Oth???e A???????
I?????e O?????
E???o O????a
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II EOEUeOO?IEIAEE
IA OAIO
?AOI?IU IAO?A I A IAEANOE
EOEUeOO?U E AUOA E EO IOeAIEA.
N???e ???o N??o N.A . 05y??y2008??
I?iye ??????ue
N????a
A???a
E???a I????? ???e
1.1 ???? a ???e ????
1.2 ???? a ???e ??e e ?????y, ????
1.3 ???? a ???e ?????u, ?????, ????
A? I????? ???e
C?eth??a
N??e ??????? ?????
A???a
Oi ????, ? ??e,
Oi ??????ue, ? ???e,
Ii ????eth?e ??e
Ia ??a ??? ?e ????!
A.N.I??i
A y?o ???o ???? ?iay ?? ????a I?? 1 – ??y-?????a. A? n ???a I?? ????y
eth???????th, e ???e ?? ???ueth e ???????th. TH?e ??? ????ny ? ??o ???a
O??a e E?? e ???? c????. A 1682 ?? ? ?????th ????a E???, ??????i ?n?th
?y? e ?????, 10-???i I?? ?uy?? ??i. I??i ?? ??y I?? A?????, ???-????, e
? ????e ? ??? ???? ???, o.e. ? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????y?, e ?a ??ueth
1682 ?? ???ay ??? ???a e N?? A????a, ???e ??y A??ay ? ??i? ??a, ??? I??.
A ?? ????y N?? I?? ????? ????y ??i, ??? ?e?? ?? a ?????? ??o ? ??e. ??
?e??-?? a ????? ??iy?? ??? ?y??o ?????e ? ???, ??a ? ??? ???e ????e
???? e ???u. I???a ???? a thi? ?? ? ???e ???? ??i, ???a?. Ii ???o th??
oe?y a ?????yo ?? I??????a ? ?? sso? ????e I???a – ????th ???eth”,
???th ???? ? ?? ???? ????i ????a. A ???i? ??o ?????, ??? ???o, I?? ???e
???a e “ ?????, ?? ? ?? ?e eth?? ????, ???? e ???????e.
I???i ? I??????? ??????ue I???y ???a –E??, ?a ?? ??????u ????, ???a ?y??
??, ???a ?????u. I??, ???y ???i ????a e ????a, ????ny n ?????. N ???th
??o ???? ?????a I?? ??? ??? ????? e ????e, ????? e ??????, ??e ???a
???ey ??a, ????ey ????e, ?a ????ue ??o ???i? y?a.
I?????e ??, ?iy?e ?????” ??? e ???i, n y?? ?o?????? e ?????? ??? ?
???ey? ???- ??????u. O?? ?e ?i ????: ??y?e, ???iy???e, ???. A 1689 ??
?e ????a ??o ???i?”, ??e ?? ????? e ????? ???, ?????a ??yi, th?e ?? I??
a?? ??? a ?? ??. I????y ???iy???a ????a I??.
E???a I????? a???.
???? a ???e ????.
I????y y?? ???? ?e y?? ??? ??????? ?y????e a ???e. Y??? ????, ????” ??i
????ytho ? ????th e I????e y??.
Ae??? e th??ue I?? ??? ??e ????a, e o ?o ?? ?? ????y. I?? ?e ?????i
eth?????, ? ??a ? ?? ? ??ny, ? ??? ? ?a ?i ????. A ??? ??e ?????e ???a a
1697-1698 ?., ? ??e ???ue ???. E y? ?????i ???? I??. A??a e ???y ??a 17
?? ????? ????? ? ??? ???yo ??e, ????, ???o?, ???? ??. ?????y ??y ??iy?
? i????? ???yi, ????i ?????ue ?ae ???i ?ey?ai ???: a ?????a a ????
???a?tho ???, a ???? – ??u. A ?i??o e ??a ??a ??? ?ey?a ???. ????? ????
?????y” ?y??e ?????ue ??o ??io, e iiy?? ???y ????a ? ??? ????eyi ? ?y?
??i C???e A??u.
A A???? ?? ???e a ??yo, ????yo, ??????? ??o, ???o. A A??e ???? ?????
O?y?, A????oth ?????eth, ???e A????th e????oth ???eth ?? e I?????
?????o. A Ae???a ?o ?e??e ?????th ?????o, a A?a ?????o e ?????. Ca ????
I?? ??e ???? ????a ?????ey ????a e ????.
N ???i ????i ????y I?? e ??eyi e ?ath?i ethaeyi. Ia? ???e, ?i ?c ???,
??a e ?i?e A??u ? ????, ?y?? any?n? ???ny ???? ???? ?????? ?y ??? a
???e, ? ??y? ? ? ???, ? ? ??? ???. A??a ???a, ???a I?? ??? ?????? ???a??
– ???? ???o. ???a ?? ? ?? n ???? ?i????e ????e ?? i???e ??? ?y ???o
???o, ???, ??????, ?????a e ?????.
???y ??a 17 ??? 18 ?.- ????? ?y ?????a. N?iy? e ?ny?? ????? ?e nth? a
???a ?????ue, ???ue ???o, ?????ue ?? ????? ?????e. A?? ?????u, ????e,
?o???u, th???, ???a, ????, ??? e ??? ?????. I???? ? O????, A???e, A??e,
A????, O???, E??e. I??a ??ae?e a ???e ??oth ???, ???? ??th, a ???a –
????ue ? ??i ???e. I???a, ? ?ei ? ?? A??a ??a ??a ?????? ?y ?????, ?i
???y.
I???ay ????a a ??neth, ??-????? ??y?y ?????ue ???a ??u – ????ue ???u
??????? N??e, ???y e ????th E????i e O??i ???a, e ????ue ??ae e A?????
??th. A?????e ??a ???? e ????? ? ????? ??a ?? ?????? ????o, ???o ????
???e e ???o ?????? ??th ?ay? ?????o eth?e.
E???? I??i 1 ?????e e ???e ???? ???? ? ??e ?????? ????y ? ????? ??e
???e, e ????i ?a ???e ??e, ????, ????a, a ??a ?o ?? ?c ??th??y ??a
????y.
???iu a ???e ??e e ?????y, ????
N?? ???ny” ??i ?????i ?? ????? ???????. I?? n ???i ????i ????y e ??? e
??eth. Ii ????i ???eyi, I?? 1 a ?????? ??? 14 ???????, ?a ??? ??? ? ???
? ??a ????ue ???a ??i. Ai ??y ???i ?????? i????ey a 1717 a. A? ?? ????i
??ea ????i ??a ?????e A???e ??. C??? I?? ???ue e ?????th ???eth. A 1724
a. ? ???? ?? i ? ????e: ????ue ??a?th, a ???e ? ???ue y??i, ??a ??? ???
e ???i ?????i, e ????? ? ??e ”.
*? ?? ???? ???, ?i ?????y ???ey ????? ? ????? ?????a, a ? ??y ?e ???a??
???? ????u ?? ?? ????? ???? ?y ??????y. I?? ??a??e ? A???th ?? 25 ?ny/
??? a ?ae e ??? ????? ????? ???i?”, ????, ??a, ??e. N?? ? ????? ?????
?-? ???u. A ? ??a ?? ??? n ???i ??? – ????? E??? Y?? e Ae??e A???e.
A?????e Y??, ??? ??a 800 ??o, ?????y: ”y ?? ?y?i ??? ????eth a I??????
A????. A ??? A???e ??? ???-????????e ??e ???e ?????, E?????, ?n????y,
oe???ey, ??????e ?a?, ?????? ?ae e ????y ???. A?????? ?????o y??y ???
???? ???i ????? ??iy ??????: th?????, ?????i, ?????i. N???a A???e i???i
??? ? ??? ??a, ? e ???o ????o ?????th a ???e.
I????? I?? ??? ? ??o ?? ???. A I??a ?? ? ??? ?????ue ??u – ????ay,
?ae???y, ??????ay, ?????y, ???ay. A? ? ??? ??? ???e ? ???o, I?? ????e ??
???ey ???e ??u a ???e. A 1701 a. ?i ??? i????ny a I??a I????y ??a. A
?????e ????u ???? ???a ?i ??, ?? ???y ? ??????? e ???a ??e – ?????,
????y, ??????y, ????ey, ????y. Ae??y? a ??a ???a ????a ????e ????, iiy??
?????ue ? ??ue ? ??????”. I?? iy??o ???? ??u ???? ????a ???”, a ?, ?i
????, ?a e ???. O?? ???????a ? 1715 a. e ???? y??a? ?????y a I????a I???
A???e.
A 1703 a. ????ue I???y ??a, ???th ??i ???ue ??? ???n?e ????e. I???? a ?e
?? ??? ???o ?????. A???? ??o ???? ??? Y??o Aethe, ???? a ?? ai ??y
N???e ??u. Eth???i, ?i ? ?i ???ey a ?i ?? a I??i??a ??????ue I??
N????ay, ???y ???y ?????a A???? 1 – ?? I??a.
A 1714 a. I?? 1 ???? ??u ? ?y????i ???? ??y??o ??e ??? e ????e. N??
?????y ???? ??u, ?a ??? ??yi ????ue ?? ????o, ??e?o e ????o eth?e. A?iy
? ???e ?? ????e a I??a ?e I????a ??? ????o e ?????o ???? ??yi e ?????, e
???i ?i ????eye ? ? ??? e ???, a ??a ???eye, ?? ???y a ???e, a ?? ?
????. I? I?? ?y??y ??? ???? ??yi ???y ? ???o. Aeey ??? y? ?? oy??i
?????: ???e ????e ???? I?? O??? ????ny ???y a E??th a 52 a?a, ?ae?e ?a
????. Ai O??? ???a ??a??? ????, o.e. ????a ????i n ???i ?????. Oe?ue ?e
??ae a ??i ????e ????ue ??yi ??ueny.
A ????? ??y th??, ???? ??o e iy???? ??i, ?y?? ?? ?n??? ? ???th ?e
?a???oth ???. Ae??yi ? ??? ????e ? ? ????, ???ay ? ???? ???e ?ae,
?????e, ??????a e ??iy????ue. Ii ????eth I?? ??y? ???? ???ue n ??????,
o.a. a ??e e ? ??a – ?y???, a ?????i ????? – ??? ?????.
A 1722 a. ?? ???a “O??ue i ???”, a ???o??e n ???e ?????ue ?e ?? ??? :
???y, ???ay e ????ay. I??a ?a ???? ? 14 ??? ?e e???. Ia ???e ??? ??? ??i
???ny ???e, ??a ????e ?e ??ao, ??? – ???e-?????e. Ia ?????e – ?????
?????? e ??????? ??? ????, ?e ????. I?? ????y ???y? ?y? ??yi ? ??
???e?? ???? ? ??? ???ee. I???y?i, ?n????ny ? ????? a ??e, ??????e i???
??????a ??y??i. “O??ue i ???” ??iy? ??? ????a ??y??i, ????ny ??i
???????, e ??th, ????th ??ue.
I? I?? 1 ?y??y e i??e ????? ??e – E?????. Aa y????? ???? ???e ????a ???a
???? e ????, ????a ??i ? ??y ?????? ?????y. Ai ??y ???i ?????y ?? ???? a
Ae??? ?y E????? ????th ????a e ???i, a A????a – ?????i?o ????, ?a, ??
e ????o. O? ? ? ???? ????oth ??????th ????th. N???a E????? ???y?? ??a e
??????? ???oy?. I?? ??e ?? n ????e e ????th ???ey? “ ???y ????a??a, ??e
?????? e ???ey, ??e ?e ???, ? ??a , ??a o ?n ?? a?? ??? ???e ? ???yo,
??? ?e ??, ?e ??a ???, ??????? ???, ??? e ??? ?a, ?i ?? ?a? e ???????”.
I????? ???? ?y ??y ???y? ???? ??????e?. E????? ???a ?? ???a ?y i???ey a
???o E??a a 1719 ??. A??a ?y E????? ? A?????i ???a ????e ????a ???. C??a
E????? ???o ???y ??y, ?a ?????ue ?? ? ??o ??? ????? ??????. Ii ?e ?? a
?e ???ny A????? ??? ????i a ?e n ????e ??a. Nae?? ? ?e a A???e e ???i
I??o 1 ???? A?????. N??? ??? ????? C?eth, a ??? – ???oth ??o. A?ue a ?i
???, ??c ???th ???e ????e ???, e, ???ay? ? ??ueth, ??th?? ? ????i. A
???ea ??? ????ny ?aey?i ?????. I?i ???, ?e e a ???a, ????ny ? ??e.
I??ay ???? ??y ?y ?????y ??eyi, I?? 1 a?? ???ue ?? ?????, ??? e? ??? n
????e ???? ????, oi ???ue ? ? ?e ?? ??ith ??, ?th?ith ?? ?e ???. Ia y?
?? ? ??u ??ey?? ???y ? ?i a???i ??a – 499 ??? a ?ae.
“ ss ??, ??u eth? ????e e ???? – ???e I?? 1.
A ??a 1702 a. (??ay ?? ?????) ????i ???a , ???? ???? ??? ?????ue: ??e
??? ??? ??? ???e ???? ??? ??i???. I??e ???? ? ?n ???, ?????? 2 y??y 1703
a., ??e ???i ?y ??? ???e, ???i – ??i 1000 y???y?a. I?? ???? ??? ????? i
????? ??e ???e. I?? ?i ??? ???ey ?y ????? a ??? ???. I??y ???y ???ay ???
?? ?i ???? ? ?????th, e ????ey? ? ?ay 4 ????o ??? ???, ????a a ???ue,
???? ?? ??? ??ie ????i ????. Ia E??? ???e ???i ?i????i ??? ?????? ???e
????? ???. O? ??? ???? ????ue ??? e ??eth ??o.
A 1708-1710 ?. a ???e ???e ? ??e ??o, ???e n ????? ????y? ? ?e ??
?????ny. I?? 1 ??i ???e ??????e ???o ??? ???. I?????y ????ue e ?????ey.
Ec ???? ?? ?uy? ????a ??u – ??a, ?e, ??a e ???. *?? , ????ny ???e, ??e
????? ????e ???e. A 1703 a. ??e ??? ??e n ????e ???e, ??e ?o ?e e ???
???e ???e “ A????a, ??? ??a ?????ay”, ????? E???i I????, ??????? I????e
??u.
I?? ????i ???e, ?i ?c ?? ????? ?????i?? ???, ?y?? ?y??e ??????e ?
?/??eth. A 1700 a. ?? ????a ??y ???i? ???y ??. I?? ??i ?i ????, ??th
??o ???o ????e ? ???e y?e. I? y?i ? ??e ??a ???i??e ??????: ? ??ue ??i
?eae????ny ???? e ???, ??ue a?? ???? ?i ???a ?????. A ????? ??y ??e ??
??e ???y? ?-???: ????? ???? ???e, ??e ????e ??, ?????, ????? e ?a??
????e, a ??? ?y??? ???e e ?eth???e. O??u ??e ????ue ? ???. E???ny ??a e
??? ?? – ??e ??? ??a? ?? ???? ? ???o. A 1708 a. ? ???eth I?? ?? ?????
??? ????a ??e. Ca ??oth ???? 18 ?? ?? ??i ???, ?i ? 150 ?????th?o ?o.
??o ???a ??, ???e ???n e ??eyi ??????e e ???? ??????i ??. A 1714 a. a
I????a ?? ???? ????y ?????. A 1725 a. ????? ?????a 11 ?ny/ ??, ?eth?y
???a. N?????i a I????a ???a e ??? ??? ?a???, ??a ???? ?ny/ ?? ?? e o ???
I??. A ???? y? ?? ???y ?????a ??th a ?????? ???, ?e ???? ???ey ???ey?
??e ??????? ????ey. A????? ? ?o ??e ???i? e ???? ??, ???? ????o, ???e,
?????a e ???-????o ??.
A ??? ???ey ???ie ???? I????? ???e ?????? ???e. A ??????e ???? ? ??e
??????oth ??, ? ????th n ??? ?e ?y??. I???i y? ?iy??? a ?????. N??
??th?e i??? ???th?y ??ey???th ????a ??eth????a ???e. I?????y ?e a ???a
???tho ?ith y?oo e ? a??a – ??o, ??? ??????, ??a ???th??y ???.
???iu a ???e ?????u, ?????, ????.
“ A? ???a ???n?i, ? ?y?e O????, a ??e ?? ??? ??a e ????? ??th, ? ???a
??th e ?? ???th ???? ????? ??e, a ?e ? ?? ??ue ????a, ?a ???? ???? ?ny/
???e i?????, e ?a ???? ? ?? ?????? ????? ????? I????? ???? ???”. O??i
??? ????a a “A???oyo” i ???a??? I????a. A?? ?e ???i 16 iay 1703 ??.
I?????? I???? ?????ny ?e ????, ??? ??? a ????a ???e ???? ???? ???e ?i ??
I??. I? ??? ?o ????e ???e ???? n ???? ??e ???? A??y I??????. ?????ue
???? ?? ???? Ae???i O???. Ia?ae ???? a ???th O??? ????y ia ??? o ????
??ey, e ?e ????? ???i ??? E????i. Eth???i, /? ?e ??th??e ???? O??? ????
?????ue ???aiy????? ??? ? ???e ? ????e ??o, ? ?e e ? ???e ???, ????ue a
??n? ? ??a ??o ??, e ????th ??y?a ?ay ??????o I??i ???.
I???? — ?? ? ?????o ???a ??. C???ath??y ???? ????u, ???ay ???????ay
????ey, ???y ????? ?? ?y?o ??, ????? ?i??, ??????? ??e ???, ??? ???????
??? e ??a, ??ue ?e e ea??a, ????a ?????, ??u, ????a ???, ??th??y ?????ey
??????? ????? ??atho I????o ??a??e ???? ????? ??????-??????i ???ey;
????ey ?????o, ?????e ?????y ???a ???, nay??? ?y??e ?????, a ??a
????-???? ????u y?yth?y ?e ? ??? ???n???i ??????i.
I???? ?????y ?e ????, ??? ???e e ?? ??? I?? (?? ? ??? ???? “????” ??? ??
Na?o-I????a) ? A???? (?? I??????) ???a ??e ??????y ??ae. I?????? ????
????? N??-I??????, a ??a ???? ???? I???????, ?????? ? ??aey??ny a ?e ???
I?? e I??. I???o ?? ?e ??ay?ui, ??a O??? i????e ?i, ??? ????. A I????a
??y ??? ?e ????i ?y ???? ????a, o.e. ? ??o ??o ???? – ??ey, ??? ?oy??? n
??? ? ???, ?????? ?y ?????u C???e A??u. Ia ???a ????otho ????a ?y ????
????i ????a ?????a ?n?? – ???. Ia ??a ????? ????e ??ue n ???e ?a?a ?ae
?????e. A??a ??y 120 ???, ?i ????i ??? ??? ?? ????y ??i ???i ???i ???e.
A 20-a ?? ? ????? ????? ???u a 35 ????a, ????a a A????. E? ???a ????i ??
????i ?y ???? ????a, ?e ????? ???? ??e ?????ueth. N?? ???? ???u, ????? a
??e ?????? ???, ??u e ??u ????u ?ae ??? e ???? ????e y????e. I???, ???a
???a ?????u ??? ???e ? ???? ?a????uey ??iy? a ??????e ??????? ???. I??
a ???? n ??? ???? ??e, ??y?e. Ae??????, a?????? ????ey ?????i ???e ?atho
??? ??????? ??y?e, ??iy ? ???o ??, ??? e ???o ????o e ???o ???? e ?????.
Eth?a ??a ?e ??a ???? ??? ?????y n ??????? ???? y??i?a, a ???? ??????
???a e??ny a ??? ??????? ?????y.
A ???e ???e ????????? ???ny ??ue ?? ???? ???ey ???o ???a ??i ? ?a-?e
?ny???y. I???? ???? ??? ??i a y?i ?y?. I????a n?????? ??e ???e ???u, a
?e e ???e ??ue I?? A????/, ????? ?? ?c ?o?e ?????e e ???u ??? ???, c???o
n ???? ????ey? ?????u. N?????? ????i ???e ??? e ??? ????? ?ae ????o?i
??????, ?????? I??i I ? E??e (Ae. O???, Aeae. I. O???, I. I???), O???
(AE. A. E??i), A???e (A. O??ue, A. Oeth??, E. O. A????i, A. E. I????e,
O. O?????), e ???o ????, ?????y a I??a ?e ?????y ? A???? (I. A. C??a, A.
I. O?a, E. E. E???). A 1706 ?? ?y ?????a ??????? ?? ????a “E??ey?y ????o
?e”. A 1714 ?? ?y ?????? ?????? ??? ?e ??yo ??, ????th?e ????ue ?i??a ??
?a-?? a ?????a, ??a I????a. A 1715 – 17 ?. ???u ??u ??? I????a ? A?????i
???a: ?? n ?y????? ??th ?? e ???a (?o. Ae. O???; y?o ?? ??o a ???
????th?e ?????), ???, ????ue ? ?????e ??eue?e ??a ????i a ??a ???-????
(?o. E?e?; y?o ?? ?e ???a?o I??i). A 1716 ?? n??? “?????” ???u ??u,
?????y ? ??e ??u (?o. E??i e O???): ????o — ?y “???o” e ?????; ? ??ay??
???a n c????? ??? e ???ueth ?? ?ae ??? — ?y “???”, o. a. ?y ?y??o ???i.
Ia O???e ???e e ??? O???e ???, ?????y ????e ???, ?? ????u ???? ??ay?? e
?c???a ??ey N??a, O???, I???? ??a. Io ??? I?? I ??o ? I?a ? ???e
??????ue ?? ???ae, ??? ???o e ?????o ??a, ?????a. A??????y ???? ??a ???
???i ????e, ????????i ????? ?e ??????e ??o ??, ??????y ???, ?i ??i a ???
???oth?? ?a?. E 1725 ?? a ????a ???, ?????e ?i ???????i-??????e ????u,
????? ?a ???? ???a e ?????th ??ue, ??oth ?? ??e ??? ?????? ??ey. E??
I??????? ???? e A??????a, ???a y??? ?????e a ???? ??e ???u, ????? ????
I?????e ??? e ???oayny E???i?a — ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???e A?????? ???a,
???ay ????ey ???e ??????ue ? ??yie I??????? ???? e A??????a. Ii ????o n
?e ??ey?? ??? ????e e ???e ??????? ??? ???yth??y ??? ??ey Ae????e ????.
Oe?? I????a ?????ny ??? ??e, ? ?y ??y ?? ????u ?a ??? – C??e e E??e n
???? ???. A ?????yo I????a ? ??i ??? ??y I?? ???e a 1714 ?? ??? I????,
?i a ???? n ???c??i “I? ??????”. I???o ????? ? ??? O???i ???. *??a i??a
???eytho ?? I???? – ??o??? e ?????, ??? e ??. I?? ??e, ??u I???o ?e ????
A??ey. I??i, I???o ????e A???. I?o ? ???o ?????????n?e ???eytho ???u. N
????i ????ii a ???e ??????ue ??? a ????? ??y. Ii ?e ?? ???tho ?????a ???
I????, ?i ???-???? ???? e ??? ????.
I??i I????a ??? ??????i a I??a e ??? ???o ?????e ????. A????a ??? a I??a
a 1699 ?? ?? ????i ????ue ??ay?? ????? ? ????o. A??a n ?i ????? ???????
????a ?????u ???? ??? I??u n ????????? ?????, ????ny a ??a XVII ?? ??i
?a a?? ???? a ??? XVIII ??. I?i?? y?? ??o ???ue: ??? O. ss. E??? ? ss?a
(1697 – 1699 ?.); N??e I??i? Ae?? (1697 a.); ???ue O??ey ? I???a (1695 –
1699 ?.); ???ue C???y a Ae????o (1690 – 1704 ?.). Y? ???????o i ?i, ?i
??????a ??? ci?e ?ae??th ??????th ???o e ??e ???i ???? ???? e ?? y???u n
???? ??????e ????. I???i ??? ????y ??o ???ue E?????e ??? a I???e ???a,
?????e ??i ? ????? ??????. O??u ?i?u ????u ??? ??? ?ey?? ???? ?????i
???. Ii ???? ???? ?? ? ?? ?iy?ny, e ?e ???otho ?ey???e ??? n ????i.
I???y ???a a ?? ??y ????ey? ??e ????eth ????? ??, ??y?th ? ??e ?y o???o
e ?? ???.
A ????? ??y ?? ???u ? ??? ??th??y ?iy??e ?o???? e ????????? ????a –
Ia??????y ???? e ? ???, A????i-I??? ????ue, I???? e I???o. A ??? 18 a. A
???e ??????? ???? ???? ????a ?a?i ???e – ?????, ???y???”. ???ay ?????a
??a ?????y a ??? ???????o ??????? ???.
N????a a ???a ?? ? ?? ??? ??????? a ???e. Ea??? ????u ???? A????, ???ay
??? ? ???, ??y?y ???a – ?o, ???e, e ?a, ?i ??i ?i?? e ????? a ??????
??y. Ci???? ???o n ???? ?????e ??c?? ???i ? I?? 1. I??i ?e ?a ????nue
??a, ???? ?ey?a ? ???? ????a e ???? ????a ???ue. Aa ??? ?? ??th?i. I??a
aea “?????a” ?y??? ????? ????? a ???e ????y e 1695 ??. O?? a I??a ??
????a O?o???ay ?? a ??ue ?y?y A??. A?o ???e ????? ? ??? ??? I?? e A???.
Ae?a a ??a ??y ?o???a ???? ?????ue ? ???e ??a – ???a ? ??? ?? ? ???iy?.
O? ? ??a, ?a ?e I?? 1 ??oe ??e ?y?y?ny ? ???o, ???, ?a?o, ? ?????? ??o.
I?? ? ???? ????? ???? y?y?ny I???a???e ???. A??a ???a a ????a ???i ??a
y?y? ??e ???o?a, ???th Ae??yy ??ue ??e ia ??a. E??a ??? ???a ???yo
?-?ae ???. A??ay ? ??????????ue – ????n, ????? I??i 1. Ni ??? I????e
??e a ??? ???e ????? a ?? ???? ??u, ????th ???thu? ???. E???? I???????i
??? ??. Ii ???? a ?? ??y?? ???a??e ?? e o???o ?i ???i ???i ?????, a ?
????.
I????i ?a ???th ?eue ????? ??a ??? e a ????? ?????i ????a ?????. I??i
?a?e ?y??? ???a. A? ?o ?a ? ????? ????i ? ??? ???.
Ia ?ay ? ??? ???e ?????? ???? ?????, ???y ? ?a? ???a y?o ?ae ????a.
I???o ??? ???iy? ?????a ???a. I?? ? ??o y?? ??????? ?e ??uey??e ?????
A????i E?? ?????. I?a ??????a i A??? I?? ????ue ? ??? ????y ?????i
?????. A?, ?e e ??? ????? a ???e ?????a, ???? ??u????y ???? ???? ??y –
???????y. A 1719 a. ????? ?ye n ?? I?? ???oth ??o, ???y ???e? ???? ?y
??o ? ??? ??? ?????, ? e ?y ??? ?????i “I??? ????” O???a. I??i?i ? ???
I?? ??? ???? ??c?? ath? ??y.
N???? e ?????y ? ??oy ??e ????e I????o ???????. Ia ??? ????a ?? ?e
???ae? ?y??, ???th?e ???th ???.
N????a ?e I?? 1 ?iy? ??? ??i ?e ????? ???a ???, ????, ???, e ???? ??a a
?? ??ue. A????y I?? 1 a ??a 18 ?? a ???o ???o ???? ???n???? ??????
????u, ?c ???o ???y ? ? ??? ?????u ??o ???a.
E? e a ?????a e ????? a ???? ????yo ?a?th???a ????. I???i ??????? ???i
????ny ???i. E?ae???i ??iyth?y ???u ?????y. ???? ????e ???tho ????? ????
? ??????, ?????e ??? ???. I? i???th?y e ??e ????, ????e a Ca??? A??a ?a
n y?? A????ey, ?a ???? ??u e ?????? ???? ??a. Ae?????? ????e ? ?????
???? ??i ????a e ???o ???ath?? ??????. AE???? ??? ???e, ????, ???atho
????i ????e, a ?y ???ey ?????i ?????? i??ath?y e ???? ?????a – ??? ?
????? ????? ???????? ????a y?? A????ey.
I???e ???? ???? ?????u ???: ?????? ?y?a, ??y?a ??ue, ?????y a ??e ??a ?
?i? ????a. Eth?e ? ?n ??th?e y?o y??o ?iy ? ???????o ?oyo. Ae??????
????e ? ????e y?? ??e?. O???? ??? ???e, ?y?? ? a????a ???oth ?????o,
????e ? ????e ??? ???a??th ?eth?th ???u ??????.
I??i ???? ????e ??e ????o?y e ??????? ??????. I?iy? ???ue, ?i ??? y?o
??i ??? E???? ? A??. Ii ???e ???? ? ?, ?i ? ?? ???ey ? ???y ???? ? ???
???y?y ?a ??a ????u, ? e ???ath?y a ??o. Y?o ????? y??o ????y ????y ????
?ith ???a, ?????i ??th.
Ii-???o ????e ??e ????ny e e ???? ???e a ????. A ???a ?? ????? ?a ? ?i?
?i? ????? ?a ?e ?e ??????? ???ey n ??? e ?? ? ?????e. A ??a ??y ? ???a
????tho ???a a ??? ?i ????y, ??? n ?i ????oe ???ny ????? ?????ue
??????e ???? e ???ue ?eth?th aea??ey.
A ????? ??y ??? ??????y ??u ????, ??a ?e ????e, ???o?e, ????e, ???e,
?oth??o. N? I?? ???e ?????? ???i ????. O????, ??i “???i” ??e ???
????y ??????, ?i? ? ???????? ???o.
E??y?ny e ???a ??ia, ?y??? ??a ????u. ???a ????aoe ??e ? ??a. O??ue ?
???u ???yth?y ? ???, ???o – ???, ????oth ? y??i ???, ??ytho ??y?a ???.
A??oth ???o, a ???a ? ??u, ???ytho a ?io. I? ??? ??oth ?? a ???y?e
?????ey.
E??i a ????? ??y ?y??y a ???e ??th??y ????oe, ???? ???ue n ??????
????e, – E?i I???. I?? ???e ?????? th?? e a 1716 a. ???? ?i ??? n ???
???y a E??th. I?? ??? ??? ??? I???a e ? ?????e ?i a ???th ???e ????o ?i
?? C??? ???, e ???? ?i “??a ?i ????? ?????”. O???e ???i ??y?e ?ay ?????
????, e ???? i?? ?????? ??o, ???a ???e ? ??o ?? ???? ???ae??o ????e, ?
?o.
???? a ???? a ????oth y?? ????e i??? ? ????e e ????o ?????th, ???? ??a
???? , ????, ????, e ???y ? ??i ?????ue ???ue ???? ? ??? ??? ??y I??
A?????, ? e ??? ?i ???a???.
A? I????? ???e.
N?? ????? ????o ??e eth?e – y? ?o, ? e ? ???e ????a ????y a ????oth
y?oo. I???a ??th ?????? ??? ??o eth?e, I?? ????y ???ue ??yi? ???a
???, ?? ? ???? ????? e ?????a.
N ??? 18 a. ??? ?i???ue ?e a ???, ?e e a ????? ???e ??. E????ue ??e n
????e ???? ??, ?????ey? ? y???, ????th a ????o ??? ??e. Iiy??? ????y ?
“ Au”, “ I????e ????”, “ A???i”. I??a ????a? ???y?:” A? ???? ??a”, “
I?ath? e ????th ???e”. ???? y?e a ????oth y?? ????ny ????? ??o ??,
???????i ?????? ??????y.
A ?????? I?? a ??? ??e th???? ????ue. E??????a ??e ??e ? ????? O???a. A
?y? n y?i ???? ???i ?aea ??? ????ue 1 y??y, a ? 1 ??y?y : ” O??e ???e
???? ??? ?? ??ey? a ???? e ? ?y?o ??o e ???oyo ??? n ???a? ???y n ??a 1
? ????? O???a 1700 ?? “. O?? ???i, ??? 7208 ?? a ???e ???y 1700 ?ae.
I??a 1 y??y ??????? ????y? ?? ??a n I?? ??i, ???? ?? ???e e ???y? ????e,
???e e ??????e. A ??ue ????a ????? ???oth i??o e ?????. A??? a ???e ???e
????? ??? ?e I??. O?????ue ?e ? ???i i????i: a ????thth ??, a ?? ???ey
??y, a ??ue ???o ??ae.
A y??a 1700 a. ???o ???e ?? ? ?????e ?????? ???? ??uey, ???? e ???? ???
?? ?????y a ????? e ???? ???. A ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???u ??e ???, ??a
e ???a n??e ?????ue. I?ay ?? ?????ue ?o?i.
Ia ??a ??? ?? I?? ????ue ???i ??ue ???, ?????y ? ??e ????i ??????? e
???? ?????y. I????i ?y?i ?? ??a ??? ???????i. I??a, ?ay ??? ??i ??
????ny ? ???????i ??uey.
Ai ???a I??1 ?y??nue e ??? ???e. I?yae ???? ??y?? ????y ? ???????,
i????i y???? ???? ??uey ??a ??y ???a e ???e a ?? ??u, ??? i???y ??? e
???. E??i ??? ??????i – ???a?o. A ? ???a ???ae????? ?ae ????ue O??ey,
?y?? ?i?a ???? ???a ??e ?????a ???ey, ???? “eth??” – ???? ???a ??u, e ?i
????? ??a ???? ??e. I??e ??ueth ????ue ????a ??e ? ????i ???a n ????
??????? ?y??e, ?e ??? – ???? – n ???? ????? a ???e ??e ???u. A I???? ???
I????? E??y ??e ????a ??? ???ny ??a ??? ???o ???o, ??????? I??o . N????o
??ea, ?i ??, ????e ???e ????e a ??????, ?? ? ???????i.
O?? ? ??e a ?? e ??e. I? ?? ??i ????? ? ?? e i??? ??????: ??i ???ye o??,
???e ???, e ???? ??? ????o ???????? ?ae.
I??i, ?e ? ??? e ???u ?ee ???a ??yaeu, ? ?? ??? oy??ny n ????. Ae?a,
??ay a ??y?? ???, ????? ?y?oth ????oth ??oy?o.
Ii-??? ??i ???y?ny e ??y ??e. E???, ??????a ? N???e ??a a ??? 17 a.
??e ?o??? n 17 ???y?, ???ny ????o e ???? ?? ? ?? e ???a. E????i ???o e
??? ??a a ??? ????? ? 7 ? 17. I? I??a ????? ??a a ??? ??i ???i?i – 24.
A ??? 18 a. ???u a E??a ??i?e ??????, n ????? ???e e ???? ????e, e
?????i n 12 ???y?.
E ??o 17 ??? 18 ?. ????? ?iy?ny ?o ?e ???o, ?e e ???o, ????? eth?e.
I?y?ny ? ???? ??? i??a , ??, ??? . Aiy? e ??y? ??a? a??u e ???, ??aeyo
?????a ??e e ?????a ?????u, ???e, ??? a ?? ???a ???.
C?eth??a
I???? I?? 1 ????? a 1725 ??. I????a ???u ????e ?a ???u ????? ??e,
?eth?y ???? e ?o. I?????, ????i?, ??a, ????i, ?o ?????ue ? ??y??e 18-19
?. ?ae ??? ???????, ??o? I??i 1. Ii – ??e ??? ???e, e ??o ??? ??i??y y??
???? ???. I?? 1 e ?i ?????e ????e ???y?? – ? ???? ?????? ???e ???e
?????i ?????e ???th : ????e ??a ???, ???e ???oth ???????, ???th ??th e
??, ????? ?????o ???, ???? ??? e ??th, ???e ???th ? ??????e ?? e ????e
?? ??? ? ?? ?????? ???ey.
N??e ??????? ?????
1. TH.N. ?y?? ???a ???a “E??ey ???e ???? 18-19 ??a”
2. A.I. N??? ???e “En??y ???e n ????? ??? ? ??a 17 ??”
3. A.E. I?y??e E??ey ???? ?????u.
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