Рабочее место секретаря

I?eaiiay ioena – yoi oeaio? ?aaiou oe?iu, aa na?aeoea. Naiue
oaeaioeeaue e oiiue ?oeiaiaeeoaeue ia niiaeao ni?aaeoueny n ?aaioie,
anee ieioi i?aaieciaaia ?aaioa i?eaiiie. Aeaaiia aea eeoei a i?eaiiie –
yoi nae?aoa?ue. Ana /aua aeieaeiinoue nae?aoa?y aeaaea iauaaeeiytho n
aeieaeiinoueth ioen-iaiaaeaea?a.

Ea/anoai ?aaiou i?eaiiie iai?yioth naycaii n a?aiioiie i?aaiecaoeeae
aioo?eoe?iaiiiai i?ino?ainoaa a oeaeii e i?ino?ainoaa i?eaiiie a
/anoiinoe. Io oiai, aaea ?aniieiaeaia i?eaiiay, eae iia iniauaia, eaeia
aeecaei aa eioa?uea?ia caaeneo e nei?inoue ?aoaiey aii?inia e iauaa
aia/aoeaiea io oe?iu o aa eeeaioia, caeac/eeia, ia?oia?ia ii aeciano.

Nia?aiaiiue ioen aeieaeai ioaa/aoue o?aaiaaieyi yeiiiie/iinoe, /oi
iniaaiii aaaeii i?e aunieeo oeaiao ia ioenioth ieiuaaeue, aunieie
oaoie/aneie iniauaiiinoe, i?aaie/iiai aeecaeia e aaciianiinoe n oi/ee
c?aiey eae caueou eioi?iaoeee, oae e ee/iie aaciianiinoe nio?oaeieeia
oe?iu. Eiaiii iioiio aii?inu i?aaiecaoeee ioeniiai i?ino?ainoaa nae/an
aieiotho anao aeoiathueo ?oeiaiaeeoaeae.

Oaniue, oaiiue, ieioi iai?oaeiaaiiue «i?aaeaaiiee» ia?aae eaaeiaoii
?oeiaiaeeoaey n?aco i?aaenoaaeo oe?io a iaauaiaeiii naaoa ia?aae
aiciiaeiuie oeaiiuie eeeaioaie.

E?iia oiai, a i?eaiiie /enoi oece/anee aeieaeii auoue ianoi aeey
?aciauaiey niioaaonoaothuaai iai?oaeiaaiey ?aai/aai ianoa nae?aoa?y,
aeey aeieoiaioia oaeouaai aeaeii?iecaiaenoaa, ni?aai/ii-eioi?iaoeeiiiie
eeoa?aoo?u, ?aeeaiiuo ecaeaiee, aeey iaiaoiaeeiie eiioi?neie oaoieee e,
eiia/ii, aeey iinaoeoaeae oe?iu.

Aieueoia cia/aiea eiaao ?aoeeiiaeueiay i?aaiecaoeey ?aai/aai ianoa
nae?aoa?y. Aeey yoiai aia/aea iaaei ooi/ieoue e auyaeoue iniiaiua
ooieoeee nae?aoa?y, eioi?iaoeeiiiua nayce, ?anii?yaeie ?aai/aai aeiy,
ia?a/aiue iaoa?eaeia, eioi?ua aeieaeai ii eiaoue. Caoai aua?aoue
iaaaeue, eiaaioa?ue, oaoie/aneea n?aaenoaa, i?aoaoieeo e eaioeaey?neea
i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe.

?aoeeiiaeueiue aa aa?eaio i?aaeiieaaaao ?aciauaiea 1NOA e i?aaeiaoia
o?oaea a i?aaeaeao cii, iaeaieaa oaeiaiuo auiieiaiey o?oaeiauo
i?ioeannia. Eo i?eiyoi iacuaaoue ?aai/eie ciiaie.

?aai/ay ciia — i?ino?ainoai ia noaoeeiia?iii ?aai/ai oa a
ai?eciioaeueiie eee aa?oeeaeueiie ieineinoyo, a aeaeao eioi?uo ?aaioiee,
ia ia?aiauaynue, iiaeao auiyoue ?aaioo. ?acee/atho ii?iaeueioth e
iaeneiaeueioth.

Ii?iaeueiay ?aai/ay ciia a ai?eciioaeueiie ieineinoe ia?aie/eaaaony
aiia?aaeaaiie aeoaie, i/a?/eaaaiie eiioeaie iaeueoeaa i?aaie e eaaie
?oe, niaioouo a eieoaaii nonoaaa i?e naiaiaeii iiouaiiii iea/a.
Oaeay ciia

caieiaao ieiei 1000 ii ii o?iioo e 300 ii a aeoaeio. Caeanue
?aniieaaathony iaeaieaa /anoi eniieuecoaiua n?aaenoaa e i?aaeiaou o?oaea
e auiieiyaony iniiaiay ?aaioa.

Iaeneiaeueiay ?aai/ay ciia a ai?eciioaeueiie ieineinoe ia?aie/eaaaony
aiia?aaeaaiie aeoaie, i/a?/eaaaiie eiioeaie iaeueoeaa iieiinoueth
auoyiooie ?oee /aeiaaea. A yoie ciia (?aaioiee aeaenoaoao auoyioouie
?oeaie) ?aniieaaathony n?aaenoaa o?oaea, eniieuecoaiua ?aaea.
Acaeiiia?a-e?uaaaiay i?e yoii ieiuaaeue (aeey aeaoo ?oe) ii?aaeaeyaony
ieiei 1500 ii ii o?iioo e 500 ii a aeoaeio. Iau/ii 1ou noiea
i?eieiathony ianeieueei aieueoeie, /ai iaeneiaeueiay ciia aeinyaaaiinoe.

A aa?oeeaeueiie ieineinoe ?acee/atho iyoue cii: ieaeiyy iaoaeiaiay ciia
(aei 750 ii io iiea); ieaeiyy iaiaa oaeiaiay (io 751 aei 925 ii);
oaeiaiay (io 925 aei 1675 ii); aa?oiyy a oaeiaiay (io 1675 aei 1925 ii);
aa?oiyy iaoaeiaiay (io 1925 ii e auoa).

Iniiaiia o?aaiaaiea, i?aaeuyaeyaiia e ?aoeeiiaeueiie ieaie?iaea
?aai/aai ianoa, – ?aai/aai ianoa, – iaania/eoue yeiiiieth a?aiaie ia
iiene n?aaenoa e i?aaeiaoia o?oaea e nie?auaiea oece/aneeo oneeee
?aaioieea. Aeey yoiai iaiaoiaeeii niaethaeaoue neaaeothuea i?aaeea:

ia ?aai/ae iiaa?oiinoe noiea ia aeieaeii auoue ie/aai eeoiaai;

eaaeaeue i?aaeiao e n?aaenoai o?oaea aeieaeiu eiaoue naia ianoi,
iineieueeo aanii?yaei/iia ?aniieiaeaiea eo aucuaaao eeoiea aeaeaeaiey e
cao?aou a?aiaie. A ca?oaaaeiie i?aeoeea eniieuecoaony caeii «naiaiaeiiai
noiea»: ia noiea iiaeao iaoiaeeoueny eeoue iaeia ?aaioa n iaiaoiaeeiuie
aeey iaa aeieoiaioaie e n?aaenoaaie o?oaea, ana inoaeueiia aeieaeii
auoue aioo?e noiea;

eaioeaey?neea i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe (ea?aiaeaoe, ?o/ee, ne?aiee e o.i.)
neaaeoao o?aieoue a yueea noiea ni niaoeeaeueiuie ?acaeaeeoaeyie;

ana n?aaenoaa eiiioieeaoeeiiiie oaoieee (oaeaoii e ae?.) iaaei
?aniieaaaoue neaaa eee ia niaoeeaeueiie iiaenoaaea, /oiau iiaeii auei
iieueciaaoueny eie eaaie ?oeie, inoaaeyy i?aaoth naiaiaeiie aeey ?aaiou;

aeieoiaiou, n eioi?uie ?aaioaao nae?aoa?ue, iiiauathony a ciia,
iaania/eaathuae eo iaci?, aeey ia?aaioaiiuo aeieoiaioia oeaeaniia?acii
eiaoue niaoeeaeueiua eioee eee ioaeaeaiey a yueea;

aeieoiaiou e n?aaenoaa o?oaea ?aniieaaathony oae, /oiau iaania/eaaeanue
iaeeo/oay iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue auiieiaiey ?aaiou;

aeaeaeaiey ?aaioieea aeieaeiu auoue iioeiaeueiuie, o.a. aieaa ei?ioeeie
e yeiiiiiuie n iiceoeee cao?ao a?aiaie e nee.

I?aaiecaoeey ?aai/aai ianoa nae?aoa?y n o/aoii o?aaiaaiee iao/iie
i?aaiecaoeee o?oaea e aai ieaie?iaea e ianeoaeeaaieth, a oaeaea n o/aoii
o?aaiaaiee e aiciiaeiinoae eniieueciaaiey nia?aiaiiie i?aoaoieee, e aai
iai?oaeiaaieth e iniauaieth yaeyaony iaiaoiaeeiui oneiaeai aeinoeaeaiey
aunieie yooaeoeaiinoe, iia?aoeaiinoe e ea/anoaa o?oaea, nio?aiaiey
?aaioiniiniaiinoe a oa/aiea anaai ?aai/aai aeiy, iaania/aiey
aeaenoaeoaeueii iieaciiai nae?aoa?neiai ianeoaeeaaiey.

?aai/aa ianoi nae?aoa?y yaeyaony aaaeiie y/aeeie i?aaiecaoeee
o?oaeiaiai i?ioeanna a o/?aaeaeaiee. Iineieueeo nae?aoa?ue – «eeoei
o/?aaeaeaiey», oi e aai ?aai/aa ianoi aeieaeii auoue ia?acoeii
i?aaeeueiie

i?aaiecaoeee, iieacaoaeai aunieie eoeueoo?u o?oaea. Aaaeue io oiai, eae
auaeyaeeo ?aai/aa ianoi nae?aoa?y, ia?aaeei noaeyo i ?aaioa anaai
o/?aaeaeaiey.

Ieaie?iaea ?aai/aai ianoa nae?aoa?y aeieaeia iaania/eoue iaeneiaeueiua
oaeianoaa i?e auiieiaiee aiceiaeaiiuo ia iaai iaycaiiinoae e a oi aea
a?aiy ioaa/aoue o?aaiaaieyi yeiiiiee ieiuaaee iiiauaiey:

?aai/aa ianoi nae?aoa?y a i?eaiiie iau/ii ?aniieaaaaony ?yaeii n
eaaeiaoii ?oeiaiaeeoaey, a oeaio?a eiiiaou, iaaeaeaei io aeaa?ae a
eaaeiao e oae, /oiau eaaei iiaeii auei aeaeaoue anao aoiaeyueo;

a iiiauaiee i?eaiiie aeieaeiu iaoiaeeoueny oieueei i?aaeiaou,
o?aaothueany nae?aoa?th e ae?oaei nio?oaeieeai iaiin?aaenoaaiii a
i?ioeanna ?aaiou;

iaaaeue aeey iinaoeoaeae aeieaeia iaoiaeeoueny a ciia, oi?ioi
i?iniao?eaaaiie nae?aoa?ai, oaeiaiie aeey aa ?aciauaiey.

Aieueooth /anoue ?aai/aai a?aiaie nae?aoa?ue ?aaioaao neaey, a yoi
ooiieyao, iiyoiio ii aeieaeai eiaoue aiciiaeiinoue oaeiaii auoyiooue
iiae, naiaiaeii anoaaaoue, iaiyoue iico aeey ienueia, ?aaiou ia ieoouae
iaoeia, /oaiey.

?aai/aa ianoi nae?aoa?y – yoi, i?aaeaea anaai oaeiaiue e aeinoaoi/ii
i?inoi?iue ?aai/ee noie. Niaoeeaeenou ?aeiiaiaeotho eniieueciaaoue
oieaa?naeueiue noie, ca eioi?ui iiaeii ?aaioaoue n aeieoiaioaie, a
oaeaea aanoe aanaaeo n iinaoeoaeyie. Aeey yoeo oeaeae eo/oa anaai
iiaeieaeao noie, eioi?ue iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia?aae neaeyuei /aeiaaeii
oaea, /ai ii aieai. Oaeay eiino?oeoeey iicaieyao eiaoue aeinoaoi/ii
ianoa ia noiea aeey ?aciauaiey iaoiaeyueony a ?aaioa aeieoiaioia e a oi
aea a?aiy aanoe aanaaeo n iinaoeoaeyie.

Aai ieineinoue iuneaiii aeaeyo ia aeaa iiey. A eaaii e?iia oaeouae
?aaiou e naycaiiuo n iae aeieoiaioia ?aniieaaatho oaeaoiiiia
iai?oaeiaaiea, ianoieueioth eaiio, eaioeaey?neee i?eai?, eioie n
aoiaeyueie aeieoiaioaie. Ia i?aaii iiea noiea ?aciauatho eioie n
eniieiaiiuie aeieoiaioaie e ienueiaiiua i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe. Caeanue aea
noaayo eioie n aeieoiaioaie, eioi?ua iaaei iiaeoeoue a aeaei.

Ana i?oaeey o?oaea ?aciauatho ia ieineinoe noiea a i?aaeaeao
160 o 160 ni, /oi iicaieyao acyoue eo ?oeie, ia anoaaay. Eaaeaeiio
i?aaeiaoo auaeaeyaony ii?aaeaeaiiia ianoi, oa eee eiua i?aaeiaou
?aniieaaathony

eiiieaenii (iai?eia?, ?o/ee e aeieiiou aeey caiene oaeaoiiiuo
ia?aaiai?ia ?aciauatho ?yaeii n oaeaoiiiuie aiia?aoaie). Neaaeoao
?acaeaeyoue eaioeaey?neea i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe, eiathuea ?aciia iacia/aiea.

Iiieii ?aai/aai noiea, eo/oa eniieueciaaoue ioaeaeueiue noie aeey
ia?niiaeueiiai eiiiuethoa?a. Oaeea ?aai/ea noieu i?aaeiieaaatho oaeiaiia
?aciauaiea aeenieay, eeaaeaoo?u e i?ioeanni?a, a oaeaea neaia?a,
i?eioa?a, iiaeaia e ae?.

I?e yoii noie aeey IE eo/oa ?aciauaoue oaeei ia?acii, /oiau ye?ai
aeenieay aue ?acaa?ioo a i?ioeaiiieiaeioth io iinaoeoaeae noi?iio. Yoi
iicaieeo caueoeoue eiioeaeaioeeaeueioth eioi?iaoeeth, eioi?ay iiaeao
iaoiaeeony ia ye?aia aeenieay a iiiaio i?eoiaea iaiaeeaeaiiiai
iinaoeoaey.

A oaia?ue iaiiiai iaueo o?aaiaaiee e i?aaiecaoeee e iai?oaeiaaieth
?aai/eo iano n IYAI.

eiino?oeoeey ?aai/aai noiea aeieaeia iaania/eaaoue iioeiaeueiia
?aciauaiea ia ?aai/ae iiaa?oiinoe eniieuecoaiiai iai?oaeiaaiey n o/aoii
aai eiee/anoaa e eiino?oeoeaiuo iniaaiiinoae (?acia? IYAI, eeaaeaoo?u e
ae?.), oa?aeoa?a auiieiyaiie ?aaiou.

aunioa ?aai/ae iiaa?oiinoe aeieaeia ?aaoee?iaaoueny a i?aaeaeao
680 – 800 ii; i?e ionoonoaee oaeie aiciiaeiinoe aunioa ?aai/ae
iiaa?oiinoe noiea aeieaeia ninoaaeyoue 725 ii.

?aai/ee noie aeieaeai eiaoue i?ino?ainoai aeey iiaenoaaee iia, eioi?ia
ninoaaeyao: aunioo – ia iaiaa 500 ii, aeoaeio ia o?iaia eieai – ia iaiaa
450 ii e ia o?iaia auoyioouo iia – ia iaiaa 650 ii.

eiino?oeoeey ?aai/aai nooea (e?anea) aeieaeia iiaeaea?aeeaaoue
?aoeeiiaeueioth ?aai/oth iico i?e ?aaioa n IYAI, iicaieyao eciaiyoue
iico n oeaeueth nieaeaiey noaoenoe/aneiai iai?yaeaiey iuooe
oaeii-iea/aaie iaeanoe e nieiu aeey i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey ooiieaiey.

?aai/ee nooe (e?anei) aeieaeai auoue iiuaiii-iiai?ioiui e ?aaoee?oaiue
ii aunioa e oaeai iaeeiia neaeaiuey e nieiee, a oaeaea ?annoiyieth
nieiee io ia?aaeiaai e?ay neaeaiuey.

iiaa?oiinoue neaeaiuey, nieiee e ae?oaeo yeaiaioia nooea (e?anea)
aeieaeia auoue iieoiyaeie n ianeieuecyuei, ia yeaeo?ecothueiny e
aicaeooii?iieoeaaiui iie?uoeai, iaania/eaathuei eaaeei i/enoeo io
caa?yciaiee.

eeaaeaoo?o eiiiuethoa?a eo/oa anaai ?aniieaaaoue ia ?annoiyiee
10 – 15 ii io e?ay noiea, oiaaea caiynouea ?oe aoaeoo iie?aoueny ia
noie. AEaeaoaeueii i?eia?anoe niaoeeaeueioth iiaeeeaaeeo iiae caiynouea,
eioi?ay, eae ooaa?aeaeatho iaaeeee, iiiiaeao ecaaaeaoue aieacie einoae.

aeey yooaeoeaiiai eniieueciaaiey iaieioeyoi?a oeia «iuoue» iaiaoiaeei
niaoeeaeueiue «eia?ee» – ieaioao. Eia?ee-ieaioao aeieaeai
oaeiaeaoai?youe iniiaiui e?eoa?eyi: ai-ia?auo, oi?ioi aea?aeaoueny ia
iiaa?oiinoe noiea, ai-aoi?uo, iaoa?eae aa?oiae iiaa?oiinoe ieaioaoa
aeieaeai iaania/eaaoue oi?ioaa noeaieaiea n oa?eeii, ii ia cao?oaeiyoue
aeaeaeaiey iuoe.

oeaio? ye?aia iiieoi?a aeieaeai iaoiaeeoueny i?eia?ii ia o?iaia aeac, a
?annoiyiea iaaeaeo aeacaie e ieineinoueth ye?aia ninoaaeyoue ia iaiaa
40 – 50 ni. AEaeaoaeueii, /oiau i?yiie nieia/iue naao ia iiiaaeae ia
ye?ai.

ii ioiioaieth e neaeyuaio ca noieii, ieii, aeieaeii auoue neaaa eee
nia?aaee.

io y?eiai naaoa neaaeoao caueoeoueny ieioiuie ooi?aie ia ieiao. Iaeiaei
niio?aoue ia ye?ai iiieoi?a a iieiie oaiiioa ia

?aeiiaiaeoaony, iaiaoiaeei aeiiieieoaeueiue enoi/iee ?annayiiiai naaoa
(iiaeii aeeth/eoue ethno?o, ianoieueioth eaiio).

?aai/ee noie nae?aoa?y e noie aeey IE eo/oa ?aniieaaaoue aeeaea e
anoanoaaiiui enoi/ieeai inaauaiey, o.e. nae?aoa?th i?eoiaeeony ii ?iaeo
naieo iaycaiiinoae iiiai ?aaioaoue n aeieoiaioaie.

E?anei aeey ?aaiou nae?aoa?y aeieaeii ii ?acia?ai niioaaonoaiaaoue
?aai/aio noieo. Eo/oa anaai eniieueciaaoue aa?oyuaany e?anei ia
eieaneeao, aunioo eioi?iai iiaeii ?aaoee?iaaoue. Yoi iicaieeo nae?aoa?th
auno?i ia?aeeth/aoueny io ?aaiou n oaoieeie e ?aaioa n aeieoiaioaie eee
n iinaoeoaeyie, o.a. aoaeao ioaa/aoue i?aeoe/aneei caaea/ai ?aaiou
nae?aoa?y.

Ooiau aeey noieia, aeeth/ay e aueaoiua, eiatho eiiieaeo
acaeiicaiaiyaiuo auaeaeaeiuo yueeia. Nae?aoa?ue aeieaeai oiaei
eniieueciaaoue yueee naiaai ?aai/aai noiea, i?eaeaa eaaeaeiio ec ieo
ii?aaeaeaiiua ooieoeee. Iai?eia?, auaeaeythony yueee aeey aoiaae e
eaioeaey?neeo i?eiaaeeaaeiinoae; ?aai/eo aeieoiaioia-ni?aai/ieeia,
eaoaeiaia e ae?.; iaiie n oaeoueie aeieoiaioaie e caaa?oaiiuie ?aaioaie;
iaiie n eiio?iee?oaiuie iaoa?eaeaie; ee/iuo aauae.

Ana neoaeaaiua aeieoiaiou a i?ioeanna ?aaiou aeieaeiu eaaeaoue
neaaeothuei ia?acii: iinooieaoea e iaiaoiaeeiua iinoiyiii – ia ?aai/ae
ieineinoe noiea; eniieuecoaiua ia?eiaee/anee – a auaeaeaeiuo yueeao
noiea, ia ?aai/eo ieineinoyo i?enoaaie e a oeaoao. Eaaeaeia aeaeaeaiea
aeieoiaioa ec noiea eee a noie aeieaeii auoue i?ieiio?iee?iaaii; ana
io?aaioaiiua aeieoiaiou aeieaeiu iaoiaeeony ia no?iai ii?aaeaeaiiii
ianoa; iaaei oiaoue ii eiaeaenaoeee ii?aaeaeyoue, a eaeii yueea eee
iaiea iaoiaeeony ioaeiue aeieoiaio; ana aeeaaeuaaaiua a iaiee aeieoiaiou
iaiaoiaeeii n?aco aea eiaeaene?iaaoue a niioaaonoaee n ieaiii
eo a?aiaiiiai o?aiaiey.

Iniauaiea e iai?oaeiaaiea ?aai/eo iano

Ia yooaeoeaiinoue o?oaea ?aoathuaa aeeyiea ieacuaaao iniauaiea ?aai/eo
iano oaoie/aneeie n?aaenoaaie aeey auiieiaiey ?acee/iuo iaycaiiinoae,
n?aaenoaaie nayce e neoaeaaiie iaaaeueth – oae iacuaaaiay i?aoaoieea.

Auaeaeytho neaaeothuea aeaeu (eeannu) n?aaenoa o?oaea:

n?aaenoaa ninoaaeaiey aeieoiaioia: ieoouea iaoeiee (?o/iua e
yeaeo?e/aneea), aeeeoioiiu, n?aaenoaa eiie?iaaiey e ?aciiiaeaiey
aeieoiaioia, ?o/ee aaoiiaoe/aneea, ea?aiaeaoe;

n?aaenoaa ia?aaioee e ioi?ieaiey aeieoiaioia: ?acaeueiia, ne?aieythuaa e
neeaeaathuaa iai?oaeiaaiea e iaoa?eaeu, aae?aniaaeueiua e ooaiiaeueiua
ono?ienoaa, iaoeiu aeey iaianaiey caueoiuo iie?uoee;

n?aaenoaa o?aiaiey e a?oiie?iaee aeieoiaioia: n?aaenoaa ne?aieaiey
aeieoiaioia (noeaaoaee, niaoeeaeueiua iaiee n caaeeiaie), ?aciiai ?iaea
ea?oioaee, niaoeeaeueiua oeaou e noaeeaaee aeey o?aiaiey aeieoiaioia,
/a?oaaeae, iaaieoiuo eaio, iaoeiu aeey oie/oiaeaiey iaioaeiuo
aeieoiaioia;

n?aaenoaa auiieiaiey au/eneeoaeueiuo iia?aoeee: n/aoii-ni?aai/iua
eeiaeee, iee?ieaeueeoeyoi?u ?aciuo aeaeia, iaoaie/aneea au/eneeoaeueiua
iaoeiu, IYAI;

n?aaenoaa iaania/aiey iia?aoeaiie nayce: oaeaoiiiay naycue,
?aaeeinaycue, aee?aeoi?neea eiiiooaoi?u, iicaieythuea aanoe ?acaiai?
(i?iaiaeeoue niaauaiey) n ianeieueeeie aaiiaioaie iaeiia?aiaiii,
eiioeaio?aoi?u, aaoiioaao/eee, aeaonoi?iiiyy ?aaeeioaeaoiiiay iieneiaay
naycue e ae?.;

niaoeeaeueiay neoaeaaiay iaaaeue: iaaaeue e iai?oaeiaaiea aeey ?aai/eo
iano a neoaeaaiuo iiiauaieyo.

I?e auai?a iaiaoiaeeiuo n?aaenoa i?aoaoieee neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo,
/oi i?eia?aoaiea e eniieueciaaiea i?aoaoieee – ia naiioeaeue, a
n?aaenoai aeey iiauoaiey iia?aoeaiinoe auiieiaiey e nieaeaiey
o?oaeiaieinoe oi?aaeai/aneeo ?aaio, a oaeaea ?aoaiea ?yaea nioeeaeueiuo
i?iaeai oi?aaeai/aneiai o?oaea (nieaeaiea aeiee cao?ao ia auiieiaiea
?ooeiiuo iia?aoeee, n?aaenoai iioeaaoeee o?oaea, i?anoeaeiinoe ?aaio e
ae?.). Iiyoiio i?aaeaea /ai aua?aoue e caeoieoue n?aaenoaa oaoie/aneiai
iniauaiey, iaaei i?iaiaeece?iaaoue ?aaeueiua iio?aaiinoe a oii eee eiii
n?aaenoaa e ioeaieoue i?aeiouanoaa aai i?eiaiaiey.

I?e auai?a eiie?aoiiai ia?acoea iniauaiey iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue
oa?aeoa? auiieiyaiuo iia?aoeee, iauai e o?oaeiaieinoue ?aaio,
neoaeaaiua acaeiinayce iaaeaeo ioaeaeueiuie ?aaioieeaie e ?acee/iuie
neoaeaaie. Neaaeoao aua?aoue oio aa?eaio, eioi?ue iicaieyao auiieiyoue
?aaioo aieaa yeiiiie/ii.

?aoay i?iaeaio auai?a oao eee eiuo n?aaenoa i?aoaoieee,
oeaeaniia?aciinoue eo aiaae?aiey a i?ioeannu o?oaea, o/eouaatho ia
oieueei i?aeiouanoaa, ii e ecaea?aeee* .

A ninoaa ?aai/aai ianoa nae?aoa?y iaycaoaeueii aeieaeiu aoiaeeoue oeaou
aeey aeieoiaioia e ni?aai/iie eeoa?aoo?u. A oeaeyo yeiiiiee ?aai/aai
i?ino?ainoaa oaeea oeaou iiaoo ?aciauaoueny ia noaia eee ia?aai?iaeea
ieiei ?aai/aai noiea. Oeao aeey aeieoiaioia a oeaeyo iaania/aiey
nio?aiiinoe iineaaeieo aeieaeai caie?aoueny ia eeth/. A oii neo/aa, anee
o nae?aoa?y o?aiyony e aeieoiaiou, ninoaaeythuea eiiia?/aneoth oaeio,
eo/oa iai?oaeiaaoue aai ?aai/aa ianoi niaoeeaeueiui naeoii aeey
aeieoiaioia.

Iieee aeey eaioeaey?neeo i?eiaaeeaaeiinoae, oaeaoiia, oaeaea eo/oa
cae?aieyoue ia noaia eee ia?aai?iaeea, inoaaeyy ia noiea aieueoa
i?ino?ainoaa aeey ?aaiou.

AEaeaoaeueii inianoeoue ?aai/aa ianoi nae?aoa?y niaoeeaeueiui
ia?aaiai?iui ono?ienoaii, eioi?ia iicaieeo nae?aoa?th, ia aoiaey eeoiee
?ac a eaaeiao ?oeiaiaeeoaey, auno?i niiauaoue iineaaeiaio iaiaoiaeeioth
eioi?iaoeeth.

A ninoaa ?aai/aai ianoa nae?aoa?y aeieaeiu aoiaeeoue o?e ciiu: iniiaiay
– noie n i?enoaaeaie; aniiiiaaoaeueiay – eiiaeie?iaaiiua oeaou;
ianeoaeeaaiey iinaoeoaeae.

Iauay ieiuaaeue ?aai/aai ianoa aeieaeia auoue a i?aaeaeao 12 – 16 ea.i.
Ii iiaieth niaoeeaeenoia, ciia ianeoaeeaaiey iinaoeoaeae – yoi aeceoiay
ea?oi/ea o/?aaeaeaiey, ii eioi?ie ethaee ioeaieaatho eoeueoo?o ?aaiou e
ea/anoai o?oaea. Yoa ciia aeieaeia auoue i?iaeoiaiiie e othoiie. Anee
iinaoeoaey ii oai eee eiui i?e/eiai n?aco ia iiaeao i?eiyoue
?oeiaiaeeoaeue, oi iinaoeoaeue aeieaeai oaeiaii nanoue, aai aeieaeai
ie?oaeaoue e?aneaue oeaaoiaie e naaoiaie ooaeiaeanoaaiiue ainaiaeue,
aeeth/athuee ie?aneo iiiauaiey , enoi/ieee naaoa e icaeaiaiea. ?yaeii n
iniiaiie e aniiiiaaoaeueiuie /anoyie ?aai/aai ianoa nae?aoa?y aeieaeai
auoue aeo?iaeueiue noieee e iaeii-aeaa oaeiaiuo e?anea. Ia noieee
neaaeoao iieiaeeoue naaaeea aacaou e aeo?iaeu, /enooth aoiaao,
ea?aiaeaoe eee ?o/ee. Iaoeaeaniia?acii, /oiau iaaaeue aeey iinaoeoaeae
caieiaea neeoeii iiiai ianoa e ioee/aeanue io iauaai noeey iaaaee,
eniieuecoaiie a oe?ia.

Eiaiii iiyoiio niaoeeaeeno ia ?aeiiaiaeotho noaaeoue a i?eaiiie iyaeoth
iaaaeue. Iia caieiaao iiiai ianoa, auno?i ia/eaaony e aeaoi?ie?oaony. A
oi aea a?aiy eniieueciaaiea nooeueaa e iau/iuo noieeeia ia eieaneeao
iicaieeo auno?i eciaieoue i?aaeiacia/aiea i?eaiiie, eniieueciaaa aa eae
eiiiaoo aeey niaauaiee e o.i.

A oii neo/aa, anee a oe?ia iao niaoeeaeueiiai aa?aea?iaa, a i?eaiiie
aeieaeia auoue eee aaoaeea, eee oeao aeey iaeaaeaeu, aaea iinaoeoaee
iiaee au iiaaneoue aa?oithth iaeaaeaeo.

Aeey c?eoaeueiiai eiioi?oa e iauaai aia/aoeaiey io i?eaiiie aieueoia
cia/aiea eiaao e aa ynoaoe/aneia ioi?ieaiea. I?aaeaea anaai, neaaeoao,
eniieueciaaoue a eioa?uea?ao aeeaua oeaaou. Iie iiiieiytho caianu
eenei?iaea, io/anoe iaeo?aeece?otho a?aaeiia aeaenoaea n?aaenoa
au/eneeoaeueiie e i?aaiecaoeeiiiie oaoieee e, e?iia oiai, i?eaeatho otho
?aai/aio iiiauaieth. Oeaaoi/iay eiiiiceoeey aeieaeia aa?iiie?iaaoue n
iauei noeeai, a eioi?ii auaea?aeai eioa?uea?.

Iiieii oeaaoia, aeey ioi?ieaiey ioena e aai i?eaiiie eniieuecotho
i?iecaaaeaiey aeeaiiene, a?aoeee, iaeeie ieanoeee e ae?oaea yeaiaiou
aeaei?aoeaiiai ioi?ieaiey.

?aai/aa ianoi nae?aoa?y aeieaeii eiiieaeoiaaoueny aeinoaoi/iui iaai?ii
oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa, eaioeaey?neeo i?eiaaeeaaeiinoae, n?aaenoa
i?aaiecaoeeiiiie oaoieea, ioaa/aoue o?aaiaaieyi y?aiiiieee.

Oneiaey o?oaea

Oneiaey o?oaea – yoi niaieoiiinoue yeaiaioia (oaeoi?ia)
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie n?aaeu e o?oaeiaiai i?ioeanna, ieacuaathueo aeeyiea ia
ooieoeeiiaeueiia ninoiyiea i?aaiecia /aeiaaea – caei?iauea,
?aaioiniiniaiinoue, oaeiaeaoai?aiiinoue o?oaeii e aai yooaeoeaiinoue.

Iiaeii auaeaeeoue neaaeothuea a?oiiu oaeoi?ia oneiaee o?oaea:

1. Naieoa?ii-aeaeaie/aneea, oa?aeoa?ecothuea iee?ieeeiao (oaiia?aoo?o,
aeaaeiinoue e nei?inoue aeaeaeaiey aicaeooa), inaauaiea, ooi,
aea?aoeeth e

nii?yaeaiioth n inaauaieai ie?aneo neoaeaaiuo iiiauaiee e iai?oaeiaaiey;

Ynoaoe/aneea, aeeth/athuea oeaaoiaoth ioaeaeeo eioa?uea?ia, icaeaiaiea
neoaeaaiuo iiiauaiee, eniieueciaaiea a eioa?uea?ao iiiauaiee
i?iecaaaeaiee aeeaiiene e i?iecaaaeaiee i?eeeaaeiiai eneonnoaa;

Ineoioeceieiae/aneea, naycaiiua n inouanoaeaieai ia?
ineoioeceieiae/aneiai oa?aeoa?a, iaania/eaathueo oneiaey
aunieiyooaeoeaiie aeayoaeueiinoe e nio?aiaiey caei?iauey neoaeaueo
(iinoaiaiiia aoiaeaeaiea a o?oae, ?eoiecaoeey o?oaea, ii?iaeueiia
/a?aaeiaaiea o?oaea e ioaeuoa, niaia oi?i aeayoaeueiinoe, aeoeaiua oi?iu
o?oaea e ioaeuoa e ?yae ae?oaeo oaeoi?ia);

Nioeeaeueii-ineoieiae/aneea, naycaiiua n inouanoaeaieai ia?,
iai?aaeaiiuo ia oi?ie?iaaiea ineoieiae/aneie aioiaiinoe /aeiaaea e
?aaioa n iiaie oaoieeie, e ?acee/iiai ?iaea iiaiaaaaeaieyi (niyoey
ineoieiae/aneeo aa?uea?ia), n nicaeaieai ii?iaeueiiai ineoieiae/aneiai
eeeiaoa a eieeaeoeaa, onoaiiaeaieai ii?iaeueiuo acaeiiioiioaiee
?oeiaiaeeoaey e iiae/eiaiiuo e, a /anoiinoe, n eniieueciaaieai
au?aaioaiiuo iaoeie e i?aeoeeie i?eioeeiia iauaiey ?oeiaiaeeoaeae n
iiae/eiaiiuie.

Oneiaey o?oaea ?aaoee?othony aaeeiuie caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie,
ii?iaoeaaie, noaiaea?oaie.

?aaioa ii nicaeaieth aeaaii?eyoiuo oneiaee o?oaea aeieaeia iineoue
eiiieaeniue nenoaiiue oa?aeoa?. Ia/aei eo oi?ie?iaaiey caeeaaeuaaaony
i?e i?iaeoe?iaaiee i?aaei?eyoee e o/?aaeaeaiee. Yoi ioiineony i?aaeaea
anaai e naieoa?ii-aeaeaie/aneei e ynoaoe/aneei oneiaeyi o?oaea, eioi?ua
oi?ie?othony iiae aeeyieai i?iaeoe?oaiie oaoieee e oaoiieiaee,
a?oeoaeoo?ii-no?ieoaeueiiai ioi?ieaiey caeaiee, aioo?aiiaai ?aciauaiey
neoaeaaiuo iiae?acaeaeaiee e iai?oaeiaaiey, ?aai/ae iaaaee e o.i. Ia
yoii yoaia i?iaeoe?othony aaioeeyoeey, eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiea aicaeooa,
inaauaiea neoaeaaiuo iiiauaiee a niioaaonoaee n naieoa?iuie e
no?ieoaeueiuie ii?iaie.

Ia iaiaa aaaeia ?ac?aaioea ia? ii oi?ie?iaaieth e oeo/oaieth oneiaee
o?oaea ia oaea aeaenoaothueo iauaeoao. Caeanue ?aaioo neaaeoao aaanoe ii
anaio eiiieaeno yeaiaioia oneiaee o?oaea, ii iniaia aieiaiea iaaei
oaeaeeoue ineoioeceieiae/aneei e nioeeaeueii-ineoieiae/aneei
oaeoi?ai,

oi?ie?othueiny iiae aeeyieai auiieiyaiie ?aaiou, iaaeee/iinoiuo
ioiioaiee, o.a. oaeoi?ai, eioi?ua ia yoaia i?iaeoe?iaaiey i?aaei?eyoee
ia iiaoo auoue o/oaiu.

Iineieueeo a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo oicyenoaiaaiey ana aieueoaa cia/aiea
i?eaeaaony aeoeaecaoeee /aeiaa/aneiai oaeoi?a, ?ie
nioeeaeueii-ineoieiae/aneeo oneiaee o?oaea oaeaea iiauneony, eai iie
niinianoaotho oneeaieth nioeeaeueiie iioeaaoeee o?oaea, no?aieaieth e
aieueoae oai?/aneie ioaea/a niaoeeaeenoia.

Eiiieaeniue iiaeoiae e iaania/aieth aeaaii?eyoiuo oneiaee o?oaea
io?aaeai a niaoeeaeueiuo iaaeio?aneaauo o?aaiaaieyo e ii?iaoeaiuo
iaoa?eaeao, eioi?ua neaaeoao o/eouaaoue i?e i?iaeoe?iaaiee iiauo e
?aeiino?oeoeee aeaenoaothueo i?aaei?eyoee, oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia e
iai?oaeiaaiey.

Inaauaiea

Aaaeiaeoei oaeoi?ii i?iecaiaenoaaiiie n?aaeu yaeyaony inaauaiea.
Cia/aiea ?aoeeiiaeueiiai inaauaiey ai a?aiy ?aaiou o?oaeii
ia?aioeaieoue.

O?aaiaaiey e ?aoeeiiaeueiiio inaauaieth naiaeeony e neaaeothuaio:
i?aaeeueiue auai? enoi/ieea naaoa e nenoaiu inaauaiey, nicaeaiea
iaiaoiaeeiiai o?iaiy inaauaiiinoe ?aai/ae iiaa?oiinoe, iaeo?aeecaoeey
yooaeoa ineaieaiey, ono?aiaiea aeeeia, iaania/aiea ?aaiiia?iiai
inaauaiey.

Iaeaieaa oeaeaniia?aciui yaeyaony anoanoaaiiia inaauaiea. Onoaiiaeaii,
/oi iii aucuaaao iaeiaiueoaa ooiieaiea. E niaeaeaieth, eniieueciaaoue
aai aanue ?aai/ee aeaiue ia i?aaenoaaeyaony aiciiaeiui, iniaaiii a
inaiia-ceiiee ia?eiae, eiaaea naaoiaie aeaiue ei?ioeee. Iiyoiio
?aeiiaiaeoaony i?eiaiyoue eneonnoaaiiia inaauaiea – eae iauaa, oae e
eieaeueiia.

Eneonnoaaiiue e anoanoaaiiue naao aeieaeiu eiaoue iaeii iai?aaeaiea.

Anee a ea/anoaa eneonnoaaiiiai enoi/ieea naaoa iauaai iacia/aiey
?aeiiaiaeotho i?eiaiyoue ethieianoeaioiua e iaoaeeiaaeiaaiiaua eaiiu, oi
nenoaio ianoiiai inaauaiey iaiaoiaeeii i?aaieciaaoue ec eaii iaeaeeaaiey
eee eaii aaeiai naaoa. Eaiiu aaeiai naaoa eceo/atho iyaeee aaeue naao,
ianouee oaieioo e oniieiaiea, niinianoaothuee iiauoaieth

c?eoaeueiiai aini?eyoey. Ana oeiu naaoeeueieeia a iaycaoaeueiii
ii?yaeea aeieaeiu auoue niaaaeaiu ?annaeaaoaeyie e ye?aiece?othueie
?aoaoeaie; aeey niaianoiiai inaauaiey aeiioneaaony ia i?inaa/eaathuee
io?aaeaoaeue n oaeii ia iaiaa 40 a?aaeonia.

Iaeeo/oei aa?eaioii yaeyaony ?aaioa i?e anoanoaaiiii inaauaiee, eiaaea
naao iaaeaao n eaaiai aiea eee i?e eiiaeie?iaaiiii, eiaaea
iaaeinoaoi/iia anoanoaaiiia inaauaiea aeiiieiyaony ianoiui eee, eiaaea
?aaioatho naaoeeueieee iauaai e ianoiiai iacia/aiey.

Inaauaiiinoue ?aai/aai ianoa aeieaeia auoue i?eniiniaeaia e
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiui ea/anoaai nae?aoa?y e auoue a i?aaeaeao 500 ee;

Oeaao inaauaiey eiaao ineoieiae/aneia cia/aiea, iiyoiio i?e iaaieueoie
inaauaiiinoe i?aaeii/oaiea ioaeatho oaieui oiiai, eioi?ua aeatho eaiiu
iaeaeeaaiey, iiae/a?eeaathuea aeaeoua e e?aniua oeaaoa. Naao a ioena
aeieaeai eiaoue i?aaeeueioth iai?aaeaiiinoue, onoaiiaeo e oi?iao
«naaoiaiai iyoia» – yoi aaaeiua oaeoi?u caei?iauey, othoa e iiauoaiey
?acoeueoaoeaiinoe o?oaea.

Oae aea eae ia ?aeiiaiaeoaony niio?aoue oaeaaeci? a oaiiie eiiiaoa, oae
iaeuecy e ?aaioaoue ca aeenieaai oieueei i?e ianoiii inaauaiee. Yoi
naycaii n oaeei yaeaieai, eae aaeaioaoeey c?aiey. Ia?eiaee/aneia
i?eniiniaeaiea aeaca n iaeiie y?einoe ia ae?oaoth i?eaiaeeo e auno?iio
ooiieaieth, iioa?e c?aiey, io?eoeaoaeueii aeeyao ia ineoeeo. N oeaeueth
ecaaaeaiey iaa?ocee ia c?aiea, iaiaoiaeeii niaethaeaoue o?aaiaaiea:
?acieoea iaaeaeo y?einoueth iiieoi?a e y?einoueth ie?oaeathueo
i?aaeiaoia, iaoiaeyueony a iiea c?aiey iia?aoi?a, aeieaeia auoue ?aaia
ioiioaieth 1:3.

ss?einoue aea naiiai iiieoi?a, oi/iaa aai yeaeo?iiii-eo/aaie o?oaee,
aeieaeia auoue oaeiaa, /oi iiaeii auei au iieo/eoue iioeiaeueiue
eiio?ano ecia?aaeaiey. Aeey iieo/aiey oaeiai eiio?anoa iiaeii
ainiieueciaaoueny caueoiui ye?aiii, eioi?ue oiaiueoaao iauoth y?einoue
ecia?aaeaiey, ono?aiyao aeeee, oaaee/eaaao iauee eiio?ano, i?e yoii ia
iiaeaaeyy oaiiua o/anoee oaenoa.

*oiau oiaiueoeoue iai?yaeaiea aeac, iaiaoiaeeii o/anoue, /oi eaa/a
aini?eieiathony aeacii oaiiua ciaee ia naaoeii oiia. Aeac iaiueoa
ooiieyaony, aea?aeeony oi?ioay nei?inoue e oi/iinoue n/eouaaiey i?e
/oaiee aeaeoi-caeaiuo ciaeia ia aaeii oiia. Auee onoaiiaeaiu
iioeiaeueiua eiiaeiaoeee oeaaoa ciaeia n oeaaoii oiia: neiee ia aaeii,
caeaiue ia aaeii, /a?iue ia aeaeoii, /a?iue ia aaeii.

Noa?aeoanue ia aeiioneaoue aeeeoaeueiie ?aaiou n oaenoii ia iiieoi?a,
auiieiaiiui e?aniuie aoeaaie ia caeaiii oiia, i?aiaeaauie ia aaeii,
/a?iuie ia io?io?iii, i?aiaeaauie ia /a?iii.

Iieiaeeoaeueii ia ?aaioa aeac neaaeaony, anee au aoaeaoa niaethaeaoue
cieioia i?aaeei – ?aniieaaaoue iiieoi? ia ?annoiyiee
?aaiii aeaoi

aeeaaiiaeyi aaoaai ye?aia. Oaie iaeeiia iiieoi?a aeieaeai auoue oaeia,
/oiau aa?oiee e?ae ye?aia iaoiaeeeny ia o?iaia aaoe aeac.

Eiay ia ?aai/ai noiea ?aaioathuee eiiiuethoa?, iu iieo/aai a naiai
?aai/ai eaaeiaoa yeaeo?iiiia, yeaeo?inoaoe/aneia, ?aioaaiianeia e
oeueo?aoeieaoiaia eceo/aiea. Iniiaiui enoi/ieeii a?aaeiiai aicaeaenoaey
ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea yaeythony yeaeo?iiaaieoiua eieaaaiey ieceie
/anoiou, naycaiiua n ?aaioie noai ?acaa?oee yeaeo?iiiiai eo/a, iie
aicaeaenoaotho ia iaiai aauanoa a i?aaiecia, iiaoo i?eaanoe e
iaoieiae/aneei eciaiaieyi a eeaoeao iyaeeo oeaiae.

Neaieeaathueeny ia ye?aia iiieoi?a yeaeo?inoaoe/aneee ca?yae aucuaaao
aeaeiiecaoeeth aoiinoa?u, /oi i?eaiaeeo e a?aaeiiio aicaeaenoaeth ia
oeaio?aeueioth ia?aioth nenoaio. ?acoeueoaoii oaeiai aicaeaenoaey iiaeao
auoue ia oieueei oaiaoaiiia ninoiyiea eee aeai?anney, ii e ai?iiiaeueiue
aeenaaeain.

Neiee iiieoi? ye?aia eiaao /anoe/iia eceo/aiea a oeueo?aoeieaoiaie
iaeanoe niaeo?a. Yoi aicaeaenoaea nouanoaaiii i?e aeeeoaeueiie ?aaioa n
eiiiuethoa?ii eee caaieaaaieyo nao/aoee aeaca.

Caueoeoue naay io yoeo aeaeia eceo/aiey aiciiaeii, anee eiaoue caueoiue
ye?ai, eiathuee na?oeoeeao ea/anoaa IEE y?aiiiieee eee Oaaaeneiai
einoeoooa caueou io eceo/aiey e niioaaonoaothuee noaiaea?oo ONI 95.

E niaeaeaieth, caueoiua naienoaa ye?aia aai iiiiaoo a oii neo/aa, anee
au ?aniieaaaaoanue ia?aae iiieoi?ii. Iacia/eoaeueiue naeaea ai?aai eee
aeaai, a noi?iio, e au ieacuaaaoanue a «eieueoeao nia?oe» iiieoi?a.

* Ecaea?aeee – yoi cao?aou ia i?eia?aoaiea e yenieoaoaoeeth oaoie/aneeo
n?aaenoa, ia i?eaea/aiea e iao/aiea aeiiieieoaeueiiai ia?niiaea.

Iniiaiay /anoue

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