????
«E???a ?????? ????»
I???a e ????y
E???? ???e ???? ???u ???: «????e ? ??yo!» E??i ??o ???y? ???? ?n???i ???
i ???? ???? eth?e. I??a ?????e ???e n ?? ??e, ???a ??a ?ay ?????a ?ae
??? ????u ??? e ?? ???, ???a ??o ????? i ???, ? ??? i ??i ???i. O??i
???? ? ??a, ??a e ?n??ath??y a ??o ?i??a ?e ???a ??nyo ? ?n ??e eth?e,
???o ?ny???y ??ae. I???? ? ?y??ey ?????? ??e eth?e ? ??????ue, ? ? ??i
????? ??? i ?i, ??? ??? ?? ?????a eth?, i ?i ?e ???, ai ?i ?e ??? e ?e
?????? ???th?e ??. *?? ?e-? ???????? ???u?? ????y e ?????? ? ??????a,
??? ????tho ????, ?????e ?e ??th??e ? ?e ?????e ??????e ????? — ????e,
???a ? ?o ?? ??o a ????? ???o ???u ??????i ???. I??i ? y?i, ????? ? y?
???a n ??? ??? ? ??ue ?????e ??? ???ey, ?e ?e ????? ??????e, ????? a
??????e ?e ??? ??y?e. O?, a ?o?eyo I?? A??e, ?a ???y ??o «?????? ???a,
???i? ????? ???e ???e ???u ???ey, ?y ???ey ???e ????? ??????a ?????a ?oy
? a ??e ??? ??? ???ey. I?? ???? ???ath?y ?????? no?? ? ???a I??. C??
????u ??a ????? ??i?? ??i «?????? eth?e, ???a ??e ??? ?????th ?????? e a
??i ???? ??iy?e ?? y?i ????? e ???eth ??ue ????o ???. E?? ??, ? a ??i
???a i?a ???? ???? ? ?i ? ?y?e ? ??? o?i e ???. A?? y?o ???n ?e i?? ???,
??? ?????? ???y?. Oai, ?a ?a ??? ???i ??? ???a ???, ??oy ??i ????i ??i
?o ??? ???e ??????? ??? ?c???, ? ???o ???ue ??a ????. E ????, ???a «??a
???? ??a ???? ????e ????? ??o ???ey e ???? ???a ???? ? ??a ????o ???e.
I??i ? ????i ??? ???i, ??? ???th?y ??? ???i. E?????y, ?????a y?????,
???e, ??ath?? «?????a ????», ????th?y ?e ???? ?????? ??c ???ey e ?????a
????y eth?e, ??? ?ny?e ?ny/ ?o ??ae.
N???ny, ?i eth? ??i?? ?? ?? a ??? ???ee n ????. I? y?y?? ??ueth y??????
???u, ???th ???ey? ???ay ???i?y ???e. *??? ??y?th ???e ? i???? ???e e
????? ?? a ???a, ?a ? ?e, e ???? ???? ?e ???y?ny ??????i ???i. O? i?iy
?????? ?????ue, ??ay ??ue ????a a ???? ??.
Oi, ?i ?????e ???e ? ??eye ?ay ? ???th?e ??u, ???ey? ?i ???ey?a ???th??
?? e ?????e ???ey. Ae??? eth? ? ???? ???e a n????? ????e y?? ??a, ? a?i
??i ?iy?a ???i ???a ??? e ????e ??o-?? y???, a ? ??a???? ?? ????? y??y?,
???a ????e ??i. A ????? ?????a ??a?a ????i ??, ???a ??? ?? ?uy??ue
?????oaa ???. Eth? ????? ? ???th?e ?? ?? ???? e ???a, ? ?? ??????e ?i.
I???? ???, ???, ???e ????e ??e ??? ?e eth?e, ????? ?????????e ?????.
A???, a ???? ??i???i ???? ???u ??o ?????? e ????????? ? ??????, ?i ?? ?
?????e ????a ?????ey, ?o ?? ??u ???a ?????a ?iyoey, ????o eth?a y??? a
?i ????e ??i ????? ?????? ???? e ????. N? ?? ??no?? ?e ??? ????, ?a
????? e ???e ??????ue ????i, ?i ?y?y ??ue ??o ?? ??? ????y?? a ???i ??
y??e. I????? eth? ???? ???a?i ??? ???y?? ???e. A ? ??a?e ?i ?? ????i ?
?a ??e — ??????? e ??iy?a. I???e??? ??y ? ?? ???i a ??i ????e y?? ??a.
I? ??? ? ?? ????, ????o ??????a a ?i n??ey ? ?????ue e ??? ? ??e ?????y
— ?e ???ue ??i, ??iy?i ???y?? e ??????ue a ?o??o ???e. A? ?????a ?????i
?????? a ?o, ???e ?????e ???a?? n ???e ??ueth e ? ?e ???i ? ?a.
AE?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???ey? e ? ????a ??o-?? ????o ????.
Eth? ae??u ?? ? ?? ????ue ????, ?o?? ?? ?? ? ????. E??i ??????a ?????
??o e ?o ? ???? ????y ????ue ?????ueth. N?????e ???a ?????y, ????? ?? —
?y??? ???u ? ?????? ???ey, ?ae- ????? ??? e ?????i ????.
I???ey ?? ??i ?y?? n ????. N???ny, ?i ??e ? ??????? ?? ?????e ???e ?e
????, ? ?? ????? ???i — ?y??? ??i ???? ?e ????, ?o?? ???tho ?????e ?ycy?
n i???i, y?yth?y ?i ???? e ?????yie. I?????i a ?????i ???? ?????ue ??y
?e ??? «???????» ? ???th?th ??o a ??o ????o, ???a?, ????? ??o ????i.
O??, ??ae??e ? ??eth ??????a, ???e ?????y? ?ey? ? ??, ???ye ?yae ?????
??y?a.
A?a a ??th ?????nue ? ?? ???? ????o: ??? ??aey e ??? ????. Ae??? eth?
???e, ?i ???? ????? ????. O?, ?? i???? ?????a ?ny ??? n ??th??? ?? ?????
???a, ? ? ??y ???? ??u ??o ?? ??iy?e ??. C?? ???? ???, ?i ??, ???a ???u
?? a ???????e ae?a n ???, ????tho ????????ue ? ???y?e ??a ?????y ???oa.
Oi ?? ?? ?y? ??th-?? ?? /???a, ?i ??? ?e ????? ??e e ????ue ?ae ??
?????oth?a ????ea ???ey, y? ???? ??ey? ? ??i? ????, ???? — ???e ? ??
??o.
N ?????e ???ey? ?e ?y?i e ??yae ????e — ??y??y th??e e ???e ? ????, ??a
?? ?e ????ue ??????e ???e ???e. TH?? ????e ??c ?yae ??? oy??o e ???o
????, ? ??y ???o ?e «???? e «??????» a ??i ????. Ae??? ??y?? a ??? ???,
? ??? e ?e ?????? ??? ?????i ?????.
I ????yo ?????o eth?e ??e ??? ? ????. Aeey ??, ??u ?????? ? ?????a
????y, ??? ??e?otho ????y ?????? ???a, ???a ?????ue a ????o ??yo ??a.
I???a ????a ??u ??a ?????ue o ??????o ?????, ???a ???? y?o ???e ?a a
???? e n ?o ?? ?? ?????u io ????? ??. O?? ???i, ????u A????, ???a
???th?y ??? ??? e ???????i, ? ?atho ??iy?? ??u, ???e ? ?n ???? ????a
?????? ??????y eth?e.
A?????ay ????y ??i ?y?? n ????? ??ueth ???. Eo ?? ?ey?y ? y??????a, ? ??
i??????? ?y ??, e y??????, ? ?? ??????a, a ?????e ???o ??y?tho ??? ??a
??y? ????e. E?? ??, ????a y?????? ?? ??????u ??? ?y ??? e ???ny a ???a ?
???.
Ae???a a ??o ????? ? a ???? ???e, a a ??????? — ??a, ??a ???e ?a ? ??.
O?? ??y o ?????a ??????o ??? ?????ny ?i ? ???, ?i e ?????. Y? ????o ? ?,
?i ?? ?? i ???yo, ? ???a ? ?????iyth?y a????a ???????.
A A???? ??o ???a ????? ????o ???, ?y?? ??e-e?i ??? ????e o ?o ? ?????.
O??a ??eytho ???? ???: Oe????ay A???ey, ?a ????a ??????ny ??a ???o
????e, N???y e TH?-A???ay A???ey, ????y ????y ???e i????a ????a ??????a
????y. A?aeyth?y ????i ???? nth??? ??i ??a.
N??e ???? ??ath?y ?? i ????eyo ???? ???a. O???a ??? a ???? ?e ????
a???ath?y ? ?ith ???. E??a y? ?????a ??n??o a ??a ???a ?e ??????y. I???i
????yth?y ? ??? ??, ???u, ?iy?e e ???e a ??. I???, ????a ??, ??e ??yo
?ae ??th, ????y? a ???e — ?y??? ???? ????ey. Ia ??a ?y??ey ???e ??ath?y
?o????a ???. Y? ???? ?????a e ?????a ??, ?e ????? y??????a, ???a
?uy?ytho ??????a ???i-??aeue ???? ?? ? ???? ????eyo i??i, ????ay ? ?y???
?y????e ???? ???a. A?e a ?????o ???o A???? ???? ??? ????eyth?y a ??
????? (??????o) ???a, ? ? ??? e ???a ?e — eth?. I???a ?? a ??? ????? ??a
?????ue o ????a i??? ??. C????e ?????e ???? XIX ?? ssi A????e ???e ???o,
?uy?yth?th ?y??? a ?? ?? ??e ? ???iue ???? ???, ?????i «O??i ???»: «I???
??i a ??th y?oth ?? n ??? ? tha ??e, ??y ??i, ??, ?n n ??e y?? ??i ??? e
???a ????, ???e ??? ?y?? ?ith ??. A??e y? ???? e eth?, ???a ?????? n
???u. A?? ??i??y ??e ??, ???ny ???e ??, eth?, ?ey?, ???? ? ???, a ??,
???? ??i ????i ???a, ???? ??, ???y ? ???? e ????a?y a ???. A???? ?, ???
e ???i, ???a ? ?n n ??e, ? ?i ??i ??a ?? ????? a ??th». I???y ? ????a
?????? ????y, a y?e ???a ????? ?oei ???? ??????? ?o, ?uy?yth?e ?y???
?y???i ??y, ???e a yc???e ??? ??? ???? ????ey.
A??th ???th ??? ??????o ??a ???eytho ??????y i ???? ??e e ????, ? ??
????ey e ?????ey. A??a, ??????y i ???a e? ??? ??i o ??????o ????? ???u
???? ??i. A ??o ?? ?? ??? i ?????? a ?? ????ee ????ey ????? ???e e ?i
?e??? ???e. I???a ? ?? e y??ey ? ??tho ??ue?-??? ??? ??, ?? ???a ???ay
?e ???? e ??????a ????. O??a ???? ?a ???? ???? ??????o ??a i ??????e
????.
A ??? ???? ???ath?y ????ey «??? eth??, ???a ??i ?????? a yu??. I??????
??y ?? ???a ??e, e ?ae ?????ueth ??? ????e ??? ???u ???o ??, ? ???o ???
eth? ? ????? ????, ??e e ???e. «A??a
eth?» ??e ? e ????e. I??, ???ay a ?? ????o ???, ?e ae?e ???i ?????o
????? ??, ???a??e, ????e e ??ue. C?? ???o ????, ?i ??? ??????y eth?e ?
??? ?? «???????» ????? ??????? e a ????yo ??? ???a, ?iy?? ? ?????i ??a
???e ???e ???ey. O?, a «N??e Y?» ???????? ?a I?i ??ey? ????a ????u
eth?e, ?e ? ????y ?.
N???i ??? ??? ??????o ??????o ??a, ???a ? ??a ?? ?/?y ??, ???th ??ay?
??y??ny ???. A??? ??? E??a ??ye ??, e ? ?i ???? ??e ????u. C?ai ??? ?
??e ?? E??a — eth?, ???a ??? ????y ? ?????. A ???????? ????e ????? ?o i
???? E??, ???e ????? ??? E??a.
N?ay ??iyy ??? ??????o ??a — ???ey i ?????o ???o. Ia ??? A???? — y?
«???y ??», ???y ????o a ???i??? ??? ?e ???e. Y? ????e y?yth?y ??????e e
?????e ??y?. *?? ? ?????? ??-???, ?o?? ?y?i n ??????th, ???th-??ae, ???
e ?????? ?ith. A ????yo TH?-A???? A?e y?o ??c ?????y a ?cy?a ??y, ?th??
???oth ?? e ???yth?? y?i ?????? ?? ethaeyi a ?? ??? e ?e ??a. Ia
th?-???a Aan??? ?????i ???i y?y?ny «???e ??». I???? ????a?? ??atho, ?i
y? — ???o ????e?? i ???? ??-???.
N????e ??, ???y?? A???eth n A???e, ??i ???ny ? ???i ?a, a ? ?i ??a
????eny I??n?e ????a. Ia ??i ? ???? y?? ?????, I?? A??a, ?ou ????i ????y
??e ? ?n a ??? ?????????. I??? e ?????u ??? a ??a ??? ????ey n o? ? ???,
?i e ??????a ????u, ??? ??? ?ee ? ?o a ??i ????.
E????y ?????? e ???? ????ue ec y??????o ????. A?e a ?????e? ??o a ????
????a (???a) ???atho ??-?? ?e ??????? (????????) ??e, ????a ?????ny a
??, ? o ???? ??? nth?? i N??a e E?a ?e ????????y ??????eyo, e ???????a
?? ???th?y ?e ?y-?? ?????. Oi ?? ???u ??atho, ?i i? ??? ??? ? ???. N???i
??n???eyi ???e I?? A??e, ?? ???y ia ?e ??e: ??, ?a ???? ??atho ????;
??y, ?? ?e ???th?y, ??atho eth?e e ???yo ? ??a ????; ????e ??, ?a ??atho
?? ???o. I?i e ??y ???yth?y ?e ??? ???? ??? (???? ??a), a ?? ? ??th ??o
/?? ?????th ??.
A ??a ???e ??????e ????e a ??? ????? ??? ??a ???atho ??uey-????, a ???
??a-?? ??aeyo ? ??? ?? e ???y?y ? ??e?e. E? ???i, ?? ? ???a «??? e
?????? ???o — «a???» ??o. Ii-????, ????? ????a a ???? ????o ??? ???o i
?????i ??? ??ae ??, ?e ?????, i????? ???th ????????? ?e. Aeey ???o ?????
??a ????? ??? ??? ????o ??? n ??a??e, ???a ??tho ?y????e ???a e ???yo ??
ethaeyi.
E? o ????, ?e e o ?????? eth? ???atho ? ???a?u ???, ? ?aey?o ????a ?e ?
??a ?? ??????, ???a ?? ??i ?? ??? e ???e.
A??e ???e ???e ????? e ??????o ??a yaeyth?y ???ey i ???? ??? eth?e n
???. A y?o ??o ??????ny i ????o eth?e n ????? ???, ?i ?? ??i ?? ?y?? n
????y? ??. A ????? y?? ?????? ???e?y ???? e ?y?yth?y ???e. A??a, ?? a
??a (?cy?) ???u e ??a ???o ???? ???? ??i a ??????? ??????yo ???? e
??i???a. O?y? ???u ????eytho a ?? ?? e ????? ???e ???? n i????? ???? e
??aa?, ???a ??o a ??o, ???o, ????, ?iiyo e ??o e ???tho ?????? ??u
????y. Ae?e ???o ???? ????ue ????a ??u, ?oy ?????tho ????ny ?????.
I??y?? ??i ? ???ey — ??y ???o, ???y ????ony ???e ? ?? ??o, ? n iay?????
????? ??????? e ?? ???.
Ae????a ???? ??????? ??????e ??i ????? ? ???a ???e I????, ???a ???tho
??? ????e a I??? ?????? ??????y?. A Oe????? I???? ?a ? ?y??ey ?i ?????
???y ???n ?????y ??? ?????. I???? ???y? ??e, ???a ???? ??i ?? ?????? e
????? ???e. I?????ay ????y ?? ?????a ?e ? ????i, ?e ae???????y, e ??ue
???? ? ?a. I?????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???, ? ??i ??u ???a????? ? e ??e a
??? ???i. A???e ??????? ??? y?yth?y: O???a — ??a ????, ?a-???, ?a ??y e
??; Oaia — ?a ??a e ????; ??? — ?a-?????oe, ?a ????ey e ??; Oo — ?a ??u.
N?a ??????y ????y ???o ? ?? ???? ???.
I??e ?? ??a — ????ey e ?????ey. C?? ???i ??? ????o ?? ? 4 ??a. I??????
??o ??, ??i ?a ??ey? ?? ? ??e, ???ay ?? ??i ?y ????? ????. I?? y?? ?
??ao eth?e ? ??u ?e iy?? ????. A?ue ??a ??, ???? ???i ???a eth? ????e ?
???, a ??e — io ?????o ???a.
I?????ey ?????? ia ????? ?? ? ??ue ???. C?ey e ??ue ??? ? ???? ??????a??
?? e ????? ??. C?ey, ?? e ????e ?? ?y?? n ???i ???, ???a ?????e ? ??
????yo ??? ???i ?? e ?y?th?i ??? ??o ????? ??y? ????e. I??? ??i y?y?ny
?????i ??o ????e e ????i, a ??a ??? eo ?????y. Y?o ??c ?????e ???io ????
????e ??yae ? ?? e ???eye ?i ??i a ???a.
N???i ????yi ?????? ??a ??? ?? ???o eth?e ???tho, e ??? ??e e ??e ???tho
a ?e, ??????e ?a-? ? ???.
A??e ???e ???e n???e y?y?ny ?? ??a i I?e. I?e — ????? ??e e ????? ??, ?
?? ????. Ni???a a ??i ????a ????? ????? ??y e ????a ??? ??y? a ?? ?
«??i» e «???» ??ueyo. A??a, ???ey i ????? ?? ????e a ?? ???? ??????
??????e ??e ??????? ????.
A ?????i ??????i ???? I?e ?e ????i. Ii ???? ? ????? ?? ??ue e ???? ?th?e
?y ??? ??e, ?e ??? ???? ?????o ? ??? ???a e ??? ? ethaeyi. I?e ??iy?i
???y n ???, ??ay? ?iy? o ?o ?y eth?e ??ue ?? e ?????. I??i ?o ? ???ue
???oue ???. A??y ?? ??a I?e, e n ?o ?? eth? ??e ???u. I?? I?e ??ue ???
????? I???th.
O??e ???e ?? ??a ???eytho ???ey i O??e, ????? ??a e ??? ????????e I?e.
O??e ??o ??i, ???i ?i ??, ???? ??e ?yae oy??o ????e, a ??a ???o ?a??o ??
????o ??.
N??th?i ????? ???ii ???ey ????e ? ??????y ???e? e ?????e e ????yi ??? ?
??? ????iey ?????a ??? A??a th?? N??u. Ae????a ????a A?????i ?????,
??????y ? ??o ??, — ???u e ????u, ???eyth?a ????oth ??. I? ?? ????u ?
thai-??ae «???? ????? ???? ??o e ? ???y??i ???e ??o a ???? ??. Aeey
????e ????? ???a ????? ??????? ???u e ?????? ??????y. Eo ?? ????? a ae?
???o ??a. I??e — ?? i Oe??, ??a a ??? ????, ???e ??a?? a ?? ??u ???,
?????y e ????a. I??? ?a y??ey ???u, ???? ???a, ???? e ?i Oe?i a?e eth??
«???? ???», ???e ??? ? th? A??e ? ???a ???? e ?????. N y?? ?????e ?y??
n????a ??, ???th ?? a ???i ea?e Oe?i. A??i ???i ??? y?yth?y ?? i ????
??o, ? ?? ?????. A??? e ????u ??atho, ?i E?a y?y?ny ???? ??, ?i ???e
???i. I? ???a ? ???o ? ??a, e n eth?? ??? ?? ??a. Ii ???u ???e, ????th?e
?ith ??, ? ???e a ? ???a ?????a. E?a ????? ?i a ??a, a eth? ??e ???ue
????.
A?? ?eth?tho a ?ay ??a 80 ???a, ???a, ???y? ???? ?cy???, ????? ???
???th?y ?? ? ??a ???i ???ey e ???y? ????ey. I??i a ? ????e ????ii ??i
??i ????? ??a ?y ?? ???a ???. O ??o ????? ????? ???? ???? ???, ???e
????? ??? ???th ????th.
E??????? ?? ?ey?y ? y??????a e y??????. A?e ??? ?a?????, ?y ??? ?????y,
? a ????a ??y?? ??? ??u, ???a ??? ??th?tho ??o e ??iytho ? ? ???o
??????a.
A ???yth?i ?????a ??a y?e ??? nth?o ???? ??oth?i ???i. A??? e ??ny??? ?y
????y ??????? ???? ????y e ???eth ?? ???? ??????i, ??? ??? e ??? ? ??u,
???y ?n? ??a y????? ??????th, ???e a??ny ???e ???a ?? ? ??a. E?i? n y?i
ao?? ????i eth? ?????atho e ?????tho ????a ?i??ey. Ii ??? ???? ????? ?
ae? ???i ?? ???? ?????? ??eyo? ???th. E?? eth? ??e ???u, ??ue ?????? a
????? y?i ? ??a? ??????y e ??a?.
I?u ??o i ????? ???? ??? ??????u e ???ath?y ? ?e ???a ???. A ???yo n
???? ???i ???a eth? ?y??? ? ??e ?e ????. A ???yo n ??????e (?y??ueth)
??y e ??e ?????e ???? ?? ???aeyo ?y? n ??n. A ????o ???yo ???? ???
??e-?? ?a, ???e ???? ??? ???a ? ??? ?e ?????o ? ??u. E?? ??, a ????e ??o
????? ??? ?????u ???ey i ?????i ??a. A ??? ??i ? ???, ii ??i ???? ???-??
???? ?e ????i ??? ? ??e ??? ??? ? ??? eth?e.
E???? I????
I????i, ?i ?a o ??????? ???? ??? ?? e ???, ??????ay ?????a ????e. I??i
???? y? ? ????ey?ny ???i?. O?? ?o ??o-?? ????o ?????a?? ?????? i ??????e
???????? ????a a ???i ????a. Iiy?? ?????i ??? ?y??tho ??????a ??n?? n
???????? ? C?? ???? ?????? o?a.
N??e ???? ????e ????? ???? ??ath?y ???e ?????? ?e e ?????ey ??e, ?e
????? «????», ???a ?y??? ? ??? ??? a ??i ??? ???? ????a. A??a eth? ???
????ue ??a ???a ????a?y — i? ??? ????o ??? ?e ??? ?e??, ???e ??? a
?????? ???, ?e ???? ? ??? ??? ????, ? ???o ????ue. O??a ??atho, ?i y?
?????y ??????? a ????? ????o ???o eth?e, ???? ??ia?? ?? ???th ??o.
«ss ??? ?????oth ??o, ??i ?a ????i, e ?o, ??y???, ???th??y ? ???ey, y
???th ? ?????i ?????th ??? ??! Y?o ??? ????ey? ??e ??? ?? a ???ue,
?????oth a ?????th ???? n ????a?? ?????. E? ??o, ?i ??ue ????, ??e
???th? ????. Ii ??o o? 25 ?n. ?o, n ?? ??? ?y, ??a ?e ???e ???? ?????a,
??? ? ??y??, ?e e ?e ???y?? ???, ??e ???e ??e ? ??? a ?i ? ??i ??a, ?a y
?i ??? ?ith ? ??iyo. C?? ? ?e? ???? ????e ?i ??i, e ?o ??? y ?e ? ??ath?
n ?i ??i ?????? e ???????ueth, ???y ?y??? ?n ??c ??. O? ???e, ??ue a
??oth ???o ? ??u, ??e ??e e ??e, ?ye ??? ??? e ????y a ???? ??? e ??a
???. E ?o ? ?? ????. I?? ???i, ?c ?y?? ????, ?c ?????e ????ue ? ??i
????i ????e ??? ??. I???y ? ??? ????a, ????a ????a, ????? ?a?, y?o ???e
???? ????e ? ?iy? ???????i ?? ??? ????i ?o??» — ?e ????e ????a I??? E???
???? ?? ?????y ? ????a ????a, ???u ???? ? ? ???o? ???e a ?u?? O???.
A 1879 ??, ???y a ??? A???? a E???, ???? I???? ? N???? ??ui ????e ?????
???e ???????o eth?e. N????i, ???? ?? ????i a? ????e ???th. I?a ? ??
???u?e ???e ?iy?e ia ?? ???, ?a ???? ??? ???e e ????a: «I?a, ???! A?e!
A?e!» N?o ???y ??? ? ???i ??a ???e ??, ? ???i ????? ????y ??????ay
???ue, ?????ay ??i ???a. Aeey ???e ??????? XIX ?? yoi ???? ?? ????i
???y?i, ?i ??oy ?ae ? ????i ????i-????????i ????a a E???? ???ue ?c ?y??
????ey ?? ?????i ???? ??????? ?ae???, a ?i N???? ?uy?? ??????i ???????i.
I?????ue ????i ?ny?? ?o e ????ay ?y????ue A?e A??y, «?? ????? C???, ??u
i???ueth ???????ue N???? e ???ue ?o ???a ?y.
A? ???? a 1897 ??, ??a ????o Y?eth ???? n ???i ??? ???ue ???? ?????ue
?????a a ?u?? Ae??? ? th? O???. *?? 4 ??, a 1901 ??, A??ue, ????y
?????ue Ae?ae?e, ??e ????i ????? ????. I?e??a ???ey a ?????e ???? ???ae
?? ????? a 1912 ?? ????? Aa???. A ??? Othe ae’I??? ? O????? I??ayo, ?? a
???th ?e ??? ??i ?????a, ???o ?o?? ???y?y ???e ?ny?? ?o, ? i????
???????a ?????y ???a.
A 1940 ?? ??? ????e? ????a ?????ue a ????oth ?e ? ???????th y????th. Ia
??a ?????i n ??? ??? ?e ???e ?yth?th a ??a ??. Y? ?? ? ???????, ?i ??a,
?i ??? ??e, ??i y? ?? a ?????, ???a ??o a ???? ??????e ??e. A??e ie???ue
?a ?? ?? — ????. I?i ? ????a ??? ?? ??? e ? ?? ???y ????e, ?i ???a ??ue
???y. E ?a ? ? ???? ????a, ??a ???e e ???e??e ?? ??ue ?ey??e. Ni ?? ???
? ????? ???? ??a-oi ???? ??e. I?aey a ?ay, ???? ae????ue, ?i y? ? ?????,
???a a ??e, a ??? ???????i ????. I ??e ???a th?a «????? ???? ???th,
???e, ?oy e ???y e ?n??o ?????i, ?a ? ????ny ??e ??o??ue ???.
O? ?? ???a ???, ???th ??a ???? «?????e ???ie ?????e ????». Y? ????a ?
?????e ???? I?????i ? ????a e ? ???????. A ??? E?? ? ????i ??oth ???o
?????? ???? e????ue ???oth ??o n ??i-oi ???i nth??i. I?? ?? ???? ?i?i
??i, o ???? ? ?th? ????th?y ??????. ?y?i n ?i ?????e ???e. A ???? ? ?o
????i ???a, ???e, ????, e ?? y?? ????.
A??a, 90 % ????o i?? ???? «????o ???? ??aey?y ai O????? I??ayo a ????e
O??i-E???y. C?? ????? 120 ??? n ???????? ???y?. N??a ??i, y? ?uy?y?ny
?i, ?i a y?i ??? ?????i ????i ????o ?u? n ???e??e ??????? ???y?, ???a
????ee ?????ue ?????o «???».
Ia ????? ???e ?a??i ??? ?? ??i, ?a ?????ue ????, ?????a eth?? ????
????a. Y? ????ay E??a ??? a ??o TH??i O??a. Ia ??? ?? ??a yo? ??? ??
????? ??i 40 ????, ????th?o ????, ???e e ????a.
I?? ??, ?????? n ?????e ????e e ?????e ??? ?y?y?ny ?????. E? ???i, y?
a?i ?????a ???u. N??y?e ????? a ????o ????yo ???? ????a ??????e ??, ???y
?????iy?? ? N?????i ??y ? A???. I? ????? ? ??? ???, ? e ????, ???? ? ??y
???a, ? ??e e ?? ? ??u, ????e n ??i? ??e.
I?? ????? ???e ?? ????? a E????. C??????e ????e ? ???? ?? ?????i ?i??i
?? e ???????e y?yth?y ?a ??oy?e, ?????? ??ue. A E???? a?a ???a ??y ??y
???th?? ???e e ?a? ????, ????? ? i??ey — iy??i ???? ??y. C?? ?? ???e,
????, ?a e ???ue, ?? e ?????i ?????y ??? ??eth?. A I??a e A??e (? ??
A??a) ???u ?????? ???e ????ath?o ??, ?????? a ?e?a, n ???e, ?oy??e ???
?? e ????e ???e. N??a ??i, y? ??? ?e ???.
I??? ?????a ????e ????e ?????? ??u ???i ???i ??i, ????, ????, ??y? ???o
????? a ???o ??y ?e ??a.
Ae?o??? ??i i ???? ???? i???? ??o ????? ????ey ???o eth?e. I???a ??? ???
y?? ???a ????? a ?????yo I??? a E??e. I????? eth?, ????? ??o ????e a
????? ???, ??e ? a ??ae?, ?ae? ????? ???? ?????, ????? e ???uey? ? ???i,
??a ???? e ????a ?a. Ec ??? ?y?i n ????e ???u ????a ???? e ??y?a ??????a
??ey. O??? ???? ???e ???e. I????, a ???o A???? a ?????yo I??? ???u ?a
???a — th?? 15—17 ?o e n???, ????? ? ???? ???? a ????? ????e. Ia ???
th?? ???e?? ????y ? ????i ??a, ???a ??iyo ? ???o ?y?a ??????o ???? ???i,
? ?aie ?? ???e — ???? ? ??o ? ???i. E?? ??, ??i ???? th?? ????? ????a
????.
I?? ???? ????? ?? ????? a A?e. I?i ? ?o ???i a I??a (N??ue). C?? ??? ???
????, ?y ???? ???? ? i?o ???iy? ??iy?th ????, ????th a ????ue ???? ?ae
??i ???? ???. Ae? ??u ????e ??? n ??a, a ?a?y ????a ?i ???. Ae? ?? ???
???e ??e. I???oe ??e ? ??a. Ia ??? ?i ?e ???, ????i ?o????? ??/ ? ?????
e?? a ?? ???u. Ia ??e ????? ???a ???? ? 120 ??y?o ?n e ?? ????o ????,
???????y ??????e ???? ?oy?e ??u. Ia ??e ?a??? e ??ay ???a ???. A ???e ??
?? i????a ???y e?oy?y ?y? n ??? a ?? ????, ????th?o ??. O ?a ???? ??e
???e ??y?e ????? ??y, a ??a ????a ???? e ???. Ia ??? ???? ??e ???a
?????ue ???e ??y?? ????. E? e ?a ae??? ????, ? ?e ????? ? ??y ???a.
E????a ????ey ?? ???u ??a e a E????. A??a n ??i ?????i ?? ???? 70 ????o
???i, a ?i ??a ???e e ????, a ??a ??y?y ?? n ??i. E?? ??, a ??? ????
???a e?oy?a ???, ???a ????ey? ??e ????o n ??y??. E?? ????? a ????a ???e
??. A ???? ???y n??? ???e ??a ????e ???e e ??? ??. N??o ??? ?? ????a
???? ???a e ??y? e??e. I???a ????ey ??????otho i ?i, ?i a ? ???a ??y ?a
???ny i??e ???? ???o n ????y? e ??ey? ??a, ???? ?e ?????? ?e ??e, n ????
??.
I?????e eth?? ?? ???u ??? ?? ?????o ?n?o???: ???a (? ??e, ??? ?e ?oyi??i
??a ??), ????, ?e ???? (eo ????? y?y?? ??? ??), ???a ? ?e?i ??? ?e ????e
??e. I???i o??? ???????a ???? ???? e ????. I??a, ?e ???i, ?????? ??u, n
???th ???o ???e ????y ????? ??u ??u, ???e ???.
Ia ????yo ???? i???? ????? ????a ??e n ???ie ????y?. Ia O???, a ???
*??a?a, a ??? ? ??? ???a ??e ?a ??y?a ????e, ?iy?e ???? ???o ? iy? ??y?o
???i e i??? ? ?? ????i ??y. I???? ??? ??atho, ?i y? ???? y?yth?y ??????
??????e ?????i ????.
E???? I???a
N?? ?iy??? ???? ???????i ????y A??u ??? ??i ?????o ????? ?????yi ?????
E??? (??? «E??? ?????ny a ??iy?a ??y ????a ????a N?????i ??y). E?????a
????? ???e i???? ???? ? ??th e ????eth, /oi ????a ??? ???? ???e ? e ??a
????, ??????? ???o. Ii ??? ? ???? ???yo ??? ??u, a ?i ??a e ?o, ?i a ?o
? ???o ?? ??a ???a, ??????a ?????a ???e, ????? ? ??a ???a.
I???i? ?????y ????? E???, a ???a ? ???????o ????, ????o a E??? e O???,
???th?y ? .a ??? ???a ????a e ???, a a ????o ???o e ???. ??? ?e?ath?y ?e
? ???????o ?????e ??? ????e. A??i ???o ????o ????, ??i ??? ? ????
?i????? ????o — ?? ?e ??e ???, ??ue ????atho ???th?? ???, ??? ?????
??????? ? ???o. Ia???, ?????? ???e a ???i ?atho ??? 5 —10 ?. O?? ? ????a
e ???e ????. A ??? ????a — ??ith ? ??a 14 ?. I??ath?y ?e e ???? ???e. A
???a ? ???????o ?????, ???a ????e ????o?a ???e, ???a ????e E???, ?e
???i, ????y? ?eue?- ??oth ?e ??? ???th ???. O??i ???a ?e ?????? ??y
???e, ? e ??a ? ???, a ? ?????e, ????, ?e???? ?th ??? ???? ???e, a ??
??? ?? ??? ???e.
AE???a ? ?????? ???yo ???ae?u ????y n ???e ????th. I? ? ??? ??o e
??atho, a ?e ? ?oyo, ??????? a ???a ?? ??i ??i, ? ???ay? ???? e ??a, —
????i ?????? e ????? y? ????. O???, ????, y?y?ny ??? ??y???i ?ea,
????th?? ???? ? ??a Eoy? ???ey a ??? A??uey, ??? ??? ???i ??a, ???e ???o
? ???a n ???.
Oa ? ??u ????? ?y ?????y eth?e. Ae???i e ?? ???tho ???a ????e a ???yo
E??? ??u ????n?? ??. I?? ??i ??? ? ???-??i ????i ?? ?e?atho ?ny?e e ??e
???, ??? ??i???? y???, ?????? ?e, ?e ???i, ????? e ??? ????? n ?e ? ?y??
????th, ?i e ??? ???.
O?, ????, ? ?a?th ?????? a y?e ???e, ??e?? ???? ?????? ????a y?y?ny ???
???a a ???e ??a ???ey. E????a ?a ? ??a ??? ? ??? ??uey A??uey. I???ay
???y ???a ???a ??a ??i ?????i, ??i ???i, ? ?? a ??? e ??a?e. N ??e ?
???????ueth ???? ??? e ?? ??? ????, ?????? a ?e ? ???. Ia y?o ?c ?e
???eytho ?? ??? ? ???i ??a, ??ath?? ???. I? ???a ????? a ????? ??. I?
?iyo, ??ay? ? ?? ???, ?oy?a ??ae ??oth ?? e ???? ???? ???, ????o ????o.
I??a, ?i ????y a ??a, ??a ???? ? y? ???e, — ????i ??a e ???a ????, ?i?a
?ath?a ?ae ?y?? ?e ??? ????? ???y, ?e ? ??????? a ??e. E ????, a ???
????a n y?e ??e ??? e ????i ??aey?y ????????i ????a e ???? ??n???a ?? n
???? ????e ??? e ???y ???ay ???, ? ???e ??i ???? ???? ??????a y???u
????i ??a. E??a ????ey ae??? ? ??, ?i ?a ??e ?? ?a?u, ??a ???, ????th?y
a ??a ???e. O? ? ??a ?e ??ue ?????? ???tho ???? ??????i ?? e i??y??a
y???e ???.
N????? ??atho, ?i ??a ???a ????ey ????a E??? ?y?? n ????? ?????y?.
Y? ???e ???ytho ??? ??? e???? ????a. I?? ? ??o ???o ????? y?y?ny ???
???? ????a a ??? A??uey. Ia ???a n ?????? ?????ueth ????, ?e ?? ??? ???,
?????o ??? e ???ie, ??? ??oth a ???? ????. N?a? ??aey?y ???th?a, ??a —
???yth?any. O??u ???th?o ????? ??ny ??aae, ??? ????ay ? ?? ?? e ??ay ??o
??? ??e ??e ? ?? ?oy??o ??a.
A y? ??y o ??? ????? ????o ??a y?? ?????i? i ???a ??????. Ia y?i
???a???? ????? e ?????e ??????? ??i, ???e ??????ny ? ????o ???ao. O?,
????, ? ???e ec Eoy? ???? ??? ??o ???, a ??o ????y ??????a ?? ????,
?????i ????. E? ??i ? ???a, y?o ???e ????y ???e, ? ??ae?i ??a, a ???th?a
?i ???? eth? ?iyo ???, oi ?? ? ??? ??a.
Ia ????? ???yo iu ???i ?????y ??o eth?e, ????? ?i y? ?????? ????a ??????
????a, ? ??? ?e, ??, ??iyth?a ? ????y, ???? ??u, ???. E? ???i, ???u ????
?????e. E?ue ???, a ????o ??ayo, ? ?o ?i-? ???a ? ???? ??u, ???a ?? ?
???atho ??i. C?i ??? n ??? ??????th ????? ??a ??ee, ?e ???a ?e ??u ? ?y?
e o ??i, ???ey??, ????, ???o ?i?e ca?? e ???? ? ?????e. *?-? ???a ? ??th
? ???o ?e ???o ? ??? ??? ???? e ? ??? eth?e. A??? y? ????? ?????y ? ??y
??. I? ???o ???i ???i ????? e ??y?? ?ae, ?????y ???? ? ?e??e.
N ??e ? ??????oueth ??? ????? e ???? ??u ?ae?i. Oi ?e ? ???o ???, ????o
a ???, ? a ?? ??iy?e ???? a ??? ????o, ???y ? ?????i ???yth?o ??? ???a e
??ay ?i??e «????ey?» ec ?? ?ay??? ?? ?e ???.
E? ???o ? ????, ???, ???? c?y?? eth?e, ???? y? ???e ????e?, ?? ??a ? ??o
????. A ?i??i ?e ????ue ? ?????? ??y e ???o ??a. I??i ? ???? ?n? ??i
???ue e ?????y ??? ??? ???, ???a.
E??? ? ?o ???? ??a ??, a a ??i ??? — ?? ?a ????a.
I???? ?e ?????i ? ???? ??y ???. Ia ??o ? ??o ?ae ???e e ???e ?? ??/?ith
n ????, ?? ? ??a. Y? ???e ?e, ???e ??? ???? ????? ?? ?i ???ey. Ia ???
???? ?e ???i n ?????th ? ????. A???i, y? ???? ???e ?e ???e ?????e,
???th??y a ???? ???e??, ??a ?i ?????e ? ???. N??u ?? ? ?? ?????e. I?
????? ?? ? ??a ? ??a ?????a e ???ey. O???? ?e a ?????o, ????, ???o ????.
E?? ??e, ???ey?? e ?????a ???e. Oe?? ??e ??o ???? e ??e ?n? ??i ???ue
e?????? a ??o ????a e ???. N??? ????, ?i a ??a ????e ???a e ???, ???,
?????? ???? ???? ?c?????o ??? E???.
C???th ???e ?????tho ? ????yo ??o ????? ????, ? ??? ??????o. Ia ?o ?e??u
?????? ???e e ??u, ??ath?a ? ???????e. I???i ?????? ??? ???? ??a a ??? a
??? A???? a ????e E????. I?? ?????ue e ??a, ? ??o, ?oy?a ?th, ??????
????, ?a ? ???? ?a ???ue ?o a ??. A ??? I?a ???ey (??? A??uey) ????ny
?a????e ???e, ???e ???? ??o ?a??i ??a. Iy? ????? ??? ??o ?? ? ??? ?????e
????. I? a?? ?????, ???yy? a ??o aea??eyo ??? ??o, ????, ??o ???e ??e.
Eo ?? ????i ????u ???. A ??e ?? o ?o ? ??o ??e, a ??? — ? ??, ???a
?????i ??y? ???. I? ??o a ??i ?????e, ???y ?????i ?i ???. A??? ??ey?ny
??y e??ay, ????ay ??? ??a a ??? a???i ??a. Ca ?i ??iy?y ???. Yoi ??a ???
e ???a ???. N??a ??i, y? th??.
E???? I???
E????? a y?? ???a ???? ????i a ethaeyo ?? ??a? ????? ??? ?? ??????i ??
????e. O??ay ??????e ???e ??????a ? ???, ???e n ??? ?a ??a ???????e
????i ????a, ????? ?a ???e ??????? ?????th, ??? ??? e ??e.
Ecy?u ??? ???u i????? ????a, ??ny??y e ?? ???e. N?? ?o, ????, ??a n ???e
??aey ? ??????i ??y?? (N?????y ???ue), ???y ???? ???e a ????e ????e ?a e
????e ? ?? ???a y?e ???e ???. I???? ai?? ??? ? ??, ?????ay a ??????
??y??.
A ????? ???? yo?i ???a ??i ?iy?y?ny ????? e ?y???, ???a ??ue ??i ????
?i??ue. A ???? ???a ??i ???? e????? ???u, ???th?e ? ??? ??? ?ae (??? A?i
a A???? E???). I?? ??e ?a ??? ???e n??, a ??ay ?y??y a ??? ????ny ???
????i ?y.
Ia ???a ??o N??? e O???i, ? ????? A??a, a ??? ????e n ????i O???-A??, a
???o ????? ?????? ???e e ???? — 15 ?n. ????? ?????, ????o a VI—I
?ny???yo ? i. y. Ia y?o ???? ????? ???? ???? e ??? ??a a ??e ??a, ???ua
???e, ????? y? ??a. O?a eth?e ????, ?i ???o ? ??? ?y???. A??yth?y ?? —
??a, ???, ??? n ?????e ????? e ?????a. Ia ???? ??a — ???y ????? ?e ??iy
a ???i ??a. ?y?i — ??? a ???, ???a, ????, ???tho ??a-? ????? ??ieu.
Cae?ue ? ??, ????, ???. E?e, ???, ????u, ???a ???y ? ???e ????, ????????
?????? ????, ? ?? ????e, ???u.
Ae??? ????e ???e ??? a ????o ????o. A???? ?ei ???i, ???i ?????ue ???.
E?? ???a ???? ? ??n ???? ?o, ??a ? ??? ????y? ? ??e?i ???, ??? ????y? e
???a i? ??? ????e. E??a ?????ue ? ?????? ??. E??e, ??ae ?i ?e ????? e
???e ??u, aoo??-????e ? ????o ???o ??yo ??? ???????a ???? ???e ???u.
E????e ?iy?? ??????? ????a ?e ????i ? ????i ??? I???? ??a. Y? ??ue ????e
??u, ? ???e ???? ?ny?e ??? — ?? e ??e, ?? e ???, ???a ??e n ??oe?e.
E????a ?????y ???? ??? a?e ????? ? ??? ?e ???? ?ee A?a a A?? ?? a ???a
C????. Ia ??? E?u e A??u ????? ?????y ??e. I? ???atho ??a ??u e e????u
????i ??i e ????, ?i e ??? ???y ?i ae??e e ???????e.
Ia A?? a ? ??y ???e ??e? ????. I? ?? ?a ? a ??? ??? — ??o, a a ???o
??????o ??o ??? ???y?. I?? ? ?n??a e a ???o ???o ???e i??? ???? ????a,
??????i e ??????i, ?e e ?a ????a a ??e y?o ???. Ia ???? ???o o ???i
????? ?? N??e-Aeyi ? ?o i? ??u ????? ??? — ?? ????o ???a, ???i ?????
i???i ?e ????? ???????e ????e ???e. O? ? ? ???? ??? ??? ??y ??? ??, ??u,
??e, ???i??? ??i ? ?????i e ???? ???i.
A ????? ??? A??a ??i ??y ?? O??? a ???? ????y ???i? ??, ???????i ??a 5
?n. ?o ??ae, ??? n ????e ???? e ??????e ??e ? ?a?y ?e ????i ?????? ??ae.
Ii a? y?i-????? ???? ??, ??oy??, e? ? ??????o ??o Ae??? A??e, ??e ?????
?n?? ?? ?i??? ?????? ???, ??e ??a ?, ?e ? ???o N??e-Aey?.
I???a ???????e e ?????e ?iy???e ??????e A??u y?yth?y ?e ????? ????. Y?o
??? (? ????o ?? — «???? e e?? — «???») a???? ????tho ?y ?????y ????? ?
????o ???, ???a ??aeyo a C???e A??a, a??? ???i — ? ??????i ????a ?
N??????uey ? N?????, a ??a ? E???.
I???a ??i ???ath?y ????, ????? ???? ???eytho ?e ????. O??a ??eytho ????
e ????? ??????ea ????. A ???a ? ????, o ????? ???? ???e ???? e ??
?????ay ??? ? ???ath?y, e ?a ????? ??? ? ???th, ????oth ? ?????uo ? ??i
????? ???? ??. E? ????, ?e e ?????a ???? ????eytho ??e ???? ???, ?ae
???? ???ath?y ???u. E??a ??u ???oe ???? ??????i ?e ????i?i ????? a ??
??, ???? ?e ??e, ????o ?ae ?y?? ???.
A??e ??????ueth ????a y?yth?y ???u — ???i ?iy?a, ?????? ? ??i ???? ??u.
Ae???i ??i y? ?iy??e ???tho ??a ?ey, ?e ????? ??e ????. A??u ????,
???th?a ?? ?e ????i ???, ???tho ????? ?e ????. I???a ????a ????ey y?? ??
— N???? a A??e e ?? E??? a A???, O??ey.
Aei ?o ?? ??i ? ?????i, ?i, ?e e ?y ?? ??? ????. I?????ony, ?i ?e ??
????? ?i???y?. I????i, ?i ??????i ??o ????o ?iy???, ??iy?o ? ??i e ?ny/
??? ??i ??a 30 o, ????i ?????e ????? ???? ????? eth?e, ?i ???? ??? a
?????a. A eth?i ???, ???? ??e ?? ?no??u ??? a ???? ???? n ???e y????e e
???? ????? n????e. A 1979 ?? ?????a ??? ???e y?????, ??a ?????ue ?????ue
i???a ???? ??e. E?? 200 ?????? i???ue ??? 32-??oth ??o ? ?o?o ?e ???
???, ?y???ue, ?i ?y ??, ??u ???? y?o ??? ? ???y?a 4 ? ????y ???a ?ny?.
E??y ? y??, ???? ?????, ?i ?y ??????a ???e ??????? ????? ?????ue ??a 3
?n. ???e, ???o ??i ?? a ???a ???? ?????i ???e ???? ????? ???y e ??????
???.
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