NAIEO-IAOA?AO?ANEEE AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE
EIAEAIA?II-YEIIIIE*ANEEE OIEAA?NEOAO
E??? ??????e
N??-I???? ??? ??a?u XVIII ??.
?????a ?????a
N??-I????
2009
N????a
1. I????? ??????? I?n???y
1.1 A????? I?????
1.2 I?????? I????? – ?????? ???o ?????? I????ey
2. Ae???y ???? N??-Ia???? y?? I????ey
2.1 I?????a ??????
2.2 Aeay????ue A???e ??
2.3 I???????y ????y
2.4 ???ay ??????ay ????
2.5 I?????a ????a
3. O????? ?????a a ??????? ???? I????a
3.1 I????? ???? ??n???
3.2 N????? ???? ?????a
3.3 ????a ??????? ?????a
3.4 ???ay ?????ay ????
3.5 C????a ????? ????
3.6 N????????e ???o
3.7 «A???? ???o
3.8 A??? ??
3.9 I???? ??
4. I?? ???? ??????a I????a a y?? I????ey. A????? ?????a
4.1 N??e ??ae
4.2 I?? ???? ????e ???
4.3 E??? ? «????a ??a ??? N??-I?????
4.4 I?? ?? ???
4.5 O????? ??u ?????a
4.6 ???e ????? a ?????a I??a?? (1760 –1780 ?)
4.7 N??? ????? a ?????a I????a (1780 – 1790 ?.)
N??e ??????? ?????
1. I????? ??????? I????ey
1.1 A????? I?????
I????? ? ?? ??e — ????????? ?i ????. Y? ?n??? ? ?????? ??, ?i e ? O???,
e a A??e, e a A???e a XVIII ?? ????e e ????e ???a ?ey?a ? ???? ?????? e
???????? ???? ??a ???????????, ????????? ???? ???ey, ?e ????o??i e
«Sturm und Drang», ?e ???? ???u ???i e ???; ??? ??cy ? ???, ?i ???ey y?
?? ?????, ??????-?????? ? ?????? e ?i ????ey a ????e, ??a, ????a.
E?????y ?? I????ey ???ey?? ??? ???i ???a, ?????????? ?????? ???. I?????
a ??? ???????a y??, a ??? ??i???o ???yo ???? ?? e ? ? ??eth ??????i ????
– ??? ?????.
1.2 I?????? I????? – ?????? ???o ?????? I??a??y
N??????y a I????a e ?????iy??ny ?nth? ? ??? ???i ??? ???a I????? ???
?ei, ?e e ? C??a, ??ue ??e ???ie ????? ?????i — ????y ???oe ?????? ??/ e
?y?e ??a ? ?????e ????? ??. O? ?i e ????ue; ?????i ????ny ia?a?yth?e ??e
? ?? ???yo ??????e ??e: a ?????? ?y????e, ????i?, ????a — ?? ??i ????
??e???a ????i ????. ????a ??? i???? ? ?? ???e ??????? ??e??e. A? y?
????i ???n?ee ?y ?????ey ???i ????i ??? ???e y?? ???, ???e ??? ???e ???i
?? ??ey?? – ?????a.
A??a n ?i ?????u ????? ???? eth??, I???? — ???i ???i, ??????a I?????
y?y?? ?????i-?????? ????i ?????? I??a??y, ?i ??? ? ???e e ???? (a ???
????e) ? ?? ???u ?a??ey ????? ???? ?????e a ???th ??ue, ? ?????ey
?????ue ? ?????i «?????, a ? ??????i, ???????i e ??i ae???i ?????. E????
y?, ???i, ? «?????a e ??????», ?e ???? ??y???, ? ???????e a XVIII ?? e
????tho ? ?????a ??????e, a ????i-???????a ??u, ?i???ny e ?????ny a
???yo ?i????? ????? ??????? ??y e ??????i ??? ?ae ?ey?? ??? ???? —
?????? ????e ??u (???a? ????a, ???a), ???e ?????i ?oey, ??????o ??
?y????e, ??????i? n ????e ????. Iiy?? ? ?????? («??????»), ? ?????a??a
(«??????) ???? ? ??o ???????ue ?????a ???e, ?e e eth?e ???, ??e
(«?????», ???? ????? ???). I???e y? ?????, ? ????ath?a ????, ?????? ??
??????i ????a, a ? ??o ????ny e a ??????e, a ?????????e eth?e e ?ycth,
??th, ?????, ? e a ????, ??i ?????? e ????? y?????i ????, a
???????-?ia??th??o ???????o ?ayo; ??? ?e ?? ??????? ???eyo I.E??c? e
A.????, A.O?y?a e A.A????, I.*a????? e Ae.N???a, I.A?aey? e A.E?? ?? a
??? ?? ???ey? ???? ??????i ????a. E ?y?? ??????a I????? ?? ? ???i, ?????
«????? e ??????i n ?th y???i, a ??????i ?iy???i ??? ??????i ?? ?????e,
???e ?i ? ?? ? ??o ???e ?????? ???e, ? ???? ? ?y?e ?c ?e ????? ??o ????a
a ? ?e ?oth ????oth ?????oth ??o — ???oth, ?????oth, y???th ?e ????oth.
I????? ??e ??????e ???? ??iy? a ?i, ?i a ???e ? ?? ????? — ??????? —
????? y??, ???y a C???e A??a ?????a ???? ? ??????? ??e???? e ?????????o
I????eth; a ?i, ?i I????? ????i a ???e ? ?????? ???? ??a, ?????? ???
????? ?????? ????; a ?i, ?i I????? ????ey?? a ???e ? ??????? ???, a
?????e ????e, ???y? ??? ?? ???????e ????e. I????? ????i a ???th ??c
«??», ???? I?????, ???????a o? ??i ?????a a ?i ????? ?i??u ??e ?ae ????e
???. I????? ??? y?o ??ae, ?a ????? ???e, ??? ?? «??ethoe????, ?????i e
??????i ? ?????? ???? n ??????i ?? ? ??e ??, ??? ??a ????, ???? e ??????
?y ?? ???a???o ?e, ? ?????e ?????e, ???e ?y?? ??? ?e ??a e n ???? ?e
???? ????? ???, ???yo ??? ?e ?a ???o ?a ??? C??? ??.
?????y ????u I????ey, ????ey?ayny a I????a ?ae ?y?i ????o?i, a ? ??? e ?
????? ??i?????u ?? I?? A???? A???, ?a? ????i ?????e: ???? ???o ???ue
?????th ?a ??a ???e ???u ?????y, ???? ??????i e ??????i ??, ???e ??e e
??ae????? ?????. I?a?? ???e ????th ???tho, ?e ????e ss.E????e, ?????y n
AE.-AE.???, ???? ??u ??ey — «????i e ???, a ?i /?? e «????ay ????y ? ??
??? ???» ????y.
2. Ae???y ???? N??-I????a y?? I????ey
2.1 I?????a ??????
I? ?? ???yo ?????? ???? ? ???? ????, ?????ony ?a ??a ????e ? ?? ???ey
??o ???? ??????i ??????, ??o y?? ??iy? ???? ?????ea ????y ????yy ?y?,
???y e ??e???? ???? ???? I????a. Y? ????ue ?a a ?i, ?i «??????a ????
?????u, — ?e ???? ???e, — ???y? ????th ?y ??? ???e ????, ????o y? ??
????? aeey ?????y ???? ???aa ???a, ????????y ?y ?????, aeey ath??????e e
????????e ???? ????, ?y ??e e ??a. A 1744 ?? ?? ???a ??ay a ???e ???ay
?????ay ?????a (?? I?????? ???i?e ??ae ?. I.A.E????a), a a 1755 ??
I.E???? ????e ?ae I????? ???o «?y ???y ?????? ? ?????? ??? e ? ?o ???,
???? e ??ey??». I??a, a ???a ????e a ? ??y ??? ? ???e ???????, ?o?? ??e
?????y? ?????e ??a e ??? ??a ????. Iiy?? ?y ????, ????, ????, ???? ???
????u e ?????a ????a ??????ue ? ???? e ??o ?????a ????? ?-? ???; ??i
???? ????an?a ?????? ?????ue a ???i-???????i ????e ? ???ue ?????????i, a
?????a ?? ??????a ?????u e ???e ??? ?? ?????y ???? e ???? ?y ?? ??? ???a
???e. E ?e ??????i ????e? ?e??e, ?????y ????, ???a ????? ? y?i ?? e
????? ??i, e ????? ??e, e ??y ????ay ????? ???.
2.2 Aeay????ue A???e ??
O?y ?y????ue A???e i?e ?e A????, ?e e ?e I??, ?ea ??????a ? ????????
??e?a ??????ey e ?????? ??? a ?e ????? ??????? ??i, ?a ? ?a ?????y
????i-?i????o ?????? ????ue ??????e — ?????? e y????????a. I? ?? ????u
??e ?????ueth ?????y, ?e ???ue, y??o?????i y?????a ????, ?y ???? ?????
??? ?i ??, ??ue e ?e?n; ??o ?i, ??a ??n?i ???? ??? ?y? ??iy?? n ???i e
?????e ??u ??y n ??e, ?????i ? ?a ????e, ???atho «?????y» — e a ?????
???e, e a ????? ??????. I?a ? ??e ??????? ?????-??????? ????, ???y ??? e
?ua ??u ?????? ??y ?? ???? ?????u, ????o ?a, ?i ???e?ue ? ?????? ??? ??e
e ???, ???? ???, ??i, «??? (?a ?i???u — «???, ? ?? «? ?», «i??»), e
??????i ???ey ? ??i ??, ?i ??ue ????ey?? ????? ? ???e ? ??????i ????ey.
I?? ?, ?????y ? A??a, ??? ?ia ??a e ?iye ??????ue ???? ???th ??ue ? ???
????e, «????». O??-? ?i ????? A.O??? e ??? ??th «?????e a ???? (?i
?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? a 1768 ??), ?????thny a XVIII ?? ??????e
«E???e ?????a ??????». I?? y?? ??? — ??????? e ??????a ?????ey a A???e
??, ???a???? ??u «I???a ????? ???? A.I??? (1750), «I???a ??e E????
N.E??????a (1755).
I??a ???? A???y ?? ??y? e ????i y????ey — ?????i, ?i y? ?????i a ???, ?a
????? ?iy?? ???? ????? ????. A «E??? ?????a ? ?????th» I.E????, ????y
????i ???? y?? ? ??e a?????e ? ?i ????o, ???????e, y?????i ????i, ??? n
?i ????e, ?i «????? ??i ? ??i ????i ?? a ??a ??????, ???? a ???
??ey?ny». A? ?????y ?y????ue ?e ?i??? ?????y, ???ey I?????? A???e ??,
???a ? ????? A.O??????, e a ??i ???? ???? a ??e ???a, ????????e ?????a
??????ey ?????? ??, e ??? ?? ????? ????????a ???ai y??, ???a ????i ? ?o
????i ???? ???????y ??e ???? ?? — e a ???-??????e, e a ??????i-???? ???.
Y?e ?????e ???? ???a ?????? «O???? ???y ???? y??» — ???i a ???e ??e
?e??u.
2.3 I???????y ????y
N????? a I????a ?a?i ?? ???? ???? ?????ue e a ?????i ????? y?? ????, ?o
????, ???a I????? ??uy?y? ????, ?i ??????eth e ?y????e. I???i ?????ey
???????? ????e ?e ?i ?, ?i a ??a: a ???a ?????? ????? ???? ???????
????e, a ???o ????a ???? ?e?ny ????e a ???? ??????; ?y?? ?ey?a ????
????e ? ?? ???o?oth ??ue ?? ?????i ??a ???i, ??? ?????e e? ?????, ??a ?e
a ??????? ???? ??th?i ?? ?ey?a ?????? e???? e y???e. Ii ?e ?e ??a ?
???ey A.O???i, ss.E??ue?? e ???? A.????? ??a ?????e ?????e ??e ?a ??a
????i ??????????ue ??????y ???y ????y, ???e ???e ?youe-?? ????ny I????,
??? ?a ?????ue ? ??? ???e, ? ?????? i??????.
A y?e ?y? ????ey? ??? ???n ???a ?????o ??y?a A.????a. E???e ???e ????e
?????ue a ???????i ????e, ??a ??i ?? ?uy??ue eth???oth ????o ???? «I
????…», a ???i ???????i ???th?y ????????ay e ???????y ????e ??????i
??y. A ?????e ? ?????o ???e ???? ?? ???tho ? ?e ??oth «????? ??? ??ey
????, ?? ??iytho ?i a «????????» ??y?a, a «????yo ??o ??????i e ?????».
I?? o? ?? ??, ?e ????ey?ny ?a, ???o ??? a ?i, ?i, ???i A.O???o, ??????o
??? ??a ????o ?????o ????e, A.??e?a ??? y? ??????i e ?????? ????eth ??e,
??? e ????ey ?e??a, ???y ?i e? ??? ?? ????e, a ???i ??? ??o ?ith
??????th ???o.
Iu ?????ny ??ue n ??i ? i??o ?iy??? ?e ??????e ??u ??????e ??????, ???y
??? ???eythu? a ??????e e ????? A.I??? (???? ?oy ? ?????? ??? Ia?a A???i
e ????? ???? A??ey a «I??i ????») e ???th I.A??i ??? ???i ?????i ????i
???a O.Ae?????i. E y?e ???? ? ??i i?????i ?????ny, ??ay ? ??e ? ????o ?y
????y ?????y ??????e ????, a ?? ??? ?? ??? ???n A.I??? e ?y????e
A.????a, ???e ???o ?? ?uy??? a ???? ?y?i ???? ?i ????????o ???e n ???i
??e ?i ???????a.
2.4 ??n?y ??????ay ????
Oo ? ??????? ??i ????? e a ???? ???e ??????? ???? XVIII ??. I? ?????i a
?? ????????i ???ey ??a ?????e ?????, ?????e, ?????? ???, ????, ?????u, ?
e y?? ??o ????? ? ?y ??, ??u ? ?????ny ?e ?i ?????ue, a ?y ??, ??u ?
?????i ??? ???ue ?? ??i, ??e ?? ??i, ????oy ??ae?a e ?????. Oe?ueth
A???e ?? e A???e ????a ?? ?????ea ?????e, ??????e ???e ??e e
?????i-??????i ????a, ? n ??uueth ??????ny a I???? ?????o ?a?o, ??????,
?????, ?????a.
I? A????, ???? ??? ??? ????? ???a, ?e ????y a ia?eth ??e ???e ???, ?a —
????e?, e ?? — ????. I??? ??? a???ey? ??uey??a ?????u, ?e e ?ae??thny a
1757 ?? a I????a ???th ???th ?????, ??????th ????oth ???o n ??? ?????
??u («??u-?o?); ???a ?????y ??? ????? ???e ???a ?????a ????? ??u. A ????
1750-o ??a A.N???? ???e ???? ?? ??, ???a ????i ???a ???y? ? ???i y??,
?oy nth?? ? ?? ?????i ????? («Oe?ae e I?e?? e «A????), ? e ??? ?? ????
??????. A ????? ???a ?e?u ??? ss.Eiy??, E.E??a, ?? ?? A???? II, e
??????? ???y?? ?????a ????a e ??uey??e ??a. I????i ???y nth??? ?a ??
i????? ? ???e ??a, ?e e ? ??????e. N ??a 1740-o a?? a I????a ???th?y
??????a, o?y e ???a, ?????a ???? ????i? ?????, e ?a a ??a ?? ?yaeyth?y
y?? ??????a ?????e, a ?o? e ???e?? — A.I???/, Ae.A??y??e, A.O??.
«A?????? ?????? ??????? ??u, ?iy?e ? ??? ????o ????? ??? ???e, ????ey?ny
????i ??? ???ey ???e ?????e ???? XVIII ??», — ??th?? ???e.
A 1770-a ?? ??u ??ey?i ????ue a N???i ????a ?????o ??oe (a ??e ????a
??y?e, ????? Ae.E???i, ?????u ????a ????u y?o ?????). Ai ??? ???? ?? a
I????a, a ??i a I??a e ??? a???, ??? ??a ???? ??? ??i a ???a ??y???
a????y — ??? ?? e? ??? ? ??i-??? ?????a ???i? ?? ? ? ?y????i ?y ???i
??????i ????.
2.5 I?????a ????a
A ?????? ????? ?????e ???n ??????ny ???? ???????i ????y ?y????e ????e a
1758 ?? A???e «?? ????? ?????. Ii ?? ? ? n ????? ??y???th ???n ???ey
?????? e ???e??e ??????i ?iy??y a ??????i ?ee? ???, ?e ?? ???eyo ???????
??? ????????? e i?????ey ???; e ?o XVIII ?e ?e ??i ??, ????o I??i A???.
A????y y?? ??????e ??e I????a ????? ?a ???th ????ue e ???????, ae?ac?ay
??i ???? ??? ?oue ???? ???e ???, ?????e A??o n A?? e ?i ??i ????? ??i??
y? ???? a ??e ????.
3. O????ea ?????a a ??????? ???? I????a
3.1 I????? ???? ??n???
Ai ??? ???? XVIII ?? ????? ?????ny ?e ?????th?a ?????a ??????? ????
I????a. Y?? ????y????i ?i ???? ??e? ?????e 40 – 50-a ??. N?????th ?? a
y?i ???a A???y ????a, ????ay a 1757 ?? e ????ayny ???a a I??a, ??i, ??c
?ae, ?????ay a I????.
E????i ????ny ???i ?????? A???e ????a, ?e y? ?? ????? e ?y ?????o ????.
???? ??n??i ???i ? ?o ? ????o, ?i e ????? ?????e.
A? ?????a ???, ?????????? ???????a ?? ???ey I????, ????? ????? e ???e
???? ????, oy? e ???? ??th?y ????? ????????. Ii ????i ???i ????yi,
????????o, ????y e ???, ?i?y?????. A ???? ????a ????? ???? ????.
Ii ???e ????? XVIII ?? ??o ?ie ??????a ??u. A ?i ?????o e?y ???? ????ey
???? ??eth??o ???????? ???. A y?i ??? ???e ????? ??a e ??i ???i, e ????o
????o (a a ?i e ????e ?????).
A???y e ?????ay ???a ????e??o ???a e ?????? ?? ?????a??ue ??????? ?????e
??????i e ?????? o???yi, e ???? ??? ??e. ???? ????? ?ayi ??a ??? e ?????
????, ??a ???e?, ?i ?i ?????e ????. E????i ?? ??????i y???i. Ii ?iy?e
?ay a ?e ?e ?? ?? ? ?? ?ae? ????a.
A ??i ???? ???e, ????a?? ????? ???? ????i y??a: ??? (1760-a – ??ay ????
1780-o ??a), ???e (??ay ???? 1780 – 1800 ?ae) e ???e (1800 – 1830-a ??).
Ai ??? ???? XVIII ???ey ????ny ???o ??????e i??e?. E??ay ????? ?????ue ?
y?? ???? e ? ?y?? ? ??? ???? ???? ???a a ??? ???? XVIII a?a.
???? ????? ?e ???a ??????? ?????a y?e ?? y??y ???? ?y ???ey ????a, ?i e
??ei?? ???n e ?y?th a y?o ???. O.E. O??, O.A. A???, I.E. E????e, O.O.
U??i, E.I. I????, E.I. I??n – ??? ???e ?? ??????? ?? a ????a.
Ii ?? ? ???iy? ??a ????? ????, ???a ?e ???e ?a a A?ae??, a ??? ?????
????? I??a AE??, ??????i ? ??e 20 ?o.
A?????i-?????ay ???? a y?? ?????a ??o ???th ???o ?????ey ? ??? ??ey: a
???? a ?????e ??e, ???i ???a e a ???o ????o, ?e ???o ???, ??y? ? ?? ??.
E???????? ??? ?e ? ???iy??? ????? a ????a ??ey, ???yy? ?? ????a ??u. A
????a ????? ?????y ???????i ? ???? ????, a ???th?, a ???? ia??? ??a.
A ????e ???? ????ny ????a?a ???, ?y?? ????? ?????y e ???o. A??y a ??i i
????? ??? ???? XVIII ??, ??i ???? ??a: ?a ??? ????ey? ?????, ???? ??
???i e ????c?, e ?? ? ??? XVIII – XIX ??a ????? ?tho ?a ???u «????
?????a.
???? ????? ????ny ? ???????? ????? e ?????. Aeey ???o ???? ????? ???a ?
?? ????i e ??e ?????? ???? ?o??y e ????ey, a ??? ?? e???????? ??????
???o ???? e?? ?????? ???? ???.
3.2 N????? ???? ?????a
Ae????y ?????i ??a a ????? ?y??, ??? ??i, n ?????i O.E. O??a (?n.1). I??
????y A???e ????a ? ??? AE?? n ???e ???e ???th, ? a ???? ????? ????e
?????a ???a a I??a (1765 – 1770), ??i a ??a (1770 – 1772), ???i n ????
?? (n ???? A????? e I??e) ???i ??y??y ?y ?? ????? A??u.
I??a ?????? O??a ? ?????e ? ??? – ath? ???i ??-???? A.I. A???a (1773) –
???????o ?a i ??? ???? ???a.
I??????ue ??????? ??? ?????ny ?e ???? ? ???a, ?oy o ???? ?? e ???y ??a
????y. A ??? ???? ?????a O?? ??e ???? ??a ??? ???u ???, ?i ???i ?????
????ue ?????a ?????? ??????o ???a: ????ay ????a ??????? ???o??e (??,
???a, ??e), ????y ?????a ??, ????-????ay ????a ??? – ?a ??ue ?a ?????
??????? ??? ???i. Ni ???? a ????o O??a ??o ?????y ??????, ??ay ??????ue.
I?? ??? y?e ???, a 1774 ??, O??o ????? ??? ????a. N???i? ??i ????y e
???, ? ???e a ???? a ???a. E??i a y?i ????a ??? ???e ?a ?????? e
???????o ???e, e ??????? ???a. O O??a ?o ???na ??ei e «??????, ?e ??? e
«????»: ???e o ?? ????o ? ?? ?i????e ??? ????? ?e ????i ?e?a.
O??u ????e ?????a ath?u ???????o ?y??e, ???????, ?????. 1790-a ?? – ????
?????? ?i ???. Ii ???y? ??i ??o: ath? I????-O?????i (1791), ath? ????
*???a (1791), ath? I.A. C?????i, ??n-????y A???? II.
N??? ???????e ???i ??c I.A. E????a ??? ? ?y E????? a???, ?a ?????ue
ath?u ???? ??? (1793). A y?i ???? E???? ??i ?y?e ??????e; a ?i ??? ??u
?a? ?, y??ey, ?? ???.
I????? ????e ?????i ??c I?? I (???, 1797; ???, 1798; ???, 1800). C?? ?a
????i ? ????e ?????a ??u.
O?? ???e ? ??? ?e ?????, ? e ?e ?????. Ii ???? 58 ???? ????o ????a ?y
*????? ??? (1771 – 1775), ?a ???ae?u ???a ?y?y e ?? ? ?th?? aei A????
I???u.
A 1775 – 1785 ??o O?? ??? n ??uey?? A?? e ?????i ?????i Ae???i ???? 42
?????? ?????ey ?y I????i ???.
A 1789 – 1790-o ??o ? ???y? ??c I???? ?y O?????i ??? – ??oth A???? II –
???????oeu. I??? ????o e ????e, ?e y? ??? ??? ????e ?????a, ???yy ????
???.
A 1770-a ?? ??? n O??? ???ao ?yae ?????a A???e. N?? ?o ??ey?y O.A. A???.
Ii ???????e ????? a I??a e a E??e. A????ny a I???? a 1772 a?o, a 1776 ??
???e ??? ????a. A??? – ??? ??????i-?????? ???o?u.
A ?i ??? ??? – ????e I.I. A???? (1780) – ? ????ny e ???i ????e ?????.
A ?????? n ???o????i ??i a ????e ???? ??ue ? ??ei i ????e ???i ??y, ? e
i ????? ??????i ??.
I??? ?? ?y? ??ae ????e ???a, ?????e ???, a ???e ?o ?i??a e ????ey
????ueth ??e, a ?oue ???? ??e??a n ??????th ???. A ????e ??i ?????
y?eth?th ? ???? ?? (????y ????ue ?e?? ??a, ??a ???ath?o e ????? ???) e
????e ???? ?????a.
A??? ???? ???a a ???? ???o ?iy??? I????a: ?o ????ae? ?ay «I??? ????» (a
??a ?????i ??e ???? ? ????a ????a ??a ???a O???a ? ???e) e ???o ? ?????
?iy??a N???o E??a??i: ???a, ??e e ?o n ???ueth «Eiy? ????? ?? N???-
?????e 1801».
E ???i ???i ????? ??ny?y ????u ?y E????i ??? (1804 – 1807).
N????? ???i ????y ?e I.E. E????e. A? o????i ?????? ? ???: ???u, ?a???y
????, ????y, ????u.
I??? A???th ????a, ? ??? ????? a ??a e I??a. I??? a? ???? ? ?????e ?? ?a
??a? ?y I????i ???: «I???a ???a n ????? ??? e «E??e, ???yth?e ?? ? ???»
(??? 1780-o ??a).
N?i ???? ??o ???o i a??? ???? ???a e ???? ???e ??? ?????? ???a ????
?????. I? ???a ??y?? ?? ?????e ae???e e eth?e e ????o.
A ???? 1780-o (1783 – 1784) E????e ???y? ?? ? ??? ???? ????? ?y «O??a
???» a Oe??? ??.
A??? ?? ?y ????o ?????? E????? ?y? ? ?????. A? «I???e n ???» (1789,
???), «Niy?e ??» (1792, ???), «A?? ? ???? (1797, ???) ???yo i ????
??????e a y????/??th ????.
«A??a A????a I?????? (1780-a, ??i?) ????? ????? ?????th, ?o ??e, ???e
??????o ????yi ?????a. ????y ?????th ??, E????e ????ny e ??? N???a: ???a
y? ??????? ??? A???? ? ?? (1799, ??ca), ??i ?iy?? N???o, ????? ?e
?????ay ??oy, ???i ???eyi Ae???i ??a.
A y? ? ?? E????e ???? ?ae ???e N??? – ?????e ???e a A??? ???a I????
(1800 – 1802). E??ei, ???ath?e ??ue ?? (?????a ?? ???i a ?? O??e)
?????ye ??????ue ???e.
A??a n ?????i E????? ??? a ???a y?? ?????y ???? ??n???. ????a ??y ?????
????? ??? ????? – U??? e I???.
3.3 ????a ??????? ?????a
U??i O.O. ??ny a A???e ????a, ?e ?????i a E??e e O???, ?a ? ??? 10 ?o
(1775 – 1785). E????? ? ?a a I??a a 1776 ?? «I??? ??i ?????? ?????ey.
C?? ?????y ?ey?a ? ??? ?????, ? e ???? A????ey, ??? ??i – I?????i. U??i
????? ???? ?? I?ney, ??yy ???a ???? ??o e ????y ????e ?? ??????e ??a e
?????eth.
1792 ??i ????ny ????ay «A??? U??? (???), ?????y ?y Oe??????? ??a. Y?
?????e ??????? ??c, ???? ?e ????-????? ??? ? ??y? ?????? ?????e.
N 1794 ?? U??i ???? ??? ????a, ??i ????ny ???n?? A???e ????a.
I???a ?????? ??? U??? ??ny?y e ???o ???? ??n??? e ?a ?e ??????i-??????i
????a.
N?? ????? ???? U??? – n?????e ??? A??????a (1811 – 1813). Aei y?? ???a
n?e??? ???a ? ??a ??? ???ey ia ??? a ??????i ???, ? e a ???i ???a
?iy??a. Y?o ?????e ?? ????? ???? ??? ?e ???? ???a e ????? ???e e ? ??a.
A ??????? ????a U??i ??e ?ae??? ?????? ??? ???????o ???o, ?????????
????? ???i ????????e.
N 1807 ? 1811 ?ae ????? ?iyo ??? «I??? ???» ?y ??e th?? ??? E????i ???.
A y?i ???? ???? ???a U??i ??e ???oue ???a ???? ?????y e ???ue ??a
??????a ????u: ??????ue O?n?, ??o ???, ??? ???? ???. Y? ??? ????? ?y
A??????a e E????i ??? ?????otho ?????? i????? a ????? Uaae??, ?y??? n
???? ??/ ???a ????? e ?????u.
E ?? ? ????th ?????a, ?i E????e e U??i, ?????e E.I. I??n. N?? ?a????a ?i
?????ey ?? ???u ?a a ??? ??e XIX ??, ??a ? ?? ?????e e ???eyth?e ???e
???? ?????a. E ????????? ??th ????y e ?i ?? ? ??? ????? ???a ????u
E????i ??? – «En???a ??».
A? ????? a ??? ???????? ???a – y? ?????ay ???? 80 – 90-o ??a. Ii ???
????eth e ??????o ???th ?e ?????o XVIII ??. I??n ??e ???ue ??? ??????a,
?ay?? ??e ???th, ???i ???? ???i ?ey?y ???, ?????a n ??? ?ae?????i
??????i.
E??ey ???e n????u ??? ???? XVIII ?? ? ??o ??? ??e ?a????i ?y?ey Y.I.
O???a (1716 – 1791, a ???e – n 1766 ? 1778). E??i a I????a ? ??? ?? ??a
?????? ??????, ???a a ????a ????a ???? I?? I, ?c???i I???i «I??e ????.
O???a ???e ?ae ?iy??? 12 ?o. I??e y?? ?e ???? ?a a I??a a 1765 ??, a
1770 – ??? a ?????th ????. A 1775 – 1777 ?? ???i?? ???a ????e ??? e
????y ????o ? ???? ??u, ???y i?? ????e ??? ??i 275 ??.
A ??? ?ae ???e I?? O???a ???? ?i ???a I?e A? E??. I???a ?iy??a ??iy?? a
1782 ??, ??a O???a ?a ? ?? a ???e, e ???? ????o ????a A???. N??i?? ????y
? ????????i ??? ?????-????ey a ????e ??????? ??? Ae????? e N??. Ii ?o??
?? ?ath, ?ath?th ? ??? ????a, ? e ???????, ??????? ???ea. E ?e ??
??????? ?? ?iy e ?a??a ??? ??c-???.
A????e ? N???oth ???ue, ?iy?? ?? ?????? ???i ??e y??. Aae??? ?????i e
???i ??????ny e a ?????, ?????i ? ???i ???a e ???a e ??? ??? ??. Ai??
???? – ?????i ??e ??c a ?????e I?? – y? ????? y??i ??? e ??.
3.4 ???ay ?????ay ????
A ???? ????? ?????y ??a ???i ??i, ?e ?e ? ??e ????a ?a ??a oy??? e
?????o e ???????o. A??a a???a?i, ?i ?? I????, ????????e, ?????? ??? ??e
?? ????a a ??oth ???ue a ?????? ??a.
E??? A.I. – ??ue ???e ?????? ????oe XVIII ??. E??i n ?i ???u «A???? e
????» ?????ay ???y ???y ?y?y? i ?? a ????a.
A ??? ???o ?? Nay???i ???y ???th?y o ????a n ???? ?????: «A??a e A???
(1764), «A??i ???? a ??? ?? ??? E??? (1765).A y?o ?????eyo ????a ?a ???
??? n ??y?e y??e ???i.
A 1770 ?? E??? ???? a A???e ????a ???o «A???? e ????». Aa nth?o ?e ???
?iy?i i?????i ???. A????, ?y? ??????, ?????e ???? ?y?? ????e, ???i?
I??e, ?? ?? e a??? ??i?u e ?ye ? a ??. N???? ????ey ????a y??, ??????e
????e. A??????? ???o ????? ???? E?a?i ???? ???ey?, ??y????th e ?i??? ??.
E??? ??a ???a ???? a ??e?e ?????? ???? XVIII ??. A??i ??iy??i ??????y
?????e ???? e? ??????? ?i E??? ????ny e ???e ???e, ?i ??i ??aey ? ? ??
???ue n ?????? ???? ?o??? ??.
A?? ? «A????i e ????? E??? ??e ???? ?ae ???? «I??i? A??? n A?????
(1773), nth?o ???e ?yo ? «E???.
N????a ?????? ????a, ? ???????ue ?y ??????a, ????? ???a?y ???e E???
???????i ? ?????a A???e ???n? 1770-o ??a. A???e ?????e y?? ???e y?yth?y
???e E??? I.E. N??? e E.A. A??a.
N??? I.E. ??? i???? ?????? ? ?? ???? ????e – «I???e e A??» (1776), «Ae??
??yc??o ??uey E??» (1777). I???yy ???a ??a ???????o i ???? ????a ?????a:
a y??, ?????e-????? ??? ???? ???? ????e ?o, ????ue??th?e i ?????? ????.
A?ath??y ???? ?????? ???? ? ??? XVIII – XIX ??a ?e A.E. O?th?a.
A ?i ?????eyo 90-o ??a ????nue ??a ????a ?????? ???e. E??? O?th??, ?e
???i, ??y?? ???i ???yi ???????e ??e: «O?????? ??ae A????a I???i a ??ae
I?? i?? ????? ? ??? ?ae i???» (1793 – 1794), «E???? ?eu ss? O??y»
(1796), «Acy?a E??? (? ???a 1800).
I?? ??u a ?i ???o ???? ??c ??y. Ei ??o ?? e ???eth?i – ???? ??iy? ssi
O??ue. E??? O?th?? ? ??? ?????u ? ????eth, ? e y?????u, ?? ?????tho
?????? ??a, ?? ????e, ?????y ??y????, ??ay, ??????y ????ey.
I??aey ??, ??i ???ue, ?i ???y ?????ay ???? ??a, ?i ??e-?? ??? ??,
??????o ???? i???? ?????a. I????i a ?i ?? ????? e ???????, ???i ????i,
???a a ?????? ??????? ??o?a.
3.5 C????a ????? ????
I????o ???a ???? ??? ???? XVIII ?? ????o a ??a ????, ???e ????o ? ????a
??o ???????: ????, ??????, ???? e ????, ???o a ???a, ???o a ????a, ????
????, ???a e o.ae. I????ny ???????e y?e, ?e?? ???? ?????o ???y ith???a?
??a, ??????? ??a. Ia ????? ??a ??i ??th?? ?????ioth ??o ??? – ? ???i e
??n???.
I???? ????? ??? 60 – 70-o ??a ????i ???e ???o a ?yae ??? ?????? ????
????a. I?? ? ??o ???? a? O.N. ????. Ii ??e a ???a ????i a 1760-a ??, e??
????? A???? ?? a ????. Ii ?? ??a ??? ??? ????a ii ????th ? ??? A????i
????tho, ?i ???a ????i ???? a ??th ?? ???ey: ??????? ?????a?o, ??? ???a
e ???? ??????, ???y?y ??????e, ??????e y?e i?????? ???y?ny.I????? ????
????? ????a ?iy??y a ????i ???? ???? ?ycy I?? I???? (1761). ???? ?
?????? ??? ???e ?????: ?????? e ????e ???e ????ey?ny ? ???? ???th?i, a
??i e ????i. Ii ??ue ?a ??i ?? ????? ????: ?????ue ??? a ?? ?e ?????
?y????? ??u ??? ???, ??? ??? a??u, ?? ???ay ???.
Ai ??? ???? 1760-o ??a ???? ????? a I??o. N?e???ue n ???? ??????e
??????y? ????? ??y??e ??????e, ???? ???ny ??i ???????e ? ????th e
??????? ??? ??e n ?i ??c?i ???i e ????ueth.
A ???? ???? ????o 1760 – 1770-o ??a (A. I???, 1765, A.E. A????, ??oe
1760-o ??a, A.E. N????, 1772) ??ey?a ????? ??i ????i, ??? y????i
?iy?y?ny a ??????? ??? ????ey, a e????oe, ????? ???????? e a ?? ??y a
?????e ??? ???.
A??? ???? ???e ????? ??i?e ?e Ae.A. E???e (?n.2). A ??o ?????eyo ? n
????? ???? e ??????? ?????i??th ???? ?????? ???y?a ?????? ???? e ???
????a ??? ??????? ??? ??a ???? ???aa 70 – 90-o ??a XVIII ??. E???e ???y
? O???, a ??a ?y???a e ???a. A???i, ?? e n?e ?i ??? ????.
A ????o 70-o ??a ?o??a a???i ????? e ????th ????a e ??????? ?????y.
ss??? ????i y?? E???? ? ???y? ??a ?y ?e?-?? ????????e.
E???e ? ???? ??? ???e, a ?e a ?? n ?i, e ???ye ?a ?i ?????e: ???? ?????
?c a ????? e ??????? ????? a ??th?? ?????o ??o ???e.
I? ????? a ?????o ????, n ????? ???ey? ?e, n ???i ?????, ???????, ???,
??? ? ?n???? ?e, a ???? ? ?? ??i ?????e, n ????i ???????? e?a,
???????ueth ??y?, ??? ??????ueth ??.
I?? 1772 e 1776 ??? E???e ???o ??eth ????a ?????oe N???? ????a ?????o
??oe – «??y?? (?? ???o?).
«Ni?y?? – y? ???? ???ou, ? E???? ?????e e ??? ??iae e ???: ? ????y e
????th i????, ???i ???e ? ??????? a?ey? ??e.
A ?y? ???? ????a 70-o ??a ???y ??, ?iy?e ??iy?i e ????ue ?-???o: “I???
???a-?y???a”, ?e “I??? ?? ????a” (1779). Ii ???a ???, ??e ?? e ???e ???
??i ??? i ???i ??a e ?? y?? ????, e a ? ? ??y ????o ???? ????th??y
?y???. Y? ??e i ????iee ???? e ????ie ?? e ??????? ???, ??a ??e, ????
???a ??i a ????? XVIII a?a.
1780-a ?? – ?? ????? ??u E????. O??????a ???????? ???e?y ??a ?????, a ?e
?????th?y ????? /??. E???e ???ny ???i ????? e ??oy?i ?????, ? ? ????th e
??? ????ny ?a ??a ????i ??th???i.
*???ue ?????? ???a, ???y ???????ue ???? ????, ???y ????ue ???? – ??u,
???a ???ath?y ?ae ?????? ???yth??y ???????e? ???u. O???th?y ??a ??u,
??y?a ?i n ???? A????i: ?? ??? ????? e ?ath ???, ?????i ??i?, ? ??o ??o
?iy?oe.
Ae? ?????ey E???? 80-o ??a ?iyo ??iy?i a ?y? ????a y?? ???a. I??a – ???o
??? ????a, A??e Ae????u, ????e ?? «I???? A??» (1783, 1785).
A??a ?????? – ???o O??a I???? I?????i a ?????i ??th? (1789). A 80-a ??
E???e i?? ???? ?ae ????? ????????e. N?? ???o ???e ??ue ?? ?? ?????a,
???th ???? ????e ?????? ? ??yae?? 30 ?o. Ii ???? ????? ? ??o ????y ?
???o a ??? ????????: «A???? II a ??a ??? i????y» (1783).
I???? ?????? ?????ey E???? ???th?y 90-? ???. E??a ? ?????? y?e ?? – ????
??e ???? ?o ????a A????o, ?????a ? ??? 80– 90-o ??a. Ii ??o ???? ???o –
I?? e A?u, a a ??? 90-o a?? ???o – A???? e I???ueth. Ia ????o E???? ?a
?e ?a ????a ???e. Ii ?e ? ??ue ?????ny e ???o ???o ??? ????? 1770-o ??a:
?e ?????tho e ????ytho ??e th??ueth, ???ie ????, ??i ? ????? ???ueth
??e.
E???e Ae.A. – ????oe, ????? ??? ?i? y??, ????? ? ???, ????? ? ? ???u. A
y?i ??? ? e ???? ?????e, e ???? ??????e ??? ??? ??.
E? ???? ?a? ???, ? o??e ????ey ??e y?? e ??e ???? ? ?o ??e ????e ???e.
Y? ???o A?u N????u I????e (1800 ?), ?a ???? ??? ?y?o ? ??? ? ???? (????
???, ??, ??, ????a ??), ?i ????y? ?i??? ????????? ????.
3.6 N????????e ???o
E ??o XVIII ??, ???? n ???? 80-o ??a, a ???i ????a ?????ue ???? ?????ey
??o ??????e i ?????? ????. A ???? y? ?????ue ??? ??i a ???o ??a ??? ???a
???? ? ??o ??? ???o ?? ????, ? e a? ?????e.
A???? ??????? ??? y?? a ???? ????? ???? ?e A. E. A??????.
E? ????? ???e ?? ??? ?i? a ???a o Ae.A. E????, o E?? N???i. A?????? ??e
a ??????oth ??n?? I????a, ??a ???a n ?ay? ?????a e ?????i ?o ????ny
???????. A??????o e ???i ?? ??ue a ???? 1790-o ??a ????? ????o????ai
????.
Ii ???? n ???th?? ????a ???, ?? ??i ? ???a, ? ??o e ? ??, ??a, ??e, ???
(???o A.?. Ae????, ??oe 1794 – ??? 1795; E???a e Ae???a, 1795; ???o ?y?
A.A. E???a, ??? 1790-o).
N?????e? a ????a ??e ia ??? ?? ? ??????ue e ??????ue ?????? ????e, a ???
y??i????ue ????, ??????? ??????? ????? ??e. I???? A??????i e ???th? ??
????? ??? ??????oe e ?i??u a ????? ??????.
A y? ? 90-a ?? ??? ???? ???th??i ??? ???ny?y A?????? a ???o ??? ? ???
????o ???? ?y ????? ????? ?e ?y??i ???.
I????i ??????ny ??????? ??i ?i?? ????a: ?y?? (??i ?e???e) ?? ???,
??ath??y ? ???, ??o e o.ae., a ?? ??? ?e ??. O? ??? ????e. O??a ????a e?
? ? ??a ???? (??) e ???i (?? ????). E??a ? ??? ???i?a ???, ? aea? ??? e
????y ???yth?y ? ???? a ???o, ?e a ?????yo A.I. A????e (1796) e N????
(1790-a).
A ?y? «???????? ????a 1790-o ??a ??ey?ny ???o I?? E???u E?o??e (1797).
E?? 1790-o – ??? 1800-o ??a a?iy ???? ????? A??????i, ???? ?????? ?i
???. A 1797 ?? ? i???o ??eth a ??????i ???? ? ???? A????o. Ii, ?e e
E???e, ?????? ?th ??????th ??ue, ??? ???a ????. A?????? ie?o ? ??? ???a
????.
E? e E???e, ? ????ny ???? «??????i y??», ? ??ii a ???o ????o: ?o ???tho
?? e ?????, ???? e ???a. Ii ??o ???? ????oth ?y ??? ??a ????? ????? n
????e ???????e ???.
Y? ??? ?? y??, ?i y?? ????????. I????, ???o ??n-????y A???? II, ??a
???????? ??? Ae.I. O????? (1799), oe?? ?yae ???? ????a: I?? I ?y
????oe-?? A???e ????a (1800), ?????i ??oea I??? E?e-O?a (1796), A????a
A????a E???a (1801–1802).
I??i XIX ?? a ???e ???? ???e??i e ??????, ?ay? ????i ???i ????ey ??e.
A??a n ?????? ???????? ?? a ??e? ????a ????o ??y ??a ?????a.
3.7 «A???? ???o
??? XVIII– XIX ??a – ??y ? ??? ????e ??u A??????i, ? e ?y??ey ??o ????e
a ?i ????a. E????i ????o ??o ??o, e a ????o ???e? y?? ???e ??th??ny
????? e ???e ??????? ??????e, ???e ??????, ??e ??????? ??, e ???eth
?????.
A y? ??y A?????? ???o ??????, ???a ???? ?? ?i ????a? ????? e ????o i??
??, – ???e ???o ??? A.A. e A.A. A???? (1802), ????? ? ?? ????a, a ????e
????e ??a, ?e a ????o ???????a, ? ?a a ?????? ???e ??a?e – n ??? e ???e.
O? ???a?y ??? «????? ????a.
I????e ?? 1800 – 1810-o ??a – y? a ???? ???? ????a ????: ???e A.E.
A????i n ????, E???a e E???? n ???, E???e n ??????e, ?? E????-?????o e
?.
E??a ?????? A??????i y?o e? –???o I???? I????u A????e, ??? ?????a A????o
(??i 1806). Ii ????o ?????y ???o ?????ny a ???o ?????a. A??????a ????
??, ?? ??e: ??u, ????? ??? ?e, ???i ????, ???i ?e, i????a, ?a, e a ????
???? – ??n, ??, ??? ???.
E ???o ?ny???th XIX ?? A?????? ????ny ??i ? ???? ?????o ?????e ???e a
???????i ????a. E??i a ?i ????? ??aeyo ???a?a ?? e ??? ???????y, ?????y
a XVIII ????. O????a ??? ?? ?????? ???y ???????y ??ue. Ia ??o ????, a
???i ???e ???a?? ? ?? ????a ??????i ??, ???? ???o, ?a ?????? ?? ??ai e
????.
A?????? ?????o ???n ???ey ????? ??, ???e E. I???? e A. I????. A? ???ue
???? ?th ???o ???????i ???ey ??a XVIII ??.
O? ??????o ????a ??? ???? XVIII ?? – ????, E?e??, A???i??e – ??????e ??
???o ????e ?????i ??a e ?e ? ???i e ?????o, a A?????? ??? – ? ???????a e
?????.
3.8 A??? ??
A??? ?? a ???i e???? ??? ???? XVIII ??, ?e ??a??e «?????? ???? ??, ???
??? a ???a ???, ?i ? ??a ? ???e ???ey a ??? A???e ????a a ?? ????
?????a. A ??a ?a, ?i ?? ???i a y?i ??a, ???? ?c ?y?? ???y A???e. A???i
???ey ???? ???? ??a ??i ???ue ??oth ???? 1760-o ??a, a ???e ?????e,
????y? ?i – I??? O???a e E?? A????.
I??e O??? (?? ??a 1789 ??) – ????? ?ae??e ? ???yi A?????e ????. A 1770-o
??o ? ???e ?a ???a ? ???y??e ??e: «E??uey??e ??» (1774) e «I????? ?????
????» («N???, 1777). A ??o ????, ?????o ? ????? e ? ???? a n?????e n
??????i ?????? ???, ???? ??e ???? ?????? ?????i ??o ?????. I??u ???yi
????, ???? y?i n ???.
A??? E.A. ???e a 1767 ?? A???th ????a, a 1774 ?? a ???? ???i ????? ????
?ycy I?? I???? ?????y a I??a.
E???? ?i ??y ????e «I??», ??iy?y ? 8 ??o («Iith?a ???», «E??uey??e ??»,
«I??» e o.ae.). N ????e?? ?????ueth e ???i ?????i A??? ???? a ??o ???o
?????oth ?? ???i ???, ????? oy??e ??e. A? ia???a ???? ???? ??????u ????y
??????? ????ey, y??? e ????e ???????i ???a?y.
3.9 I???? ??
A ????e ???? XVIII ?? ???? ???iy????ue ????e ??. A 1776 ?? N.O. U??i ??
??? ?????i e ??????i ????? ???.
O???? ?i ???? ?????, ?y??ue. Y? a ???? ?????a ?????? I????a – I????,
I????, Oe???i N?a, A?/?u: ???ey?? ????? i?? n ? ?????e ???e, ???e,
????e, ?????e.
O???e ??i ????y? ?? e ?o ? ??i: ? ???? ??a ?????a ???, ??i ??? ??????,
??i ??? ??????a ?????, ???a ??? e ?? ?????? ???o: «A? ? ????? ??? n
Ae???i ???? (1796), «A? ? A??oth I?? e ?? N?????(1804).
*?? ??????ny ?????y ??a, ????yny ?a a ????????? ??????a?? ???a. N ???
???n?i ????a ?????ue ?a ??a ????i, ???e ??u ??????, ?????a ?y ??? ??o,
?i ???u ???? ???th ????????ue.
Ii ?? ????y e ????? ???i ??? a ????o ?????eyo, ????e a ?o ? ??? ?eyth?o
??????? ???i ???ey, ? e ???yi ? ??o, ???a o ??? ? ???, ?e ? ??? ??a ???u
«A? ? E?a??????e ??? e ?????e ??».
A?e N??a U??? ??i ???ue ???????i ??? ????? ??a XVIII ??, ? O.ss. A???a
???e ??? ??o ????? ???a. Ii ????e A???e ????a ? ?e ??? a A??eth ???y
?????? e a ???? ?????-?????? ????. Ii ?????e a I???? ??e ?i ???iy????
????? ????ny ??? ???, ??c ???u. Y? ???i ????? ??c ?i???i ???, ?a
??????ue e ????n? ?????u ? ??th?tho ???ey ??????. A ???? A???? ?o ?e
???i??e e ?? ????y ?????u, ??a ? ??i o ??aei?? ??? ???? XIX ??. I???
????? o ?????o ????? (a I????a ???e ?e ?a???? ???a), ? ?e ??? ?????o, ?i
????y ???? ??? ??????? e ??????e ??????i («A? I???a???e ???? e Ae????
?????», 1793; «A? Ae???? ????? ? I?????n?e ????», 1794).
O???e ? ??ny ???ue a ??? ??a ???a ??u. A I?????? ???? ??? XIX ?? ???a
????o e ? ?? ??i ???, e a ??o ??yo. O????ny ???? y???. I????a, ????u,
??e, ????e, ??u – ?a c???? eth??. I?y?ny e ??? ????ey.
AE???ue ????ny «??????», ???atho ????? e ???? ???, a ???? ?????o ??a
???? ??a. I?a ? ??? ??o y?? ???a – «A? A????e ????? ? ???u A?????? ????
(1810a ??). C?? ?a y?i i??? ?????a ????a ???a e ?????u. I????i y?e ???u
?????ue ?????a ????? ???a a ????a ?i?? ???? XVIII ??.
4. I?? ??oe?u ??????a I????a a y?? I???a?y. A????? ?????a
4.1 N??e ??ae
A ??? ?????ey A????u II, ??o I. I?y?, I???? «?a ?a ?? ?ae ???ath?? ???.
O?? ?? ????, ec ?o ??? ?e ???a, ???ath?a e A??????o, ?? ???? ???, ae??a
???? ?? ???e, ?? a ??? ??? ?iy? ??i ?? e ??o, a ??? ? ???, ?e ? A?????i
i???, ????a ??ay?? ???e ??????? n ??o?e ????? ???» (?n.1).
A?? ? ??? ???? XVIII ?? ???ny e ????ny a ?????? n ?????, ?????e I??i, ?e
??ey?? ??ae. A ? ? ??y ??a ????e ???ey ??? ?? e ??????e ?????? ?????
?????y ???u, ???i ??o ??????o ???e.
4.2 I?? ???? ????e ???
I?? ??? e ????a ??? ?e ?y?i n ??????? ?? e ???a ?????a (?n.2). Ec ????
?????? ????a e ???a ?? ???? ?, ?o?? ???????e ?????? ?????yi ??????y
I????a e ??? ????a??a ???u ??????? ????e ????e.
1. A?? ???? ????y ?e ?????y a ??i ??????? ????? ?????ue, ????????? ???
?o?? ?????i ? ???u ?y?o e ??? ???????? ?y?e ??, ????, ???o?? ????y? ???a
??iy??? ???. E??y ? ???? ?????e, ??i ???oue i ??i y?? ??ey?? ????e –
????-??ey??.
2. A?? ???a ??????a ??a, ??????ay ??a ???? ?i?? ??e ??y?e a ???????oth
???e?th. I????y ????i ?????y ???ey ??? a th?oth ???o.
3. I?????a ????? (?????ey) ????e, ???a ???????ue ?????n?th ??????i
??????y ????? e ??? ????y ???. A??????? ?? e ?????, ? ???a e ?a??? ????i
e y????o ??????th o????e. A 1750 ?? a I????a ????i 95 ?ny/ ???e, e ????
80-o ????a ??? ????ue, a 1800 ?? ?i ???ey? 220 ?ny/ ???e.
4. O??????a ?????a I????a. I????o ?????a ????i? ?????? ???? ? ??? e ????
a ?? ????????o ??? e ????ath??y ?i ? ??th. A????o ?? ????????i ????????
e ??????i ???? ?????u ???u – ???uo ???, ???o ???o ?????, ??o ??a ??e,
???o eth?e.
A???????ay ?? ???ey? a ???? ?c??a ??? ??? a A??????e ?n?. C???? ??u
????? ????y ???y?ny ? ???u. Ii ????i-??????i ?????yi ? ????th ??? ??ny?y
??e, ???? e ?? ???? ???u.
1. I??? ???? ????e ??. I?y?y ??a-???? ????? ????ny ?ae?? y???? a??a,
???yy ??a ???? ??????? ?????? e ?????i ???ay ???-???? ?????.
2. I???? y???? ??? a ?????e ??e ??? ? 3 – 4 y??e.
3. ???a ?????a ??? ??? ????i ??????a. N?????e ???tho, ?i A???? ??y?
«N??-I???? ??ay??, a ???? ????». A 1762 ?? a I????a ? ?ae ?? ????? 460
????o ??a, a a 1798 ?? – a 4 ?? ??? (1834 ??).
4.3 E??? ? «????a ??a ??? N??-I?????
A ???? ??o ????????o ????a ??th?a ???? ??a ??? E???e i ???? ????
N??-I????a, ???a??y a 1762 ?? (??a ????? ????e i N??-I?????? ????).
A 1763 ?? ?e ?uy?? ???n ? «????a ??a ??? N??-I????? n ?y??ey?. A ???yo
???? ?i ????? ?????? ????ue ?a ????:
a) «???? e ?????o ?? ? ???, ? ????ue ?????, ?a ????, ?i ?????».
a) «???y a??ue e ????? ??? e ???? ??ae, ?e ? ?o ?? ????i ? ??????».
I??????a ???y ???? – ????, ???th?e ????a ????y A???? II ? ?????a I????a.
O??ey ???? a??yo i ????? ????? ?e???e??? ??ae, i ???e ??ue ????th
????eth ??i ???, ?? ??e ?i ???? ?????e.
4.4 I?? ?? ???
I?????? ?? I????a a ??i ?e ????i a 1769 ?? (????? ?ae ?????? A. E???)
(?n.3).
I?? ?? a??a ? ??? ?i???ny ? ????o ?????yo E???e i N??-I?????? ???? ??a
1730-o ??a, ?ayo A???a, a ?????? ?? ?a ??????o a ????a.
1. O? ??, ???y??y ? A??????a, ?? ???e??? ????? ?e ???a y???u, ???iyth?a
?th ?? ?????e A?????e? ??e.
2. A ???a ?y??u ?????i ????th??y ??????a ?????, ?????? ??i I??, E???
(A??????e ??e – ??e A????a), O???a.
3. ????y ?? ??e???i ??a, ??? ??????? ? O???? ????? C????? ????a,
???aey?? a E???e.
4. N??? ?i??e ? N??? ???ey? ? ?e ???ue ???? ?????.
5. O?????a ????? ??e ???i ?????i y????. Eo ???? ??????? ???? ?????, ??i
?y?yth?e ? ??a ?y?????? ??, ? ?????y e ????y?.
6. I???????? ?????a ??o ?e ?????y a ??oth ???o: ????? O???e n ??? Iuey
(I??e) e E???e. I???? ???e ?e I??, E???, O???e ??y?y??, ????ue e ????ue
a ???, ? ?a ???u ?????? ?????? ???u e ???? (?n.4).
7. O???? ?? e ??e ? O???a e I?? ?? ???????ue, ?? ??????? ? ?? ??? ??ey?
(?n.5).
8. O??????y ????a ??? ?????a ?????? e ??????i ???? ??, a ???? e?? ?
????ey ???y?? ??????o ????? ??u-????.
9. ????ue ???a ??? I????a. A?? ??????? ?ay ????e ??? ?e ???? ??e??,
???iyth?e ? ???a ???e ??e I?u ??ey e ????? o ???a A??????e ??e, N???
A?????? ???a e I??????? ????.
Auy?y?? y? ?ay ???????? ???? ?? e ???????i ?i???i ? ?e?a I?u.
I???a ???? ?e ????? ?????o ???a ??y?? A??????e ??e. I??????ue ????ue
????? y?? ???: ??? ? ????o ????? ????? a ????a ??????, ???th?a A??????i
e ??i ????? ??y? ???? ????e. O? ?? e ??ea ??u ??y? ??atho a ??e, ??ath?e
n ?? ??? ??? A??????a e ?e ? ??ath??y a I?o (?n.6).
??????? ?ae ?????? A. E??? ????e ?? I????a ???e ?e?????a ??? ???ey ??? ?
???e??, e a ???a ?? ??? ???? XIX ?? ? ??????y e ???????y e?ue a ??o
y????.
A ??e ???? ??e ??? E??? ?e ?????i. A????y ?y????e ???? i ???? ??a?e
N??-I????a, ???o ??th??y ??? e ???th?th ???? ?????, e ??o XVIII ?? I????
?? ??i ? ?????o ???a ??.
4.5 O????? ??u ?????a
N ???? 1760-o ??a ??? ???a ???i a ?????a ????? ??ya?y ??????. E?? ?i
??yo a ??i????? e ??????a ????i. E????i ?e ??????e ??ue a ?????? ???e
????ny e ? ?? ??uey??? A????ey, ??a ?????ny ? ?????. E????i ?e ??????e
?e? ???y ? O??? a XVII ??, ???? y?i ?iy?e ?ay a ???e, ???? a I????a. Y?
??i ?????? ????o ????i-????? ???a, ??????o ??a a ?????a, e ??? ?????e
A???? II.
Aeey ?????u ?????a ?????:
– ??????e ????? ??u, ???????? e ??aay ????y ?????;
– ?????ue, y??? e ???? («?????? ? ??? ? ??a y?????o ????a ??? a?????, ?
?y?i ????o ??? – “?????y ????”, ???th?y ??? En?? e ???a);
– ???????? e ????????? ??u;
– ??????a ?????? ???a ?e ??????? y?i??a: ??? ??? ???th ?? a ???ee
??????-???????i ???, ???eyy i???, ???u, ???????? ?????y; ???u, a ???a ?
???i, ? ?y?? ? ???; ???? y???u ???? ??i ???.
– ????? ?????? ?????: ???a???y ?????y ????? ?? (?ey?? ??? ???), ???y
????a ???o ??????? ??, ??y?ay ?????ue.
4.6 ???e ????? a ?o???? I????a (1760 –1780 ?)
A??? ?a ????? i ?? e ? ???o ??? ????????o ???, e a ?????? ????a ?????.
I????i??? ???i i??????i ?????a ?? ?????e ????? AE.-A.-I. A??i-Aea??o.
I???a ?????? ??????, a ???? ???? ? ????? ??? n A.O. E????? e TH.I.
O????, – ??? A???e ????a (1764 – 1788) (?n.7). Ii ??? ??a?? ??????, ?o
?????e ???????e ??? ??ey.
E ???? A??i-Ae???a ??i ???e I?? Y???, ?????? e C??? ??oeo a 1764 – 1775
??o e A?o I?? A???? (1765), ??c ???th, ?e ???i ???tho ??????e, «?????
??e a I????» (?n.8).
A??i-Ae??? ????? a ?????? n?? A???e ?? ? I??? ????a, i??? ?a ????? (1752
– 1761, ????i ??????i a 1785 ??).
E??i A??i-Ae???o ?????o ??? ??o ? ????? ???o ????? ??? (??e ??a I?u),
????a ? e??i, ????? ???a e ????e.
Ae???o ?????o ?a ?? ????? ??? ? I??? ????a – ????n?y ???ue Nay?e A????,
????ay ? a 1762 ?? e, ?????y A. ????e (?ay?? a 1786 ??).
E????i ??????? ???i ?????a ?e ????? ? ??a A. ??a?? (?n.9). A I????a ?
????ny ?????? «???» ??a ????? ???? ?ycy I?? O????a (???? ????? I?? III).
N 1762 ?? – ????ue ????? A???? II.
O????i ????e ????y ? ??e ???i e ?????a. Ii ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? –
E???? ??? (1762 – 1768) e E???ay ??a (1762 – 1774) a I?????a. A ?? a?iy
? ??? n ?????? ?o ???e ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??y – ?????a.
E??a ?i ?????? a ??a ?????a – I???? ??? (1768 – 1785), ????e ?e ???, ?i
?i ??? y?ae ????i ????, a ?a a??? – ????i ???? (?n.10). Aeey ??? ?????
????ue e ??????, ???a ????? ?i ??????-?????? ????.
I?????i n I???? ???i ????e ??? A????e ??? (1766 – 1781). A A??? a ?a
???e ??a? ????e ????o ???? ?????e y?? a ????a I????a ??? ???? XVIII ??.
A? ??a ?iyth?y ?iyoey i ?????. AE?????ue, ????, ??y??? ???tho ??i
??????e ?????, ????, ???e ???????? a ?n????e ????e.
I?y? i ?? ????e ???e e a Oe??? N?a, ?a ? ?????a *???eay ???a, E????e
???e, I???? ??? (?a ?iy??e 1770-o ??a). C???th?e ???e ????e a ???e ??
E?????y ???ue, ? ??a ?????e a 1763 ?aeo ??? I????e e A??ey. C?????i ????
???? ????ey. Oe??? ???y? ? ??? ??o I???? (1818).
I?? ? ???? ?????o ??? ???? ?????a ?e TH.I. O??? (?n.11). A? ?y ?y??tho n
????i ????i n I. A???i ????? ??? E??? ?? (1773 – 1777). A ??o? E??? ??
????i ????a ???i ???a e ????o ???e, ?e e a ???i ???? ???a A???i
Oe????ue??i ??? ?????.
Ii ??? ? ?????i, i?????i ??a a ??? E??? ?? ????a?o ???y ????ue: ?????i
?iy?a ?? ????tho ?y????? ??, ????? ???????, ????a ??? ?????tho y? ??,
?????y ??i ??? ???? a????? e ??y.
N?? ???? ???o ?????? O???a, ???a y?yth?y ????e ?iy???e ?????u ???i
?????a, ??i ???ue «??? a ??th n Y????» (1775 – 1785) ?y?i n I?? Y???? e
C???? ???, ?????? a 1778 – 1784 ??o e A??????? ??? a Oe??? ??.
??????? ????ey a ????? O???a ??e ????a a ??o ?i ???a??yo, ?e *????e ???e
??? (1774 – 1777)e *????y ???ue (1777 – 1780), – ??? a???ue, ???th?e
???? ???e e ????????? ??????e ?????u.
4.7 N??? ????? a ?????a I????a (1780 – 1790 ?.)
I??????e ????ueth ??y ????ny ????? E. A. N??? (?n.12). I? ???i ????
?ey?a ? ???? ????????e ??u. O?, O????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????a. Ii ??
???e ??y? ??i??ue ????ue o ?ay a ???ueyo ????a «O????? ???».
O????? ??? (1783 – 1789) – ?? ? ??o ?????? ???? E.A. N??? (?n.13). I?i
??? ??? ??o: ???e ??? ???iy? n ???? ???y? ???y. N??yy ??ue ??? e??
??????e ????? ??y?e, ????? ????i.
I? ?i ???????, ??????e ??e ????? ???a. Ae????e ??? ???? e ???a ???a,
????? ??? ????i ??a. Y???? ??o e ??????i, ?e ? ???? ???ue e ???e???
?????.
I??a a ????a ??? ???? ?aiy. A????? ??? a ???????a ??y ?uye ?a ????ny ???
????ai ??????-??????i ????a, ?-? ??y?y ?? ???e ??????a ????e ????? ???,
????e ???? ???? ?????.
I?? ? ???o ????a ?????a ????ny ???i ???? ??????e e ????e ??u. I???a ??i
? i?y??y a ????? *??a E???a (?n.14).
A 1779 ?? E??? ???e a ???th e ?? ?????? A???? II. N?? ? ? ???e ??c, ???e
???e ?i ????i a ?????a: A??? ???u e O???a ?? a Oe??? ?? (1780-1785).
I?????i E??? ?e ??? a ?? I????i, ???a I?? ??e ??, I?? O????. Ii ????
?yae ????? a ??a: ???o «O?i ???», ?????oth a ??e ???? ?? N?ay?e; ????o
A???a, I???e ??e, I???i ?? ??? e o.ae. E??? ??ye ???a a ???? I????? ??a,
?????i ???a??? (?????i), ??? ?i ????? a ?? e ?????i ? ?????? ???o?? I??i
A???.
A ?? ???? ?????a ??e E?a?i I????e ?i?oe (1782 – 1786), ????? a ??a, n
???e?? ???i E??y??i ??i, ????? ???i ???i, ?????i ???y? n ???? ???y?. A?
??? ???? ???? ?????? ??a. Ae??oe ????ey? ???e??? ?i ????e ????e, a ?i
??i ??i ??????e ???? e ?i??.
80-a ?? XVIII ?? – ??y ???? ????? Ae??? E???e (1744 – 1817) (?n.15), ???
? ????? ??o???a XVIII ???ey. A 1779 ?? ? ????o ii ?????th ?????u a
I?a??a e ???ny ??ue ? ??a ??e. A ?i?? E???e ??i ???. O????? ??a ??ey,
??iy?? ? ?????? ???a e ?? ????, ?????o n ?i ???y?, E???e ?? ????i ?????.
Oe?? ????? ??ey?ny ????.
O???i ?y ?? y?y?ny ??? A???e ?? (1783 – 1789). O??u ??ey ? ??????, ??
??? ???a ?????a ?????e ?ae ???? ????. I???e ??? ???i a??????i ?????
????. I??? ???u (???e ?i a ???a ??a) ???? E???e ?e ??????a A??????? ??a
(1783 – 1789), n ??o?e, ???ath?e ?????? ? N??? ??a.
I????e Y????e ???, ?????e E???e a 1783 – 1787 ??o, ?? ??i ? ?????o e ???
???? ???? ??. A ?i ??? ???? ? ?????? ?y XVIII ?? y??a ?ae, ??i??a ??a
?????i ? ??? ?????i ??? I???i a A??? ?? A???. E???e ??? ??? ??i ???
???e?.
N?? ?y???? ???? ???i – A??????? ??? a Oe??? N?a (1792 – 1796), ???????e
A????e ?y eth??? ???i ?o?. I???e ??a ??? – ??ay ???y ????a ?????i ???,
???yth?y a??? ??uey ???. *??e ???e ??????, ?c ?y?? ??????i ??? ??? ????o
??e ???? ??????.
I???? ??th??y ?????? XVIII ?? a? A???i A??a (?n.16). A ???th ? ??o? ?
?????th I?? I e ?e ???i ?????? I????a a ?? ?i ???iey. I?? e ?????i ???e
a I???? e A???. Ii ?????? e ????? ???, ?????e e ???? ? ?o???, ????????
??e, ??o ???ay ???????e, “?????e” ?o, ??ue ???e ??? I?? I????.
A???e ????? ?????a ?? I?????e ??e – ?????? ??? y?? ?????ey I?? I e ?e??a
?????? ? ??????a ??????. N ???i ? ?y ????ey ? ??o? I?? I ??e ?????ue ???
??????a ???-?i?.
E???? ???e ?????ue ?i ? ??a E??? ???, ?????? a 1741 – 1745 ??o ??????
?a???e.
E???? ?i ???? ??? ???? ??a I?????? ??a e ? ??e n??? ? ?i ?????. O? a
?????? A????a I ?? ????? ??a ?????a?? ? ??????i ??? ??a. I? ????a
???????th ??o a ????o ?i ?? ???e 6 171 069 ??? (? ??????? ??a – 791 200
???). Y? ?? ??y ????iyuay ????a XVIII ??. I???????a ???a ???a ????aea?
?????? A?a?? e A??a. I??? ????? ???a ????eye A. A??a, ???e ????y ? ???
?????e A???a.
I?????e ??e (1797 – 1801) ??i ??????ue ?e i?y??? a ??a XVIII ?? ????? a
?i?o ???? ?????a. A ??i ????? A??a ???i ????y e ???eth ???i. O?, ?? ???e
??ae I?????? ??a ???? a ?? ???? ???oe?? (???? ???o, ?????e ???, ?e???),
? ???????e ??ae, ??aey?e ? I?? n ?i ???ath?? e ?i?ath?? ??y?, ??o a ??
????e i??????a ??u ???? ?????u.
A??o ??i ???ue ??????i ???? ?????a, ?e ???? ???, ????a? ???? a ??? ??e
XIX ??.
A??a ???e ??a ?ay o??? – ???? ?????a, ???? ????ey ?? ??????? ??? E. ???.
O????i A??u ???? ??o ?ae ?????? I????a XVIII ?? e ???? ?? ??e ?????o???
y??.
N??e ??????? ?????
1. E?? I.N. E??ey e???u I????a: O??. ???a, NIa: NI?OI, 2000.
2. E???a A.A. E??ey ???? I????a. XVIII ?e: Io?????? ???e. NI?OI. 2002
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