Eiio?ieueiay ?aaioa ii eoeueoo?ieiaee ia oaio:
Ionoeueiaineay a?oeoaeoo?a e ciae/anoai
Ieai
1. Iiiyoea i ionoeueiaineii eneonnoaa
2. A?oeoaeoo?a e ciae/anoai Eneaia
3. Nienie eeoa?aoo?u
1. Iiiyoea i ionoeueiaineii eneonnoaa
IONOEUeIAINEIA ENEONNOAI – oneiaiia iaiauathuaa iacaaiea ?acee/iuo
enoi?eei-?aaeiiaeuiuo oeiia eneonnoaa, ?acaeaaaoeony ia iniiaa ?aciuo
yoie/aneeo o?aaeeoeee, ii iauaaeeiaiiuo aaeeiie eaeaieiaeae e ?aeeaeae –
eneaiii. Iiiyoea ionoeueiaineiai eneonnoaa aeecei, ii ia niaiaaeaao n
enoi?e/aneei oeiii a?aaneiai eneonnoaa. A oi aea a?aiy a?aaeci e eneai
aeeth/atho e iaionoeueiaineea yeaiaiou eoeueoo?u: o?aaeeoeee ae?aaiaai
ia?neaeneiai, ne?eeneiai, yeeeienoe/aneiai, aecaioeeneiai eneonnoaa. A
oa/aiea aaeia ?aaeiiaeueiia – a?aaneia e ?aeeaeiciia – eneaineia ia/aea
acaeiiaeaenoaiaaee e nicaeaee iniaoth a?aai-ionoeueiaineoth eoeueoo?o.
A?aaneia eneonnoai neeaaeuaaeinue a V– VII aa.; ionoeueiaineia,
ioaaouaay aieaa cia/eoaeueiua oa??eoi?ee, aeinoeaaao aiiaay a XIV-XVI
aa. Aeaaiie iniaaiiinoueth ionoeueiaineiai eneonnoaa n/eoaaony cai?ao,
iaeaaaaiue eneaiii ia ecia?aaeaiea aeeauo nouanoa. Iaeiaei a Ei?aia,
aeaaiie aeooiaiie eieaa ionoeueiai, ia yoii i?yii ia aiai?eony.
Cai?auaiea ecia?aaeaoue aeeaua nouanoaa niaea?aeeony a oaaeenao (a?aane.
hadis – iiainoue, ?anneac, ecaanoea), nai?ieeao i?aaeaiee i neiaao e
aeaeao i?i?iea Iooaiiaaea (VII-IX aa.). Yoio cai?ao caeinoaiaai ec
eoaeaecia e ?ani?ino?aiyeny aeaaiui ia?acii ia neoeueioo?iua
ecia?aaeaiey ycu/aneeo aiaeanoa – eaeieia. A IX-X aa. a eiiiaioa?eyo e
Ei?aio cai?ao aue oaeanoi/ai ec iieeoe/aneeo niia?aaeaiee:
Eaeaieiae/anee «iaeo?aeueiua» i?iaiaioaeueiua oi?iu iicaieyee oniaoiaa
iauaaeeiyoue ooaeiaeanoaaiiua e ynoaoe/aneea o?aaeeoeee ?aciuo ia?iaeia,
i?eieiaaoeo eneai. Aeeeoaeueiue i?ioeann eioaa?aoeee iiiaiia?aciuo
ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo oi?i a iauoth n?aaeiaaaeiaoth a?aai-ionoeueiaineoth
eoeueoo?o o?aaiaae i?aaeaeueii aieeo, iaiauaiiuo, aano?aae?iaaiiuo noai.
Neiaeiua e ia anai iiiyoiua nthaeaoiua eiiiiceoeee eneeth/aeenue; aieaa
anaai iinoaaeaiiie oeaee ioaa/ae aaiiao?e/aneee i?iaiaio. Iaeiaei
i?eaeaeaao aieiaiea oaeo iniciaiey ionoeueiaiaie iaaiciiaeiinoe
aeinoeaeaiey anaiauae aa?iiiee aeaaea a oi?iao aaiiao?e/aneiai,
?aaoey?iiai i?iaiaioa, iineieueeo eaeaae – anaiiaouanoai Aeeaoa – ia
iiaeao auoue ia?aie/ai ei naiei nicaeaiiuie caeiiaie. Oai ia iaiaa,
ainoi?aeaiiia, ?aeeaeicii-ienoe/aneia ioiioaiea e i?iaiaioo nio?aiyeinue
a oa/aiea iiiaeo noieaoee: «Aa?iiaeoeaa o?aaiaeeo aanii?yaei/iinoue, a
ionoeueiai oaeeaeyao ?aaoey?iinoue», – ienae A. oii A?thiaaaoi,
iiae/a?eeaay ?acee/ey iaaeaeo no?aieaieai aa?iiaeneiai iuoeaiey e
io?aaeaieth ie?a a aaiiao?e/aneeo oi?ioeao aa?iiiee e iiieiaieai oie aea
aa?iiiee a ynoaoeea eneaia, aaea iia o?aeoiaaeanue «eae i?eau/ee
aiaeanoaa, io eioi?uo iii a ethaia a?aiy iiaeao ioeacaoueny».
Ionoeueiaia-noiieou, i?aaenoaaeoaee iaeaieaa i?oiaeienaeueiiai oa/aiey
eneaia, o?aaiaaee iaoeinieoaeueiiai niaethaeaiey cai?aoa ecia?aaeaiey
/aeiaaea e aeeaioiuo; iie ?acaeaaee iiyceth e oeeinioeth. Oeeou, iaoiaey
cai?aou, nicaeaee naiaia?acioth oeieo aeeaiiene e eieaeiie ieieaoth?u.
Iie eniieueciaaee o?aaeeoeee ia?neaeneiai eneonnoaa, yeeeienoe/aneie
eoeueoo?u, eneonnoaa eiioia. I?e yoii nthaeaoiua iioeau ioaa?aaeenue, a
i?iaiaioaeueiua – ia?a?aaaouaaeenue. Oae a?a/aneee iaaiae? i?aa?aoeeny a
i?e/oaeeeaue iioea ieaoaiey e ae?eo. Ec eiioneeo iioeaia nio?aieeenue
ecia?aaeaiey ooie, caeoeaa e ainoi/iuo iaeueiaoo. Ec Aecaioee
ionoeueiaia caeinoaiaaee auoeaeo ii oaeeo «aiei/aiui cieioii»,
?aiia?oiue i?eioeei aeaei?e?iaaiey oeaiae n iioeaaie aa?nia e a?eoiiia.
I?iaiaioaeueiua caaeoee a?aaanie e ii?anie, eneeie ni/aoaeenue n ayoaie
(a?aane. a’jat – ciae, /oaei, ciaiaiea) – e?aoeeie o?acaie, noeoaie,
no?i/eaie ec Ei?aia, iaienaiiuie i?e/oaeeeaie aycueth eooe/aneiai
ienueia. Ayou au?acaeenue ia eaiia, iaeieeeiauo ieeoeao, aeaei?e?iaaaoeo
ii?oaeu ia/aoae, a?aae?iaaeenue ia aioeaoao, i?oaeee, oaooe?iaaeenue ia
oaea. Iniiao ynoaoeee ionoeueiaineiai eneonnoaa ninoaaeyao iiiyoea
eaeaia (a?aane. kalam – ienueii). «Aunoee eaeai» – ie?iaie ?acoi,
eioi?ue «ieoao ia aeiua/ea noaeueao ie?a» (n?aai. ne?eaeaee).
Niaaeeiaiea aeaoo ia/ae ionoeueiaineiai eneonnoaa, a /anoiinoe, a
eneonnoaa E?aia – naieoneiai e a?eeneiai (iaeiei ec i?iyaeaiee ia?aiai
yaeythony ?iniene neiaaiae a Aeo?a-Aa?iiin), e eiioeo XVI a. yanoaaiii
noi?ie?iaaei aeaa o?aaeeoeee. Iaeio au?aaeaao a?aoe/aneia e
eaeeea?aoe/aneia eneonnoai a?aaia, ia?aaeathuaa ia/a?oaieyie iaae/aneeo
o?ac ninoiyiea einiina. Aoi?oth – aeeaiieniia, iaecaaeiia eneonnoai,
i?aaenoaaeyaiia a iniiaiii ianoa?aie ia a?aaneiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey. Iie
?eniaaee e?anioo caiee, atheenoaia – ?aeneiai naaea. Oai?ey aeaoo
eaeaiia, iaeiaei, ia naiaeeony e i?ioeaiiinoaaeaieth aneaoe/aneiai
noiieoneiai e aieaa naiaiaeiiai oeeoneiai ioiioaiey e ecia?aceoaeueiiio
eneonnoao. Iaa eaeaia, ii oaaaeaeaieth ionoeueiai, nicaeaiu Anaauoiei.
«Ia?aue eaeai – ?anoeoaeueiue, o?inoieeiaia ia?i eaeeea?aoia. Aoi?ie
eaeai – aeeaioiue, eenoue aeeaiienoeaa». Ia?i eaeeea?aoa naycaii n
«nae?aeueiuie e einie/aneeie iniiaaieyie Auoey, a aeeaioiue eaeai,
eenoue aeeaiienoea, naiei nayuaiiui i?ienoiaeaeaieai i?ecaai
iioieiaece?iaaoue aiia?aaeaaiue ie? ecia?aaeaiee». Iaa ia/aea
aeiiieiytho ae?oa ae?oaa aiaeiae/ii oiio, eae, e i?eia?o, a eneonnoaa
Aecaioee eiie?aoiia ecia?aaeaiea ?anniao?eaaeinue a ea/anoaa neiaiea
iaecia?aceiiai. Niiniau aeiiieiaiey ecia?aceiiai e iaecia?aceiiai a
o?enoeaineii e ionoeueiaineii eneonnoaa ?acee/iu, ii niune iaeei e oio
aea: oaeaeaoue neaicue iaonoie/eaua oi?iu a?aiiiai iaoa?eaeueiiai ie?a
enoeiioth ?aaeueiinoue. Iai?iou iiyoe/aneie ?a/e, ecuneaiiua ecaeau
oeeinioneie iunee e ecia?aceoaeueii-i?iaiaioaeueiua oi?iu
ionoeueiaineiai eneonnoaa ?acaeaaeenue ia?aeeaeueii, aieouaay ?acee/iua
iaoeeiiaeueiua yeaiaiou. Ionthaea iniaaiiay «iaoea oe?aoaiey»
(«eei-aae-aaaee») no?aieoeu eieae, noaiu caeaiey, iiaa?oiinoe ninoaea.
Yoe oi?iu iaeuecy iacuaaoue aeaei?aoeaiuie, iineieueeo iie
i?aaenoaaeytho niaie ?acoeueoao iniaaiiiai ia?aciiai iuoeaiey
ionoeueiaieia, a eioi?ii a?oeoaeoiieea neiaa e ecia?aaeaiey eaeaioe/iu.
Aunoei aaoi?eoaoii, a oii /enea e a eneonnoaa (caeanue oianoiu aiaeiaee
n Aecaioeae), n/eoaeny eiaiao («oeeee eiaiia»). Eiai – einoeooo aeanoe,
«aiaeanoaaiiia onoaiiaeaiea» (io a?aane. aiaoa – «noiyoue aia?aaee»).
Ia?aui eiaiii aue i?i?ie Iooaiiaae, caoai – aai iaianoieee oaeeou. Yoio
einoeooo, iaeiaei, ia aue caieiooui. A IX-XIII aa. a nayce n
ia?aciaaieai a?aaneiai oaeeoaoa ionoeueiaineea oi?aiaoeu ooiaeeee
aeaeaei ca aai i?aaeaeu, iie aeinoeaaee Neaiaeeiaaee, oi?aiaaee a
neaayineeo caieyo. A naith i/a?aaeue ?onu i?eaiceee oiaa?u a Aaaaeaae,
oai iie ano?a/aee naieo niioa/anoaaiieeia, neoaeeaoeo ia?aaiae/eeaie eee
aieiaie a aienea oaeeoa (i?e yoii ana, e?iia i?aaiaa?iuo a?aaia,
n/eoaeenue ethaeueie aoi?iai ni?oa). A?a/aneea e ?eineea ienaoaee
iacuaaee ionoeueiai na?aoeeiaie. Iaeei ec naiuo ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo
nthaeaoia ionoeueiaineiai eneonnoaa (eneeth/aiea, aeiioneaaiia aeaaea a
i?oiaeienaeueiii eneaia) – iooaoanoaea i?i?iea Iooaiiaaea a
nii?iaiaeaeaiee aiaaea Aeaeaa?aeea (Aaa?eeea) ia iaai. Niaeanii 17-e
no?a Ei?aia, ii/ueth Iooaiiaae ia neaci/iii eiia Ao?aea (a?aane. alburaq
– «Aeenoathuee»), «e?oiiaa inea, ii iaiueoa ioea», aue /oaeanii
ia?aianai ec Iaeee a Ea?onaeei, ia ai?o Ii?ea, ioeoaea aicianny e
i?anoieo Aeeaoa, aanaaeiaae ia iaaa n iao?ea?oaie e aiaaeaie, a caoai
aica?aoeeny a naie aeii, aaea «iinoaeue aai aua ia inouea, a aiaea ec
ii?ieeiooiai eoaoeia aua ia i?ieeeanue». Ia e?aineeo ieieaoth?ao XV-XVII
aa. /anoi ecia?aaeaaony noeaia aicianaiey i?i?iea ia aaeii eiia n
/aeiaa/aneei eeeii, aeeeiiuie, eae o inea, ooaie, oainoii iaaeeia e
iaeaiueeeie e?ueueyie ia iiaao. A Ea?onaeeia nio?aiyaony eaiaiue – ianoi
aicianaiey, iacuaaaiue naaeeii Ao?aea. A ienoe/aneie oeeinioee aaeue
e?ueaoue eiiue o?aeooaony eae neiaie «aiaeanoaaiiie ethaae e na?aea/iie
/enoiou».
Iiieii eieaeiie ieieaoth?u e ?iniene oeaiae n VIII a. ?acaeaaeanue
i?iaiaioaeueiay ?acueaa ii aai/o (aeino) e aea?aao, n XII a. – ii
oa??aeioa. A XIII-XIV aa. noaiu ia/aoae e naiaeu, ieoe – ieo?aau –
eie?onoe?iaaee ?aciioeaaoiui i?aii?ii, niaeueoie e iieoae?aaioeaiiuie
eaiiyie. A a?oeoaeoo?a eniieueciaaee aeo?aaee, ?aciua i?aii?iua ?aoaoee
ia ieiao (n?aai. Eiaeee eneonnoai). Iieeaiua ec?acoeu, n aeaco?ueth
y?eeo e?aniiai, aieoaiai, aeaeoiai, caeaiiai oeaaoia aeaeaee caacae/aoie
oi?iu, i?e niaaeeiaiee iie ia?aciauaaee neiaeiue aaiiao?e/aneee i?iaiaio
eia?iaiai oeia. I?eioeei eiiaeiaoi?eee i?inoaeoeo aaiiao?e/aneeo oi?i,
iieo/eaoee noieue ecuneaiiia au?aaeaiea a ionoeueiaineii i?iaiaioa –
ie?oaeiinoe, eaaae?aoa, oanoeoaieueieea, – iaia?oaeeaaaony e a
ieaie?iaea caeaiee, aaea eniieuecoaony iiaeoeueiay naoea. A yoii
i?iyaeyaony c?aeinoue, oeaeinoiinoue ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai iuoeaiey.
«Ionoeueiaineay a?oeoaeoo?a, noieue i?e/oaeeeaay ii aiaoiaio aeaeo, –
ienae I. Ooace, – a nouiinoe – aaiiao?eciaaiiay eiino?oeoeey. Oieueei n
iiiiuueth i?inoiai caeiia iiaeii auei aianoe ii?yaeie a neiaeiinoue aa
ieaiia». Iaeia ec nayuaiiuo «caiiaaaeiuo» oa??eoi?ee eneaia (ae-oa?ai) –
Iaeea, ai?iae aeec iiaa?aaeuey E?aniiai ii?y (iuia oa??eoi?ey
Naoaeianeie A?aaee). N VII a. – oeaio? iaeiiie/anoaa ionoeueiai anaai
ie?a, ianoi, aaea aeeee (niaeanii eneaio) Aaeai e Aaa, ?iaeeia i?i?iea
Iooaiiaaea. A Iaeea (a?aane. Makka) iaoiaeeony aeaaiay ia/aoue
Ian-aeaeeae ae-Oa?ai. Ia Iaeeo i?eaioe?iaaiu ana ae?oaea ia/aoe
ionoeueiaineiai ie?a (ae-Eeaea – «oi, /oi iaoiaeeony iai?ioea»).
Iieeoaaiiua ieoe ia/aoae (niioaaonoaothuea o?enoeaineei aeoa?yi) –
ieo?aau – oeacuaatho iai?aaeaiea ia Iaeeo (a?aane. mach’rab io Makoraba
– ae?aaiaeoaa iacaaiea Iaeee). Oa?aeoa?iay /a?oa ionoeueiaineie
a?oeoaeoo?u aunieea aaoie (ieia?aou)
Eo i?ienoiaeaeaiea naycuaatho n ceeeo?aoaie ae?aaiae Ianiiioaiee. A
Aeaianea i?e aeeianoee Iiaeyaeia (661-750) ieia?aou no?ieee eaaae?aoiuie
a ieaia, a E?aia – oeeeeiae?e/aneeie. Iaeaieaa neiaeioth oi?io ieia?aou
i?eia?aee a Aaeioa – ni/aoaiea iiiaia?aiieeia, iaiythuaany ia eaaeaeii
y?ona. Eae i?aaeiieaaaao I. Ooace, oaeia /a?aaeiaaiea iiiaia?aiieeia
caeinoaiaaii aaeioyiaie-ionoeueiaiaie o oi?iu aeaenaiae?eeneiai iayea,
eioi?ue aua nouanoaiaae a oi a?aiy e i?aaenoaaeye niaie
«ainueieoaieueiee, iinoaaeaiiue ia eaaae?ao». N 1250 a. Aaeiao
iaoiaeeeny iiae aeanoueth aeeianoee Iaietheia (a?aane. mam’luk – «oio,
eai aeaaeatho»), iioiieia ?aaia-aieiia, aeinoeaoeo a a?aaneie a?iee
aunieiai iieiaeaiey. ?aaeiiaeueioth ?aciiaeaeiinoue ionoeueiaineiai
eneonnoaa i?aaenoaaeytho niaie iaiyoieee N?aaeiae Acee XIV-XVI aa.
A?oeoaeoo?iua iaiyoieee N?aaeiae Acee ioee/atho aaiiao?ecaoeey oi?i,
neiiao?ey ieaie?iai/iuo ?aoaiee, eiei?enoe/aneia aiaaonoai ca n/ao
i?eiaiaiey naa?eathueo ia nieioea iaeeoeiai/iuo ec?acoeia. Auaaeaiiay
nieioeai iaeiiia?aciay ieineinoue ian/aiie ionouie e aaciaea/iue neiee
eoiie iaaa iaae aieiaie o?aaotho y?eeo e?anie. Iiae oaeei iaaii eaco?ue
ec?acoeia eaaeaony aua aieaa neiae, a eo iiaa?oiinoue io?aaeaao nieioea.
Oi?ia eoiieia – i?aaie/aneay, iia ia eiino?oeoeaia, a ecia?aceoaeueia e
iaiiieiaao aeaaioneea eaeoonu. Ec?aaeea ano?a/athony ?aa?enoua eoiiea,
caeinoaiaaiiua ec ae?aaiae ia?neaeneie a?oeoaeoo?u. «??aa?iue» eoiie
iaacieay Ao?-Yie? a Naia?eaiaea iineoaeee i?ioioeiii eoiiea ia/aoe a
Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa – i?eaeiaeueiii iaiyoieea naaa?iiai iiaea?ia.
Aaneiia/iay oeaiue iiaoi?aiee iaeieo e oao aea /eaiaiee e?oaa e
eaaae?aoa aeeaaiiaeyie, ?aaeeonaie, eanaoaeueiuie aieioue aei iieo/aiey
neiaeiaeoeo oci?ia aaiiao?e/aneiai i?iaiaioa nicaeaao iuouaiea
iai?a?uaiiai aeaeaeaiey, oa/aiey aeecie:
Aanue ie? – iioie
Iaoaoi? e neiaieia oci?
Iia? Oaeyi.
A ecaeaeeyo ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo ?aianae ecuneaiiay aaiiao?ey
i?iaiaioaeueiuo iino?iaiee aeiiieiyaony yooaeoiui eiio?anoii iaoa?eaeia.
E i?eia?o, eo?nee – iaaieueoie noieee-ea?aoe aeey o?aiaiey Ei?aia –
aeaeaee ec eaooie, eie?onoe?iaaee na?aa?ii n /a?iueth. Oae aea
aeaei?e?iaaee i?oaeea, ?aiu ca?eae, aei?iaea thaaee?iua ecaeaeey.
2.A?oeoaeoo?a e ciae/anoai Eneaia
Ia?aiia/aeueii ia Ainoiea eoeueoiaua caeaiey no?ieeenue a oi?ia a?aaneie
eieiiiie ia/aoe. Ii auno?i iiyaeeenue eiua, ?acee/iua a ?aciuo no?aiao e
iaeanoyo oeiu a?oeoaeoo?iuo nii?oaeaiee. Iaeiie ec iaeaieaa
?ani?ino?aiaiiuo noaea /aou?aoaeaaiiay iino?ieea, ?acaeaaaoayny eae a
eoeueoiaii (ia/aoue, iaae?ana), oae e a a?aaeaeaineii ciae/anoaa
(aeai?aoe, ea?aaai-na?ae). Yoi iau/ii aieueoia nii?oaeaiea n
i?yiioaieueiui aioo?aiiei aeai?ii, n eaaeaeie noi?iiu eioi?iai
aicauoaaony aunieee no?aeue/aoue aeaai — naiae/aoue cae, ioe?uoue n
iaeiie noi?iiu ai aeai?. Iiuiua ieeiiu aeaaiia, iiaeaea?aeeaathueo a?ee,
ia?acotho aaee/anoaaiiua i?yiioaieueiua ii?oaeu. Naiue e?oiiue ii
?acia?ai ii?oae, oe?aoaiiue ii aieai no?ieiuie ieia?aoaie, aicaaaeai ia
aeaaiii oanaaea caeaiey. Ia?yaeo n /aou?aoaeaaiiie eiiiiceoeeae
?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/eee e i?inoua ii?oaeueii-eoiieueiua iino?ieee,
ni/aoathuea ii?oae e caieiooue eoa caeaiey, oaai/aiiue eoiieii.
Aicaeaeaaeenue oaeaea no?ieiua e?oaeua ieia?aou, iaacieae n oao?iaui
iie?uoeai.
Ia?iiiay ?ieue i?eiaaeeaaeaea i?iaiaioo, iie?uaaaoaio aieueoea
a?oeoaeoo?iua ieineinoe. Ia?aiia/aeueii i?iaiaio, eniieiaiiue ec ee?ie/a
e ?aciuo oa??aeioiauo ieeoie, aue iiiio?iiiui. Ii n 12 a. noaee
i?eiaiyoue iaeeoeiaeo ie e?ani/iie ea?aie/aneie iicaeee e y?ei
?anienaiiuo aeaco?ueth ieeoie. A?oeoaeoo?iue aeaei? ioee/aeny iaeeeai
iioeaia e oi?i ?anoeoaeueiiai e aaiiao?e/aneiai oci?a, aiaaonoaii ?eoia,
cao/iinoueth oeaaoa, aaea i?aiaeaaeaee naiaia?acii i?aoai?aiiua a
eneonnoaa oiia neia-aieoaiai iaaa e cieioenoi-io?yiie caiee.
Ec?aeeue. Ia/aoue Neaeu a Ea?onaeeia — iaeia ec aeaaiaeoeo nayouiue
ionoeueiainoaa — ?aniieiaeaia ia ianoa, eioi?ia eiaeo ia?iiiia
?aeeaeiciia cia/aiea aua caaeieai aei aicieeiiaaiey eneaia. Eiaaea a
ia/aea I ouny/aeaoey aei i.y. a Ea?onaeeia aioea?eeny Aeaaeae, ii
iii?iaiaae i?iaanoe ia?aienue ianaeaiey, ii aucaae yoei aiaa
Ainiiaeaiue. ssoaa ianeae ia ia?iae yieaeaieth, e ai eneoieaiea naiaai
a?aoa oea?ue Aeaaeae iino?iee ia yoie neaea aeoa?ue. Ii aue nii?oaeai ia
oii ianoa, aaea Aa?aai aioiaeeny i?eianoe a aea?oao naiaai nuia Enaaea.
Neaea — aa?oeia ai?u Ii?ea — ecae?aaea ii/eoaeanue iiiaeie eae oeaio?
ie?a. Iicaea oea?ue Nieiiii aicaeaea ia yoii ianoa ia?iiiue O?ai, a
eioi?ii o?aieeny Eia/aa Caaaoa. Aua e naaiaeiy iiaeii oaeaeaoue /anoue
eaiaiiiai iniiaaiey, ia eioi?ii noiye yoio o?ai, iiea aai ia ?ac?ooeee
aienea Iaaooiaeiiini?a. A VII aaea a?aaneee caaiaaaoaeue Ea?onaeeia Iia?
eai-Oaoea ainnoaiiaee neaeo a i?aaeiai aeaea e iino?iee ?yaeii ia/aoue.
Iicaea oaeeo Aaaeoeue yeue-Iaeee iauyaee aa ianoii iaeiiie/anoaa
ionoeueiai, eai caeanue aoaeoi ninoiyeanue «ii/iay nea/ea» Iooaiiaaea:
aai ?acaoaeee a?oaiaae Aaa?eee e ia e?ueaoii eiia ia?aian a Ea?onaeei.
Caeanue i?i?ieo aeicaieaii auei aicianoenue ia iaaana, aaea Ainiiaeue
aeiaa?ee aio caaaou ionoeueiaineie aa?u. «Eoiieii Neaeu» ioia/aii oi
ianoi, n eioi?iai Iooaiiaae aicianny ia iaai. Iaeiiieee iiaoo aeaeaoue
caeanue ioia/aoie aai iiae e o?e aieinea ec ai?iaeu i?i?iea.
Ia/aoue «Eoiie Neaeu» auea auno?iaia iaaeaeo 688 e 692 aiaeaie. Iia
yaeyaony naiie ae?aaiae a ie?a ec nio?aieaoeony ionoeueiaineeo iino?iae,
oioy aa e iacuaatho «iaionoeueiaineie», iioiio /oi a aa oi?ia
/oanoaoaony aeeyiea a?oeoaeoo?u ?aiiaai o?enoeainoaa. Ia/aoue Neaeu
yaeyaony ia oieueei o?aoueae ii cia/eiinoe nayouiae eneaia, ii e naiui
aaee/anoaaiiui a?oeoaeoo?iui iaiyoieeii Aeeaeiaai Ainoiea. E
aeaenoaeoaeueii, ia/aoue, aicaeaeaiooay iaae neaeie, yaeyaony eae au
eoiieii, i?ee?uaathuei yoi nayuaiiia ianoi. Aiai?yo, /oi ecia/aeueii
eoiie ia/aoe aue naeaeai ec cieioa, ii enoi?e/aneea aeieoiaiou
?anneacuaatho, /oi eoiie aue iie?uo naeioeiaie e?uoae, a ia?oaeiay
iiaa?oiinoue eenoaie iiciei/aiiie iaaee. Naeioeiaay e?uoa nio?aiyeanue
aieioue aei 1964 aiaea, eiaaea a oiaea i?iecaaaeaiiiai a ia/aoe ?aiiioa
iie?uoea eoiiea naeaeaee ec aethieieaauo eenoia, eioi?ui oeie/aneei
iooai i?eaeaee oeaao cieioa. Aeeaiao? aai ninoaaeyao 20 iao?ia, a aunioa
eoiiea — 34 iao?a, ii oi?ioi aeaeai ii/oe ni anao oi/ae Ea?onaeeia.
?aniieiaeai eoiie ia iniiaaiee, iiaeaea?aeeaaaiii eaiaiiuie eieiiiaie.
Aiaoiea noaiu ia/aoe i?aaenoaaeytho niaie ainueiea?aiiee e auiieiaiu n
a?eaaeaie. Ecia/aeueii iie auee iie?uou noaeeyiiie iicaeeie, ii a XVI
aaea aa caiaieee ia ieeoee a ionoeueiaineii noeea. Aioo?e ia/aoue aeaoiy
?yaeaie eieiii aeaeeony eae au ia o?e e?oaa, /oi iicaieyao iaeiiieeai
oeaeuie i?ioeanneyie naiaiaeii aeaeaaoueny aie?oa iaoiaeyuaeny a oeaio?a
neaeu. Iiae eaiiai ?aniieiaeaia iaua?a, a eioi?oth aaaeoo
iaeeiiaaeoeaoue nooiaiae. A a iioieea iaua?u eiaaony ioaa?noea, /a?ac
eioi?ia noaeaea e?iaue aea?oaaiiuo aeeaioiuo.
Ia/aoue Neaeu eiaao /aou?a aeaa?e, i?eaioe?iaaiiua ii /aou?ai /anoyi
naaoa. Naaa?iue aoiae iacuaaaony A?aoaie ?ay, ainoi/iue — A?aoaie
Aeaaeaea. THaeiue aoiae n/eoaaony oeaio?aeueiui, a iai?ioea iaai auneony
oanaae ae?oaie ia/aoe — Aeue-Aena. Aioo?e ia/aoe Neaeu iaoiaeeony
ecoieoaeueiay iicaeea n oci?aie, eioi?ua auiieiaiu iiae yaiui aeeyieai
aecaioeeneiai eneonnoaa. Noaiu aa oe?aoaiu i?iaiaioaie n ienueiaiaie —
iai?aiaiiui aeaei?aoeaiui yeaiaioii eneaineie aeeaiiene. Iaeia ec
iaaeienae iaiiieiaao i no?ieoaea ia/aoe — oaeeoa Aaaeoeue aeue-Iaeeea ec
aeeianoee Iiaeyaeia. AEeaoee iicaeiaa oaeeo ec aeeianoee Aaaaneaeia
iinoaaee no?ieoaeuenoai ia/aoe a caneoao naaa e eciaiee iaaeienue.
N?aaeiyy Acey. A enoi?ee eneonnoaa anaai ionoeueiaineiai ie?a iaeio ec
y?/aeoeo no?aieoe aienaei eneonnoai N?aaeiae Acee. Noaa n 1370-o aa.
oeaio?ii ia?iiiie eiia?ee Oeio?a, N?aaeiyy Acey ia?aaeeea a 14—15 aa.
?anoeaao a?oeoaeoo?u e eneonnoaa. AEanoieee e a?iciue caaiaaaoaeue
oioae, /oiau aai noieeoea Naia?eaiae i?aainoiaeeea e?anioie e
a?aiaeeiciinoueth ae?oaea ai?iaea ie?a. Caeanue ia?yaeo n ianoiuie
ianoa?aie ?aaioaee ooaeiaeieee e no?ieoaee, i?eaacaiiua Oeio?ii ec
iiei?aiiuo ei no?ai— E?aia, Aca?aaeaeaeaia, Aoaaienoaia, E?aea, Ne?ee,
Eiaeee. Aeioaaeoea aei iaoaai a?aiaie iiioiaioaeueiua caeaiey
Naia?eaiaea, aicaeaeaiooua i?e Oeio?a e aai i?aaiieeao, i?eiaaeeaaeao e
caia/aoaeueiui iaiyoieeai ie?iaie a?oeoaeoo?u yiioe n?aaeiaaaeiauey.
N?aaee ieo eiiieaen onuiaeueieoe, (iaacieaaa) aeooiaainoaa e ciaoe
Oao-e-Ceiaea (14— ia?aay iieiaeia I5a.). ?aniieiaeaiiua ii e?ooiio
nioneo oieia, iaacieae i?aaenoaaeytho niaie iaaieueoea
ii?oaeueii-eoiieueiua nii?oaeaiey, aeeceea ii oa?aeoa?o, ii ia
iiaoi?ythuea oeaeeeii iaeei ae?oaiai. Ainaiaeue nicaeaao aicauoaiiue
iiyoe/aneee ia?ac. A?oeoaeoo?iue aeaei? caeanue aeiaaaeai aei
niaa?oainoaa. Aan/eneaiiuie ia?aeeaaie naa?eatho iieeaiua ec?acoeu
aieoauo eoiieia e ii?oaeia, iie?uouo ?aciiia?aciui oci?ii. Ni/aoaiea
i?inouo a?oeoaeoo?iuo oi?i n eciu?aiiie aeaei?aoeaiie oaioaceae i?eaeaao
ainaiaeth Oao-e-Ceiaea iaiiaoi?eiia i/a?iaaiea.
Ai?aeinoueth Naia?eaiaea auea niai?iay ia/aoue, i?aaeiacia/aiiay aeey
ouny/e iieyueony e iieo/eaoay a ia?iaea iacaaiea Aeae-Oaiui. Aa
no?ieoaeuenoai auei caeii/aii a 1404 a. Oeio? o?aaiaae, /oiau
naia?eaiaeneay ia/aoue i?aacioea aaee/anoaaiiinoueth ana caeaiey ie?a. A
naiai ia?aiia/aeueiii iaeeea iia i?aaenoaaeyea neiaeiue a?oeoaeoo?iue
ainaiaeue, aeeth/athuee no?ieiua ieia?aou, ii?oaeueii-eoiieueiua
caeaiey, a?aiaeeiciua aoiaeiua ii?oaeu. A?aiy ia iiuaaeeei yoio
caia/aoaeueiue iaiyoiee ciae/anoaa. Ii aeaaea a ?oeiao ii inoaaeyao
iaecaeaaeeiia aia/aoeaiea. Aeaaiui caeaieai ainaiaey, i?ioeainoiyuei
aoiaeo, auea ia/aoue n ia?iiiie a?eie, iiaeaea?aeeaaaiie ainueiea?aiiuie
ieia?aoaie e oaai/aiiay ae?thciaui, eae au neeaathueiny n iaaii eoiieii.
Iniaie aaee/anoaaiiinoueth, aa?iiie/aneei /oanoaii i?iii?oeee ioee/aeny
eioa?uea?. Ia/aoue Aeae-Oaiui naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i niaeinoe caiunea e
aaeioiiaaiiii ianoa?noaa nicaeaaoeo aa ciae/eo. Oi?aeanoaaiii
iiioiaioaeueia onuiaeueieoea Oeio?eaeia—Ao?-Yie? a Naia?eaiaea (ia/.
15a.). A yoii caeaiee ainiiaenoaotho i?inoua a?oeoaeoo?iua iauaiu:
ainueiea?aiiee iniiaaiea, oeeeeiae?e/aneee aa?aaai e ia?iiiue ?aa?enoue
neia-aieoaie eoiie. Aioo?aiiaa oa?ainoai iaacieay /?acau/aeii aiaaoi:
noaiu iaeeoeiaaiu i?aii?ii, ?aciui nooeii, iie?uou i?iaiaioaeueiuie
?inienyie, aie?oa iaaea?iaee ?aniieiaeaia aaeo?iay i?aii?iay ia?aaea,
?aciua aea?aayiiua aeaa?e ioee/athony oii/aeoae thaaee?iie ?aaioie.
No?iaie e?anioie auaeaeyaony iaaea?iaea Oeio?a ec oaiii-caeaiiai
iao?eoa.
Ciae/anoai N?aaeiae Acee eiioea 14 — ia/aea 15 a. iaoiaeeeinue a oaniii
acaeiiaeaenoaee n a?oeoaeoo?ie ninaaeieo no?ai e ieacaei ia iaa aieueoia
aeeyiea. A 15 a., ianiio?y ia oi /oi eiia?ey Oeio?a ?aniaeanue ia ?yae
oaiaeaeueiuo naiinoiyoaeueiuo ainoaea?noa, eoeueoo?ii-ooaeiaeanoaaiiua
nayce iaaeaeo ia?iaeaie N?aaeiaai Ainoiea i?iaeieaeaee oe?aieyoueny. A
ia?aie iieiaeia 15 a. cano?ieea Naia?eaiaea, Aooa?u e ae?oaeo ai?iaeia
N?aaeiae Acee auea i?iaeieaeaia aioeii Oeio?a Oeoaaaeii, eioi?ue aue
auaeathueiny o/aiui-ano?iiiiii naiaai a?aiaie. Ia ieiuaaee ?aaenoai a
Naia?eaiaea auei aicaeaeaiooi iaae?ana Oeoaaaea (1417—1420). Ieaie?iaea
iaae?ana a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a iauyniyeanue caieiooui oa?aeoa?ii aunoaai
ionoeueiaineiai o/aaiiai caaaaeaiey, a eioi?ii nooaeaiou ia oieueei
o/eeenue, ii e aeeee. Ioe?uoue i?yiioaieueiue aeai? ie?oaeai
aeaooyoaaeiuie caeaieyie, aaea ?aniieiaeaiu eaeuee aeey o/aueony. Iie
auoiaeyo ai aeai? ioe?uouie eiaeaeeyie. A na?aaeeia eaaeaeie noaiu
aunyony /aou?a aeaaia, neoaeeaoea ianoii aeey caiyoee. Iaae?ana Oeoaaaea
ioee/aaony no?ieiinoueth i?iii?oeee, aaeeinoaii a?oeoaeoo?iuo oi?i e
ecuneaiiie e?anioie iicaee, nio?aieaoeo aieaa /ai ca iyoue aaeia naiaai
nouanoaiaaiey anth i?aeanoue e naaaeanoue /enouo e?anie.
No?ieoaeuenoai i?iaeieaeaeinue a N?aaeiae Acee e a iineaaeothuea
noieaoey. Cia/eoaeueiua nii?oaeaiey aicaeaeaaeenue a Aooa?a a 16 a. A
Naia?eaiaea a 17 a. aue nicaeai ciaiaieoue ainaiaeue ieiuaaee ?aaenoai.
Aaee/anoaaiiue ainaiaeue ainiiaenoaoao iaae ieceie aeeeie cano?ieeie
ie?oaeathueo oeeoe. Ainaiaeue ninoieo ec o?ao iaae?ana, ?aniieiaeaiiuo
neiiao?e/ii ia o?ao noi?iiao ii/oe eaaae?aoiie ieiuaaee: n caiaaeiie
noi?iiu iaoiaeeony oaea oiiiyiooia iaae?ana Oeoaaaea, n ainoiea e thaa —
iaae?ana Oe?-aei? e Oeeey-ea?i, nii?oaeaiiua aeaoiy noieaoeyie iicaea.
Oanaaeu iaae?ana ?aniieiaeaiu oae, /oi iauaaeeiythuay eo ieiuaaeue
aini?eieiaaony eae ioe?uoue n iaeiie noi?iiu a?aiaeeiciue aeai? n o?aiy
a?iiaaeiuie ii?oaeaie. Aaiiao?e/anee /aoeea iauaiu niiinoaaeaiu a yniii
?eoia. Ianneaiinoue caeaiee o?aaiiaaoeaaaony naiaiaeiui aceaoii
no?aeue/aouo a?ie ii?oaeia, iiuiuie aa?oeeaeyie ieia?aoia. A niieieiii
aaee/ee canouee a?oeoaeoo?iua eieinnu, noaiu eioi?uo, eoiiea, ieeiiu e
ieia?aou naa?eatho iiae thaeiui nieioeai y?eeie e?aneaie ec?acoeiauo
oci?ia e iaaeienae.
Eniaiey. Aeaaiui a?oeoaeoo?iui ainaiaeai A?aiaaeu aue aeai?aoe
Aeueaaia?a, iniiaiay /anoue iino?iae eioi?iai ioiineony e 14 a..
Aeai?aoe ?aniieiaeai ia aunieii oieia. Ii ie?oaeai e?aiinoiie noaiie
e?aniiai oeaaoa (ii-a?aanee «e?aniay» — «ae-oai?a»). Aeai?aoe ii?aaeaao
aiaaonoaii eioa?uea?ia, i?aaeiacia/aiiuo e aeey iuoiuo i?eaiia e aeey
eioeiiie aeecie ainoi/iiai aeanoaeeia. Iniiaiua iiiauaiey a?oiie?othony
aie?oa aeaoo aieueoeo ioe?uouo aeai?ia — Ie?oiaiai e Eueaeiiai. Ii
ieaie?iaea Aeueaaia?u, a eioi?ie iao no?iaie neiiao?ee, ioee/aaony
naiaiaeie. ?annoaiiaea caiieiythueo aeai?u oiieeo eieiii eaaeaony
neo/aeiie. Noaeaeoeou, neiaii aeaaioneea niou, nioneathony ni naiaeia;
ia noaiao, a?eao e ea?iecao ?acaa?ouaathony neiaeiua, iino?iaiiua ia
ni/aoaiee aieoaiai, e?aniiai e cieioiai, i?iaiaioaeueiua oci?u. A
oa?ainoaa eioa?uea?ia i?eiaiaiu ?aciioeaaoiua i?aii? e eaiaiue,
?ane?aoaiiue aeaaano?, iicaeea e ethno?iaua ea?aie/aneea ecaeaeey. A
a?oeoaeoo?o aeai?oea i?aaie/anee aeeth/aiu aiaea e caeaiue. Auethuea ec
oiioaiia naa?eathuea no?oi aiaeu iaeeaeytho e aeiiieiytho aa?oeeaeueiue
?eoi eieiii. Eo io?aaeaiea a ca?eaeueiie iiaa?oiinoe aiaeiaiia aua aieaa
oneeeaaao aia/aoeaiea eaaeinoe e o?oieinoe a?oeoaeoo?iuo oi?i.
Aeueaaia?a ia?aiineo /aeiaaea a ie? aieoaaiie ainoi/iie neacee, iiei?yao
no?iaei niieienoaeai, aioo?aiiae aa?iiieae e /oanoaii ia?u.
No?ieoaeuenoai ia/aoe ia/aeinue ii ?anii?yaeaieth noeoaia, eioi?iio auei
oiaaea 19 eao. Ii i?aaeaieth, ii oioae ec-ca iaeioi?uo a?aoia thiinoe
oieeinoeaeoue Aeeaoa. E oiio aea ii iiaeienae n iaeiei ec i?aaeoaeae
aeeianoee Aaanao?aia aeiaiai?, a eioi?ii i?eciaaae oiai ?aaiui naaa.
Yoi, aeaeeii, e auei ?aoathuei iiiaioii: noeoai n/ae naay iaycaiiui
ioaee/ii i?iyaeoue naith aa?o e iniaoth i?eaa?aeaiiinoue eneaio.
A?oeoaeoi? Iaoiaae-aaa caaa?oee yoio oaaeaa? ciae/anoaa ca naiue eao.
Ieiiaaa o?ia ai?io ai aioo?aiiai aeai?a ia/aoe, iiaeii iiaeieoe e
aiaoiae eieiiiaaea ec a?aieoa, ia e?uoa eioi?ie 30 iaeaiueeeo eoiieia.
Aieueoie aioo?aiiee aeai? ia/aoe ie?oaeai ii? oeeaie. A oeaio?a aai
?aniieaaaaony oanoeoaieueiue oiioai, iiiynaiiue oanoueth eieiiiaie ni
no?aeue/aouie a?eaie. Oaeea oiioaiu /anoi ano?a/athony a ia/aoyo e
eiatho aiieia i?aeoe/aneia cia/aiea: caeanue aa?othuea niaa?oatho
iiiaaiea. A ia/aoe (ni noi?iiu ieiuaaee Aoiaeaeai) eiaaony auacae, /a?ac
eioi?ue noeoai, ia neacay n eiiy, iia iiianoue a naie iieie a ia/aoe.
Iniiaaiea ia/aoe — i?yiioaieueiee ni noi?iiaie 72o64 iao?a. Eoiie
aeeaiao?ii o iniiaaiey 33,6 iao?a eaaeeo ia aa?aaaia, eioi?ue iie?aaony
ia 4 iieoeoiiea. Ana yoi iiaeaea?aeeaaaony /aou?ueiy i?aii?iuie
noieaaie, aeeaiao? eaaeaeiai ec eioi?uo ?aaai iyoe iao?ai. Aieiaua
aaea?ae ia?acothony i?aii?iuie eieiiiaie e no?aeue/aouie a?eaie, eioi?ua
oaaee/eaatho e aac oiai ia?iiiue iieeoaaiiue cae, io/aai aioo?e ia/aoe
nicaeaaony aia/aoeaiea iaiaueiiaaiiiai i?inoi?a. I/aiue eioa?anii a
ia/aoe ?aniieiaeaiea eoiieia. Aieueoie oeaio?aeueiue eoiie ie?oaeai
/aou?ueiy iieoeoiieaie, a iiae ieie iaoiaeyony aua /aou?a eoiiea. Yoa
no?oeoo?a iieiinoueth ?ane?uaaaony oieueei aioo?e ia/aoe. *aou?a
aieueoeo, noiyueo ia neiiiaueeo iiaao eieiiiu aea?aeao anth eoiieueioth
eiino?oeoeeth. Ii/oe ineaieythuee yooaeo iiiaeo ouny/ ieeoie iia au
noaoue iaayc/eaui, anee au aioo?aiiaa i?ino?ainoai ia auei oaeei
iauaiiui, a naao ia no?oeeny au ec 260 ieii.
Noaiu ii/oe io iiea aei aa?oiaai ?yaea ieii iie?uou oeaaoiie iaeieeeie,
n?aaee eioi?ie i?aiaeaaeaao aieoaay. Yoi aeaei ia/aoe Aoiaaea aoi?ia
iacaaiea — Aieoaay ia/aoue. Ieo?aa ec oeaaoiiai i?aii?a yaeyaony
iienoeia oaaeaa?ii, eai o?oaeii iiaa?eoue, /oi ec i?aii?a iiaeii
nioeaoue noieue aeeaiue oiieee oci?. Ia noaia (neaaa io ieo?aaa) a ?aiea
oe?aieai eonie nayuaiiiai eaiiy ec Eaaau. Ieo?aa (iieeoaaiiay ieoa,
ia?auaiiay a noi?iio Iaeee) e ieiaa? (eaoaae?a aeey /oaiey i?iiiaaaeae)
au?acaiu ec aaeiai i?aii?a. Iie ia/aoe iie?uo oienoui, a iniiaiii
auaea?aeaiiui a e?aniuo oiiao eia?ii, iaeiaei aeiieie?othuaa aia/aoeaiea
nicaeaaony aieoaeciie ieeoie, eioi?ua a eiee/anoaa aieaa 200 000
oe?aoatho ia/aoue aioo?e. Caeanue ano?a/athony ai iiiaeanoaa iooaiee
aieoaiai e neiaai, e oieueei i?e aeeaeaeoai ?anniio?aiee iiaeii
?acee/eoue e iiiai/eneaiiua ae?oaea oeaaoa.
Eiaeey. Oaaeae-Iaoae nii?oaeai ia aa?aao ?aee Aeaeaiiu, a aeaoo
eeeiiao?ao io ai?iaea Aa?a, eioi?ue n 1526 ii 1707 aiae (ia?yaeo n
Aeaee) aue noieeoeae Iiaieueneie eiia?ee. Yoio iaiyoiee-iaacieae
iiaanoaoao i iaaeiie ethaae i?aaeoaey ec aeeianoee Aaeeeeo Iiaieia e
naiae aeaia — e?anaaeoea Ioioac Iaoae (a aeaae/anoaa — A?aeaeoiaiaae
Aaio Aaaai), ieaiyiieoea neeueiiai e aeeyoaeueiiai oea?aaeai?oea i?e
aeai?a eiaeeeneiai i?aaeoaey. Eiy A?aeaeoiaiaae Aaio Aaaai ie?oaeaii
eaaaiaeaie e oaeiaie. A 1612 aiaeo a aeaayoiaaeoeaoeeaoiai aic?anoa iia
auoea caioae ca i?eioea Eoo??aia, noaaoaai caoai iaaeeoaoii
Oao-Aeaeaoaiii. Ai a?aiy naaaeaaiie oea?aiiiee ioaoe aeaieoa, a?iciue
Aeaeaiae?, ia?ae naith iaaanoeo e ieaiyiieoeo naiae aeaiu — «Oe?aoaieai
aeai?oea» (Ioioac Iaoae). Iieiaeua noi?oae iaaeii ethaeee ae?oa ae?oaa.
O?aioeocneee a?a/, oeeinio e iooaoanoaaiiee O?ainoa Aa?iuea, i?iaeeaoee
a Eiaeee aeaaiaaeoeaoue eao, ioia/ae a naieo caieneao, /oi Oao-Aeaeaoai
aue ianoieueei aethaeai a naith iieiaeoth aeaio, /oi «ia ia?auae
aieiaiey ia ae?oaeo aeaiuei, iiea iia auea aeeaa». A aaaeue o iaai, eae
o ethaiai ainoi/iiai i?aaeoaey, aue aa?ai — e aieueoie.
A 1629 aiaeo, /a?ac aiae iinea ainoanoaey ia i?anoie, Oao-Aeaeaoai n
aieneii auoae ec Aa?u e iai?aaeeny ia tha, /oiau iiea?aoue iaianoieea
iyoaaeiiai Aeaeaia. Ainnoaiea auei iiaeaaeaii, iaianoiee niauai, ii a
Aa?o Oao-Aeaeaoai aa?ioeny iaeei. Ioioac Iaoae, ieeiaaea ia
?aceo/aaoayny n ioaeai, ai a?aiy yoiai iioiaea oia?ea o iaai ia ?oeao,
?iaeea aio /aou?iaaeoeaoiai ?aaaiea. Ai?a aai auei ianoieueei aaeeei,
/oi ii oioae iieii/eoue n niaie. Nia/aea Ioioac iioi?iieee a ai?iaea
Ao?oaiio?a (oa??eoi?ey iuiaoiaai ooaoa Iaaeouey-I?aaeao), iineieueeo oai
?acaeei eaaa?ue aienei Oao-Aeaeaoaia. E eeoue /a?ac oanoue ianyoeaa a?ia
n aa oaeii ia?aaacee a Aa?o, aaea aiineaaenoaee iaae aa iiaeeie aicianny
iaacieae, eioi?ue (ii caiuneo Oao-Aeaeaoaia) aeieaeai aue noaoue
neiaieii e?aniou aai oniioae noi?oae. No?ieoaeuenoai iyoeeoiieueiiai
caeaiey iaacieay, i?aainoiaeyuaai ?acia?aie e ?ineioueth ana inoaeueiua,
auaoea oiaaea a Eiaeee, i?iaeieaeaeinue aieaa aeaaaeoeaoe eao (i?eia?ii
n 1630 ii 1652 aiae). Aunioa Oaaeae-Iaoaea aianoa n eoiieii aeinoeaaao
74 iao?ia. A Iniiaaiee iaiyoieea eaaeeo eaaae?aoiay ieaooi?ia ni
noi?iiaie aieaa 95 iao?ia. Ii oaeai iaacieay iiaeieiathony /aou?a
ieia?aoa. Noaiu Oaaeae-Iaoaea aueiaeaiu iiee?iaaiiui i?aii?ii, nia?oaee
a iaeioi?uo ianoao aeiiieiaiu e?aniui ian/aieeii. A ieiao e a?eao —
aaeo?iua ?aoaoee, naiae/aoua ia?aoiaeu oe?aoaiu a?aaneie aycueth,
eioi?ay ia?aianea ia eaiaiue 14 ec 114 no? Ei?aia.
A no?ieoaeuenoaa yoiai a?aiaeeiciiai nii?oaeaiey o/anoaiaaei aei 20 000
/aeiaae. Eiy a?oeoaeoi?a, aiieioeaoaai caiunae Oao-Aeaeaoaia,
iaecaanoii. Iaeioi?ua i?eienuaatho nicaeaiea yoiai iaiyoieea ie?iaiai
eneonnoaa aa?iiaeneei ciae/ei. Iaeiaei eco/aiea a?oeoaeoo?iuo
iniaaiiinoae Oaaeae-Iaoaea iicaieyao naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi a iai
aiieioeeenue eo/oea /a?ou n?aaeiaaaeiaie a?oeoaeoo?u E?aia e N?aaeiae
Acee aianoa n iiioiaioaeueiui eneonnoaii ae?aaiae Eiaeee. «Nicaeaoaeue
Oaaeae-Iaoaea, aea?iaaa naiei eneonnoaii, aannia?oea Oao-Aeaeaoaio, nai
ia iiaeae neaau, oioy e nicaeae oai?aiea, eioi?ia yaeyaony naiui
cia/eoaeueiui ai anae enoi?ee eiaeeeneie a?oeoaeoo?u. A oa a?aiaia
ianoa?a inoaaaeenue aacuiyiiuie», — n ai?a/ueth aiai?ee eiaeeeneee
enneaaeiaaoaeue N.I. Eaioiai. Ii ae?oaea o/aiua aaoi?ii yoiai oaaeaa?a
iacuaatho ?aciuo, ii aiieia eiie?aoiuo eeoe. Iaeiaei iaeaieaa oe?iei
?ani?ino?aiaii iiaiea, /oi a ?ac?aaioea i?iaeoa Oaaeae-Iaoaea i?eiyee
o/anoea eo/oea ciae/ea Eiaeee e ae?oaeo no?ai Ainoiea ai aeaaa n aa?neei
a?oeoaeoi?ii Onoaae-Enie. Ia eneeth/aii, /oi iaeiei ec aaoi?ia aue nai
Oao-Aeaeaoai, iaeaaeaaoee iacao?yaeiui ooaeiaeanoaaiiui aeonii.
Aie?oa Oaaeae-Iaoaea a Aa?a Oao-Aeaeaoai iinaaeee aaeeeieaiiue naae,
iino?iaiiue ii i?eioeeio *a? Aaaa: ia o/anoea caiee, ?acaeaeaiiii ia
/aou?a /anoe. A oeaio?a iaoiaeeony i?aii?iue aiaeiai. A ioee/ea io
ae?oaeo nii?oaeaiee, eioi?ua iau/ii iiiauaeenue a oeaio?a naaea,
Oaaeae-Iaoae ?aniieiaeai a aai ia/aea. Aaeieue i?ineoaeueiiai eaiaea n
oiioaiaie iinaaeaiu eeia?enu, i/a?oaiey e?ii eioi?uo aa?iiie?otho n
eoiieaie /aou?ao ieia?aoia. Iai?ioea Oaaeae-Iaoaea, ia ae?oaii aa?aao
Aeaeaiiu, Oao-Aeaeaoai aeoiae aicaanoe aua iaeio a?iaieoeo — aeey naay.
Ii caiuneo, aai iaacieae aeieaeai aue aini?iecaanoe oi?iu Oaaeae-Iaoaea,
ii aue au naeaeai ia ec aaeiai, a ec /a?iiai i?aii?a. Iaa iaacieay
aeieaeiu auee niaaeeiyoueny iinoii. Iaeiaei ieaiu e caiuneu
Oao-Aeaeaoaia ia inouanoaeeenue. Eiaaea Oao-Aeaeaoai oyaeaei caaieae,
anoae aii?in, eiio ec nuiiaae caiyoue aai i?anoie. Noa?oee nui,
Aea?a-oeeie, aue aaeeiiiuoeaiieeii iooea, aeaaea e i?aaeaaea. Ii oioae
aaeeinoaa no?aiu, ie?a n eiaeonaie, nithca n ?aaeaeiooneeie e
ia?aooneeie ?aaeaeaie. Ionoeueiaineea ioeeu e aaeueiiaee noaiie noiyee
ca aoi?iai nuia — Ao?aiacaaa, aeanoieiai e i?a/iiai ionoeueiaineiai
oaiaoeea. Ao?aiacaa iiaaaeee a?aoa e aioae a Aa?o n aieneaie. Caeanue ii
ociae, /oi ioaoe aeaaiiieo/ii aucaei?iaae e ia niae?aaony inaiaiaeaeaoue
o?ii. Ii aeanoue, iaeiaaeaeu iiiaaooth a ?oee, iaeaaei aeia?iaieueii
ioaeaaaoue. Neieueei aua i?iaeeaao ioaoe? E Ao?aiacaa i?eeacae
a?anoiaaoue iooea e caoi/eoue aai a e?aiinoue.
…Oae 1659 aiae. O oth?aiiiai ieia noiye Aaeeeee Iiaie Oao-Aeaeaoai,
aeanoeoaeue Eiaeee, aaee/ea eioi?iai auei aaca?aie/iui… Eiy eioi?iai
iiaa?aaei a o?aiao… Acaeyae eioi?iai aue no?aoiaa iieiee… Oaia?ue o
iaai ie/aai ia auei. O oth?aiiiai ieia noiye aieueiie iaiiuiue noa?ee, o
eioi?iai a aeecie inoaeenue oieueei aeaa ?aaeinoe: iioeaaea, eioi?oth
i?eiineee oieueei aa/a?ii, e oceia ieii-aieieoea a noaia. Ieii ia
aiauaei a naay ie ?uaeeo i?iiueaiiuo aeieei, ie oaiiuo eou iaiaiauo
aea?aaueaa o o?aiia, ie aeeiyiuo eoaeeia aea?aaaineeo aeiieeia. Ec
oyaeaeie eaiaiiie ?aiu ieia aue aeaeai eeoue eaaeee, eae iaeaei, aaeue
iaacieae aeaaii oia?oae aeaiu. Oyaeaei aieueiie, iono?aiaiiue io aeanoe,
Oao-Aeaeaoai /anaie niio?ae ec aa?neie e?aiinoe ia Oaaeae-Iaoae, aaea
iieieeanue Ioioac Iaoae, eioi?oth ii oae ethaee. A iinea nia?oe e ii aue
iia?aaai a yoie aea a?iaieoea, a iaeiii neeaia n Ioioac Iaoae. Nae/an
i?yii iaae neeaiii, a oeaio?aeueiii caea, oe?aoaiiii i?iaiaioii ec
cieioa e na?aa?a, eaaeao aeaa eaiaiiua ieeou: iaeia — iaae iiaeeie
Ioioac Iaoae, ae?oaay — iaae iiaeeie Oao-Aeaeaoaia. I Oaaeae-Iaoaea
neiaeaii iiiai eaaaiae. A iiiaea thiioe, no?aaeay io aacioaaoiie ethaae,
acae?aeenue ia ieia?aou e eeaeaeenue aiec n aa?ie, /oi ia oii naaoa
aeiauethony ?aniieiaeaiey aicethaeaiiie. Iioii aoiaeu ia ieia?aou
cae?uee, /oiau ioeaaeeoue aethaeaiiuo, aea?oaothueo aeeciueth.
Oaaeae-Iaoae a Aa?a noae iaeiei ec iaeaieaa ciaiaieouo iaiyoieeia
ie?iaiai ciae/anoaa. I?aii? noai, aaaou e aeiacu, ae?aieaiiua a caaeoee
i?iaiaioa, ono?aieaiiue aaunue eoiie a?iaieoeu, aeiai io?aaeathueeny a
aiaeao Aeaeaiiu e ia?aeeaathueeny ii/ueth a naaoa eoiu — oaeia
Oaaeae-Iaoae, ainiaoue nioiyie iiyoia.
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u
1. Aeania A.A. Ionoeueiaineia eneonnoai
2. Aieueoie yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue ecia?aceoaeueiiai eneonnoaa
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