1. Ia?aue ?onneee oa?oi?
Ia?auie ecaeaeeyie Iaaneie ii?oeaeeiiaie iaiooaeoo?u, eioi?ua aeioee aei
ian, yaeythony ia?acoeu ?onneiai oa?oi?a 1748 aiaea. I?aaeiaou,
ecaioiaeaiiua ?aiaa, ii-aeaeeiiio, ia nio?aieeenue aei iaoeo aeiae.
Iaeaieaa ?aiiei ia?acoeii aeiia?aaeianeiai oa?oi?a yaeyaony oaea
oiiieiaaoeeny noaaie. Noaaie aua ia eiaao aeeaiiene, ii oe?aoai eaiiui
?aeueaoiui ?enoieii. Ia iai iaianaia iiaeaeaco?iie eiaaeueoiaie e?aneie
ia?ea. Iia i?aaenoaaeyao niaie eae au ae?iaue, a /eneeoaea eioi?ie noieo
aiae ecaioiaeaiey «1748», a a ciaiaiaoaea «W». Oae Ae.E. Aeiia?aaeia
iiia/ae naie ecaeaeey, noaay aiae ecaioiaeaiey e caaeaaioth aoeao naiae
oaieeee eaoeineei o?eooii.
A ia?aua aiaeu nicaeaiey Iaaneie ii?oeaeeiiaie iaiooaeoo?u oai
ecaioiaeyeenue eeoue ecaeaeey iaaieueoeo ?acia?ia – «iinoaea iaeie
?oee», eae au?aaeaeny Aeiia?aaeia. Oaeea ecaeaeey iaiaa eai?eciu a
i?iecaiaenoaa. E?iia oiai, iauaiu nouanoaiaaaoeo oiaaea iaaeeaaoaeueiuo
ia/ae ia aeaaaee aiciiaeiinoe aeaeaoue e?oiiua aaue.
Ia anni?oeiaioa ecaeaeee, auioneaaoeony ia ii?oeaeeiiaie iaiooaeoo?a a
1749-1750 aiaeao, iiaeii noaeeoue ii «Caieneai i oa?oi?a»
Ae.E.Aeiia?aaeiaa, aaea ii oiiieiaao i ienea, /aoeao n e?uoeaie, i
eioaeieea, /aeiuo /aoeao e oa?oi?iauo yeoeao. A ai?aea 1750 aiaea auee
ecaioiaeaiu aethaea, a oaeaea ei?iaee n auioeeuie oeaaoaie.
Ae.E.Aeiia?aaeia ienae, /oi ei?iaee, eioi?ua «oeaaoaie iaeiaeaiu», ii
nai aicee «ainiiaeeio aa?iio».
Ec auiieiaiiuo a 1749 aiaeo ecaeaeee aei iaoeo aeiae aeioea /aoea n
?aeueaoiui oe?aoaieai, ecia?aaeathuei aeiia?aaeioth eico. Ia /aoea
eiaaony ia?ea ——- , iaianaiiay iiaeaeaco?iie eiaaeueoiaie e?aneie.
Yoio ?aaeeee yecaiiey? ia?aiai ?onneiai oa?oi?a o?aieony nae/an a
Ainoaea?noaaiiii Y?ieoaaea a Eaieia?aaea.
E /eneo ia?auo aeiia?aaeianeeo ecaeaeee i?eiaaeeaaeeo oaeaea aunieay
oa?oi?iaay noiiea n ainueiea?aiiui iecii, o?aiyuayny a ?onneii iocaa a
Eaieia?aaea. Neiae iiaeaeaco?iie e?aneie ia ecaeaeee ecia?aaeaia ia?ea
—- ——– , a oaeaea auaeaaeaiiue a ianna ciae «4.16». Ciae,
i/aaeaeii, iieacuaaao iiia? iannu, ec eioi?ie auei ecaioiaeaii ecaeaeea.
Oa aea, a ?onneii iocaa, n?aaee ia?acoeia noa?iai oa?oi?a iiaeii
oaeaeaoue iananna? a aeaea niaeaiooiai ?aaaiea n ia?eie —
————- ; ciae «NIA» oi/ii onoaiaaeeaaao, /oi yoi ecaeaeea auei
ecaioiaeaii ia Iaaneie ii?oeaeeiiaie iaiooaeoo?a.
A 1751 aiaeo ia ii?oeaeeiiaie iaiooaeoo?a auei ia/aoi ecaioiaeaiea
oa?oi?iauo oaaaea?ie. Eae ecaanoii, a oi a?aiy a n?aaea i?eaeai?iie
ciaoe auea ?ani?ino?aiaia iiaea ithoaoue oaaae. A 1753 aiaeo a aieueoii
oiaeo auee oa?oi?iaua oaaaea?ee, ecia?aaeaaoea caia/aoaiiue ii/oiaue
eiiaa?o ni ooaiiii e oaieeeae aae?anaoa. Iie iii?aaeeenue Aeecaaaoa
Iao?iaia, e ia ii?oeaeeiiaie iaiooaeoo?a auei iaeaaeaii eo i?iecaiaenoai
ii caeaco ciaoiuo inia.
A aacaoa «Naieoiaoa?ao?aneea aaaeiiinoe» io 19 ia?oa 1753 aiaea auei
iioaeeeiaaii oaeia iauyaeaiea:
« Ainiiaeei aa?aiaenoa? Aeiia?aaeia iauyaeyao anai ciaoiui iniaai, a
iniaeeai i?eaeai?iui iaiaai iiea, eioi?ua ecaieyo eiaoue ii?oeaeeiiaua
oaaaea?ee a oi?ia iaeaoa n iaaeienyie, oa a ecaieeee i?enueaoue e
ainiiaeeio Niaaoieeo Iiiaoiie eaioeaey?ee Eaaio Aiae?aaae/o Oeaooa?o, a
Naieoiaoa?ao?a, oi?ioey?u, eaeoth eoi iaaeienue e ia eaeii ycuea
ecaieeo, eioi?uie ii ainiiaeei Aeiia?aaeia aeaeaao anao oiai o?aaothueo
oaeiaieuenoaiaaoue, a oeaia ca oaaaea?eo n iaaeienueth, e?iia iaaeaeee
ii 20 ?oaeaa» .
E?iia iaeaoiauo oaaaea?ie, oi anoue eiaaoeo oi?io eiiaa?oa, ia
ii?oeaeeiiaie iaiooaeoo?a aeaeaeenue oaeaea oaaaea?ee naiuo
?aciiia?aciuo oi?i e ?acia?ia. Oae, iai?eia?, n?aaee aauae, inoaaoeony
iinea nia?oe Ae.E.Aeiia?aaeiaa e o?aieaoeony o iaai, cia/eeinue ieiei
noa e?oaeuo, iaaeueiuo, /aou?aooaieueiuo oaaaea?ie, ?anienaiiuo
io?io?ii, cieioii e i?i/eie e?aneaie.
A 1758 aiaeo ii?oeaeeiiaay iaiooaeoo?a auioneaea, e?iia oaaaea?ie, naiua
?acee/iua oa?oi?iaua ecaeaeey: /aeieee, iiei/ieee, ianeaiee, e?oaeee,
/aeieoeu, /aoee, eieieieue/eee, ioaiaeoeu, naoa?ieoeu, /aoee
iieineaoaeueiua, aethaea/ee, iiaenaa/ieee, eioaeieee, ioioaaua eiaeee,
eo?eoaeueiua o?oaee, oiaaeiua yoanu e ae?.
Ec ia?a/iy aeaeii, /oi ii?oeaeeiiaay iaiooaeoo?a a oi a?aiy
i?aaenoaaeyea niaie aiieia iaeaaeaiiia i?iecaiaenoai.
Ae.E.Aeiia?aaeia aue anae aeooie i?aaeai iiaiio aeaeo e no?anoii aai
ethaee. Ii aiai?ee: «Ii?oeaeeiiay oaa?eea ie/oi eiia anoue, eae ai?iay
iaieoaeoo?a e iaaeaeo anaie i?i/eie aaeeeieaiiaeoay».
Eiaaea a ?innee ia auei oa?oi?a
Aei iiyaeaiey nianoaaiiiai oa?oi?a ?inney, eae e Aa?iia, iieoiaea
aeeeiaeiiue «caiieee oiaa?» o eiicaiiuo eoioeia. Yoi auee oa?oi?iaua
ecaeaeey ec Eeoay, aaea aia?aua eo noaee ecaioiaeyoue ia ?oaaaea
VII-VIII aaeia. A Aa?iio oa?oi? caaacee eoioeu a XIII aaea
Ianiio?y ia oi, /oi aaic oa?oi?a a aa?iiaeneea ainoaea?noaa n aiaeaie
caiaoii oaaee/eaaeny, a iienyo ei?ieaaneiai e eiyaeaneiai eiouanoaa XVI
aaea oa?oi?iaua i?aaeiaou ana aua iaoiaeeeenue n?aaee naiuo oeaiiuo e
n/eoaeenue aei?iaeie iiaea?eaie. Anei?a oa?oi? noae iiaeie, i?aaeiaoii
niae?aoaeuenoaa e oe?aoaiey aeai?oeia.
Oa?oi? ia/aee oiio?aaeyoue oaeaea e a ea/anoaa ia?aaeiie iinoaeu.
Aa?iiaeoeu iuoaeenue naie iaeoe niinia i?iecaiaenoaa oa?oi?a, ii ana eo
iiiuoee aei ia/aea XVIII aaea eii/aeenue iaoaea/aie. Iaeiaei ai a?aiy
iieneia aue ecia?aoai ?yae i?aainoiaeiuo iaoa?eaeia, ii naiaio aiaoiaio
aeaeo i/aiue iaiiieiaaoeo aei?iainoiyuee eeoaeneee oa?oi?. Oae
iiyaeeinue aaiaoeeaineia iiei/iia noaeei, eniaii-iaa?eoaineay ea?aieea,
eoaeueyineay iaeieeea, aiaeeeneea e aieeaiaeneea oayinu.
Ioaeaeueiua ia?acoeu eeoaeneiai oa?oi?a iiyaeeenue a ?innee,
ii-aeaeeiiio, a oi aea a?aiy, /oi e a aa?iiaeneeo no?aiao, – a XIII-XIV
aaeao. Ia yoii naeaeaoaeuenoaotho /a?aiee ?acaeouo aethae e eoaoeiia,
iaeaeaiiua a ?aciia a?aiy a noa?uo eoeueoo?iuo neiyo ia oa??eoi?ee
Iineianeiai E?aiey.
N ioe?uoeai Iaenaineie iaiooaeoo?u a iaeoiaea ?onneie ciaoe noae
i?aiaeaaeaoue naeniineee oa?oi?.
A Aa?iia oa?oi? iacuaaee ii?oeaeeiii. Yoi neiaa i?iecioei io eoae.
«porcellino», /oi cia/eo ii?inaiie eee naeiooea. Naiei aiaoiei aeaeii
(oi?iie, oeaaoii, aeanoyuae iiaa?oiinoueth) oa?oi?iaua /a?aiee
iaiiieiaee auiooua ec aiaeu ii?neea ?aeiaeiu, i/aiue iioiaeea ia
iaeaiueeeo aaei-?iciauo ii?inyo. Neiai «oa?oi?» iiyaeeinue a ?onneii
ycuea a na?aaeeia XVIII aaea. I aai i?ienoiaeaeaiee n?aaee o/aiuo
nouanoaotho ?acee/iua noaeaeaiey. Ii iiaieth iaeaieaa aa?iyoiiio, iii
i?iecioei io a?aaneiai neiaa «oaooo?e», /oi cia/eo eiia?aoi?neee, – oae
iacuaaee ia Ainoiea eo/oee ii ea/anoao oa?oi?, i?aaeiacia/aaoeeny aeey
oea?noaothueo inia.
I?eaiciie oa?oi? ii-i?aaeiaio noiee iaaeaoaai. Ei iiaea iieueciaaoueny
oieueei ciaoue. I?inoua ethaee ai anai ie?a ieee e aee, eniieuecoy
aeeiyioth, aea?aayiioth e iaoaeee/aneoth iinoaeo.
Ia ciaaoay naiaai oa?oi?a ?inney aeinoeaea iai?aacieaeaiiiai ianoa?noaa
a ia?aaioea ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo ecaeaeee ec aea?aaa, iaoaeea e ea?aieee,
n?aaee eioi?uo aieueoia ianoi caieiaea iinoaea.
?oaaae iaaeaeo XVII e XVIII aaeaie – ia?eiae ?aceiai ia?aeiia a enoi?ee
?innee, iia noaiiaeeanue ia iooue i?iiuoeaiiiai ?acaeoey. Oieueei a
ia?aie /aoaa?oe XVIII aaea auei nicaeaii nauoa aeaoonio iaauo
i?aaei?eyoee iaoaeeo?ae/aneie, oaenoeeueiie, noaeino?ieoaeueiie e
ae?oaeo io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe. ?inney iinoaiaiii inaiaiaeaeaeanue io
iaiaoiaeeiinoe aaiceoue iiiaea i?iiuoeaiiua ecaeaeey ec-ca a?aieoeu.
Iaeioi?ua io?anee i?iiuoeaiiinoe i?eoiaeeeinue nicaeaaaoue caiiai.
Oiaaea aea, i?e Iao?a I, auee naeaeaiu iiiuoee iaeaaeeoue e
i?iecaiaenoai oa?oi?a.
Ionoonoaea oa?oi?a /oanoaiaaeinue ana ino?aa.
Oacenu
– Oa?oi? a oa/aiea iiiaeo noieaoee neoaeeo neiaieii ?ineioe, aeinoaoea
aeaaeaeueoea. Oa?oi? – eae e aei?iaea thaaee?iua oe?aoaiey, iai?eia?, –
anaaaea a iiaea, ii ?aaeoao e ainoeuaao, aei?iaie oa?oi? e aioeeaa?iue
oa?oi? ii-i?aaeiaio aeinooiiu iaiiiaei.
– Aei iiyaeaiey nianoaaiiiai oa?oi?a ?inney, eae e Aa?iia, iieoiaea
aeeeiaeiiue «caiieee oiaa?» o eiicaiiuo eoioeia.
– Aa?iiaeoeu iuoaeenue naie iaeoe niinia i?iecaiaenoaa oa?oi?a, ii ana
eo iiiuoee aei ia/aea XVIII aaea eii/aeenue iaoaea/aie.
– Ioaeaeueiua ia?acoeu eeoaeneiai oa?oi?a iiyaeeenue a ?innee,
ii-aeaeeiiio, a oi aea a?aiy, /oi e a aa?iiaeneeo no?aiao, – a XIII-XIV
aaeao. Ia yoii naeaeaoaeuenoaotho /a?aiee ?acaeouo aethae e eoaoeiia,
iaeaeaiiua a ?aciia a?aiy a noa?uo eoeueoo?iuo neiyo ia oa??eoi?ee
Iineianeiai E?aiey.
– N ioe?uoeai Iaenaineie iaiooaeoo?u a iaeoiaea ?onneie ciaoe noae
i?aiaeaaeaoue naeniineee oa?oi?.
A Aa?iia oa?oi? iacuaaee ii?oeaeeiii. Yoi neiaa i?iecioei io eoae.
«porcellino», /oi cia/eo ii?inaiie eee naeiooea. Naiei aiaoiei aeaeii
(oi?iie, oeaaoii, aeanoyuae iiaa?oiinoueth) oa?oi?iaua /a?aiee
iaiiieiaee auiooua ec aiaeu ii?neea ?aeiaeiu, i/aiue iioiaeea ia
iaeaiueeeo aaei-?iciauo ii?inyo. Neiai «oa?oi?» iiyaeeinue a ?onneii
ycuea a na?aaeeia XVIII aaea. I aai i?ienoiaeaeaiee n?aaee o/aiuo
nouanoaotho ?acee/iua noaeaeaiey. Ii iiaieth iaeaieaa aa?iyoiiio, iii
i?iecioei io a?aaneiai neiaa «oaooo?e», /oi cia/eo eiia?aoi?neee, – oae
iacuaaee ia Ainoiea eo/oee ii ea/anoao oa?oi?, i?aaeiacia/aaoeeny aeey
oea?noaothueo inia.
– ?oaaae iaaeaeo XVII e XVIII aaeaie – ia?eiae ?aceiai ia?aeiia a
enoi?ee ?innee, iia noaiiaeeanue ia iooue i?iiuoeaiiiai ?acaeoey.
– Oiaaea aea, i?e Iao?a I, auee naeaeaiu iiiuoee iaeaaeeoue e
i?iecaiaenoai oa?oi?a.
Ionoonoaea oa?oi?a /oanoaiaaeinue ana ino?aa.
– Ia?aua iiuou i?aaiecaoeee oa?oi?iaiai i?iecaiaenoaa a ?innee ioiinyony
ei a?aiaie oea?noaiaaiey Iao?a I. A 1718 aiaeo a ?inneth aue auienai
aieeaiaeneee ianoa? Yaaaa?aoo. Ii eiae naith oayiniaoth oaa?eeo a
Ae?acaeaia e ioi?aaeeny a ?inneth eniuoaoue n/anouea. Iaeiaei Yaaaa?aoo
i?iaue caeanue iaaeieai, e iieo/eoue oa?oi? aio ia oaeaeinue.
– oa?oi?iaia i?iecaiaenoai iaia/aeinue i?aaieciaaoue ia Iaaneeo
ee?ie/iuo caaiaeao, ?aniieiaeaiiuo a 8 eeeiiao?ao io Iaoa?ao?aa.
«Ii?oeaeeiiay ay eiia?aoi?neiai aaee/anoaa iaieoaeoo?a, /oi i?e
Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa ia ee?ie/iuo caaiaeao» – eae iacaae Ae.E.Aeiia?aaeia
ia?aue ?onneee oa?oi?iaue caaiae – ?acianoeeanue ia eaaii aa?aao ?aee
Iaau ii aei?iaa a Oeennaeueao?a, ia oii naiii ianoa, aaea iuia
iaoiaeeony Ainoaea?noaaiiue oa?oi?iaue caaiae eiaie I.A.Eiiiiiniaa.
– Ia?auie ecaeaeeyie Iaaneie ii?oeaeeiiaie iaiooaeoo?u, eioi?ua aeioee
aei ian, yaeythony ia?acoeu ?onneiai oa?oi?a 1748 aiaea. I?aaeiaou,
ecaioiaeaiiua ?aiaa, ii-aeaeeiiio, ia nio?aieeenue aei iaoeo aeiae.
– Iaeaieaa ?aiiei ia?acoeii aeiia?aaeianeiai oa?oi?a yaeyaony oaea
oiiieiaaoeeny noaaie. Noaaie aua ia eiaao aeeaiiene, ii oe?aoai eaiiui
?aeueaoiui ?enoieii. Ia iai iaianaia iiaeaeaco?iie eiaaeueoiaie e?aneie
ia?ea. Iia i?aaenoaaeyao niaie eae au ae?iaue, a /eneeoaea eioi?ie noieo
aiae ecaioiaeaiey «1748», a a ciaiaiaoaea «W». Oae Ae.E. Aeiia?aaeia
iiia/ae naie ecaeaeey, noaay aiae ecaioiaeaiey e caaeaaioth aoeao naiae
oaieeee eaoeineei o?eooii.
– A 1751 aiaeo ia ii?oeaeeiiaie iaiooaeoo?a auei ia/aoi ecaioiaeaiea
oa?oi?iauo oaaaea?ie. Eae ecaanoii, a oi a?aiy a n?aaea i?eaeai?iie
ciaoe auea ?ani?ino?aiaia iiaea ithoaoue oaaae. A 1753 aiaeo a aieueoii
oiaeo auee oa?oi?iaua oaaaea?ee, ecia?aaeaaoea caia/aoaiiue ii/oiaue
eiiaa?o ni ooaiiii e oaieeeae aae?anaoa. Iie iii?aaeeenue Aeecaaaoa
Iao?iaia, e ia ii?oeaeeiiaie iaiooaeoo?a auei iaeaaeaii eo i?iecaiaenoai
ii caeaco ciaoiuo inia.
– A 1758 aiaeo ii?oeaeeiiaay iaiooaeoo?a auioneaea, e?iia oaaaea?ie,
naiua ?acee/iua oa?oi?iaua ecaeaeey: /aeieee, iiei/ieee, ianeaiee,
e?oaeee, /aeieoeu, /aoee, eieieieue/eee, ioaiaeoeu, naoa?ieoeu, /aoee
iieineaoaeueiua, aethaea/ee, iiaenaa/ieee, eioaeieee, ioioaaua eiaeee,
eo?eoaeueiua o?oaee, oiaaeiua yoanu e ae?.
– Ae.E.Aeiia?aaeia aue anae aeooie i?aaeai iiaiio aeaeo e no?anoii aai
ethaee. Ii aiai?ee: «Ii?oeaeeiiay oaa?eea ie/oi eiia anoue, eae ai?iay
iaieoaeoo?a e iaaeaeo anaie i?i/eie aaeeeieaiiaeoay».
– Nicaeaoaeue ia?aiai ?onneiai oa?oi?a Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ Aeiia?aaeia
oaa?aei aa?ee a oi, /oi aai o?oae ia i?iiaaeao aea?ii e aoaeao
i?iaeieaeai aoaeoueie iieieaieyie. Ii ienae:
«Aeaei ii?oeaeeia…, eioi?ia a ?innee… aua ii/oe a ia/aea naiaai
?auaiey iaoiaeeony, /ayoaeueii nia?aiaiai e niaa?oaiiiio nic?aieth
i?eaey e aeaeaaiua ieiaeu i?eianao».
Oaoiieiaey oa?oi?a
Oa?oi? – aeaai?iaeiaeoee e iaeaieaa niaa?oaiiue aeae ea?aieee. Io anao
ae?oaeo aeaeia ii ioee/aaony ?yaeii iniauo naienoa, iai?eia?, oai, /oi
aai ianna ia oieueei ia iiaa?oiinoe, ii e a eceiia aaniethoii aaea.
Oa?aeoa?ia oaeaea i?ic?a/iinoue a iaeaieaa oiieeo ianoao /a?aiea.
Ninoieo oa?oi? ec niane ?acee/iuo ni?oia aeeiu e i?inaa/eaathuae
aeaco?e, eioi?ie iie?uo /a?aiie. Anee aeaaaeaeu iaiaeaeaiiay oa?oi?iaay
ianna inoaaeyaony aac aeaco?e, eae auei i?eiyoi ia iaeioi?uo oa?oi?iauo
caaiaeao i?e ecaioiaeaiee iaeeie ieanoeee, iaaeaeueiiia, ?aaea iinoaeu,
oi ia?acoaony iniaue aeae oa?oi?a – aeneaeoiue. A caaeneiinoe io ninoaaa
oa?oi?iaie iannu e aeaco?e ?acee/athony oaa?aeue e iyaeee oa?oi?.
I?iiaaeooi/iue aeae i?aaenoaaeai oae iacuaaaiui einoyiui oa?oi?ii.
Oaa?aeue oa?oi? niaea?aeeo a iniiaiii aeaa enoiaeiuo iaoa?eaea: eaieei
(/enoay aeeia – ooaiieaaeay, aee?iay e e?aeia ieanoe/iay ianna) e
iieaaie oiao (/aua anaai a niaaeeiaiee n aaeie nethaeie – ioiineoaeueii
eaaei ieaaeony). E yoei iniiaiui aauanoaai aeiaaaeyaony eaa?oe eee
ianie. Naienoaa oa?oi?a caaenyo io i?iii?oeee aeaoo aeaaiuo aauanoa: /ai
aieueoa eaieeia niaea?aeeo aai ianna, oai o?oaeiaa aa ieaaeoue e oai iia
oaa?aea. Nianue yoo ia?aiaeuaatho, caiaoeaatho, i?iiuaatho e caoai
aunooeaatho aei oanoiia?aciiai ninoiyiey. Aicieeaao ieanoe/iay ianna,
eioi?oth iiaeii eeai ioeeaaoue a oi?iao, eeai iaoa/eaaoue ia aii/a?iii
e?oaa. Iooi?iiaaiiua i?aaeiaou aeaaaeaeu iaaeeaathony, nia/aea i?e
600-800iN, a iioii oaea n aeaco?ueth – i?e 1200-1500iN. Aeaco?ue ninoieo
ec oao aea eiiiiiaioia, /oi e /a?aiie, oieueei a ae?oaeo i?iii?oeeyo, e
aeaaiaea?y yoiio niaaeeiyaony n /a?aieii a niaa?oaiii iaeii?iaeioth
ianno. Aeaco?ue iaeuecy ie ioaeoue, ie ioneieoue. Oaa?aeue oa?oi?
ioee/aaony e?aiinoueth, neeueiie nii?ioeaeyaiinoueth oaiia?aoo?ai e
eeneioai, iai?iieoeaaiinoueth, i?ic?a/iinoueth, ?aeiaenoui eceiiii, e,
iaeiiaoe, /enoui eieieieueiui caoeii. A Aa?iia ii ecia?aoai a 1708 aiaeo
a Iaenaia Eiaaiii O?eae?eoii Aaoaa?ii. Iyaeee oa?oi?, eiaioaiue oaeaea
ooaeiaeanoaaiiui eee o?eooiaui, ninoieo i?aeiouanoaaiii ec nianae
noaeeiaeaeiuo aauanoa, oae iacuaaaiuo o?eoo, niaea?aeaueo ianie eee
e?aiaiue, naeeo?o, ii?neoth nieue, niaeo, eaanoeu e oie/aiue aeaaano?.
Ii enoa/aiee ii?aaeaeaiiiai a?aiaie ieaaeaiey e yoie ianna aeiaaaeytho
ia?aaeue, niaea?aeauee aein e aeeio. Anth yoo ianno ?aciaeuaatho e
oeeueo?otho, aeiaiaey aei ieanoe/iiai ninoiyiey. Iooi?iiaaiiue i?aaeiao
iaaeeaaaony i?e 1100-1500iN, noaiiaynue nooei e iaii?enoui. Aeaco?ue
ninoieo i?aeiouanoaaiii ec noaeea, oi anoue ec eaaeiieaaeiai aauanoaa,
aiaaoiai ieenueth naeioea e niaea?aeauaai ianie, niaeo, iioao e
ecaanoue. Oaea aeaco?iaaiiua ecaeaeey iiaeaa?aathony aoi?e/iiio iaaeeao
i?e 1050-1000iN, aeey niaaeeiaiey aeaco?e n /a?aieii. Ii n?aaiaieth n
oaa?aeui, iyaeee oa?oi? i?ic?a/iaa, aaeue oeaao aai iaaeiiai, eiiaaea
ii/oe neeai/iiai oiia, iaeiaei aea?ionoie/eainoue yoiai oa?oi?a ieaea,
eceii i?yiie, i?e/ai iaaeaco?iaaiiay /anoue a eceiia ca?ienoa. Nia/aea
aa?iiaeneee oa?oi? a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa aue iyaeei, /aio i?eia?ii
neoaeao i?ae?aniua e i/aiue oeaieiua ecaeaeey noa?iai Naa?a. Ecia?aoai
ii a XVI aaea ai Oei?aioeee (oa?oi? Iaaee/e). Einoyiie oa?oi?
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ecaanoiue eiii?iienn iaaeaeo oaa?aeui e iyaeei
oa?oi?ii. Aai ninoaa ioe?uo a Aiaeee, e oai aea ieiei 1750 aiaea
ia/aeinue aai i?iecaiaenoai. E?iia eaieeia e iieaaiai oiaoa, ii
niaea?aeeo oinoao ecaanoe ec ia?aaeaeaiiie einoe, aeaeathuee aiciiaeiie
aieaa eaaeoth ieaaeo. Iaaeeaaaony einoyiie oa?oi? i?e 1100-1500iN.
Caeanue ?a/ue eaeao ii nouanoao i oaa?aeii oa?oi?a, ii oaeii, eioi?ue
iooai i?eiaoeaaiey ia?aaeaeaiiie einoe aeaeaaony iya/a. Aai aeaco?ue a
iniiaa oa aea, /oi ia iyaeii oa?oi?a, ii niaea?aeeo e?iia ieene naeioea,
iaeioi?ia eiee/anoai ao?u aeey eo/oaai niaaeeiaiey n /a?aieii. I?e
niioaaonoaothuae oaiia?aoo?a yoa aeaco?ue ieaaeony e i?i/ii niaaeeiyaony
n /a?aieii. Ii naiei naienoaai einoyiie oa?oi? caieiaao i?iiaaeooi/iia
iieiaeaiea iaaeaeo oaa?aeui e iyaeei. Ii auiineeaaa e oaa?aea iyaeiai
oa?oi?a e iaiaa i?iieoeaai, ii o iaai aeiaieueii iyaeay aeaco?ue. Oeaao
aai ia oaeie aaeue, eae o oaa?aeiai oa?oi?a, ii /eua, /ai o iyaeiai.
Aia?aua einoyiie oa?oi? i?eiaiai a 1748 aiaeo a Aao Oiianii O?aai.
Auaeaeythony aeaa i?eioeeieaeueii ?aciuo aeaea aeaei?a: ?aeueaoiue
(ieanoe/aneei ia?acii iaeaieeaaaiue aeaei?) e ?inienue. ?aeueaoiue
aeaei? aaeaeai iaiin?aaenoaaiii a iaoa?eae naiiai i?aaeiaoa – a?aaa?iui
iooai, ia?oi?aoeeae eee iin?aaenoaii ?aeueaoiia?aciuo caauoaiee.
I?aaeiao eeai ioeeaaaony a oi?iao aianoa n ?aeueaoii, eeai ?aeueao eee
aea ieanoe/aneea /anoe aeaei?a (oeaaoee, ii/ee, eenouey, oeao?ee a
ea/anoaa ?oeiyoae e o.ae.) oi?ie?othony ioaeaeueii e iioii
iaeeaeaathony. E?ani/iue aeaei? eniieiyaony eeai iiae aeaco?ueth
(inglazed), eeai iaae aeaco?ueth. Ai a?aiy iiaeaeaco?iie ?iniene,
iniaaiii /anoi ano?a/athuaeny ia eeoaeneii oa?oi?a, ieene iaoaeeia,
niiniaiua auianoe aieueooth oaiia?aoo?o (eiaaeueo, aaiaoeo), iaiinyony
iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia /a?aiee e caoai iaaeeaathony aianoa n aeaco?ueth.
Nia?aiaiiay oaoiieiaey iaianaiey iiaeaeaco?iiai aeaei?a oae aea
iniiauaaaony ia aunieie oaiia?aoo?iie auiineeainoe aeaei?ia, a nayce n
/ai i?e iaaeeaa 1100-1400 0N aeaco?ue iiaeieiaaony iaae aeaei?ii e
caiaeaaony iaae iei. Aeaaiaea?y yoie oaoiieiaee iieo/aaony aa/iue
aeaei?, a iinoaeo n «iiaeaeaco?iui» aeaei?ii iiaeii eniieueciaaoue a
iee?iaieiiauo ia/ao e a iinoaeiiia/iuo iaoeiao. Noa?aeoay iaaeaeaco?iay
oaoieea – yoi ?inienue yiaeaauie e?aneaie, iaeeo?a eioi?uo aeiaieueii
ia?aie/aia. Ia oaa?aeii oa?oi?a e?anee /anoi ieanoe/anee auaeaeythony ia
iiaa?oiinoe aeaco?e, oae eae iaaeeaaoueny i?e aunieie oaiia?aoo?a iie ia
iiaoo e iiyoiio ia niaaeeiythony n aeaco?ueth. Ia iyaeii aea oa?oi?a iie
ia?aaeei ?anieaaeythony aianoa n aeaco?ueth e neeaathony n iae. Oae
iacuaaaiua iooaeueiua e?anee e iicieiou oaeaea iaiinyony ia aeaco?ue.
Iooaeueiua e?anee i?aaenoaaeytho niaie ie?aoaiiua ieeneaie iaoaeeia
naeioeiaua eee ao?iaua aeaco?e, eioi?ua ieaayony i?e ieceeo
oaiia?aoo?ao. Niaea?aeauayny a e?anea aeaco?ue aeaenoaoao iaiiaeiaea
ieaaiy, niaaeeiyy ai a?aiy aea?a e?aneo n oiiiaie aeaco?ueth, oae /oi
e?anea ia aunooiaao. Iaaeea i?ienoiaeeo i?e 600-800N.
Caeeth/aiea
Nicaeaoaeue ia?aiai ?onneiai oa?oi?a Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ Aeiia?aaeia
oaa?aei aa?ee a oi, /oi aai o?oae ia i?iiaaeao aea?ii e aoaeao
i?iaeieaeai aoaeoueie iieieaieyie. Ii ienae:
«Aeaei ii?oeaeeia…, eioi?ia a ?innee… aua ii/oe a ia/aea naiaai
?auaiey iaoiaeeony, /ayoaeueii nia?aiaiai e niaa?oaiiiio nic?aieth
i?eaey e aeaeaaiua ieiaeu i?eianao».
A ?acoeueoaoa “i?eeaaeiiai o?oaea” (oae ii nai ioeaiee naith
aeayoaeueiinoue), aue nicaeai naiiauoiue ?onneee oa?oi?. Nicaeai
iacaaeneii io caa?aieoeu, ia neo/aeii, ia aneaioth, a iooai
naiinoiyoaeueiie iao/iie ?aaiou. Oaa?eea aeinoeaea aieueoeo oniaoia eae
ii ea/anoao oa?oi?a, oae e ii ?aciiia?aceth ecaeaeee ec iaai, e ?onneee
oa?oi? oaea i?e Aeiia?aaeiaa caiye iiaeiaathuaa aio ianoi.
A caeeth/aiea iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi iaiaeia o/anoea a nicaeaiee
naiiauoiiai oa?oi?a a ?innee i?eiye e I.A.Eiiiiinia, oioy aeiey aai
o/anoey a yoii aeaea auea ian?aaiaiii iaiueoa, /ai Ae.E.Aeiia?aaeiaa.
*oi, ai?i/ai, ia iiiaoaei aiineaaenoaee iacaaoue Eiia?aoi?neee caaiae
eiaiii eiaiai Eiiiiiniaa, a ia Aeiia?aaeiaa.
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