaa a?eoiaoe/aneeo
aeaenoaee, acaeiinaycue iaaeaeo eiiiiiaioaie, ninoaa /enae.

Iu aeaeei, /oi i?aeoe/anee n naiiai ia/aea iao/aiey a oeiea, ainieoaiea
o o/aueony iaauea naiieiio?iey a iaoaiaoeea inouanoaeyaony a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue i?e ?aoaiee iaoaiaoe/aneeo caaea/ (a oe?ieii niunea yoiai
neiaa), oioy a oeiea ?aoaiea iaoaiaoe/aneeo oi?aaeiaiee o/aueany
caeai/eaatho aieueoae /anoueth iieo/aieai eeoue ioaaoa, a eo/oai neo/aa
iie naa?ytho ?acoeueoao au/eneaiee n ioaaoii o/aaieea (anee ioaao
aeaaony), ii i?iaa?ea ?aoaiey ii oneiaeth ia i?iecaiaeeony. A nayce n
yoei, aeey oi?ie?iaaiey naiieiio?iey neaaeoao eniieueciaaoue ia oieueei
oaeie i?eai, eae naa?ea n ia?acoeii, ii e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea i?eaiu.

Iaeiei ec n?aaenoa iao/aiey naiieiio?ieth yaeythony oeacaiey o/eoaey i
ii?yaeea aai i?iaaaeaiey i?e auiieiaiee caaeaiey, eioi?ua aeathony a
i?ioeanna eino?oeoe?iaaiey o/aueony. ?aeiiaiaeoaony aeaaea
eniieueciaaoue ea?oi/ee n ii?yaeeii i?iaaaeaiey naiieiio?iey, auiieiaiey
i?iaa?ee. A oeacaieyo aeieaeiu niaea?aeaoueny ?acuyniaiey i oii, eiaaea
e eaeeie niiniaaie o/aueiny neaaeoao eiio?iee?iaaoue naie aeaenoaey e eo
?acoeueoao. Yoi cia/eo, /oi a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue o/aueany aeieaeiu ciaoue
niiniau i?iaa?ee auiieiaiey a?eoiaoe/aneeo aeaenoaee, oiaeaeanoaaiiuo
i?aia?aciaaiee, ?aoaiey o?aaiaiee e ia?aaainoa e i?eiaiyoue eo ia
i?aeoeea.

N/eoaai ioaeiui oeacaoue, /oi i?iaa?ea ?acoeueoaoia a?eoiaoe/aneeo
au/eneaiee i?iecaiaeeony iiaoi?iui au/eneaieai (ii aiciiaeiinoe ae?oaei
niiniaii), ia?aoiui aeaenoaeai, a oaeaea i?eaeeaeaiiie i?eeeaeeie
aiciiaeiiai ioaaoa. I?aaeeueiinoue auiieiaiey oiaeaeanoaaiiuo
i?aia?aciaaiee au?aaeaiee, niaea?aeaueo ia?aiaiiua, iau/ii i?iaa?yaony
ia?aoiui aeaenoaeai eee iooai iiaenoaiiaee iaeioi?uo /eneiauo cia/aiee
aianoi aoeaaiiuo a eaaoth e i?aaoth /anoe iieo/aiiiai ?aaainoaa. Ii
neaaeoao o/eouaaoue, /oi i?iaa?ea oiaeaeanoaaiiuo i?aia?aciaaiee iooai
iiaenoaiiaee /eneiauo cia/aiee ia?aiaiiie a iaa /anoe iieo/aiiiai
?aaainoaa iiaeao e ia ane?uoue ioeaeo a ioaaoa. Yoi io?eoeaoaeueiay
noi?iia oaeiai niiniaa i?iaa?ee. I?iaa?ea aea ia?aoiui aeaenoaeai
yaeyaony niaa?oaiii iaaeaaeiie, eiia/ii, anee yoi aeaenoaea auiieiaii
o/aieeii aacioeai/ii. I?iaa?ea ioaaoa i?e ?aoaiee ia?aaainoaa
iaycaoaeueii aeieaeia ninoiyoue eo aeaoo yoaiia:

i?iaa?eoue i?aaeeueiinoue ii?aaeaeaiey a?aie/iiai cia/aiey ia?aiaiiie;

oaaaeeoueny a oii, /oi i?iecaieueiia cia/aiea ia?aiaiiie, acyoia ec
niioaaonoaothuaai iiaeiiiaeanoaa, aeaenoaeoaeueii oaeiaeaoai?yao
aeaiiiio ia?aaainoao.

Eaii?e?iaaiea ethaiai ec yoeo yoaiia iiaeao i?eaanoe e iai?aaeeueiiio
caeeth/aieth.

Ai-aoi?uo, o/aueany aeieaeiu ciaoue niiniau i?iaa?ee ?aoaiee oaenoiauo
caaea/ e i?eiaiyoue eo aeey aeieacaoaeuenoaa i?aaeeueiinoe ioaaoa. Yoi
oiaea i/aiue aaaeii i?e oi?ie?iaaiee iaauea naiieiio?iey, o.e. oaenoiaua
caaea/e ninoaaeytho aieueooth /anoue anaai iaoa?eaea, eco/aaiiai a eo?na
iaoaiaoeee.

A.E.Eociaoeia n/eoaao, /oi a ea/anoaa yooaeoeaiiai n?aaenoaa
oi?ie?iaaiey naiieiio?iey iiaoo aunooiaoue ia?aoiua caaea/e:”
Oaaaeeaoenue a i?aaeeueiinoe ?aoaiey caaea/e, o/eoaeue ia?auaaony e
eeanno n i?aaeeiaeaieai: “Aoaeai n/eoaoue yoo caaea/o i?yiie. Aeaaaeoa
oaia?ue ninoaaei ia?aoioth e iae caaea/o. Neieueei iiaeii ninoaaeoue
ia?aoiuo caaea/?” Noieueei, neieueei aeaiiuo niaea?aeeony a i?yiie
caaea/a”.( 13,N.37)

Oaeie iaoiaee/aneee iiaeoiae i?aaenoaaeyaony aanueia aaaeiui aeey oiai,
/oiau i?eo/eoue aeaoae e naiinoiyoaeueiiio ninoaaeaieth e ?aoaieth
ia?aoiuo caaea/, /oi a iineaaenoaee ia?aeaeao a iio?aaiinoue e
iaiaoiaeeiinoue eiio?iee?iaaoue ?aoaiea i?yiie caaea/e i?e auiieiaiee
naiinoiyoaeueiuo, aeiiaoieo e eiio?ieueiuo ?aaio. A iiaeiaiuo caaeaieyo
i?aaeeueiinoue ?aoaiey i?yiie caaea/e i?iaa?yaony ?aoaieai ia?aoiie
caaea/e, /oi iicaieyao auno?aa iaia?oaeeoue ioeaee, auyaeoue eo i?e/eiu,
e ia iniiaa yoiai aiaeeca aianoe niioaaonoaothuea ei??aeoeau.
Acaeiiia?aoiua caaea/e (eae e acaeiiia?aoiua aeaenoaey) iaania/eaatho
acaeiiia iiaee?aieaiea e iinoiyiioth ia?aoioth naycue.

I?eaaaeai i?eia? acaeiiia?aoiuo caaea/:

“A iiiaaeaeueiee a iaaaceia i?iaeaee 278 ia? iaoae, ai aoi?iee- a 2 ?aca
iaiueoa, a a n?aaeo- ia 44 ia?u aieueoa, /ai a iiiaaeaeueiee. Neieueei
ia? iaoae i?iaeaee ca yoe aeie?”

Iinea ?aoaiey caaea/e iieo/aaony ioaao: 739 ia? iaoae i?iaeaee anaai.

E yoie caaea/a iiaeii ninoaaeoue 3 ia?aoiua caaea/e.

A iiiaaeaeueiee a iaaaceia i?iaeaee 278 ia? iaoae, a a n?aaeo i?iaeaee
322 ia?u iaoae. Ia neieueei ia? iaoae a n?aaeo i?iaeaee aieueoa, /ai a
iiiaaeaeueiee?

A iiiaaeaeueiee a iaaaceia i?iaeaee 278 ia? iaoae, ai aoi?iee i?iaeaee
139 ia?. Ai neieueei ?ac aieueoa iaoae i?iaeaee a iiiaaeaeueiee, /ai ai
aoi?iee?

A iaaaceia i?iaeaee 739 ia? iaoae ca 3 aeiy. Ai aoi?iee i?iaeaee 139 ia?
iaoae, a a n?aaeo 322 ia?u. Neieueei ia? iaoae i?iaeaee a iiiaaeaeueiee?

Neaaeothuei i?eaiii i?iaa?ee ?aoaiey oaenoiauo caaea/ yaeyaony i?iaa?ea
ii oneiaeth e niuneo caaea/e. “Iinea ?aoaiey caaea/e niiaa aica?auaainy
e aa oneiaeth. I?i/eoaa nia/aea caaea/o iieiinoueth, ?acaeaaai oneiaea
ia ioaeaeueiua niuneiaua /anoe. A eaaeaeie /anoe ii?aaeaeyai, oi ee
/enei iieo/aaony, anee o/anoue iaeaeaiiue ioaao.”( 9,N.13)

Aeey i?eia?a ?anniio?ei oo aea caaea/o. Iinea i?i/oaiey anaai oneiaey
oeaeeeii, /eoaai: “A iiiaaeaeueiee a iaaaceia i?iaeaee 278 ia? iaoae, ai
aoi?iee- a 2 ?aca iaiueoa…”

I?iaa?yai: 278 : 139 = 2(?aca)- aa?ii.

“…a a n?aaeo- ia 44 ia?u aieueoa, /ai a iiiaaeaeueiee…”

I?iaa?yai: 322 – 278 = 44(ia?u)- aa?ii.

“Neieueei ia? iaoae i?iaeaee ca yoe aeie?”

I?iaa?yai: “O ian iieo/eeinue 739 ia?, oiaaea 739-322-139 =278(ia?)-
i?iaeaee a iiiaaeaeueiee” – aa?ii.

Oaeei ia?acii, ioaao ia i?ioeai?a/eo ie iaeiiio ec iieiaeaiee oneiaey
caaea/e, cia/eo caaea/a ?aoaia i?aaeeueii.

E?iia oiai, aeey i?iaa?ee i?aaeeueiinoe ?aoaiey oaenoiauo caaea/ (e ia
oieueei oaenoiauo caaea/) iiaeii eniieueciaaoue ?aoaiea ?aciuie
niiniaaie, o.e. a a?iiaaeiii aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa iaoaiaoe/aneea
oi?aaeiaiey ?aoathony ianeieueeeie niiniaaie. Iau/ii n?aaieaatho, eaeie
ec niiniaia eo/oa, ii iaiaoiaeeii iiae/a?eiooue, /oi ?aoaiea caaea/e
iiaui niiniaii iaeiia?aiaiii icia/aao i?iaa?eo ioaaoa, iieo/aiiiai
ia?aui niiniaii.

Eoae, iaeiei ec oneiaee oi?ie?iaaiey iaauea naiieiio?iey yaeyaony
oiaiea aeaoae i?iaa?youe i?aaeeueiinoue ?aoaiey oaenoiauo caaea/.
I?iaa?ea iau/ii inouanoaeyaony iaeiei ec neaaeothueo niiniaia:

i?iaa?ea ioaaoa ii oneiaeth e niuneo caaea/e;

ninoaaeaiea e ?aoaiea ia?aoiuo caaea/;

?aoaiea caaea/ ae?oaeie niiniaaie.

A-o?aoueeo, aeey oi?ie?iaaiey iaauea naiieiio?iey iieacii i?eo/eoue
aeaoae i?iaa?youe ni?aaaaeeeainoue auaaaeaiiuo oi?ioe ia eiie?aoiuo
i?eia?ao.

Neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi aeey oi?ie?iaaiey iaauea naiieiio?iey ia
iaycaoaeueii anaaaea i?iaiaeeoue au/eneaiey, eiiaaea iiaeii
ia?aie/eoueny ninoaaeaieai ieaia i?iaa?ee, onoaiiaeaieai
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe aeaenoaee. I?iaa?eo oaeaea iiaeii i?iaiaeeoue
onoii. Ii yoi aiciiaeii oieueei oiaaea, eiaaea o o/aueony oaea
au?aaioaeny iaaue i?iaaaeaiey eiio?ieueiuo aeaenoaee iaae oai eee aeaeii
iaoaiaoe/aneeo oi?aaeiaiee.

?anniio?ei aua ianeieueei i?eaiia oi?ie?iaaiey iaauea naiieiio?iey.
Au?aaioea iaauea naiieiio?iey iiiiaaao i?eai i?eaeeaeaiiie ioeaiee
iaeeaeaaiiai ?acoeueoaoa. Onoaiiaeaiea aiciiaeiuo i?aaeaeia iaeeaeaaiiai
ioaaoa i?aaeoi?aaeaeaao iaaei/aou oeia iienie, i?iionea oeeo? e o.ae.

I/aiue aaaeiui i?eaiii iao/aiey ieaaeoaai oeieueieea naiieiio?ieth
yaeyaony i?eiaiaiea eieeaeoeaiuo i?iaa?ie a ni/aoaiee n eiio?ieai
iaaeaaiaa, o.e. a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue oeieueieea ioaeii iao/eoue
iaoiaeeoue ioeaee o ae?oaiai /aeiaaea (eiio?ieue). Ni a?aiaiai o/aiee
ia/iao ia?aiineoue iieo/aiiua oiaiey ia nianoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue
(naiieiio?ieue). Oaeei ia?acii, oi?ie?iaaiea eiio?iey eaeao io eiio?iey
ca aeaenoaeyie ae?oaeo e naiieiio?ieth. Iaeaieaa anoanoaaiiay neooaoeey
aicieeaao oiaaea, eiaaea aanue eeann neooaao ioaao o/aieea o aeinee.
Iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii o/eoaey i?iaiaeeony ?acai? ioaaoa eee auiieiaiiiai ia
aeinea oi?aaeiaiey, onoaiaaeeaathony aeiiouaiiua ioeaee e i?iaiaeeony
eieeaeoeaiia eo eni?aaeaiea. A.E.?uaeee ?aeiiaiaeoao i?aaieciaaoue
?aaioo neaaeothuei ia?acii:” Ia ia?auo ii?ao eeanno ii ieii/aiee ioaaoa
iiaeii caaeaoue neaaeothuea aii?inu:” Aa?ai ee ieii/aoaeueiue ioaao?
Aa?ia ee eaeay ?aoaiey? Aa?ai ee oiae ?aoaiey?” A aeaeueiaeoai caaea/a
oneiaeiyaony. Iinea oiai, eae o/aiee caeii/eo ioaa/aoue, o/aueany n
ianoa caaeatho aio aii?inu, /oiau oynieoue ioaeaeueiua iiiaiou ?aoaiey,
caoai aeaeatho caia/aiey ii nouanoao aai ioaaoa, i?aaeeaaatho ae?oaea
aa?eaiou ?aoaiey caaea/e e auneacuaatho iauea niia?aaeaiey ii iiaiaeo
oneuoaiiiai.”(19,N.26) Eiaaea oeieueieee i?eaueatho e yoie oi?ia ?aaiou,
oi o/eoaeue aua oneiaeiyao caaeaiea. Eoi-oi ec o/aieeia ioeaieaaao ioaao
iieiinoueth, o.a. auneacuaaao naia iiaiea ii iiaiaeo ioaaoa eee
auiieiaiiiai caaeaiey. Anee o/aueany auiieiytho oi aea caaeaiea o naay a
oao?aaeyo, oi, iinea onoiiai ?acai?a, eaaeaeue nee/aao naith ?aaioo n
ia?acoeii.

O?iioaeueiua e acaeiiua i?iaa?ee i?aaenoaaeytho niaie i?iiaaeooi/iia
caaii iaaeaeo eiio?ieai iaaeaaiaa e naiieiio?ieai o/aueony. I?eiaiaiea
eo eiaao ?yae i?aeiouanoa i?e iao/aiee naiieiio?ieth: iieiaeaiea
eiio?iea?ia iaycuaaao o/aueony eo/oa aioiaeoueny e caiyoeyi, /oiau
eiaoue aiciiaeiinoue oeacaoue oiaa?euo ia aeiiouaiiua ei ioeaee e
onoaiiaeoue eo i?e/eiu; eieeaeoeaiue aiaeec ia?acoea iicaieyao aieaa
iieii auyaeoue aai neaiaeueiua i?eciaee e aieaa oaeoaeaiii eo onaieoue;
?acae?ay ?aciua niiniau nee/aiey n ia?acoeii auiieiyaiie ?aaiou,
o/aueany ioae?atho oa ec ieo, eioi?ua iaeaieaa oeaeaniia?aciu a aeaiiuo
oneiaeyo. Aeaaiaea?y yoiio aeinoeaaaony aieueoay oi/iinoue nee/aiey;
eieeaeoeaiue aiaeec iicaieyao aieaa iieii auyaeoue aeiiouaiiua ioeaee e
onoaiiaeoue eo i?e/eiu; a oiaea eieeaeoeaiiai iienea auyaeythony
iaeaieaa oeaeaniia?aciua niiniau eni?aaeaiey ioeaie e aianaiey
oniaa?oainoaiaaiee a auiieiyaioth ?aaioo. Aeaaiaea?y i?eiaiaieth
eieeaeoeaiuo oi?i eiio?iey o/aueany auno?aa e eo/oa iaeaaeaaatho anaie
caaiueyie eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai naiieiio?iey.

Aua iaeiei i?iaeoeoeaiui i?eaiii oi?ie?iaaiey naiieiio?iey yaeythony
iaoaiaoe/aneea aeeeoaiou, i?iaiaeeiua ii ii?aaeaeaiiie iaoiaeeea. I?e
ninoaaeaiee aeeeoaioia oeaeaniia?acii eniieueciaaoue 5 caaeaiee- yoi
aeaao aiciiaeiinoue naiinoiyoaeueiie ioeaiee aeeeoaioia aeaoueie:
ioeaiea ca ?aaioo ?aaia /eneo aa?ii auiieiaiiuo caaeaiee. A eieaa
“Naiinoiyoaeueiay ?aaioa o/aueony a i?ioeanna iao/aiey iaoaiaoeea”
iienaia iaoiaeeea i?iaaaeaiey oaeiai iaoaiaoe/aneiai aeeeoaioa. Aeey
?aaiou aeaoyi ?aeiiaiaeoaony auaeaaaoue aeaieiua eenoee n eiie?eie
iaaeaeo ieie. “Eae oieueei aeeeoaio caeai/eaaaony, aeaoe ii eiiaiaea
o/eoaey auieiatho eiie?eo, iinea /aai iie eeoathony aiciiaeiinoe
aeaeaoue iiaua iiiaoee, naycaiiua n ?aoaieai caaeaiee, o.e. a ca/ao
eaeoo oieueei caiene, eiathueany ia iaieo eenoao, a aoi?ie eeno yaeyaony
eiieae ia?aiai.”(20,N.14)

Caoai aeaoyi i?aaeeaaaaony ia?acaoe. Ia?acaoe iiaeao:

iiaeaaaoueny a aeaea iieiiai ?aoaiey caaeaiee;

aeeth/aoue oieueei i?iiaaeooi/iua e eiia/iua ?acoeueoaou, iieo/aaiua i?e
?aoaiee caaeaiee;

ninoiyoue oieueei ec eiia/iiai ?acoeueoaoa.

Aeaoe n?aaieaatho naie caiene n ia?acoeii e ia aoi?ii eenoa eni?aaeytho
ioeaee, caienuaatho ?aoaiea iaauiieiaiiuo caaeaiee e o.ae. A neo/aa
iaiaoiaeeiinoe ?aaioa iaae ioeaeaie iiaeao caaa?oeoueny acaeiiioeaieie
eee naiiioeaieie (ia aoi?ii eenoa). Aeaieiua eenou (ia ?ac?uaay)
naeathony o/eoaeth.

I?e i?iaaaeaiee oaeiai iaoaiaoe/aneiai aeeeoaioa aiciiaeii
iaiin?aaenoaaiiia iao/aiea aeaoae naiieiio?ieth, naycaiiia n
oeaeaiai?aaeaiiie i?aaiecaoeeae eae acaeiii?iaa?ee, oae e naiii?iaa?ee.
I?e i?iaaaeaiee aeeeoaioia o/eoaeue aeieaeai /aoei i?aaenoaaeyoue
?acoeueoaoeaiinoue iaeioi?uo aeaeia ?aaio:

i?iaa?ea aeeeoaioia oieueei o/eoaeai;

acaeiii?iaa?ea.

Aeaei a oii, /oi “iaeaieaa aunieee i?ioeaio iauaeoeaiuo ioeaiie
(ioeaiie o/aieeia, niaiaaeathueo n ioeaieaie o/eoaey) ia ia/aeueiii
yoaia iao/aiey naiieiio?ieth, eae i?aaeei, auaaao i?e acaeiii?iaa?ea
ninaaeae ii aa?eaioo. Naiue ieceee i?ioeaio- ninaaeae ii ia?oa, o.e.
iaiai ?aaioaie a yoii neo/aa i?eaiaeeo e ia?aiaia aa?eaioa
caaeaiey”.(20,N.15)

Eoae, “i?iaaaeaiea iaoaiaoe/aneeo aeeeoaioia ii ?anniio?aiiie iaoiaeeea
aeaao aiciiaeiinoue iiiaiieaiiaiio ?acaeoeth iaauea naiieiio?iey
o/aueony a i?ioeanna eo naiinoiyoaeueiie o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe: io
iiaoaeaeaiey e naiieiio?ieth aei aai iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai
oi?ie?iaaiey”.(20,N.15)

*oiau iaania/eoue aunieia ea/anoai naiieiio?iey, iaiaoiaeeii
i?aaieciaaoue iiaeaioiaeo o/aueony e aai inouanoaeaieth. Yoa iiaeaioiaea
aeeth/aao a naay onaiaiea oai?aoe/aneiai e i?aeoe/aneiai iaoa?eaea,
ioiinyuaainy e i?aaenoiyuae ?aaioa, aiaeec yoie ?aaiou n oeaeueth
auyaeaiey naini?iuo i?eciaeia, neoaeaueo neaiaeaie aeey naiieiio?iey;
iaeaaeaiea i?eaiaie iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai e iiin?aaeiaaiiiai naiieiio?iey e
iaaueaie ?aaiou n eiio?ieueii – ecia?eoaeueiuie eino?oiaioaie e
ono?ienoaaie; iaeaaeaiea niiniaaie ?aoaiey eioaeeaeooaeueiuo caaea/;
i?aaiecaoeeth oi?aaeiaiee n o/aueieny ii iaeaaeaieth oeacaiiuie
i?eciaeaie e i?eaiaie.

Oaeei ia?acii, ia?yaeo n eniieueciaaieai ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?eaiia
oi?ie?iaaiey naiieiio?iey, ?acaeoea yoiai iaauea o?aaoao i?iaaaeaiey
niaoeeaeueiuo oi?aaeiaiee, no?oeoo?ii ioee/iuo io iau/iuo
?ani?ino?aiaiiuo oi?aaeiaiee. Yoi iiaoo auoue caaeaiey, ?ann/eoaiiua ia
oyniaiea naycae iaaeaeo i?yiuie e ia?aoiuie oai?aiaie, aeaenoaeyie e
iia?aoeeyie. Niaoeeoeea yoeo oi?aaeiaiee ninoieo a oii, /oi o/aueiny
i?eoiaeeony ia i?inoi auiieiyoue caaeaiea, a oae eee eia/a
eiio?iee?iaaoue naay. Ia?aoeiny e iaeioi?ui ec oaeeo oi?aaeiaiee.

Auienaoue /aou?a iaoo?aeueiuo /enea ec ?yaea /enae. Caienaoue eaeea-
ieaoaeue aeaa /enea, ia yaeythueany iaoo?aeueiuie. (I?eia?iue ?yae
/enae: 9,7,0,1,3). Aoi?oth /anoue caaeaiey iiaeii aeaaaoue oieueei a
eiioea 3 eeanna.

Caienaoue oeeo?aie /enei. I?iaa?eoue i?aaeeueiinoue caiene, aeey /aai
auaeaeeoue a caienaiiii /enea ni?aaa iaeaai a?oiiu ec 3 oeeo? e
i?i/eoaoue. (I?eia? /enea: aeaaaeoeaoue ieeeeiiia /aou?a ouny/e o?enoa
naiue).

I?iaa?eoue neiaeaieai, aa?ii ee auiieiaii au/eoaiea (e iaiai?io).

I?iaa?eoue oiiiaeaiea aeaeaieai (e iaiai?io).

Oao?aaeue noieo 3?., a ?o/ea- 4?. Ninoaaue caaea/o ii au?aaeaieth 5 o
3+2 o 4 e ?aoe aa, auiieie i?iaa?eo.

Aeaaony au?aaeaiea 1001 o 69 + 243:9 o 9 – 71. ?annoaaue neiaee oae,
/oiau i?e au/eneaiee cia/aiey aeaenoaey auiieiyeenue a neaaeothuai
ii?yaeea: oiiiaeaiea ia 9, aeaeaiea, neiaeaiea, au/eoaiea, oiiiaeaiea.
Ioaao iiynie.

I?iaa?eie onoaiiae, eaeia ec /enae yaeyaony ei?iai o?aaiaiey
.(I?aaeeaaaaony o?aaiaiea 144 : O +129 + 137 e /enea 12; 18).

Au/enee cia/aiea au?aaeaiey. I?iaa?ue iieo/aiiue ?acoeueoao au/eneaieai
cia/aiey aeaiiiai au?aaeaiey ae?oaei niiniaii, i?eiaiyy ni/aoaoaeueiia
naienoai. (Aeaii au?aaeaiea (378 + 459) + 541)).

Iaeaee i?iecaaaeaiea /aoiuo /enae, eioi?ua aieueoa 15, ii iaiueoa 20.
I?aaeaa?eoaeueii auynie n iiiiuueth i?eeeaeee, iiaeao ee iii auoue
aieueoa 400.

N iiiiuueth aeaenoaee oiiiaeaiey e neiaeaiey i?iaa?ue, iieo/aaony ee i?e
aeaeaiee 225 ia 17 /anoiia 13 e inoaoie 4.

Oaeea aa?eaiou caaeaiee i?aaeeaaaao N.A.Iaiaaeia. Ianiio?y ia oi, /oi
i?eia?u, i?eaaaeaiiua a iaeioi?uo ec ieo, aieueoa iiaeieaeoo aeey
n?aaeiaai caaia oeieu, caaeaiey yoe iiaeii eniieueciaaoue e a
ia/aeueiuo eeannao, iiaeia?aa niioaaonoaothuea /eneiaua cia/aiey.

A.E.?uaeee oiaea ?aeiiaiaeoao eniieueciaaoue iaeioi?ua oi?aaeiaiey
aeey oi?ie?iaaiey iaauea naiieiio?iey.

O/eoaeue i?aaeeaaaao aioiaia ?aoaiea eaeie- eeai iaoaiaoe/aneie caaea/e,
ii iii yaeyaony iai?aaeeueiui. Ioeaee i?aaeeaaaaony iaia?oaeeoue
o/aieeai.

O/eoaeue i?eaiaeeo iaiieiia ?aoaiea caaea/e, a o/aieeai i?aaeeaaaao
caaa?oeoue aai.

Aeey ?aoaiey i?aaeeaaaaony caaea/a n iaiieiuie eee ecauoi/iuie aeaiiuie,
o/aieee aeieaeiu iaia?oaeeoue yoi.

?aoaiea caaea/e, i?aaeeaaaaiia o/eoaeai, niaea?aeeo i?eioeeieaeueiua
i?iaaeu, eioi?ua i?aaeeaaaaony iaeoe o/aieeai.

Iu n/eoaai, /oi yoe caaeaiey aieueoa iiaeoiaeyo aeey ?acaeoey aieiaiey
aeaoae, ii eo oiaea iaiaoiaeeii eniieueciaaoue i?e oi?ie?iaaiee iaauea
naiieiio?iey, o.e. i?e ionoonoaee aieiaiey ia iiaeao auoue ?a/e ie i
naiieiio?iea, ie i eiio?iea aiiaua.

I?e oi?ie?iaaiee au/eneeoaeueiuo iaaueia iiaeii eniieueciaaoue i?eia?u-
oeaii/ee, eae oi?aaeiaiea aeey ?acaeoey naiieiio?iey. Eo ninoaaee
TH.TH.Aaoee.

Ioaaou aeey i?eia?ia- oeaii/ae o/eoaeue caienuaaao ia aeinea a
aic?anoathuai eee oauaathuai ii?yaeea. I?eia?u a aeaa noieaeea ii
aa?eaioai caienuaaaony oiaea ia aeinea.

Iai?eia?:

ioaaou aeey naiieiio?iey-
50;70;90;110;150;170;180;220;240;250;270;350;440;590.

1aa?eaio 2aa?eaio

260 – 20= a 840 – 620= a

a -180 + 30= a a -180 +30= a

a +120 – 60= n a +390 – 210= n

n +360 – 70= d c -180 +110= d

d -120 + 30= e d +120 – 250= e

?aoaiea i?eia?ia eaeao neaaeothuei ia?acii:

260 – 20= 240 (ioaao anoue, ia?aoiaeei e neaaeothuaio i?eia?o);

240 -180 +30= 90 (ioaao anoue, ia?aoiaeei e neaaeothuaio i?eia?o) e
o.ae.

A neo/aa, anee iai?aaeeueiue ioaao niaiaaeaao n iaeiei ec i?aaeeueiuo
ioaaoia, oi a neaaeothueo i?eia?ao ii ia iaeaeao iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey, e
o/aieeo i?eaeaony aa?iooueny e i?eia?o e eni?aaeoue ioeaeo.

*oiau i?iaa?eoue iineaaeiee i?eia?, ioaeii iaeoe noiio eee ?aciinoue n
ioaaoii ia?aiai i?eia?a e n?aaieoue ?acoeueoao n ioaaoaie aeey
naiieiio?iey.

A aeaiiii neo/aa iieo/aaony: (a ia?aii aa?eaioa)

240 +350 + 590 eee 350 – 240= 110.

Oaeei aea ia?acii iiaeii eiio?iee?iaaoue ?aoaiea i?eia?ia ia ii?yaeie
aeaenoaee. Aaoi? n/eoaao, /oi “anee acaeiinaycue iaaeaeo i?eia?aie
ionoonoaoao, aa iiaeii eneonnoaaiii onoaiiaeoue iooai iineaaeothuaai
noiie?iaaiey ioaaoia eee onoaiiaeaiey eo ?aciinoe”. Ii iu n/eoaai, /oi
oaeie niinia oi?ie?iaaiey naiieiio?iey iaoeaeaniia?acai, oae eae ia
aeinea aaoi? i?aaeeaaaao caienuaaoue ia oieueei ioaaou i?eia?ia, ii e
?acoeueoaou noiie?iaaiey yoeo ioaaoia, /oi aoaeao oaaee/eaaoue
eiee/anoai a?aiaie. Iaiaoiaeeiiai ia ?aoaiea eaaeaeiai i?eia?a e
aucuaaoue aeiiieieoaeueioth iooaieoeo. Aieaa yooaeoeaiui yaeyaony ia iao
acaeyae ae?oaia oi?aaeiaiea, aai oiaea i?aaeeaaaao TH.TH. Aaoee.

O/eoaeue, iiaeaioaaeeaay o?ie iaoaiaoeee, i?iaa?yy ?aoaiea i?eia?ia e
caaea/, caiineo a naie eiiniaeo i?aaeeueiua ioaaou ia ana caaeaiey aeey
oie /anoe o?iea, aaea aoaeoo i?iaiaeeoueny ?aaiou oeacaiiiai aeaea.
Caoai ioaaou caienuaathony ioaeaeueii a aic?anoathuai eee oauaathuai
ii?yaeea. O/eoaeue auiineo ioaaou ia aeineo.

Iai?eia?: (258 + 642): 3 (912 – 112): 4 840 : 4+0 o 3

(185 + 815): 5 (704 – 304): 8 800 – 690 :3 o 2

(155 + 265): 7 (900 – 540): 9 450 : 9 o 7-350 o 0

Ioaaou aeey i?iaa?ee: 40;50;60;200;210;300;340;350.

Niaiaaeathuea ioaaou ieooony oieueei iaeei ?ac, iiyoiio a iaoai i?eia?a
au?aaeaiee 9, a ioaaoia ainaiue.

Iaaeinoaoie oaeiai aeaea caaeaiey caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi anee ?aaaiie
?aoeo eaeie- eeai i?eia? iai?aaeeueii, ii aai ioaao niaiaaeao n iaeiei
ec ioaaoia aeey i?iaa?ee, oi ioeaea iiaeao inoaoueny iacaia/aiiie.

Oaeea oi?aaeiaiey ii oi?ie?iaaieth iaauea naiieiio?iey oneeeaatho
ioaaonoaaiiinoue o o/aueony i?e auiieiaiee caaeaiee, i?eo/atho eo
?aaioaoue aac ioeaie, a i?e auyaeaiee – ooo aea eo eni?aaeyoue, e
aeoeaece?otho i?ioeann iao/aiey, i?iaoaeaeatho eioa?an e caiyoeyi.

Eoae, oi?ie?iaaiea naiieiio?iey- i?ioeann iai?a?uaiue. Ii
inouanoaeyaony iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii o/eoaey ia anao noaaeeyo i?ioeanna
iao/aiey (i?e eco/aiee iiaiai iaoa?eaea, i?e io?aaioea iaaueia
i?aeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, i?e oai?/aneie naiinoiyoaeueiie ?aaioa
o/aueony e o.i.), ia/eiaaony yoio i?ioeann aua a ieaaeoeo eeannao.
Oi?ie?oaony iaaue naiieiio?iey iin?aaenoaii eniieueciaaiey niaoeeaeueiuo
i?eaiia aai oi?ie?iaaiey. Ana oeacaiiua auoa i?eaiu neaaeoao
eniieueciaaoue e a ?aieao iao/aiey aeaoae ii nenoaia Ae.A.Yeueeiieia-
A.A.Aeaauaeiaa. Yoi nenoaia ?acaeaathuaai iao/aiey. Niaeanii aa
i?eioeeiai eieoeeaoeaa a iao/aiee aeieaeia enoiaeeoue io ?aaaiea. Ii
neiaai Ae.A.Yeueeiieia “aeaenoaeth naiieiio?iey a i?ioeanna ?aoaiey
o/aaiuo caaea/ neaaeoao i?eaeaaaoue iniaia cia/aiea. Eiaiii iii
oa?aeoa?ecoao anth o/aaioth aeayoaeueiinoue eae oi?aaeyaiue naiei
?aaaieii i?iecaieueiue i?ioeann. I?iecaieueiinoue o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe
ii?aaeaeyaony iaee/eai ia noieueei iaia?aiey ia/oi naeaeaoue e aeaeaieai
o/auaainy, neieueei eiio?ieai ca auiieiaieai aeaenoaee a niioaaonoaee n
ia?acoeii.”(25,N.218)

OA?AEOA?ENOEEA O?iaiAE noi?ie?iaaiiinoe NAIIeiio?iey.

?acaeoea naiieiio?iey a o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe o ieaaeoeo oeieueieeia
iiae/eiyaony ii?aaeaeaiiui caeiiiia?iinoyi. A ia/aea iao/aiey a oeiea
iaeaaeaiea naiieiio?ieai aunooiaao aeey aeaoae eae naiinoiyoaeueiay
oi?ia aeayoaeueiinoe, aiaoiyy ii ioiioaieth e iniiaiie caaea/a. Caoai,
iinoaiaiii, aeaaiaea?y iiiaie?aoiui e iineaaeiaaoaeueiui oi?aaeiaieyi,
naiieiio?ieue i?aa?auaaony a iaiaoiaeeiue yeaiaio o/aaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, aeeth/aiiue a i?ioeann aa auiieiaiey. Iineieueeo a
i?ioeanna ?aaiou iaae oi?ie?iaaieai naiieiio?iey eciaiyaony ioiioaiea
oeieueieeia e iaio, eae e eiiiiiaioo o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe, oi
iinoaiaiii eciaiyaony e o?iaaiue aai noi?ie?iaaiiinoe. I?e ii?aaeaeaiee
yoiai o?iaiy o/eouaathony neaaeothuea e?eoa?ee:

N?aaeiaa eiee/anoai aeiiouaiiuo o/aueieny ioeaie i?e auiieiaiee o/aaiiai
caaeaiey e eo /anoioa.

N?aaeiaa eiee/anoai ioeaie, i?iiouaiiuo i?e i?iaa?ea ?aaiou oiaa?eua e
naiae nianoaaiiie e /anoioo eo i?iionea.

Iiaeii iieueciaaoueny oaeaea aeiiieieoaeueiuie e?eoa?eyie:

N?aaeiaa eiee/anoai ioeaie, iaia?oaeaiiuo o/aueieny i?e i?iaa?ea ?aaiou
oiaa?eua e naiae nianoaaiiie.

Ioeaiea a aaeeao ca auiieiaiiia caaeaiea.

Aeey ii?aaeaeaiey noi?ie?iaaiiinoe iaauea naiieiio?iey oeieueieeia
iaiaoiaeeii, iieuecoynue yoeie e?eoa?eyie e iieacaoaeyie,
i?iaiaeece?iaaoue eo ienueiaiiua ?aaiou e ?aaioo ia o?ieao e iieo/aiiua
?acoeueoaou ?ani?aaeaeeoue ii o?iaiyi noi?ie?iaaiiinoe naiieiio?iey,
auaeaeaiiui A.A.?aieeiie e A.A.Caeeie. Iie auaeaeytho oanoue o?iaiae
noi?ie?iaaiiinoe naiieiio?iey, ii i?e yoii neaaeoao o/eouaaoue, /oi a
“/enoii aeaea” iie ano?a/athony e?aeia ?aaeei.

Iieoai yoe o?iaie.

“Ia?aue o?iaaiue- ionoonoaea eiio?iey.

Niaa?oaaiua o/aieeii aeaenoaey e iia?aoeee ieeae ia eiio?iee?othony,
/anoi ieacuaathony iai?aaeeueiuie, aeiiouaiiua ioeaee ia caia/athony e
ia eni?aaeythony.

*anoi aeiioneathony ioeaee aeaaea i?e ?aoaiee oi?ioi ciaeiiuo caaea/.
Ia oiaao eni?aaeyoue ioeaeo ie naiinoiyoaeueii, ie ii i?inueaa o/eoaey,
o.e. ia niiniaai naie aeaenoaey e eo ?acoeueoaou niioianoe n caaeaiiie
noaiie aeaenoaey e iaia?oaeeoue eo niioaaonoaea eee ianiioaaonoaea.
Iae?eoe/anee ioiineony e oeacaieyi o/eoaey e eni?aaeaieth ioeaie a naieo
?aaioao, niaeaoaaony n ethaui eni?aaeaieai, a oii /enea e eiaaea iii ooo
aea iaiyaony ia i?ioeaiiieiaeiia.

Iaiaeiie?aoii iiaoi?yao iaeie e oa aea ioeaee iinea eo eni?aaeaiey
o/eoaeai. Ia iiaeao iauynieoue, ii/aio aeaenoaea ioaeii niaa?oaoue
eiaiii oae, a ia eia/a.

Ioeaie, aeiiouaiiuo ae?oaeie o/aieeaie, oaeaea ia caia/aao. Ia?auaao
aieiaiea eeoue ia ia?ooaiea aiaoieo o?aaiaaiee.

I?e i?inueaa o/eoaey i?iaa?eoue naith ?aaioo e eni?aaeoue ioeaee,
aeaenoaoao oaioe/ii, ia i?eaea?aeeaaynue ieeaeiai ieaia i?iaa?ee e ia
niioiiny naie aeaenoaey ie n eaeie noaiie.

Aoi?ie o?iaaiue- eiio?ieue ia o?iaia iai?iecaieueiiai aieiaiey.

Eiio?ieue auiieiyaony iaonoie/eai e iainiciaiii. A aai iniiaa eaaeeo
iainiciaaaaiay eee ieioi niciaaaaiay o/aieeii noaia aeaenoaey, eioi?ay
caoeene?iaaeanue a aai iai?iecaieueiie iaiyoe ca n/ao iiiaie?aoiiai
auiieiaiey iaeiiai e oiai aea aeaenoaey. Eiio?ieue aea a oi?ia
niaoeeaeueiiai oeaeaiai?aaeaiiiai aeaenoaey ii niioianaiey auiieiyaiiai
o/aieeii i?ioeanna ?aoaiey caaea/e n onaiaiiie ei noaiie aeaenoaey
ionoonoaoao.

O/aiee aeaenoaoao eiioeueneaii, oaioe/ii, ii ca n/ao iai?iecaieueiiai
caiiieiaiey noaiu aeaenoaey e iai?iecaieueiiai aieiaiey eae au
i?aaeoaaaeuaaao iai?aaeaiea i?aaeeueiuo aeaenoaee, iaeiaei ia iiaeao
iauynieoue, ii/aio neaaeoao aeaeaoue eiaiii oae, a ia eia/a, eaaei
ioeacuaaaony io naiaai ?aoaiey. Oi?ioi ciaeiiua aeaenoaey iiaeao
niaa?oaoue aacioeai/ii, a anee aeiionoeo ioeaeo, iiaeao iaia?oaeeoue aa
naiinoiyoaeueii eee ii i?inueaa o/eoaey, iaeiaei aeaeaao yoi ia
nenoaiaoe/anee. Ia iiaeao iauynieoue ie naio ioeaeo, ie i?aaeeueiue
aa?eaio, aeaao eeoue oi?iaeueiua ioaaou oeia: “oae iai?aaeeueii”, “oae
iaaei”.

*oi eanaaony iiauo, iaaeinoaoi/ii oi?ioi onaiaiiuo aeaenoaee, oi ioeaee
a ieo aeiioneathony /anoi, e i?e yoii ia caia/athony e ia eni?aaeythony.

O?aoee o?iaaiue- iioaioeeaeueiue eiio?ieue ia o?iaia i?iecaieueiiai
aieiaiey.

Auiieiyy iiaia caaeaiea, o/aiee iiaeao aeiionoeoue ioeaeo, iaeiaei,
anee o/eoaeue i?ineo aai i?iaa?eoue naie aeaenoaey eee iaeoe e
eni?aaeoue ioeaeo, o/aiee, eae i?aaeei, iaoiaeeo aa e eni?aaeyao e
iiaeao i?e yoii iauynieoue naie aeaenoaey.

Aaiaeeiua o/eoaeai noaiu aeaenoaey iniciaao e iiaeao nee/aoue n ieie
nianoaaiiue i?ioeann ?aoaiey caaea/e, oioy aeaeaao yoi ia anaaaea,
iniaaiii i?e auiieiaiee iiauo aeaenoaee. Auiieiea aeaenoaea aac
iniciaaaaiiai eiio?iey, ooo aea, ii i?inueaa o/eoaey, iiaeao
i?ieiio?iee?iaaoue aai ?ao?iniaeoeaii e, a neo/aa iaiaoiaeeiinoe, aianoe
niioaaonoaothuea eni?aaeaiey. Eae naiinoiyoaeueiia oeaeaiai?aaeaiiia
aeaenoaea, eiio?ieue oaeiio o/aieeo aeinooiai e iiaeao ei auiieiyoueny,
ii i?ienoiaeeo yoi i?aeiouanoaaiii oieueei iinea ieii/aiey aeaenoaey ii
i?inueaa o/eoaey.

Iaeiia?aiaiii niaa?oaoue iiaia aeaenoaea e niioiineoue aai ni noaiie
?aaaiie cao?oaeiyaony.

*oi eanaaony oi?ioi inaiaiiuo eee iaiaeiie?aoii iiaoi?aiiuo aeaenoaee,
oi a ieo ?aaaiie ii/oe ia aeiioneaao ioeaie, a anee aeiioneaao, iiaeao
naiinoiyoaeueii iaeoe eo e eni?aaeoue.

Ai anao neo/ayo, eni?aaeyy ioeaeo, ?aaaiie iiaeao iainiiaaoue naie
aeaenoaey, nnueaynue ia onaiaiioth e iniciaaaaioth noaio aeaenoaey.

*aoaa?oue o?iaaiue- aeooaeueiue eiio?ieue ia o?iaia i?iecaieueiiai
aieiaiey.

A i?ioeanna auiieiaiey aeaenoaey o/aiee i?eaioe?oaony ia oi?ioi
iniciaiioth e onaiaiioth ei iaiauaiioth noaio aeaenoaey e oniaoii
niioiineo n iae i?ioeann ?aoaiey caaea/e. Yoi i?eaiaeeo e oiio, /oi
aeaenoaey auiieiythony, eae i?aaeei, aacioeai/ii. Aeiiouaiiua ioeaee
iaia?oaeeaathony e eni?aaeythony naiinoiyoaeueii, i?e/ai neo/ae
iiaoi?aiey iaeieo e oao aea ioeaie e?aeia ?aaeee. O/aiee iiaeao
i?aaeeueii iauynieoue naie aeaenoaey.

Iiaeao aacioeai/ii ?aoaoue aieueoia /enei ?aciiia?aciuo caaea/,
iino?iaiiuo ia iniiaa iaeiiai e oiai aea niiniaa aeaenoaey, oiaei
niioiiny eo n onaiaiiie noaiie. Iniciaiii eiio?iee?oao aeaenoaey ae?oaeo
o/aieeia i?e niaianoiii auiieiaiee caaeaiey.

Iaeiaei, noieeioaoenue n iiaie caaea/ae eee eciaiaieai oneiaee
aeaenoaey, o?aaothueie aianaiey ei??aeoea a naio noaio aeaenoaey, o/aiee
ieacuaaaony aaniiiiuiui e ia iiaeao ionooieoue io caaeaiiie noaiu.
Ae?oaeie neiaaie, o/aiee iiaeao oniaoii eiio?iee?iaaoue ia oieueei eoia,
ii e i?ioeann auiieiaiey aeaenoaee e ii oiaeo aai auiieiaiey naa?youe
niaa?oaaiua aeaenoaey n aioiaie iaee/iie noaiie, iaeiaei
i?ieiio?iee?iaaoue niioaaonoaea naiie noaiu aeaenoaee eiathueiny iiaui
oneiaeyi ii ia iiaeao.

Iyoue o?iaaiue- iioaioeeaeueiue ?aoeaeneaiue eiio?ieue.

Noieeioaoenue n iiaie caaea/ae, aiaoia iioiaeae ia ?aoaaoeany ?aiaa,
o/aiee oi/ii auiieiyao o/aaiua aeaenoaey a niioaaonoaee n i?aaeiae
noaiie, ia caia/ay oiai, /oi yoa noaia ieacuaaaony iaaaeaeaaoiie iiaui
oneiaeyi. Aeiiouaiiua ioeaee iiaeao iaia?oaeeoue n iiiiuueth o/eoaey e,
ioaa/ay ia aai iaaiaeyuea aii?inu, iiaeao iauynieoue eo enoi/iee-
ianiioaaonoaea i?eiaiaiiiai aeaenoaey iiaui oneiaeyi caaea/e. Iau/ii
iinea yoiai o/aiee iuoaaony eni?aaeoue naie aeaenoaey, ia?ano?ieoue
i?eiaiyaiue niinia, oai ia iaiaa, yoi aio oaeaaony naeaeaoue oieueei n
iiiiuueth o/eoaey. Iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii o/eoaey iiaeao ia?aoiaeeoue e
auaeaeaieth i?eioeeiia iino?iaiey ieaia aeaenoaee niioaaonoaothuaai
oeia, o.a. onoaiaaeeaaoue niioiioaiea iaaeaeo iniiaaieyie auai?a e
iino?iaiey niiniaia aeaenoaey e eo iaiauaiiuo noai a caaeneiinoe io
eciaiaiey oneiaee.

Caaeaiey, niioaaonoaothuea i?eiaiyaiie noaia aeaenoaee, eae ciaeiiua
aio, oae e iaciaeiiua, auiieiyao ?aaoey?ii e aacioeai/ii, eiio?iee?oy
naie aeaenoaey iaiin?aaenoaaiii a i?ioeanna auiieiaiey. Oaa?aiii
ionoaeaaao ?acoeueoao naieo aeaenoaee, iainiiauaay aai aiaeecii
i?eiaiaiiuo niiniaia.

Oanoie o?iaaiue- aeooaeueiue ?aoeaeneaiue eiio?ieue.

?aoay iiaoth caaea/o, aiaoia iioiaeoth ia ?aoaaiua ?aiaa, o/aiee iiaeao
naiinoiyoaeueii iaia?oaeeaaoue ioeaee, aicieeathuea ec-ca ianiioaaonoaey
i?eiaiyaiiai ei iaiauaiiiai niiniaa aeaenoaey (eee noaiu) iiaui oneiaeyi
caaea/e, e a nayce n yoei naiinoiyoaeueii aiineoue ei??aeoeau a
i?eiaiyaioth noaio aeaenoaey ca n/ao iienea e auyaeaiey aua aieaa iaueo
iniiaaiee aeaenoaey, o.a. i?eioeeiia aai iino?iaiey.

A ?yaea neo/aaa o/aiee iiaeao i?enooiaoue e oaeie ei??aeoeee aeaenoaee
aua aei ia/aea eo aeoeaiiai auiieiaiey a niioaaonoaee n onaiaiiie
noaiie, ii?aaeaeea eo iaaaeaeaaoiinoue iiaui oneiaeyi ca?aiaa, eae au
“i?ie?ooea” eo a “oia”. Iiiiuue o/eoaey iiaeao i?e yoii ano?a/aoue
io?eoeaoaeueii, iuoaynue nia/aea au?aaioaoue iiaue niinia
naiinoiyoaeueii.”(18;n.29)

Oaeei ia?acii, iiaeii auaeaeeoue o o/aueony neaaeothuea iieacaoaee
noi?ie?iaaiiinoe naiieiio?iey:

oiaiea ia?aae ia/aeii ?aaiou nieaie?iaaoue aa;

oiaiea eciaieoue ninoaa aeaenoaee a niioaaonoaee n eciaieaoeieny
oneiaeyie aeayoaeueiinoe;

oiaiea iniciaiii /a?aaeiaaoue ?acaa?iooua e nie?auaiiua oi?ioeu
eiio?iey;

oiaiea ia?aoiaeeoue io ?aaiou n iaoo?aeueiui iauaiii e ?aaioa n aai
ciaeiai- neiaiee/aneei ecia?aaeaieai.

oiaiea naiinoiyoaeueii ninoaaeyoue nenoaiu i?iaa?i/iuo caaeaiee.

Iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi i?e i?iaaaeaiee niaoeeaeueiie ?aaiou ii
oi?ie?iaaieth naiieiio?iey, aai o?iaaiue aeieaeai iiauoaoueny io ia?aiai
e oanoiio. Iniaaiii oniaoii yoi aeieaeii i?ienoiaeeoue a ?aieao nenoaiu,
i?aaeeiaeaiiie Ae.A.Yeueeiieiui e A.A.Aeaauaeiaui. “Ineoieiae/aneea
enneaaeiaaiey iieacuaatho, /oi yenia?eiaioaeueiia iao/aiea,
inouanoaeyaiia ia iniiaa niaea?aeaoaeueiiai iaiauaiey, nicaeaao
iaiaoiaeeiua oneiaey aeey oi?ie?iaaiey o o/aueony oaea a ieaaeoai
oeieueiii aic?anoa anao aeaeia eiio?iey. Iaeiaei e a iiae?inoeiaii, e a
noa?oai oeieueiii aic?anoa eiathony aua cia/eoaeueiua ?aca?au eo
niaa?oainoaiaaiey”.(22,N.108)

AEAAA 3.

Yenia?eiaioaeueiay ?aaioa ii oi?ie?iaaieth naiieiio?iey a i?ioeanna
iao/aiey iaoaiaoeea ii nenoaia Yeueeiieia- Aeaauaeiaa.

Iaoa ?aaioa iinayuaia eco/aieth iaeiiai ec no?oeoo?iuo yeaiaioia
o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe- eco/aieth naiieiio?iey ieaaeoeo oeieueieeia.
Ia?aae ia/aeii i?iaaaeaiey enneaaeiaaiey iu i?aaeiieiaeeee, /oi
eniieueciaaiea niaoeeaeueiuo caaeaiee iiaeao niinianoaiaaoue
oi?ie?iaaieth e ?acaeoeth naiieiio?iey. Aeey iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey aeiioacu
aue i?iaaaeai yenia?eiaio: ia o?ieao iaoaiaoeee aeaoyi i?aaeeaaaeenue
caaeaiey, niinianoaothuea ?acaeoeth naiieiio?iey. Yenia?eiaio
i?iaiaeeeny a o?aoueai eeanna /anoiie oeieu “Eeoeoea”.

I?eaaaeai o?aaiaiou iaeioi?uo o?ieia e iieoai oi?aaeiaiey,
i?aaeeaaaaoeany aeaoyi.

Ia?aue o?aaiaio o?iea niaea?aeeo aeaa caaeaiey, niinianoaothueo
oi?ie?iaaieth naiieiio?iey.

Niaea?aeaiea o?aaiaioa o?iea Eiiiaioa?ee

Caaea/o, eioi?oth y i?aaeeiaeo, aai iaiaoiaeeii i?ineooaoue iniaaiii
aieiaoaeueii e neacaoue, iiaeai iu ?aoeoue aa eee iao.

“Ca 4 aeiy oeieueieee naeaeaee 127 iiaea?eia e i?acaeieeo. Neieueei
aeiae ei iiiaaeiaeony, /oiau naeaeaoue 254 iiaea?ea?”

(Iu ia iiaeai ?aoeoue yoo caaea/o.) Ii/aio? (A iae aiai?eony i
ia?aaiiia?iii i?ioeanna. Oai neacaii, /oi o/aieee naeaeaee 127 iiaea?eia
ca 4 aeiy, yoi ia cia/eo, /oi e ca neaaeothuea 4 aeiy iie naeaeatho
noieueei aea.) Eciaieoa yoo caaea/o, /oiau a iae aiai?eeinue i
?aaiiia?iii i?ioeanna. (Ca 4 aeiy oeieueieee aeaeatho 127 iiaea?eia.
Neieueei aeiae ei iiiaaeiaeony, /oiau naeaeaoue 254 iiaea?ea?)
Ninoaaueoa oaaeeoeo e ?aoeoa caaea/o.

+ A oneiaee i?aaeeaaaaiie caaea/e
niaea?aeeony ioeaea, a iae iienai ia?aaiiia?iue i?ioeann. Ia yoi
oeacuaaao aeaaie “naeaeaee” a i?ioaaeoai a?aiaie. Aeaoe aeieaeiu auee,
neooay caaea/o, caiaoeoue yoi. Iaaue naiieiio?iey i?aaeiieaaaao oiaiea
iaoiaeeoue e aiaeece?iaaoue ioeaee ia oieueei a naiae ?aaioa, ii e a
i?aaeeaaaaiuo caaeaieyo, iiyoiio iu ?aoeee, /oi yoi oi?aaeiaiea iiaeii
eniieueciaaoue aeey aai oi?ie?iaaiey.

S(aei.) S(aei.) T(oo.)

4 127

? 254

254 :127 = 2 (?aca)

4 o 2 = 8 (aeiae)

Ioaao: 8 aeiae iiiaaeiaeony oeieueieeai, /oiau naeaeaoue 254 iiaea?ea.
Oaia?ue iiiaiyeoanue oao?aaeyie e i?iaa?ueoa ae?oa o ae?oaa ioi?ieaiea
oaaeeoeu e ?aoaiea caaea/e. Aeeo?aoii ea?aiaeaoii eni?aaueoa ioeaee,
anee iie anoue, e iauynieoa ae?oa ae?oao a /ai caeeth/aaony ioeaea e
ii/aio oi, /oi iaienaii a oao?aaee- iai?aaeeueii.

Iineieueeo i?aaeaea, /ai ia/aoue eiio?iee?iaaoue naie aeaenoaey,
iaiaoiaeeii iao/eoueny eiio?iee?iaaoue aeaenoaey ae?oaeo ethaeae, i?e
oi?ie?iaaiee iaauea naiieiio?iey iu eniieueciaaee acaeiiue eiio?ieue.

Iiiaiyaoenue oao?aaeyie, aeaoe noaee aunooiaoue a ?iee eiio?iea?ia.
Ai-ia?auo, iu n/eoaai, /oi yoi iiauoaao ioaaonoaaiiinoue o/aueony i?e
i?iaa?ea ?aaio, a ai-aoi?uo, /oiau onoaiiaeoue, i?aaeeueii eee iao
?aoaia caaea/a o ae?oaiai o/aieea, aeaoyi auei iaiaoiaeeii aua ?ac
onoaiiaeoue niioaaonoaea ninoaaeaiiie oaaeeoeu oaenoo caaea/e e aua ?ac
i?i?aoaoue aa. E?iia oiai, aeaoyi auei aeaii caaeaiea iauynieoue
iaeaeaiiua ioeaee oiio, /ueth ?aaioo iie i?iaa?yee. Yoi cia/eo, ei
i?eoiaeeeinue ia i?inoi iaoaie/anee eni?aaeyoue oi, /oi auei iaaa?ii, a
iainiiauaaoue naia ?aoaiea. Oiaiea ia oieueei aeaeaoue ioeaee, ii e
eni?aaeyoue eo e iauyniyoue eo i?e/eiu, yaeyaony ninoaaiie /anoueth
naiieiio?iey, iiyoiio iu aeeth/eee yoi caaeaiea a iao yenia?eiaio.

E?iia oiai, iu i?iaiaeeee o?iioaeueioth ?aaioo ii oi?ie?iaaieth iaauea
naiieiio?iey. A neaaeothuai o?aaiaioa o?iea iu iieaaeai, eae a eeanna
auea i?aaieciaaia eieeaeoeaiay i?iaa?ea ?aoaiey caaea/.

Niaea?aeaiea o?aaiaioa o?iea Eiiiaioa?ee

Aeey auiieiaiey caaeaiey aeaoe auee iauaaeeiaiu a a?oiiu. A a?oiiao
iie ninoaaeyee caaea/e ii oaaeeoeai e ?aoaee eo. Aeey eaaeaeie a?oiiu
caaea/e auee ?aciua. ?acaa?ai, eae i?ioiaeeea ?aaioa ia i?eia?a iaeiie
ec ieo.

Eaaeaeay a?oiia ninoaaeyea caaea/o e caienuaaea aa ?aoaiea ia aeinea.
A yoii o?aaiaioa o?iea iaaue naiieiio?iey oi?ie?oaony ia a i?ioeanna
ninoaaeaiey e ?aoaiey caaea/ a a?oiiao, a a i?ioeanna eo eieeaeoeaiie
i?iaa?ee. Aeaoe, eioi?ua neooatho aunooiathuoth a?oiio yaeythony
eiio?iea?aie, a ia i?inoi ianneaiuie neooaoaeyie. Ei ioaeii ia oieueei
neacaoue aa?ii eee iao ninoaaeaia e ?aoaia caaea/a, ii e iainiiaaoue
naia iiaiea.

I?e oaeie oi?ia ?aaiou eae

S(ei) O(/an)

eieeaeoeaiay i?iaa?ea

300 6

ii?aaeaeaiiay ?ieue i?eiaaeeaaeeo

? 2

o/eoaeth, oae eae , anee aeaoe naie

400 ?

ie/aai ia aeieacuaatho, o/eoaeue

caaeaao ei aii?inu, iiaeoaeeeaathuea

6 : 2 = 3 (?aca)

300 : 3 = 100 (ei)

400 : 100 = 4 (?aca)

2 o 4 = 8 (/ania)

Eoae, neooaai ia?aoth a?oiio, a ana inoaeueiua aoaeoo eiio?iea?aie. Aai
ioaeii ii?aaeaeeoue i?aaeeueii ee ninoaaeaia caaea/a e aeieacaoue, /oi
iia ?aoaaony.

“Eaoa? i?ioiaeeo 300 ei ca 6 /ania. Neieueei eeeiiao?ia ii i?ieaeao ca 2
/ana? Ca neieueei /ania eaoa? i?ieaeao 400 eeeiiao?ia? “

Eaeiai aeaea yoio i?ioeann? (Yoi i?ioeann aeaeaeaiey.) Eae au n/eoaaoa,
i?aaeeueii a?oiia ninoaaeea caaea/o? (Aea.) Ii/aio? (A oaaeeoea aeaiu
oa?aeoa?enoeee ia?aiai i?ioeanna: ?annoiyiea 300 ei e a?aiy 6 /ania, e a
caaea/a aiai?eony, /oi eaoa? i?ioiaeeo 300 ei ca 6 /ania…) Aeieaaeeoa,
/oi yoo caaea/o eiaao niune ?aoaoue. (Yoi “oi?ioee” i?ioeann, ia yoi
oeacuaaao aeaaie “i?ioiaeeo”. Ii icia/aao, /oi ca eaaeaeua 6 /ania eaoa?
i?ioiaeeo 300 ei.)

Iauynieoa ?aoaiea aaoae caaea/e. (A?oiia ?anneacuaaao, eae iie ?aoaee
caaea/o, iiyniyy eaaeaeia aeaenoaea.)

Eae au n/eoaaoa, i?aaeeueii eee iao yoa a?oiia ?aoaea caaea/o? (Aea) A
ioaao iie iieo/eee i?aaeeueiue? (Aea) Eae iiaeii a yoii oaaaeeoueny?
(Iiaeii iiaenoaaeoue iieo/aiiua ioaaou a oaaeeoeo, oiaaea iu oaeaeei,
/oi i?ioeann ?aaiiia?iue, o.a. ai neieueei ?ac eciaiyaony iaeia ec aai
oa?aeoa?enoee, ai noieueei aea ?ac eciaiyaony e ae?oaay oa?aeoa?enoeea.)
e iauyniaieth ioaaoa.

A?oiia, eioi?ay aunooiaao o aeinee, oiaea inouanoaeyao eiio?ieue,
oieueei yoi eiio?ieue ca naieie aeaenoaeyie, o.a. naiieiio?ieue. Ii iu
ia n/eoaai ioaeiui oaeaeyoue yoiio iniaia aieiaiea, o.e. o ieo
naiieiio?ieue inouanoaeyaony iainiciaiii. Iiyniyy naia ?aoaiea caaea/e,
iie ia i?inoi ia?a/eneytho auiieiaiiua aeaenoaey, a iauyniytho eaaeaeia
ec ieo, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai aeaoe iiaoo oaaaeeoueny a eo i?aaeeueiinoe
eee iai?aaeeueiinoe.

Eoae, ia yoii o?aaiaioa o?iea iu iieacaee, eae inouanoaeyee
eieeaeoeaioth i?iaa?eo ?aoaiey caaea/, eioi?ay yaeyaony i?iiaaeooi/iui
caaiii iaaeaeo eiio?ieai iaaeaaiaa e naiieiio?ieai o/aueony.

Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi nenoaiie Ae.A.Yeueeiieia e A.A Aeaauaeiaa

i?aaeoniio?aii, /oi aeaoe aeieaeiu iinoiyiii iauyniyoue, iainiiauaaoue,
aeieacuaaoue naie ioaaou e aeaenoaey. E yoiio eo i?eo/atho. Ia/eiay n
ia?aiai eeanna, /oi ianiiiaiii niinianoaoao oi?ie?iaaieth iaauea
naiieiio?iey. Aeaoe n naiiai ia/aea i?eo/athony neaaeeoue ca
i?aaeeueiinoueth e eiae/iinoueth aeaenoaee ae?oaeo, a oaeaea e?eoe/anee
ioiineoueny e naiei nianoaaiiui aeaenoaeyi.

N?aaee i?eaiia oi?ie?iaaiey iaauea naiieiio?iey iu iienuaaee i?eai
?aoaiey caaea/ ?aciuie niiniaaie. Iu ainiieueciaaeenue ei e i?e
oi?ie?iaaiee iaauea naiieiio?iey o o/aieeia oeieu “Eeoeoea”. Ia i?eia?a
o?aaiaioa iaeiiai ec o?ieia iieaaeai, eae iu yoi aeaeaee.

Niaea?aeaiea o?aaiaioa o?iea Eiiiaioa?ee

Aeaoyi aue i?aaeeiaeai aeey ?aoaiey ? 602(1).

“Ianna o?ao ia/ae /ay 150 a. Eaeiaa ianna 10 oaeeo ia/ae? 100 ia/ae?”

?aoeoa yoo caaea/o ?aciuie niiniaaie. I?aaeaea, /ai i?enooieoue e
?aaioa, neaaeeoa, eae yoio i?ioeann iacuaaaony? (Ninoaaeaiea oeaeiai ec
/anoae.) Iaciaeoa oa?aeoa?enoeee i?ioeanna. (S-ianna ia/ae;

O- eiee/anoai ia/ae.) Eaeie yoi i?ioeann? Ii/aio? (“Oi?ioee”, oae eae
ana ia/ee iaeeiaeiaua.) Ai a?aiy yoiai o?iea iu ia?aoeee aieiaiea
aeaoae ia oi, /oi i?iaa?eoue i?aaeeueiinoue auiieiaiey caaeaiey iiaeii,
?aoea aai ae?oaei niiniaii. Ia i?eia?a eiie?aoiie caaea/e aeaoe
aniiiieee, eaeei ia?acii, ?aoea caaea/o ae?oaei niiniaii, iiaeii
ociaoue, i?aaeeueii iia auea ?aoaia eee iao. Oiaiea iaoiaeeoue ?aciua
niiniau ?aoaiey caaea/ icia/aao iaeaaeaiea iaeiei ec i?eaiia
naiieiio?iey.

1 niinia: +

S(a) O(ia/ee)

150 3

10 ? 10 10

? 100

1500 30

1)1500 : 3 = 500 (a)

2)500 o 10 = 5000 (a)

2 niinia: +

S(a) O(ia/ee)

150 3

3 ? 10 3

? 100

50 1

50 o 10 = 500 (a)

50 o 100 = 5000 (a)

3 niinia:

?

100

? 3 150

10

?

150 : 3 = 50 (a)

50 o 10 = 500 (a)

50 o 100 = 5000 (a)

Ioaao: 500a ianna 10 ia/ae /ay; 5000a ianna 100 ia/ae /ay.

(Iinea oiai, eae aeaoe ?aoeee caaea/o, ?aoaiey auee ianoaeaeaiu e
auianaiu ia aeineo. Caoai auea i?iaaaeaia aanaaea.)

*oi au iiaeaoa neacaoue i iieo/aiiuo ioaaoao? (Eaeei au niiniaii iu
ia ?aoaee caaea/o, ioaaou anaaaea iieo/athony iaeeiaeiaua.) Eaeie ec
yoiai iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae? (Caaea/a ?aoaia aa?ii.) Eae au aeoiaaoa,
anoue ee iai niune o?aoeoue a?aiy e o/eoueny ?aoaoue caaea/e ?aciuie
niiniaaie, eee aeinoaoi/ii inaieoue eaeie- ieaoaeue iaeei niinia? (Anee
iu ciaai ianeieueei niiniaia, oi iiaeai aeey ?aoaiey eaaeaeie caaea/e
auae?aoue aieaa ei?ioeee, a aua, ?aoea caaea/o iaeiei niiniaii, iu
iiaeai i?iaa?eoue i?aaeeueiinoue ?aoaiey ae?oaei niiniaii.)

Ninoaaeaiea e ?aoaiea acaeiiia?aoiuo caaea/ oiaea yaeyaony i?eaiii
oi?ie?iaaiey iaauea naiieiio?iey i?e iao/aiee iaoaiaoeea, e iu
eniieueciaaee aai a naiai yenia?eiaioa. I?ieeethno?e?oao aai o?aaiaioii
o?iea.

Niaea?aeaiea o?aaiaioa o?iea Eiiiaioa?ee

Aeaoe auee ?acaeaeaiu ia a?oiiu, e eaaeaeie a?oiia auea i?aaeeiaeaia
caaea/a. Caaeaiea: iino?ieoue oaaeeoeo e caaea/a e ?aoeoue aa ii oi?ioea
i?yiie i?iii?oeeiiaeueiinoe.

“Aeeia e Aany nia?aee 80 ea aeiia?aaea ca iie/ana. Neieueei ei
iio?aaoaony ei?cei, anee a eaaeaeoth ei?ceio aiauaaony ii 20 ea
aeiia?aaea?”

2)“Neieueei eeeia?aiiia aiauaaony a 4 ei?ceiu, anee a eaaeaeoth ec ieo
aiauaaony ii 20 ea aeiia?aaea?”

Aeaoe ioi?ieytho ?aoaiea ia aeinea. Caeanue neaaeoao ia?aoeoue
aieiaiea ia oi, eae i?iaiaeeeanue ?aaioa n caaea/aie iinea ianoaeaeaiey
?aoaiey eaaeaeie ec ieo ioaeaeueii. Naiieiio?ieue iu oi?ie?iaaee a
i?ioeanna n?aaiaiey oneiaee caaea/ e eo ?aoaiee, caienaiiuo ia aeinea.
Ia o?iea iu iiaoi?eee, /oi oaeia acaeiiia?aoiua caaea/e, e ia?aoeee
aieiaiea ia iaiaoiaeeiinoue oiaiey ninoaaeyoue e ?aoaoue oaeea caaea/e.
E?iia oiai, aeaoyi auei i?aaeeiaeaii naiei ninoaaeoue caaea/o, ia?aoioth
aeaiiie.

1)

S(ea) O(ei?.) V(ea/ei?.)

80 ? 20

O = S : V

80 : 20 = 4 (ei?ceiu)

Ioaao: 4 ei?ceiu iio?aaoaony.

2)

S(ea) O(ei?.) V(ea/ei?.)

? 4 20

S = V o O

20 o 4 = 80 (ea)

Ioaao: 80 eeeia?aiiia aeiia?aaea iiiauaaony a 4 ei?ceiu.

Iinea ianoaeaeaiey ?aoaiee aeaoyi caaeaaony aii?in: “*oi iiaeii neacaoue
ia yoeo aeaoo caaea/ao?” (Iie acaeiiia?aoiua.) Ii/aio au oae ?aoeee? (A
iaaeo caaea/ao aiai?eony i aeiia?aaea, eioi?ue ?aneeaaeuaatho a ei?ceiu.
A iaaeo caaea/ao a iaeio ei?ceio iiiauaaony 20 ea aeiia?aaea, ii a
iaeiie caaea/a ni?aoeaaaony, neieueei ioaeii ei?cei, /oiau ?aceiaeeoue
80 ea aeiia?aaea, a ai aoi?ie, iaiai?io, ni?aoeaatho, neieueei
eeeia?aiiia aeiia?aaea iiaeii ?aceiaeeoue a 4 ei?ceiu.) Ca/ai iai eo
ninoaaeyoue e ?aoaoue? (*oiau i?iaa?eoue, aa?ii iu auiieieee ?aoaiea eee
iao.) A eaeei ia?acii iu iiaeai yoi naeaeaoue? (Ioaao ia?aoiie caaea/e
aeieaeai niaiaaeaoue n aeaiiuie ia?aie.) Neieueei ia?aoiuo caaea/ iiaeii
ninoaaeoue e iaoae caaea/a? (Aeaa.) Ii/aio? (O iaa anaai o?e
oa?aeoa?enoeee i?ioeanna, a ninoaaeyy caaea/e, iu iii/a?aaeii eo aeaeaai
iaecaanoiuie.) Iaeia caaea/a o ian anoue, ninoaaueoa aua iaeio. (“80ea
aeiia?aaea iiaeii ?aceiaeeoue a 4 ei?ceiu. Neieueei eeeia?aiiia
aeiia?aaea aoaeao a eaaeaeie ei?ceia, anee aai ?aneeaaeuaaee ii?iaio?”)
?aoeoa aa onoii, eaeie ioaao iieo/aaony? (A eaaeaeie ei?ceia aoaeao ii
20 ea aeiia?aaea.) *oi icia/aao ioaao yoie caaea/e? (Aeaa ia?aua caaea/e
auee ?aoaiu i?aaeeueii.)

Iu eniieueciaaee yoio i?eai, oae eae ninoaaeaiea e ?aoaiea ia?aoiie
caaea/e iicaieyao auno?aa iaia?oaeeaaoue ioeaee e auyaeyoue eo i?e/eiu.
Anee aeaoe iao/aony e i?eaueioo ?aaioaoue ni acaeiiia?aoiuie caaea/aie,
oi iinoaiaiii iie i?eaueioo eiio?iee?iaaoue ?aoaiea i?yiie caaea/e, a
cia/eo o ieo aoaeao oi?ie?iaaoueny iaaue naiieiio?iey.

Eiiaaea iiaeii yenia?eiaioaeueii i?iaa?eoue i?aaeeueii eee iao
auiieiaii caaeaiea. I?e eco/aiee oaiu “Ieiuaaeue i?yiioaieueieea” iu
i?aaeeiaeeee aeaoyi oi?aaeiaiea ?770 ec o/aaieea. Ei ioaeii auei iaeoe
ieiuaaeue i?yiioaieueieea ii oi?ioea S = V xT.

Niaea?aeaiea o?aaiaioa o?iea Eiiiaioa?ee

A

1ni

S (A)

ieiuaaeue O (ni)

aeeeia V (A/ni)

? 4 8

Iiniio?eoa ia ?enoiie e iieaaeeoa oa?aeoa?enoeeo O, /oi yoi? (Yoi
aeeeia, iieacuaatho.) A /ai iia ecia?yaony? (A naioeiao?ao.) Aaea
caeanue oa?aeoa?enoeea V? (Iieacuaatho.) A eaeeo aaeeieoeao iia
ecia?yaony? (A/ni) Iaeaeeoa ieiuaaeue i?yiioaieueieea. (S= V o O = 8
o4=32 S = 32 A.) Iiaeai ee iu eae- ieaoaeue i?iaa?eoue naay, aae?oa iu
iai?aaeeueii ?aoeee caaea/o? (Iu iiaeai nin/eoaoue ana ia?ee A a yoii
i?yiioaieueieea.) Nin/eoaeoa eo. *oi iieo/aaony? (32 ia?ee.) *oi yoi
cia/eo? ( Caaea/o iu ?aoeee i?aaeeueii.)

Caoai auei ?aoaii aua ianeieueei iioiaeeo caaea/, eioi?ua auee i?iaa?aiu
oaeei aea niiniaii. Ia yoii o?iea iu ia eniieueciaaee ieeaeiai iniaiai
i?eaia oi?ie?iaaiey iaauea naiieiio?iey. I?inoi, caaeaaay aii?in:
“Iiaeai ee iu i?iaa?eoue naay, aae?oa iu iai?aaeeueii ?aoeee caaea/o?” –
iu oioaee ia?aoeoue aieiaiea aeaoae ia oi, /oi eiiaaea i?aaeeueiinoue
auiieiaiey oiai eee eiiai caaeaiey iiaeii i?iaa?eoue, ecia?yy eneiioth
aaee/eio, o.a. yenia?eiaioaeueii. Iu n/eoaai, /oi aac yoiai oiaiey iaaue
naiieiio?iey ia iiaeao auoue noi?ie?iaai a iieiie ia?a.

Aeey oi?ie?iaaiey iaauea naiieiio?iey i?e auiieiaiee caaeaiee ia
au/eneaiey iu iieueciaaeenue oi?aaeiaieyie ec o/aaieea e i?aaeinoaaeyee
eo ia aeiiaoithth ?aaioo. Oeaaeai e i?iaiaeece?oai iaeioi?ua ec yoeo
oi?aaeiaiee.

(? 617) “I?iaa?ue, i?aaeeueii ee ii?aaeaeaia oeeo?a /anoiiai. Aeey yoiai
oiiiaeue aa ia aeaeeoaeue e n?aaie ?acoeueoaou n aeaeeiui.”

_602 86

_702 86

_750 86

((( 6

((( 8

((( 4

(

(

(

O/aueany aeieaeiu nia/aea ioeaieoue i?aaeeueiinoue iaiieiiai aeaeeiiai
e niioaaonoaaiii- eiee/anoai ciaeia a /anoiii. Aeaeaa onoaiaaeeaaaony,
/oi aeey i?iaa?ee aienaiiiai a /anoiia /enea, ioaeii oiiiaeeoue aai ia
aeaeeoaeue. Oaeei ia?acii, aeaoe iiaoi?ytho aeai?eoi ienueiaiiiai
aeaeaiey. Aeaaiay aea oeaeue yoiai oi?aaeiaiey caeeth/aaony a inaiaiee
aeaenoaey i?iaa?ee aua?aiiie oeeo?u /anoiiai. Aac yoiai iaaiciiaeii
inouanoaeaiea naiieiio?iey i?e auiieiaiee aeaenoaey aeaeaiey.

(? 651) “Ii?aaeaee aeaeeiia, auiieiea au/eneaiey noieaeeii.”

714

320

254

356

516

605

Yoi i?eia?u ia acaeiinaycue eiiiiiaioia aeaenoaee- iaiau/iue aa?eaio
caiene i?eia?ia n ieioa/eaie. *oiau iaeoe aeaeeiia, aeaoyi ioaeii
/anoiia oiiiaeeoue ia aeaeeoaeue. Ciaiea acaeiinayce eiiiiiaioia
aeaenoaee iaiaoiaeeii aeey oi?ie?iaaiey iaauea naiieiio?iey. Yoi
iaoneiaeei auai? iaie aeaiiiai caaeaiey.

(? 653) “Iaciae /enei oeeo? a /anoiii. “

7(( : 3(( 1((( : 5((

7(((: 9(( 1((( : 2((

*oiau ii?aaeaeeoue eiee/anoai oeeo? a /anoiii, aeaoe aeieaeiu
auaeaeeoue ia?aia iaiieiia /anoiia. Yoi caaeaiea aeaao aeaoyi
aiciiaeiinoue ni?iaiice?iaaoue ?acoeueoao au/eneaiee, eniieuecoy i?e
yoii oaeie i?eai eae i?eeeaeea, /oi eiaao aieueoia cia/aiea aeey
oi?ie?iaaiey i?iaiice?othuaai eiio?iey.

Neaaeoao ia?aoeoue aieiaiea ia oi, /oi iienaiiua caaeaiey, eae e
caaea/e aeey iaeioi?uo o?aaiaioia o?ieia, iu a?aee ec o/aaieea
iaoaiaoeee aeey o?aoueaai eeanna (2 iieoaiaeea), ninoaaeaiiiai
A.A.Aeaauaeiaui, N.O.Ai?aiaui, A.A.Ieeoeeiie e ae?. A yoii o/aaieea
iiaeii iaeoe iiiai ae?oaeo eioa?aniuo caaeaiee, eioi?ua iiaoo
niinianoaiaaoue eae ?acaeoeth iaauea naiieiio?iey, oae e oi?ie?iaaieth
ae?oaeo eiiiiiaioia o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Iaaue naiieiio?iey o o/aieeia o?aoueaai eeanna iu oi?ie?iaaee
iin?aaenoaii eniieueciaaiey niaoeeaeueiuo i?eaiia e oi?aaeiaiee,
iai?aaeaiiuo ia aai ?acaeoea a oa/aiea o?ao iaaeaeue. E?iia oiai, a yoi
aea a?aiy i?iaiaeeeenue iaaethaeaiey ca ?aaioie aeaoae ia o?ieao
iaoaiaoeee. A caaa?oaiea yenia?eiaioa iu i?iaiaeece?iaaee ?acoeueoaou
iaoae ?aaiou e ioaaoeee ia aii?inu aieaou. Aieaoa ninoaaeaia
A.A.?aieeiie e A.A.Caeeie e i?aaeiacia/aaony aeey ii?aaeaeaiey o?iaiy
noi?ie?iaaiiinoe naiieiio?iey o aeaoae. Aii?inu aieaou auee
neaaeothueie:

Aeiioneaao ee o/aiee i?e ?aoaiee ciaeiiu caaea/ iaeie e oa aea ioeaee?
(a) aea; a) eiiaaea; a) iao ).

Iiaeao ee o/aiee i?e ?aoaiee ciaeiiuo caaea/ naiinoiyoaeueii iaeoe e
eni?aaeoue aeiiouaiiua ioeaee? (a) iao; a) a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo; a) aea
).

Oiaao ee o/aiee i?aaeeueii iauynieoue ioeaee ia eco/aiiia i?aaeei, ia
eciaiaiea ecaanoiiai niiniaa? (a) iao; a)aea ).

Eae iinooiaao o/aiee, anee aio oeacuaatho ia iaee/ea ioeaee o/eoaeue,
o/aieee, ?iaeeoaee? (a) iae?eoe/anee eni?aaeyao; a) eni?aaeyao iinea
oiai, eae iieiao iniiaaiea e?eoeee).

Anee o/aiee i?eiaiyao aeey ?aoaiey caaea/e niinia, i?eaiaeyuee e ioeaea,
iiaeao ee o/aiee iaia?oaeeoue, /oi i?e/eiie ioeaee yaeyaony eiaiii yoio
niinia? (a) iao; a) oieueei n iiiiuueth; a) iiaeao naiinoiyoaeueii).

Iiaeao ee o/aiee aeaoue iauyniaiea i?e/eiai oaeeo ioeaie, niioianoe
niiniau aeaenoaee, iainiiaaoue i?eaiaeiinoue iaeiiai e iai?eaiaeiinoue
ae?oaiai? (a)iao; a)aea).

A oiaea enneaaeiaaiey iu iaaethaeaee ca ainaiueth o/aieeaie.
I?iaiaeece?iaaa ioaaou ia aii?inu aieaou, iu iieo/eee aiciiaeiinoue
naeaeaoue iaeioi?ua auaiaeu ia o?iaia noi?ie?iaaiiinoe naiieiio?iey o
o/aieeia o?aoueaai eeanna /anoiie oeieu “Eeoeoea”, iao/athueony ii
nenoaia Ae.A.Yeueeiieia e A.A.Aeaauaeiaa.

Naiieiio?ieue o anao o/aieeia noi?ie?iaai i?eia?ii iaeeiaeiai. A eeanna
iao aeaoae n i/aiue aunieei o?iaiai noi?ie?iaaiiinoe yoiai eiiiiiaioa
o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe, oaeaea eae e iao aeaoae, o eioi?uo ii ii/oe ia
noi?ie?iaai.

O aeaoo /aeiaae (25%eeanna) noi?ie?iaai iioaioeeaeueiue eiio?ieue ia
o?iaia i?iecaieueiiai aieiaiey. Niaeanii a?aaeaoeee, i?aaeeiaeaiiie
A.A.?aieeiie e A.A.Caeeie, iie iaoiaeyony ia o?aoueai o?iaia
noi?ie?iaaiiinoe iaauea naiieiio?iey. Yoi icia/aao, /oi o/aieee,
auiieiyy iiaia caaeaiea, iiaoo aeiioneaoue ioeaee, ii ii i?inueaa
o/eoaey iiaoo eo iaoiaeeoue e eni?aaeyoue. Aeaoe iniciatho iiaua
aeaenoaey e niiniau ?aoaiey caaea/, eioi?ua aaiaeeo o/eoaeue, iiaoo
eniieueciaaoue eo a ea/anoaa ia?acoea, ii aeaeatho yoi ia anaaaea.
Auiieiea aeaenoaea, iie iiaoo i?ieiio?iee?iaaoue aai ii i?inueaa
o/eoaey, a a neo/aa iaiaoiaeeiinoe- aianoe ei??aeoeau. Oaeei ia?acii,
eiio?ieue iiaeao auiieiyoueny yoeie o/aieeaie eae naiinoiyoaeueiia
oeaeaiai?aaeaiiia aeaenoaea, ii auiieiyaony ii, eae i?aaeei, ii i?inueaa
o/eoaey e i?aaenoaaeyao eiio?ieue ii ?acoeueoaoo. Ii aeaoyi iiea
o?oaeii auiieiyoue aiiaue eco/aaiua aeaenoaey e iaeiia?aiaiii
niioiineoue eo n ia?acoeii. Iiyoiio a iiauo aeaenoaeyo, a ioee/ea io
oi?ioi ciaeiiuo, ?aayoa aeiioneatho ioeaee. A iiiaie?aoii iiaoi?aiiuo
aea aeaenoaeyo oaeeo ioeaie iau/ii iao, a anee iie e ano?a/athony, oi
iiaoo auoue eni?aaeaiu e iauyniaiu aeaoueie naiinoiyoaeueii.

Aieueoeinoai aeaoae- 75% eeanna (6 /aeiaae)- ii noi?ie?iaaiiinoe
naiieiio?iey i?iaeaeioeenue aeaeueoa. Nae/an iie iaoiaeyony ia iooe io
iioaioeeaeueiiai eiio?iey ia o?iaia i?iecaieueiiai aieiaiey e
aeooaeueiiio eiio?ieth ia o?iaia i?iecaieueiiai aieiaiey. Ii a yoie
a?oiia aeaoae oiaea anoue oa, o eiai iaaue naiieiio?iey noi?ie?iaai a
aieueoae noaiaie, e oa, o eiai ii noi?ie?iaai a iaiueoae noaiaie.

I?e ?aoaiee oi?ioi ciaeiiuo caaea/ aeaoe ia aeiioneatho iaeieo e oao
aea ioeaie, a anee oaeia eiiaaea neo/aaony, oi iie, i?aeiouanoaaiii
naiinoiyoaeueii e eeoue a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo n iiiiuueth o/eoaey, iiaoo
iaeoe e eni?aaeoue ioeaee. E?iia oiai, aeaoe, iaoiaeyueany ia yoii
o?iaia noi?ie?iaaiiinoe iaauea naiieiio?iey, noa?athony neaaeeoue ca
?aaioie a i?ioeanna aa auiieiaiey. I?e ?aoaiee caaeaiee ii oi?ioi
iniciaiiie e onaiaiiie noaia ei yoi oaeaaony. Ii i?e eco/aiee iiauo
aeaenoaee 50% o/aueony, ioiinyueony e yoie a?oiia (3 /aeiaaea),
ia/eiatho iae?eoe/anee eni?aaeyoue ioeaee e aiaeece?otho eo oieueei ii
i?inueaa o/eoaey, oioy ae?oaea 50% aeaoae iuoathony aeaeaoue yoi
naiinoiyoaeueii. Anee i?e ?aoaiee iiaie caaea/e i?eiaiyaony niinia,
i?eaiaeyuee e ioeaeai, oi 30,3% o/aueony (2 /aeiaaea) iiaoo yoi
iaia?oaeeoue, a 69,7% o/aueony (4 /aeiaaea) aeaeatho yoi iau/ii n
iiiiuueth o/eoaey. Oaeei ia?acii, ciaeiiynue n iiauie noaiaie aeaenoaee
e niiniaaie ?aoaiey caaea/, aeaoe yoie a?oiiu iiaoo inouanoaeyoue
eiio?ieue oieueei ii ?acoeueoaoo auiieiaiiiai aeaenoaey, a ca i?ioeannii
?aaiou neaaeeoue o ieo iieo/aaony iiea oieueei i?e auiieiaiee aeaenoaee,
n eioi?uie iie iaiaeiie?aoii ano?a/aeenue, e noaio auiieiaiey eioi?uo
aeaoe iniciatho a iieiie ia?a. I?e yoii naie caaeaiey iiaoo auoue naiuie
?aciiia?aciuie.

Eoae, ii ?acoeueoaoai enneaaeiaaiey iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi o anao
o/aieeia o?aoueaai eeanna /anoiie oeieu “Eeoeoea” oaea noi?ie?iaai
iioaioeeaeueiue eiio?ieue ia o?iaia i?iecaieueiiai aieiaiey. E?iia oiai,
o aieueoeinoaa o/aueony oaea i?iyaeythony i?eciaee aeooaeueiiai eiio?iey
ia o?iaia i?iecaieueiiai aieiaiey, a iaeioi?ua ec ieo aeaaea aeecee e
iaio. Iu n/eoaai, /oi yoi aiieia niioaaonoaoao o?iaith ?acaeoey aeaoae a
yoii aic?anoa. Oioy, iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi ?ani?aaeaeaiea aeaoae ii
o?iaiyi noi?ie?iaaiiinoe iaauea naiieiio?iey oneiaii. Yoi icia/aao, /oi
a ia?eiae iaaethaeaiey ca ieie e i?iaaaeaiey yenia?eiaioa i?iyaeyeenue
oa eo /a?ou, eioi?ua iienaiu auoa. Aiciiaeii, /oi a ae?oaeo neooaoeeyo
iie aaaeoo naay eia/a. Ii iai eaaeaony, /oi a yoii neo/aa aiciiaeii
eeoue iacia/eoaeueiia eciaiaiea o?iaiy noi?ie?iaaiiinoe iaauea
naiieiio?iey a oo eee ae?oaoth noi?iio. A oeaeii aea ?acoeueoaou
enneaaeiaaiey iiaeii n/eoaoue iauaeoeaiuie. Ia eo iniiaaiee iiaeii
naeaeaoue ii?aaeaeaiiua auaiaeu.

Yenia?eiaio iieacae, /oi oi?ie?iaaiea iaauea naiieiio?iey i?e eco/aiee
iaoaiaoeee ii nenoaia Ae.A.Yeueeiieia e A.A.Aeaauaeiaa aiciiaeii. Yoiio
niinianoaoao iao/aiea aeaoae iaoiaeai e i?eaiai i?iaaaeaiey
naiieiio?iey, a oaeaea i?eiaiaiea ?acee/iuo, niaoeeaeueii iiaeia?aiiuo
caaeaiee. I?e yoii ?aaioa iaae oi?ie?iaaieai iaauea naiieiio?iey
aeieaeia auoue nenoaiaoe/aneie.

CAEETH*AIEA.

Iaoa enneaaeiaaiea iinayuaii iaei ?ac?aaioaiiiio a ineoieiaee e
iaaeaaiaeea aii?ino i oi?ie?iaaiee naiieiio?iey o/aueony.

Iiiai/eneaiiua oaeou iaaethaeaiey iaaeaaiaia e ineoieiaia, naycaiiua n
o?ieaie iaoaiaoeee, naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i oii, /oi a iaaeaaiae/aneie
i?aeoeea au?aaioea o eaaeaeiai o/aieea iaiaoiaeeiuo iaaueia naiieiio?iey
oaeaeyaony e?aeia iaaeinoaoi/ii aieiaiey, a ia?aaeei iii i?inoi
ionoonoaoao. A oi a?aiy eae e i?e ioee/iuo ciaieyo oai?ee e oiaiee
i?eiaiyoue aa iaeuecy iieiinoueth aa?aioe?iaaoue naay io ioeaie, e
ieaaeoea oeieueieee, aeaaea ciay eae neaaeoao eiio?iee?iaaoue naay, ia
anaaaea i?iecaiaeyo aeaenoaea naiieiio?iey. Iiyoiio iie ioaeaeathony a
niaoeeaeueiii iiaoaeaeaiee, /oiau naiieiio?ieue eiae ianoi a eo o/aaiie
?aaioa, /oiau iie ia?auaeenue e niiniaai aeaenoaey, ia?auaeenue e
ia?acoeo aeaenoaey. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, iaaei o/eoue o/aueony
naiieiio?ieth. Aac iaai iaaiciiaeia oai?/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue.
Ainieoaiea iaauea naiieiio?iey o o/aueony eiaao aieueoia cia/aiea,
iniaaiii a eco/aiee iaoaiaoeee. Cia/aiea naiieiio?iey cia/eoaeueii
aic?anoaao aua e iioiio, /oi a ianoiyuaa a?aiy aieueoa oaeaeyaony
aieiaiey nicaeaieth ia o?ieao i?iaeaiiuo neooaoeee e naiinoiyoaeueiiio
iieneo eo ?aoaiee. Oe?iei ia/eiatho eniieueciaaoueny nenoaiu
?acaeaathuaai iao/aiey. A ?aieao nenoaiu ?acaeaathuaai iao/aiey
Ae.A.Yeueeiieia e A.A.Aeaauaeiaa iu oi?ie?oai oai?aoe/aneia iuoeaiea
aeaoae. Ii ?acaeaay iuoeaiea, iu ia iiaeai inoaaeoue aac aieiaiey
oi?ie?iaaiea eiiiiiaioia o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe e a /anoiinoe-
naiieiio?iey. ?aaaiie ia niiaeao no?ieoue eiae/aneea oeaii/ee e aeaeaoue
i?aaeeueiua auaiaeu, anee o iaai ionoonoaoao eiio?ieue naieo aeaenoaee e
aeaenoaee oiaa?euae.

Oaeei ia?acii, oeaeueth iaoaai enneaaeiaaiey auei auyaeaiea iooae
oi?ie?iaaiey naiieiio?iey. I?iaiaeece?iaaa ineoieiai- iaaeaaiae/aneoth e
iaoiaee/aneoth eeoa?aoo?o, i?iaaaey iaaethaeaiea ca aeaoueie e
yenia?eiaio, iu i?eoee e auaiaeo, /oi aeiioaca iaoa iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony.
Yooaeoeaiinoue oi?ie?iaaiey iaauea naiieiio?iey o ieaaeoeo oeieueieeia
aeinoeaaaony a ?acoeueoaoa eniieueciaaiey oaeeo iaoiaeia e i?eaiia eae
aanaaea; o?iioaeueiay, acaeiiay e eiaeeaeaeoaeueiay i?iaa?ea
auiieiaiiiai caaeaiey; ?aoaiea e ninoaaeaiea acaeiiia?aoiuo caaea/;
?aoaiea caaea/ ?aciuie niiniaaie e ?aoaiea niaoeeaeueii iiaeia?aiiuo
caaeaiee. Iiyoiio iao/aiea naiieiio?ieth aeieaeii iaeoe ianoi i?e
iauyniaiee iiaiai iaoa?eaea e aai cae?aieaiee, /oi aoaeao niiauaoue
i?ioeanno oi?ie?iaaiey ciaiee, oiaiee e iaaueia aunieoth yooaeoeaiinoue,
aeaeaoue aai iniciaiiui, i?i/iui. Aacioeai/iui. E?iia oiai, iaaue
naiieiio?iey, i?eia?aoaaiue o/aueieny a i?ioeanna eco/aiey iaoaiaoeee a
oeiea, aaconeiaii i?eaiaeeony a iineaaenoaee a eo o?oaeiaie
aeayoaeueiinoe e a iao/iii oai?/anoaa.

AEAEEIA?AOEss:

Aaaaineee TH.E. ?aoeeiiaeueiay i?aaiecaoeey o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe-
I.:Ciaiea, 1981.

Aaoee TH.TH. Naiieiio?ieue o/aueony i?e auiieiaiee caaeaiee //Ia/aeueiay
oeiea ?4, 1979.

Aaeueotheiaa A.A. Niaa?oainoaiaaiea eiio?iey e ioeaiee o/aaiie ?aaiou
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Aic?anoiua aiciiaeiinoe onaiaiey ciaiee /Iiae ?aae.Ae.A.Yeueeiieia,
A.A.Aeaauaeiaa- I.: I?inaauaiea, 1966.

Aii?inu ineoieiaee o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe ieaaeoeo oeieueieeia /Iiae
?aae.Ae.A.Yeueeiieia, A.A.Aeaauaeiaa- I.: Ecaeaoaeuenoai Aeaaeaiee
iaaeaaiae/aneeo iaoe, 1962.

Aaaae O.A. O/aaiay aeayoaeueiinoue e aa n?aaenoaa- I.: Ecaeaoaeuenoai
Iineianeiai oieaa?neoaoa, 1988.

Aaeueia?ei I.ss., Eaaueueieoeeay N.E. Yenia?eiaioaeueiia oi?ie?iaaiea
aieiaiey- I.: Ecaeaoaeuenoai Iineianeiai oieaa?neoaoa, 1974.

Aeaauaeia A.A. I?iaeaiu ?acaeaathuaai iao/aiey: iiuo oai?aoe/aneeo e
yenia?eiaioaeueiuo ineoieiae/aneeo enneaaeiaaiee- I.: Iaaeaaiaeea, 1986.

Aeaauaeia A.A., Ai?aia N.O., Ieeoeeia A.A. e ae?. Iaoaiaoeea (3 eeann)

Aeaauaeia A.A., Ai?aia N.O., Ieeoeeia A.A. e ae?. Iao/aiea iaoaiaoeea.
(3 eeann)

E?aeaaoeaaa A.I., Oaae/aiei E.ss. Nenoaiaoecaoeey e iaiauaiea ciaiee
o/aueony a i?ioeanna eco/aiey iaoaiaoeee -Eeaa:?aaeyinueea oeiea,1988.

Eaiuoaaa I.I. Iiniaea aeey naiieiio?iey ia o?ieao iaoaiaoeee
//Ia/aeueiay oeiea ?9, 1982.

Eociaoeia A.E. Eiio?ieue e naiieiio?ieue- aaaeiua oneiaey oi?ie?iaaiey
o/aaiuo iaaueia //Ia/aeueiay oeiea ?2, 1986.

Euiaea A.N. Aeeaeaeoe/aneea iniiau oi?ie?iaaiey naiieiio?iey a i?ioeanna
naiinoiyoaeueiie o/aaiie ?aaiou o/aueony- I.: Aunoay oeiea, 1979.

Iaiaaeia N.A. Caaeaiey ii iaoaiaoeea ia ?acaeoea naiieiio?iey o/aueony-
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Ii? A.A. Oi?ie?iaaiea iaaueia naiieiio?iey e acaeiieiio?iey o o/aueony
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Ieeeoi?ia A.N. Naiieiio?ieue /aeiaaea- E.: Ecaeaoaeuenoai
Eaieia?aaeneiai oieaa?neoaoa, 1989.

?aieeia A.A., Caeea A.A. Ioeaiea o?iaiy noi?ie?iaaiiinoe o/aaiie
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?uaeee A.E. Oi?ie?iaaiea iio?aaiinoe a naiieiio?iea i?e iao/aiee
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Naiinoiyoaeueiay ?aaioa o/aueony a i?ioeanna iao/aiey iaoaiaoeea /Nino.
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Oaeuceia I.O. Oi?ie?iaaiea iiciaaaoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe ieaaeoeo
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Oi?ie?iaaiea o/aaiie aeayoaeueiinoe oeieueieeia /Iiae ?aae.
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*oeaioeia N.I. Aaea ioeaea? -Ooea: I?eieneia eieaeiia ecaeaiea, 1976.

Yeueeiiei Ae.A. Eca?aiiua ineoieiae/aneea o?oaeu- I.: Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay
iaaeaaiae/aneay aeaaeaiey, 1995.

Yeueeiiei Ae.A. Eca?aiiua ineoieiae/aneea o?oaeu- I.: Iaaeaaiaeea, 1989.

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