Niaea?aeaiea
Aaaaeaiea
Eeoa?aoo?a
Oaao?
Eeii
?onneia eneonnoai eiioea 19 – ia/aea 20 aaeia
A) Neoeueioo?a
A) A?oeoaeoo?a
iocuea
caeeth/aiea
eeoa?aoo?a
?enoiee
Aaaaeaiea
Eoeueoo?a iaeia ec aaaeiaeoeo iaeanoae iauanoaaiiie aeecie. A iiiyoee
“eoeueoo?a” /aeiaae e aai aeayoaeueiinoue aunooiatho eae neioace?othuay
iniiaa, iineieueeo naia eoeueoo?a anoue oai?aiea /aeiaaea, ?acoeueoao
aai oai?/aneeo oneeee. Ii a eoeueoo?a /aeiaaea ia oieueei aeaenoaothuaa,
ii e naii eciaiythuaany nouanoai.
I?aaeiao enoi?ee eoeueoo?u eiaao naia niaea?aeaiea e niaoeeoeeo a ?yaeo
enoi?e/aneeo aeenoeeieei. Enoi?ey eoeueoo?u i?aaeiieaaaao, i?aaeaea
anaai, eiiieaeniia eco/aiea ?acee/iuo aa noa? – enoi?ee iaoee e oaoieee,
i?inaauaiey e iauanoaaiiie iunee, oieueeei?enoeee e eeoa?aoo?iaaaeaiey,
enoi?ee eneonnoaa e o.ae. ii ioiioaieth e iei enoi?ey eoeueoo?u
aunooiaao eae iaiauathuay aeenoeeieeia, ?anniao?eaathuay eoeueoo?o
oeaeinoiie nenoaiie a aaeeinoaa e acaeiiaeaenoaee anao aai iaeanoae.
I?aaeiao enoi?ee eoeueoo?u eiaao naia niaea?aeaiea e niaoeeoeeo a ?yaeo
enoi?e/aneeo aeenoeeieei. Enoi?ey eoeueoo?u i?aaeiieaaaao i?aaeaea anaai
eiiieaeniia eco/aiea aa noa? – enoi?eth iaoee e oaoieee, auoa,
i?inaauaiey e iauanoaaiiie iunee, oieueeei?enoeee e eeoa?aoo?iaaaeaiey,
enoi?ee eneonnoaa e o.ae. Ii ioiioaieth e iei enoi?ey eoeueoo?u
aunooiaao iauay aeenoeeieeia, ?anniao?eaathuay eoeueoo?o oeaeinoiie
nenoaiie a aaeeinoaa e acaeiiaeaenoaee anao aa iaeanoae.
I?e eco/aiee ?onneie eoeueoo?u anoaao aii?in i ?iee a aa ?acaeoee
eoeueoo?u ae?oaeo no?ai e ia?iaeia, i aa acaeiinayce e acaeiiaeeyiee n
yoeie eoeueoo?aie.
Aeey eaaeaeie eoeueoo?u iaeeiaeiai a?aaeiu eae iaoeeiiaeueiay
caieiooinoue, i?eaiaeyuay e canoith, oae e eaii?e?iaaiea iaoeeiiaeueiuo
o?aaeeoeee, ninoaaeythueo aa aioo?aiiath iniiao, i?eaeathueo ae
noaaeeueiinoue. A ?acaeoee eaaeaeie eoeueoo?u, a oii /enea e ?onneie,
aeoeaiua acaeiiaeaenoaey n ae?oaeie eoeueoo?aie ea?atho aieueooth ?ieue.
Iaeiaei ninoiyiea ?onneie eoeueoo?u ii?aaeaeyeinue i?aaeaea anaai
aioo?aiieie i?ioeannaie, a ia aiaoieie aeeyieyie.
Eioa?an e enoi?ee ?onneie eoeueoo?u ia/ae i?iyaeyoueny a ?innee i?eia?ii
a 30-40 aiaeu 19 aaea. Ii aue naycai n ?inoii iaoeeiiaeueiiai
naiiniciaiey, iauei eioa?anii e enoi?e/aneiio i?ioeiio iaoeee, eaeaeiie
ai?ueaie yoiai a?aiaie, ni nii?aie caiaaeieeia e neaayiioeeia i
noaeueaao ?innee.
Aia?aua oa?iei “eoeueoo?a” ano?a/aaony a “Ea?iaiiii neiaa?a eiino?aiiuo
neia, aioaaeoeo a ninoaa ?onneiai ycuea”, ecaeaiiii I.A. Iao?aoaaneei a
1845 – 1846 a (aui. 1-2; aue oia/oiaeai oeaico?ie).
Aeaeueiaeoee yoai a ?acaeoey eioa?ana e i?iaeaiai eoeueoo?u e aa
eco/aiey naycai n i?iyaeaieai a ia/aea 20 aaea ?aaio ii enoi?ee
iauanoaaiiie iunee e ?onneie eioaeeeaaioeee. Ae.I.
Ianyiieeia-Eoeeeianeee a eieaa “Enoi?ey ?onneie eioaeeeaaioeee” (I.,
1906-1907. O.1-2) ?anniao?eaaao yoo i?iaeaio ia iaoa?eaea ?onneie
ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u. Enneaaeoy nioeeaeueii ineoieiae/aneea oeiu,
ii, iiaeaeoe, aia?aua iieacae ia?iiioth iauanoaaiioth ?ieue eeoa?aoo?u.
A aei?aaiethoeeiiiue ia?eiae iiyaeeenue enneaaeiaaiey ii enoi?ee
eoeueoo?u eae ii?aaeaeaiiie iaeanoe enoi?e/aneeo ciaiee. Ia ?oaaaea
19-20 aaeia auee oe?iei ecaanoiu “I/a?ee ii enoi?ee ?onneie eoeueoo?u”
(Nea..1898-1899.4.1-3) ao?aeoacii – eeaa?aeueiiai enoi?eea I.I.
Ieetheiaa, a eioi?uo iaoea io?aaeaiea aai iauay eiioeaioeey ?onneie
enoi?ee.
I.I. Iiie?ianeee a 1915 aiaeo, iaoiaeynue a yiea?aoeee, ecaeae “I/a?ee
enoi?ee ?onneie eoeueoo?u”; a eioi?uo noaia enoi?e/aneiai ?acaeoey
Ieetheiaa i?ioeaiiinoaaee iaoa?eaeenoe/aneoth eiioeaioeeth
enoi?eei-eoeueoo?iiai i?ioeanna. Aeaaiia aieiaiea Iie?ianeee oaeaeye
yeiiiie/aneei nthaeaoai, aeieacuaay, /oi ?acaeoea yeiiiieee eaaeeo a
iniiaa enoi?e/aneiai i?ioeanna, a oii /enea e eoeueoo?iiai.
A eco/aiee enoi?ee eoeueoo?u aeieaia a?aiy i?aiaeaaeae io?aneaaie
i?eioeei, o.a. enneaaeiaaiea ioaeaeueiuo io?aneae eoeueoo?u. A
?acoeueoaoa aieueoie e iiiaieaoiae ?aaiou niaaoneea o/aiua nicaeaee
ianoiyoaeueiua e na?ueaciua enneaaeiaaiey ii ioaeaeueiui iaeanoyi
eoeueoo?u. ?acoeueoaoii io?aneaaiai eco/aiey eoeueoo?u yaeeinue ecaeaiea
?yaea yioeeeeiiaaeee.
Eeoa?aoo?a
Eeoa?aoo?iia ?acaeoea a ?innee i?ioiaeeei neiaeii, i?ioeai?a/eai e
ao?ii. ?iaeaeaeinue e ?acaeaaeinue iiiaeanoai eeoa?aoo?iuo iai?aaeaiee.
Ia ennyeaea iiuue eeoa?aoo?u e?eoe/aneiai ?aaeecia a eeoea E.I.
Oienoiai, A.I. *aoiaa. A i?iecaaaeaieyo yoeo ienaoaeae oneeeaaaony
nioeeaeueiue i?ioano (“Iinea aaea”, Oaaeaee-Io?ao”, “Aine?anaiea” E.I.
Oienoiai), iaeeaeaiea i/euathuae ao?e (“Aeoiaaue naae” A.I.*aoiaa).
O?aaeeoeee e?eoe/aneiai ?aaeecia i?iaeieaeaee nio?aiyoueny e
?acaeaaoueny a oai?/anoaa e?oiiiai ienaoaey E.A. Aoieia(1870-1953).
Iaeaieaa cia/eoaeueiua i?iecaaaeaiey yoiai ia?eiaea – iiaanoe
“Aea?aaiy”(1910) e “Nooiaeie”(1911).
I?ienoiaeeo ca?iaeaeaiea e ?acaeoea i?ieaoa?neie eeoa?aoo?u, iicaea
aoaeoo iacuaaoue eeoa?aoo?ie nioeeaeenoe/aneiai ?aaeecia. A ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue yoi naycaiii n oai?/aneie aeayoaeueiinoueth I. Ai?ueeiai. Aai
“Ai?iaeie Ieo?ia”, “AEeciue Iaoaay Eiaeaiyeeia”, oeaie ?anneacia “Ii
?one” ianee a naaa oe?ieoth aeeciaiioth i?aaaeo. A 1912a ia/eiaaony
eeoa?aoo?iue iooue A. Na?aoeiiae/a (A.N. Iiiia,1863-1949). Iaeaieaa
cia/eoaeueiui i?iecaaaeaieai aei?aaiethoeeiiiiai ia?eiaea yaeyaony ?iiai
“Ai?iae a noaie”, a iai iieacaii noaiiaeaiea i?ieaoa?neie ii?aee.
N 1912 ii 1917a. (n ia?a?uaaie) a ?aai/ae aacaoa “I?aaaea” ?aaioae iiyo
Aeaiueyi Aaaeiue (A.A. I?eaeai?ia, 1883-1945). A a 1914a. iiae
?aaeaeoeeae I.Ai?ueeiai auoae a naao ia?aue “Nai?iee i?ieaoa?neeo
ienaoaeae”. Naie iiyou ?anniao?eaaee naith iiyceth eae
eaeaeii-ynoaoe/aneoth iniiao, ia eioi?ie aua oieueei aeieaeia
aicieeiooue iiaaoi?neay e aunieiooaeiaeanoaaiia eeoa?aoo?a.
A i?aaeieoya?ueneia aeanyoeeaoea (eiaaony a aeaeo Aaeeeay Ieoya?ueneay
?aaiethoeey 1917a., caeii/eaoayny naa?aeaieai A?aiaiiiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa
e onoaiiaeaieai aeanoe aieueoaaenoneie ia?oee) a ?onneoth eeoa?aoo?o
i?eoiaeeo oeaeay ieayaea e?anoueyineeo iiyoia, n?aaee eioi?uo
iaeaieueooth cia/eiinoue eiaea oeao?a Na?aay Anaieia (1895 –1925).
Ia?aue aai nai?iee “?aaeoieoea” auoae a 1916a. e eiae aieueoie oniao.
Noeoe Anaieia auniei oeaieea oea?neay naiuey, iiyoa iaiaeiie?aoii
i?eaeaoaee a Oea?neia naei.
Naiia eioa?aniia i?ienoiaeeei a iiycee, caeanue ai?ieenue e
acaeiiaeaenoaiaaee iaaeaeo niaie ianeieueei oa/aiee: neiaieeci,
aeiaeci, oooo?eci, “e?anoueyineay iiycey” e ae?. A yoi a?aiy auoiaeeei
aaeeeia iiiaeanoai aeo?iaeia e aeueiaiaoia ia naiue ?aciue aeon. Yoi aue
iiaue aceao ?onneie iiycee, iiyoiio aai i?eiyoi iacuaaoue “na?aa?yiui
aaeii”.
ssaeaiea aa?iiaeneiai ianooaaa aue neiaieeci. ?onneee neiaieeci
caiaaeiua oeeinioneea e ynoaoe/aneea onoaiiaee i?aeiiee /a?ac o/aiea
A.N. Nieiaueaaa i “aeooa ie?a” e i?eia?ae iaoeeiiaeueiia naiaia?acea.
Oeeinio-eaeaaeeno e iiyo A.N. Nieiaueaa i?aaenoaaeye, /oi noa?ue ie? cea
e iaiaia ia a?aie aeaaee, /oi a ie? noiaeeo aiaeanoaaiiay e?anioa
(Aa/iay aeainoaaiiinoue, Aeooa ie?a), eioi?ay aeieaeia “nianoe ie?”,
niaaeeiea iaaaniia (aiaeanoaaiiia) ia/aei aeecie n caiiui,
iaoa?eaeueiui, nicaeaoue “oea?noai aiaeuea ia caiea”.
Neiaieeci aue oanii naycai n iauanoaaiiuie iio?ynaieyie e eaeaeiuie
eneaieyie i?aae?aaiethoeeiiiuo aeanyoeeaoee. ?onneee neiaieeci ia?aaeee
o?e aieiu. Aunooieaiey 80-90a. I. Ieineiai, Ae.N. Ia?aaeeianeiai, C.I.
Aeieon io?aceee aeaeaaeaioneea oaiaeaioeee a?aiai e?ecena eeaa?aeueiuo e
ia?iaeie/aneeo eaeae. Neiaieenou ainiaaaee “/enoia”, “naiaiaeiia”
eneonnoai, oaeinoaaiiue ie? ia?aaeueiiai, ei aeecea auea oaia
“noeoeeiiai aaiey”. “E oi/o, ii ia a neeao ethaeoue y
ethaeae. ss /oaeie n?aaee ieo”, – aiai?eo Ae. Ia?aaeeianeiai 1. “Iia
ioaeii oi, /aai iao ia naaoa”, – aoi?eea aio C.Aeiieon2. Neiaieeno
“aoi?ie aieiu” (1890-1900a.) A.A?thnia ooaa?aeaeae: “Ianoaiao aeaiue
eiioea Anaeaiiie. E aa/ai oieueei ie? ia/ou”3. Ni “aoi?ie aieiie” (A.ss.
A?thnia, E.Ae. Aaeueiiio) eiioea 19 a. e iniaaiii n “o?aoueae aieiie”
(E.O. Aiaineee, A.E. Eaaiia, A.A.Aeie, A. Aaeue e ae?.) ia/aea 20 a.
neiaieeci a ?innee.
I?aa?aoeeny a naiinoiyoaeueiia eeoa?aoo?ii-oeeinianeia oa/aiea, eioi?ia
aeoeaii aeeyei ia eoeueoo?ii-aeooiaioth aeeciue. Ecaeaoaeueneea oeaio?u
“Nei?ieii”, “A?eo”, “Iona/ao”, aeo?iaeu “Aanu”, “Cieioia ?oii”
ioaeeeiaaee i?iecaaaeaiey iiyoia-neiaieenoia, eioi?ua iai?yaeaiii
ia?aaeeaaee i?iaeaio ee/iinoe e enoi?ee, eo “oaeinoaaiioth” naycue n
“aa/iinoueth”. Aioo?aiiee ie? ee/iinoe yaeyeny iieacaoaeai iauaai
o?aae/aneiai ninoiyiey ie?a, a oii /enea “no?aoiiai ie?a” ?inneeneie
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, ia?a/aiioth ia aeaaeue; e a oiaea a?aiy
i?aaeiuouaieai aeeceiai iaiiaeaiey.
Aieueoeinoai iiyoia neiaieenoia ioeeeeioeinue ia niauoey 1-e ?onneie
?aaiethoeee(1905-1907). Aeie ieoao “Iiaeieiaeenue ec oueiu iia?aaia…”,
“Aa?ea aeecie” e ae?., A?thnia – “A?yaeouaa aoiiu”, Nieiaoa – eieaeeo
noeoia “Iieeoe/aneea neaci/ee”, Aieueiiiae – Nai?iee “Ianie inoeoaey” e
o.ae.
A 1909 – 1910a. a ia?eiae iieeoe/aneie ?aaeoeee neiaieeci ia?aaeeaaao
e?ecen e ?aniaae, ynoaoe/aneea acaeyaeu e eaeaieiae/aneea neiiaoee
iiyoia ?acioeenue, eaaeaeue iioae naiei iooai.
Ii-?aciiio ioianeenue iiyou-neiaieoenou e e Ieoya?ueneie ?aaiethoeee.
Ia?aaeeianeee e Aeiieon yiea?e?iaaee iinea Ieoya?y 1917a. Aeie, Aaeue,
A?thnia aini?eiyee aa eae ?aaeecaoeeth ia/ou i niaia oi?i eoeueoo?u e
auoa. Iineaaeiyy aniuoea aeoeaiinoe ?onneeo neiaieenoia naycaia n aeiyie
Ieoya?ueneie ?aaiethoeee, eiaaea a?oiia “Neeou” (A.A.Aeie, A.Aaeue,
N.A.Anaiei e ae?.) aiiaue no?aieony niaaeeieoue neiaieeci e
?aaiethoeeth. Aa?oeia yoeo iieneia auea iiyia aeiea “Aeaaiaaeoeaoue”,
eioi?ay eaaea o enoieia oaea niaaoneie iiycee.
Neiaieeci aue y?eie no?aieoeae a enoi?ee ?onneie eoeueoo?u. A
eeoa?aoo?a ii iaiaaoee iieeoe/aneea aiciiaeiinoe noeoa (niuneiaay
iieeoiiey, ?aoi?ia iaiaaiiai noeoa, iaiiaeaiea aeai?ia ee?eee e oae.),
oae eae iiyou no?aieeenue ia?aaeaoue iaiau/iinoue naiaai ie?iiuouaiey
“iaeieie caoeaie, iaeieie ia?acaie, iaeieie ?eoiaie”, ii neiaai
A.A?thniaa, iieiie io?aoaiiinoueth io i?aaee, io eeanne/aneie ia?u
oai?/anoaa, ii neiaai E.Aaeueiiioa (1867-1942).
?aci/a?iaaaoenue a neiaiee/aneii ooaiia, /anoue iiyoia ai aeaaa n
Ieeieaai Aoieeaaui nicaeatho inaiueth 1911a. “Oeao iiyoia”, a /ooue
iicaeiaa iiaia oa/aiea – aeiaeci (io a?a/aneiai AKMA – aunoay noaiaiue,
/aai-eeai, oeaaoouay neea) – oa/aiea ?onneie iiycee 1910a.,
i?iaicaeaneaoaa inaiaiaeaeaiea iiycee io neiaiee/aneiai “iaiiciaaaaiiai”
e aica?ao e iaoa?eaeueiiio ie?o, oi/iiio cia/aieth neiaa.
Acaeyaeu iiyoia aeienoia auee io?aaeaiu a iiiai/eneaiiuo oai?aoe/aneeo
noaoueyo, ii iai eioa?anai aeieieci oai, /oi n iei naycaii oai?/anoai
e?oiiaeoeo ?onneeo iiyoia oaeeo, eae I.N.Aoieeaa (1886-1921),
N.I.Ai?iaeaoneee, I.A.Caieaae/, A.A.Eaaiia, A.TH.Eocueieiie-Ea?aaaaaie,
I.Y.Iaeueaeaiooai (1891-1938), A.A.Aoiaoiaie (1889-1966 naycue
iineaaeieo aeaoo n aeiaeciii auea iai?iaeieaeeoaeueiie). A 1912 n?aaee
“Enoi?ey ie?iaie ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eoeueoo?u” N.A. Oeeeiiiiaa, /anoue 3,
Iicu?ue, 1998a, no? 163.
“Enoi?ey ie?iaie ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eoeueoo?u” N.A. Oeeeiiiiaa, /anoue 3,
Iicu?ue, 1998a, no?. 163.
“Enoi?ey ie?iaie ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eoeueoo?u” N.A. Oeeeiiiiaa, /anoue 3,
Iicu?ue, 1998a, no?. 163.
iiiaeanoaa noeoia, iioaeeeiaaiiuo a Iaoa?ao?aneeo aeo?iaeao, /eoaoaeue
ia iia ia caaea?aeaoue aieiaiey ia oaeeo no?i/eao.
Eo iauaaeeiyei i?eyoea caiiiai ie?a a aai c?eiie eiie?aoiinoe ni anaie
iiae?iaiinoyie auoa, aeeaia e iaiin?aaenoaaiiia iuouaiea i?e?iaeu,
eoeueoo?u, a oaeaea iiauoaiiue eioa?an e ieioaoei eeoa?aoo?iui yiioai.
Iineaaeiaa iicaieeei Iaiaeaeueooaio ii?aaeaeeoue aeiaeci eae “oineo ii
ie?iaie eoeueoo?a”. Ii eaaeaeue iiyo aue aeoaiei eiaeeaeaeoaeai, aeoaie
e eioa?anai. O?oaeii eo/oa Aoieeaaa neacaoue i o?aae/aneie caaaaeea
?onneie enoi?ee – ceie no?aoiie “?aniooeiueueia”.
Ia?aaeei oai?/anoai auoiaeeei ca oceea ?aiee aeiaecia, ?aaeenoe/aneia
ia/aei, iao?eioe/aneea iioeau noaiiaeeenue i?aiaeaaeathueie.
Iiyou-aeiaenou, i?ieaey oeieo neiaieecia inoaaeee neaae a enoi?ee
iiycee, eo iaoiaeeaie a iaeanoe ooaeiaeanoaaiiie oi?iu iieueciaaeenue
iiyou a neaaeothuea aeanyoeeaoey.
Iiaea?ieci (aaaiaa?aeeci) a ?onneie iiycee aue i?aaenoaaeai oai?/anoaii
oooo?enoia. A ?innee oooo?eci eae oa/aiea nouanoaiaae eae oa/aiea,
i?eia?ii, n 1910 ii 1915a.
A iiycee aeaaie oooo?enoe/aneie oeieu aue eoaeueyiaoe Oeeeiii Oiiiaci
Ia?eiaooe, ii aeey ?onneeo oooo?enoia ii aue neaaui aaoi?eoaoii, oae eae
aai acaeyaeu eiaee iieeoe/aneoth iai?aaeaiiinoue (i?ioaoenoneiai oieea).
?onneee aea oooo?eci iinee ynoaoe/aneee oa?aeoa?, a iaieoanoao
oooo?enoia ?a/ue oea i ?aoi?ia neiaa, iiycee, eoeueoo?a. Ai a?aiy
i?eacaea Ia?eiaooe a ?inneth (yiaa?ue-oaa?aeue 1914a.) Eeaoeoe,
Oeaaieeia, Iayeianeee ?acei aunooieee i?ioea iaai e aai acaeyaeia a
iiaeaea?aeeo aieiu. Oooo?enou no?aieeenue nicaeaoue eneonnoai aoaeouaai,
aeaeea?e?iaaee io?eoeaiea o?aaeeoeeiiiie eoeueoo?u, eoeueoeae?iaaee
o?aaieci ( ynoaoeeo iaoeiiie eiaeono?eaeecaoeee e aieueoiai ai?iaea ).
Aeey yoiai iie ?ac?ooaee anoanoaaiiue ycue a iiycee, ia?aieaoaee
aeieoiaioaeueiue iaoa?eae n oaioanoeeie, nicaeaaay naie aoioa?neea
“caoiu”.
Noaeueaa ?onneiai oooo?ecia iioiaea ia noaeueao neiaieecia. Ii
auee e iniaaiiinoe. Anee aeey neiaieenoia iaeiei ec oeaio?aeueiuo
iiiaioia ynoaoeee auea iocuea ( ia noeoe Aeiea, A?thniaa, Nieiaoaa e
iniaaiii Aaeueiiioa eiiiiceoi?u Oaiaaa e ?aoiaieiia, I?ieioueaa e
No?aaeineee, Aeey? e Iayeianeee nicaeaaaee iiiai/eneaiiua ?iiainu ), oi
aeey oooo?enoia – eeiey e naao. Iiycey ?onneiai oooo?ecia auea oaniaeoei
ia?acii naycaia n aaaiaa?aeeciii a aeeaiiene. Ia neo/aeii ii/oe ana
iiyou-oooo?enou ecaanoiu eae iaieioea ooaeiaeieee – A.Oeaaieeia,
A.Iayeianeee, A.Ao?i, A.Eaiaineee, A.E?o/aiuo e, eiia/ii, a?aouey
Ao?ethee. A oi aea a?aiy iiiaea ooaeiaeieee-aaaiaa?aeenou ienaee noeoe e
i?ico, o/anoaiaaee a oooo?enoe/aneeo ecaeaieyo eae eeoa?aoi?u.
AEeaiienue ai iiiaii iaiaaoeea oooo?eci. E.Iaeaae/, A.Eaiaeeineee,
I.Aii/a?iaa e I.Ea?eiiia ii/oe nicaeaee oi, e /aio no?aieeenue
oooo?enou.
Aeaaiie aea iniaaiiinoueth auei oi, /oi iiae iauae e?uoae iaeiiai
iai?aaeaiey iauaaeeieeenue ianeieueei a?oii: 1. eoaioooo?enou (
i?enoaaea “eoai” eaeao io i?iiaaaiaee?iaaaoaainy eie a aeeaiiene
eoaecia: eiiaaea /eaiu yoie a?oiiu iacuaaee naay “aoaeaoeyia” ):
Ae.Ao?ethe, A.Oeaaieeia, A.Eaiaineee, n 1912 a. A.Iayeianeee,
A.E?o/aiuo, A.Eeaoeoe; 2. a Iaoa?ao?aa yaioooo?enou ( io eao. ego – y ):
A.Ieeiiia, E.Eaiaoueaa, A.Aiaaeia, A.Eaaiia ai aeaaa n naiui oaeaioeeaui
Eai?ai Naaa?yieiii; 3. a Iineaa a?oiia “Iaciiei-iiycee” (1913-1914):
A.Oa?oaiaae/, ?.Eaiaa, N.O?aoueyeia, A.Eaa?aiaa ae?.; 4. a?oiia iiyoia,
neiioeaio?e?iaaaoeony aie?oa ecaeaoaeuenoaa “Oeaio?eooaa” : N.I.Aia?ia,
I.I.Anaaa, A.Ianoa?iae, E.A.Aieueoaeia, Aiaeeaea?.
Eaaeaeay ec yoeo a?oii n/eoaea , eae i?aaeei, au?aceoaeueieoeae
“enoeiiiai” oooo?ecia e aaea iaeanoi/aiioth iieaieeo n ae?oaeie
a?oiie?iaeaie, ii a?aiy io a?aiaie, /eaiu ?aciuo a?oii naeeaeaeenue eee
ia?aoiaeeee ec iaeiie a?oiiu a ae?oaoth. Iaeaieaa y?ei e
iineaaeiaaoaeueii ynoaoeea e oeeinioey ?onneiai oooo?ecia iaoea
io?aaeaiea a oai?/anoaa eoaioooo?enoia. Iinea iiyaeaiey iaieoanoa
“Iiua/eia iauanoaaiiiio aeono” e iaeiia?aiaiii aeueiaiaoa a aeaeaa?a
1912 a. i eoaioooo?enoao canii?eee, ia/aee ianoaeaeaoueny eo noeoe a
nai?ieeao “Aeioeay eoia”, “ Caou/ea”, “?ueathuee Ia?ian”, “O?aaiee
o?ieo” e ae?.
*oi noiyei ca niaeuie yenia?eiaioaie e aucuaathueie
yenia?eiaioaie oooo?enoia?! Oooo?enou noa?aeenue auianoe eneonnoai ia
oeeoeo, a oieio.
Iie i?ioanoiaaee i?ioea ao?aeoaciuo noa?aioeiia.
Io?aaeaee ineoieiaeth ai?iaeneeo iecia, aia?oe/aneee aoio
ethiiai-i?ieaoa?eaoa. Ionthaea ia?oaeaiiay eaeneea “/aeiaaea oeeoeu”,
aeaiiino?aoeaiia niaaeeiaiea “aunieiai” e “ieceiai” ieaiia auoey ai?iaea
ia/aea XX aaea.
A aiaeu 1-ie ie?iaie aieiu iiyou-oooo?enou i?ioee eaaeaeue naiei
iooai. Oaea a 1915 a. I.Ai?ueeee aiai?eo i oii, /oi “?onneiai oooo?ecia
iao. Anoue oieueei Eai?ue Naaa?yiei, Iayeianeee, Ae.Ao?ethe,
A.Eaiaineee”. Ieoya?ueneoth ?aaiethoeeth aieueoeinoai oooo?enoia
i?eaaonoaiaaee eae oaa e iiaiio aoaeouaio, e eioi?iio iie e no?aieeenue,
iaeiaei aiciaiiaeaiea i?aaeiae a?oiiu ieacaeinue iaaiciiaeiui. Iaeaieaa
iieeoe/anee aeoeaiay /anoue i?aae?aaiethoeeiiiuo oooo?enoia aioea a
i?aaieciaaiiue a 1922 a. “EAO” ( Eaaue o?iio eneonnoa ai aeaaa n
Iayeianeei) e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, a niaaoneoth eeoa?aoo?o.
I?e anao naieo aioo?aiieo i?ioeai?a/eyo oooo?eci nua?ae
ii?aaeaeaiioth ?ieue a noaiiaeaiee e?oiiaeoeo iiyoia: oaeeo, eae
Iayeianeee, Oeaaieeia, Ianoa?iae, Anaaa e ae?., a oaeaea i?eian iiiai a
iiyceth: iiaoth eaeneeo, ?eoieeo, iiaaoi?neoth ?eoio noeoa. A
neiaioai?/anoai Oeaaieeiaa ioe?uei aeey iiycee iaecaaaeaiiua iooe.
Eneonnoai iiiaeo “aoaeaoeyi” auaea?aeaei eniuoaiea a?aiaiai e niae?aaony
anooieoue a XXI aae.
Caeai/eaay ei?ioeee ?acaiai? ia oaeeaeoaeueiii ia?eiaea a ?onneie
eeoa?aoo?a oi/aony ia?aoeoue aieiaiea ia no?aieaiea e neioaco eneonnoa (
o neiaieenoia – iocuee e iiycee, o oooo?enoia – iiycee e aeeaiiene ).
Yoi no?aieaiea y?ei i?ineaaeeaaaony e a oaao?aeueiii eneonnoaa.
Oaao?
Yoi naiay “oaao?aeueiay” yiioa a enoi?ee ?onneie eeoa?aoo?u. Oaao? a iae
ea?ae, iiaeaeoe, aaaeouoth ?ieue, ?ani?ino?aiyy naia aeeyiea ia ae?oaea
aeaeu eneonnoa.
Oaao? a yoe aiaeu – iauanoaaiiay o?eaoia, aaea iiaeieiaeenue
naiua ino?ua aii?inu nia?aiaiiinoe, e aianoa n oai oai?/aneay
eaai?aoi?ey, oe?iei ioe?uaaaoay aeaa?ue yenia?eiaioo e oai?/aneei
eneaieyi. E oaao?o ia?auaeenue e?oiiua ooaeiaeieee, no?aieaoeany e
neioaco ?aciuo aeaeia oai?/anoaa.
Aeey ?onneiai oaao?a yoi yiioa aceaoia e iaaeaiee, iiaaoi?neeo
oai?/aneeo iieneia e yenia?eiaioia. A yoii niunea oaao? ia ionoaaae io
eeoa?aoo?u e eneonnoaa.
A aaaiaa?aea oaao?aeueiiai eneonnoaa noiye IOAO ai aeaaa ni
Noaieneaaneei e Iaie?iae/ai-Aeai/aiei, n caia/aoaeueiie o?oiiie iieiaeuo
aeoa?ia, a eioi?oth aoiaeeee I.Eieiia?-*aoiaa, I.Eeieia,
An.Iaea?oieueae, A.Ea/aeia, E.I.Iineaei, A.Aeoiaaneee e ae?.
Anieane oaao?aeueiiai eneonnoaa aue naycai n nio?oaeie/anoaii
oaao?a n A.I.*aoiaui iinea o?eoioaeueiie i?aiuea?u “*aeee” a aeaeaa?a
1898 a. A 1900a. Niauoeai a oaao?aeueiie aeecie noaea iinoaiiaea iueanu
?.Eanaia “Aeieoi? Ooieiai”. Iia i?eia?aea ia noeaia ino?aeoaa
nioeeaeueiia cao/aiea. Ooieiai a eniieiaiee Noaieneaaneiai noae “aa?iai
aacaa?ieiiai a?aiaie”.
Iiaie no?aieoeae a enoi?ee IOAOa e ai anai oaao?aeueiii eneonnoaa noaea
ae?aiaoo?aey I.Ai?ueeiai, aethaeaoaainy a o?oiio oaao?a e ienaaoaai
*aoiao, /oi ia ienaoue aeey oaeiai oaao?a i?anooiii.
Ia?aay iueana “Iauaia” auea iaienaia Ai?ueeei a 1902 a., aa
aeiionoeee e iinoaiiaea n iaeeueiuie oeaico?iuie eoith?aie ( au/a?eiooi
auei ana, /oi aiai?eeinue i oyaeaeie aeiea ?aai/eo, ia eo i?aaao, i
iaecaaaeiie eiiea nouanoaothueo ii?yaeeia ). Ii ia i?iniio?a iueanu a
Iaoa?ao?aa, eoaea oaao? i?eaoae ia aano?iee, a caeaiee oaao?a e aie?oa
iaai iaoiaeeeny oneeaiiue iieeoeaeneee ia?yae. A Iaie?iae/-Aeai/aiei
oiaeee ia aaea?eo e i?inee nooaeai/aneoth iieiaeaaeue ia ono?aeaaoue
ieeaeeo aeaiiino?aoeee, /oiau ia Ai?ueeiai ia ia?ooeeenue ?ai?annee.
Iiaue aa?ie Ai?ueeiai ?aai/ee Iee ooaa?aeaeaao: ”Oicyei oio, eoi
o?oaeeony… *aeiaae aeieaeai nai naaa caaiaauaaoue i?aaa, anee ia oi/ao
auoue ?acaeaaeaiiui…”1. Aeey ia?iaeiuo oaao?ia iueana auea cai?auaia, ii
ana-oaee “Iauaia” oee ai iiiaeo ai?iaeao: a Naia?a, Na?aoiaa, Eeaaa,
ss?ineaaea, Ia?ie, Auai?aa, Ieinea, Aeueoea, Na?aioea e ae?.
*a?ac aiae Ai?ueeee ioaeae oaao?o “Ia aeia”. A ia?aii aea naciia
ca 2 ianyoea iueana ia aoeoao IOAOA iiyaeeanue 50 ?ac, a ia aano?ieyo a
Iaoa?ao?aa – 12 ?ac. E iaeciaiii – i?e ia?aiieiaiiii c?eoaeueiii caea.
Oo?i? iinea niaeoaeeae auoiaeee ca ana i?eau/iua ?aiee. Ii ieii/aiee
i?aaenoaaeaiey ia auei eiioea auciaai aaoi?a, ?aaeenna?ia, eniieieoaeae
( Noaieneaaneiai – Naoeia, Iineaeia – Eoee, Ea/aeiaa – Aa?iia, Eieiia? –
Ianoe, Eaiieaeiaa – Aanueee Iaiea …). *aeiaae – yoi cao/eo ai?aei! –
noae ia?ieai ia?iaeiie ai?ueau n oea?eciii.
Iueana “Ia aeia” oiaea iioea ii aieueoeinoao oaao?aeueiuo noeai
?innee, i?aaaea, n ?aciui i?i/oaieai. Eiiaaea a i?iaeioeeaeueiuo oaao?ao
niaeiaaeny aea?aii ii/eaaeee, nthaeao i?aaenoaaeyeny eiiaaeeae. Ii
aieueoeinoai e iueana ioiineeenue na?ueacii e aaeoi/eai.
1)”Enoi?ey ie?iaie ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u” N.A.Oeeeiiiiaa, Iicu?ue
1998,no?.170
E.N.Noaieneaaneee i?eciae, /oi “aeaaiui ia/eiaoaeai e nicaeaoaeai
iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneie aeecie oaao?a aue Ai?ueeee”1. ?onneee oaao?
noaiiaeony a?aiie ioe?uoie iieeoe/aneie ai?ueau. Ii aeaeaei ia ana
oaao?u caieiaee a yoie ai?ueaa i?ia?anneaiua iiceoeee. Iiiaea noiyee a
noi?iia io yoie noaaoee, a eiiaaea aeiioneaee ia naith noeaio iueanu
/a?iinioaiiiai oa?aeoa?a ( “Aica?auaiea” Aeiiia a iineianeii oaao?a
Ei?oa ) e ae?.
Aeaeueiaeoee aeeaae a noeaie/aneoth eioa?i?aoaoeeth ai?ueeianeie
ae?aiaoo?aee naycai n oaao?ii Aa?u Oaaei?iaiu Eiienna?aeaaneie, eioi?ay
iieeioea eiia?aoi?neoth noeaio Aeaenaiae?ianeiai oaao?a a 1902 a., a
iinea aano?ieae ii i?iaeioeee iia nicaeaea ia iaaauo ia/aeao ii oeio
IOAOa naie oaao?.
A iiya?a 1904 a. caeanue ninoiyeanue i?aiuea?a 3-e iueanu
Ai?ueeiai “Aea/ieee” i ?onneie eioaeeeaaioeee, eioi?ay auoea ec
aeaiie?aoe/aneeo neiaa, ii aeinoeaioa ecaanoiiai nioeeaeueiiai
iieiaeaiey, iioa?yea naycue n ia?iaeii, caaua i aai eioa?anao, i
iaiaoiaeeiinoe oeo/oaoue aai aeeciue. I?enoonoaothuee ia i?aiuea?a
ienaoaeue A.I.Na?aa?ia ( Oeoiiia ) iacaae “Aea/ieeia” “niaeoaeeai –
aeaiiino?aoeeae, niaeoaeeai – noaaoeie”2.
Inaiueth 1905 a. oaao? noaaeo “Aeaoe Nieioea”. Iinea niaeoaeey
o?aaiaaee aaoi?a, oioy ana ciaee, /oi Ai?ueeee a nnueea.
Oaeei ia?acii, iueanu Ai?ueeiai noaee aaaeoueie a ?aia?ooa?a
oaao?a Eiienna?aeaaneie, IOAOA e ae?oaeo oaao?ia. Ii n 1906 a.
iieiaeaiea ?acei iaiyaony: “Aea/ieee” e “Aeaoe Nieioea” en/acee n aoeo,
ia caaeiee ieai ioiaeaeioeenue “Iauaia” e “Ia aeia”. Aiana ia auee
aeiiouaiu
e iinoaiiaea iueanu Ai?ueeiai “A?aae” (1906a.), “Iineaaeiea” (1908a.).
A oi, /oi
noaaeeinue, eneaaeaeinue. Oae “Aa?aa?ia” a 1907 a. a Iaoa?ao?aneii
Nia?aiaiiii oaao?a iinoaaeee eae eiiaaeeth. Eae oaaeiiioth iaeiae?aio
iinoaaeee “ Aanno AEaeaciiao” a Iineianeii oaao?a Iaceiaeia a 1910 a. A
eoiaa iueanu “Cueiau” (1913a.) , “Oaeueoeaay iiiaoa” (1913a.), “Noa?ee”
(1915a.) aei ?aaiethoeee ia auee aiana iinoaaeaiu.
Yoi auee aiaeu iieeoe/aneie ?aaeoeee, e oaao? eneae iiaua oi?iu
nouanoaiaaiey e naiiau?aaeaiey, ii aeey iiiaeo oaao?aeueiuo eieeaeoeaia
yoi auee aiaeu canoiy. Ia oaao?aeueiua noeaiu oeuioe iooiue iioie iuean
niiieoaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a (“Aeaaooea n iuoeie” N.Aeaeneia, “Aa?a
Ie?oeaaa” E.O?aaioeaaa, a oaeaea “Eiiaaeey nia?oe” A. Aa?yoeineiai e
o.ae.) Noaaeeenue iueanu ioe?iaaiii ?ann/eoaiiua ia aeaoaaoth nainaoeeth
( “Neaiay ethaiaue” I.A?ooei, aaea iaoue iie?uaaao i?anooieaiea nuia,
caaeooeaoaai aeaaooeo; “Ii?oaaiiue” I. Iaaaaeeia ni ceiaeaenoaaie,
naiioaeenoaaie, n ianoiyuae iaieoeaeie ii iieieieeo – yoi a aiaeu-oi
aieiu). Iauee aeey oaao?ia io?ua ?aia?ooa?a io nia?aiaiiinoe /anoe/ii
caoaaoee ia eaeia-oi a?aiy aeaaea IOAO. E?eoeea a oo ii?o ioia/aea, /oi
ia niaeoaeeyo oaao?a iiyaeyaony ioia/aoie oai?/aneie onoaeinoe.
Yoo aea ea?oeio iiaeii auei iaaethaeaoue a Iineianeii Iaeii oaao?a.
?aaeeci iuean Ino?ianeiai iiaeiaiyeny iaeeei auoiaeciii.
Neiaieeci ia aue iaeia?ai. Oae a ae?aiao O.E.Nieiaoaa /oanoaiaaeinue
oeeinioneia iai?eyoea aeecie, a eioi?ie iao ianoa aeey aunieie
aeooiaiinoe, aeey
e?aniou e enoeiu. Oieueeei?iua iueanu A.I.?aieciaa auee iieiu ceiaaueo
iioeaia.
1)”Enoi?ey ie?iaie ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u” N.A.Oeeeiiiiaa, Iicu?ue
1998,no?.170
2)Oai aea
Neiaieeci neacaeny ia iaeioi?uo iueanao E.I.Aiae?aaaa, a ?aiiai
oai?/anoaa
oooo?enoa A.Iayeianeiai(o?aaaaeey “Aeaaeeie? Iayeianeee”).
E ae?aiaoo?aee neiaieenoia ia?aoeeenue e?oiiaeoea oaao?u. Oae a 1904a.
ii niaaoo A.I.*aoiaa E.Noaieneaaneee iinoaaee ai IOAOa o?eeiaeth
Iaoa?eeiea “Neaiua”, “Iai?ioaiiay”, “Oai aioo?e”. A 1905a. ii ioe?ue
Oaao?-nooaeeth ia Iiaa?neie, aaea aianoa n Iaea?oieueaeii eco/ae
iinoaiiai/iua aiciiaeiinoe iiaiai ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai iai?aaeaiey.
Aii?inia auei iiiai: eae niaeaniaaoue oneiaiinoue ioi?ieaiey noeaiu n
auoiaie oa?aeoa?iinoueth ea?u aeoa?ia, eae aicaanoe oai?/anoai aeoa?ia
ia o?iaaiue aunieiai iiyoe/aneiai iaiauaiey e o.ae.?
Eniieuecoy i?eaiu neiaieecia a ?aaioa iaae niaeoaeeyie “Ae?aia aeecie”
E.Aainoia e “AEeciue /aeiaaea” Aiae?aaaa, Noaieneaaneee oaaaeeeny a
iaiaoiaeeiinoe ainieoaiey iiaiai aeoa?a, niiniaiiai aeoaiei ?ane?uaaoue
“aeeciue /aeiaa/aneiai aeooa”, ia/ae naie iiuou ii nicaeaieth “nenoaiu”.
A 1908a. ii iinoaaee oeeinioneoth iueano-neaceo Iaoa?eeiea “Neiyy
ioeoea” (aeaei?aoeee ooaeiaeieea A.A.Aai?iaa) – iiaeaeoe, eo/oaa
i?iecaaaeaiea ec neiaiee/aneiai ?aia?ooa?a. Neacea i?iaea?aeaeanue ia
noeaia IOAOa nauoa 60 eao.
Iiaua iienee aaeenue a Iaoa?ao?aa a oaao?a Aa?u Oaaei?iaiu
Eiienna?aeaaneie. Iia i?eaeaneea aeaaiui ?aaeena?ii Iaea?oieueaea,
eioi?ue inouanoaee ?yae iinoaiiaie a 1906-1908a. Oaea/iuie auee
“Aaeaaai/ee” Aeiea, “Nano?a Aaao?enna” I.Iaoa?eeiea e ae?. Iinea
anieanea neiaieecia iaeie oaao?u i?iaeieaeaee oiioaoueny ia ianoa,
neaouaaoueny aei aeonia iauaineie ioaeeee, ae?oaea i?iaeieaeaee niaei
yenia?eiaioe?iaaoue a ?onea aaaiaa?aeecia. E oaeei niaeui
yenia?eiaioaoi?ai iiaeii ioianoe A.Y.Iaea?oieueaea. Oaea a “Nooaeee ia
Iiaa?neie” ii i?iaicaeanee eaeae “oneiaiiai oaao?a”. A 1906a.
A.Y.Iaea?oieueae noaiiaeoueny aeaaiui ?aaeenna?ii oaao?a A.O.
Eiienna?aeaaneie e iieo/aao aiciiaeiinoue iieiinoueth inouanoaeoue naith
ooaeiaeanoaaiioth i?ia?aiio.
A inouanoaeaiee ?aaeenna?neie eiioeaioeee A.Y.Iaea?oieueaeo aeieaeai aue
iiiiaaoue ooaeiaeiee. Ooaeiaeiee aeieaeai aue ?ac?ooeoue eeethceth
aeinoiaa?iinoe, e nicaeaoue a oaao?a oneiaiia ioi?ieaiea au?aaeathuaa
?aaeenna?neoth eaeath. N yoie oeaeueth A.Y.Iaea?oieueae noa?aeny
oie/oiaeeoue o?aoia?iia noeaie/aneia i?ino?ainoai e i?aa?aoeoue a
aeaooia?iia. Aeaei?aoeee caiaiyeenue aeeaiieniui iaiii, noeaie/aneay
ieiuaaeea oiaiueoaeanue e auea aai i?eaeaoeii (/anoi auiineeinue ia
i?inoeaieoi). Aeoa?a ?aaeenna? o?aeoiaae eae e?ani/iia iyoii, eai aai
eioa?aniaaei ia noeaia ia oieueei au?aaeaiea ?aaeueiuo oa?aeoa?ia,
neieueei ?ane?uoea nouiinoe neiaiee/aneie iueanu /a?ac ?aaeenna?neoth
eaeath. Eeethceth i?aaaeiiiaeiaey ii no?aieeny caiaieoue oneiaiinoueth.
Yoi aeaeaeinue a i?ioeaiaan IOAOo, a eioi?ii anaaaea auyaeyeny caiunae
ae?aiaoo?aa e iaonoaiii iiae/a?eeaaeinue oeaio?aeueiia cia/aiea
oai?/anoaa aeoa?a a niaeoaeea.
A.Y.Iaea?oieueae iaoae ooaeiaeieeia, eioi?ua noaee aai nithcieeaie
(I.I.Naioiia, N.TH.Noaeaeeei, I.I.Oeueyiia, A.N.Aeaienia e ae?.). A
oaao?a Eiienna?aeaaneie iinoaiiaee A.Y.Iaea?oieueaea auee ia?iaiuie. Oae
nioeeaeueii-auoiaoth, ineoieiae/aneoth iueano “Aaaeaea Aaaea?” Eanaia
(ooaeiaeieee Noaeaeeei, Naioiia, A.Ae. Ieeeioe) iinoaaee a oneiaii-
neiaiee/aneii eeth/a.
A 1906-1907a. A.Y.Iaea?oieueae noaaeo a oaao?a Eiienna?aeaaneie ?yae
niaeoaeeae a eaaeaeii ec eioi?uo euao iiauo i?eaiia ioi?ieaiey.
?aaeenna? no?aieeny aeinoe/ue ii/oe iieiie noaooa?iinoe a ea?a aeoa?ia,
iioeae?oy aa oi “ienoe?eaeueiinoueth” iinoaiiaee (iai?eia?, “Nano?u
Aaao?enu”) , oi eaeaae aic?iaeaeaiey aioe/iiai oaao?a. Yoi aaei e
iiaeiaia aeeaiai /aeiaaea ia?eiiaoeie. E iiyoiio i?ioea
A.Y.Iaea?oieueaea i/aiue nei?i acaoioiaaeanue /anoue o?oiiu ai aeaaa n
naiie Eiienna?aeaaneie. E iia ?annoaeanue n A.Y.Iaea?oieueaeii, eae
?aiaa ?annoaeny n iei Noaieneaaneee. Ia neiaieenoneie ae?aiaoo?aee ii
iuoaeny nicaeaoue i?eioeeiu iiaiai “oneiaiiai oaao?a”.
A 1908a. A.A.Oaeyeianeee (aee?aeoi? eiioi?u eiia?aoi?neeo
oaao?ia(1901-1917a.), ii no?aieeny iaiiaeoue ?aaioo, i?eaea/ue eo/oea
neeu, iaiaaoeoue oaao?u iiuoii nia?aiaiiiai eneonnoaa) i?eaeae
A.Y.Iaea?oieueaea a eiia?aoi?neea oaao?u iinea aai ooiaea io
Eiienna?aeaaneie. A yoi a?aiy A.Y.Iaea?oieueae aeoeaii nio?oaeie/aao n
ooaeiaeieeii A.ss.Aieiaeiui. A naieo ?aaeenna?neeo caiuneao
A.Y.Iaea?oieueae aieueoia ianoi ioaiaeee ioi?ieaieth oaao?a. I?eia?ii
oaea/iie niaianoiie ?aaiou ?aaeenna?a A.Y.Iaea?oieueaea e ooaeiaeieea
Aieiaeia iiaeao auoue niaeoaeeue “Aeii-AEoai” Iieuea?a a
Aeaenaiae?eeneii oaao?a (1910a). Iinoaaeaiiue eie a 1917a. “Ianea?aae”
Ea?iiioiaa i?iaea?aeaeny ia noeaia Aeaenaiae?eeneiai oaao?a aieioue aei
1939a. Iaeaeaiiua i?eioeeiu ioi?ieaiey A.Y.Iaea?oieueae e Aieiaei
iiiuoaeenue ia aaconiaoii ia?aianoe e a iocueaeueiue oaao? (iia?a
“I?oae” Aethea, 1911, aaeao “A?aaiineay ioioa” Aeeiee, 1916, iia?a
“Eaiaiiue ainoue” Aea?aiiuaeneiai, 1917 a Ia?eeineii oaao?a e ae?.).
Ioeaeie A.Y.Iaea?oieueaea auei oi, /oi i?eioeeiu “Oneiaiiai”
(“O?aaeeoeeiiiiai oaao?a”) ii iuoaeny naeaeaoue oieaa?naeueiuie.
A 1913a. aicieeaao oaao? oooo?enoia-aoioa?ae i?ioea ao?aeoaciie
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe. Caeanue auea iinoaaeaia o?aaaaeey “Aeaaeeie?
Iayeianeee”, ioi?ieaiiay I.I.Oeeiiiaui e E.N.Oeieueieeii.
A 1914a a Iineaa iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii A.ss.Oae?iaa ia/eiaao ?aaioaoue
Eaia?iue oaao?, eieeaeoea eioi?iai niaei yenia?eiaioe?iaae e oiaea
oaeaeaeny “ea?ie a oaao?”.
A yoii oaao?a ?acaa?ioeanue aeayoaeueiinoue oaeeo e?oiiuo ooaeiaeieeia
eae, I.N.Aii/a?ia, A.A.Eaiooeia, I.A.Eociaoeia, A.A.Yenoa?.
Eioa?aniuie auee iiuou A.Yenoa?, ainieoaiiie ai O?aioeee ia
i?iecaaaeaieyo iinoeii?anneiienoia, eioi?ay ioi?ieyea oaao? e aai
niaeoaeee a noeea eoaioooo?ecia e eiino?oeoeaecia. Oae i?e iinoaiiaea
“Naeiiae” I.Oaeeueaea (1916) noeaia auea ?acaeaeaia Yenoa? ii aeeaaiiaee
aeaoiy iiaenoaaeaie, iaaeaeo eioi?uie iaoiaeeeanue aeioiia?aciay
eanoieoea.
IOAO, ia?auaynue e iiaeiie ae?aiaoo?aee neiaieenoia, ia caauaae i
eeanneea: “Ianyoe a aea?aaia” E.N.Oo?aaiaaa (ooae. Aeiaoaeeineee), “ Ia
anyeiai ioae?aoea aeiaieueii i?inoiou” A.I.Ino?ianeiai (ooae.
Eonoiaeeaa), “Iieiue aieueiie” AE.A.Iieuea?a , “Oicyeea ainoeieoeu”
E.Aieueaeiie (Noaieneaaneee e Aaioa nioeenue ia e?eoeea “oneiaiiai
oaao?a”), “A?aouey Ea?aiaciau” O.I.Aeinoiaaneiai (ooae.Aeiaooeineee) e
o.ae.
Eioa?aniui yaeaieai oaao?aeueiie aeecie noieeoe auee oaao?u eaaa?a,
eioi?ua auee aeeceeie e ia?iaeiiio aaeaaaio.
Oae, a oaa?aea 1908a. aeoa? IOAOa Ieeeoa Aaeeaa aianoa n iaeioi?uie
nio?oaeieeaie ioe?ue oaao? “Eaoo/ay iuoue”. Eaeay oaeiai oaao?a
ca?iaeeeanue io ciaiaieouo eaionoieeia a Ooaeiaeanoaaiiii oaao?a.
“Eaoo/ay iuoue” noaea ii/iui i?eaaaeeuai ioaoianeeo aeoa?ia e auea
oeaio?ii iineianeie ii/iie aeecie aei cae?uoey a 1919a.
A 1920a. Aaeeaa aic?iaeee “Eaoo/oth iuoue” a Ia?eaea, n eioi?ie ii
aano?iee?iaae ii anaio ie?o.
AEeciue oaeeo oaao?ia eaaa?a auea ia aeieaie, ii aiineee iniaia
iano?iaiea a oaao?aeueioth aeeciue oiai a?aiaie
EEII
Noaiiaeaiea ?onneiai eeii oei neiaeiaa oae, eae a ?innee ia auei
nianoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa aiia?aoia, iieueciaaeenue eiii?oiuie,
i?aeiouanoaaiii ec O?aioeee. Ii aaeeeay ?onneay eeoa?aoo?a, ia?aaeiaie
oaao? e aeeaiienue noaee aacie aeey auno?iai ?acaeoey eeiaiaoia?aoa.
Aaeaaaiu niaiyeenue noaoeeiia?iuie eeiioaao?aie. Eeii aoiaeeei a
iianaaeiaaiue auo.
Eeiaiaoia?ao iieueciaaeny iiioey?iinoueth anao, a c?eoaeueiii caea
iiaeii auei oaeaeaoue nooaeaioia e aeaiaea?iia, ioeoea?ia e eo?nenoie,
eioaeeeaaioia e ?aai/eo, i?eeac/eeia, oi?aiaoeaa, aeai naaoa, iiaeenoie,
/eiiaieeia e o.ae.
Eeiaiaoia?aoii oaeaeaeenue e oaeaioeeaua ooaeiaeieee: A.Aeieii
A.A?thnia, A.Y.Iaea?oieueae. Aeaaiaeaeaoaeueii i eeii iocuaaeenue
E.Noaieneaaneee, A.Iaie?iae/-Aeai/aiei, O.Oaeyiei, I.Eieiia?-*aoiaa e
ae?. e?oiiaeoea aeayoaee eoeueoo?u.
Aicea iiaiai aeaea auei iiiai aeaeueoeia, ?ann/eouaathueo ia nei?oth
i?eaueue. E iei ia ioiinyueiny e iiaeeeiiui ca/eiaoaeyi ?onneiai eeii
i?iecaiaenoaa noae Aeaenae Aeaenaaae/ Oaiaeiieia.
Naiie cia/eoaeueiie ea?oeiie ?aiiaai ia?eiaea ?onneiai eeii auea
“Iai?iia Naaanoiiiey”(1911). Aeeeiia ea?oeiu auea 2000iao?ia.
Ia nooaeee Oaiaeiieiaa ia/ae naith aeayoaeueiinoue iniiaiiieiaeiee
?onneie ioeueoeieeeaoeee Aeaaeeneaa Noa?aae/. Ii nicaeae ino?ioiiua
ianoa?neea eoeieueiua oeeueiu “I?ae?aniay Etheieeaea”, “Aanaeua noeaiee
ec aeecie ianaeiiuo”, “*aou?a /a?oa”, eioi?ua i?eianee aio ie?iaoth
ecaanoiinoue.
Auaeoiuee e oiieee ciaoie o?theia Noa?aae/ nieiae e ea?iaua eaiou
(“No?aoiay ianoue”, “Ii/ue ia?aae ?iaeaeanoaii”, “Iai Oaa?aeianeee”),
ii?aaeay c?eoaeae /oaeaniui en/aciiaaieai e iiyaeaiea aa?iaa.
A aiaeu aieiu a eeii aoiaeyo oaeea ecaanoiua ?aaeenna?u, eae
A.Y.Iaea?oieueae, A.Naoei, A.Nooeaae/, ioaoianeea aeoa?u I.Acianeay,
E.Eaiieaeia, E.Ianeaei, A.I?eiaa, A.Oia?a e ae?. Eo o/anoea iiaeieiaei
ooaeiaeanoaaiiue o?iaaiue oeeueiia.
Iinoaiaiii a naiii eeiaiaoia?aoa auaeaeaathony oaeaioeeaua ooaeiaeieee.
Oaeia sseia Aeaenaiae?iae/ I?ioacaiia (1881-1945). Aaniie 1916a. ia
ye?aiu auoiaeeo aai ye?aiecaoeey iooeeineie “Ieeiaie aeaiu”, e ii
noaiiaeony eo/oei ?aaeenna?ii ?onneiai eeii.
Oniaoo oeeueia niinianoaiaaee e o/anoea a?oiiu caia/aoaeueiuo aeoa?ia:
“ei?iey ye?aia” Eaaia Iicaeooeia a ?iee Aa?iaia e A.I?eiaie a ?iee Eecu.
I?ioacaiia i?iaeee aeieaoth aeeciue a eeii, iinea ?aaiethoeee ii nicaeae
iiiai eioa?aniuo oeeueiia “Ayeeeoa” (1924), “Cae?ieuee ec Oi?aeea”,
“I?acaeiee nayoiai Ei?aaia”, “Aani?eaeaiieoea” (1937), “Ian?aaeei a
Aooa?a” e ae?. ?acaeoeth ?onneiai eeii niinianoaiaaee Iaoa? *a?aeuiei,
Aaaaiee Aaoy?, Aeaaeeie? Aa?aeei. Oae Aa?aeei ye?aiece?iaae ?iiaiu
A.Oienoiai, Iae?aniaa, Oo?aaiaaa, nia?aiaiiuo ?onneeo ienaoaeae. Aa?aeei
aue e auaeathueiny aeoa?ii, a niaaoneii eeiaiaoia?aoa ii nicaeae ?yae
eeanne/aneeo ia?acia (Eoaeooea a oeeueia “Ainiiaea Aieiaeaau” ii
Naeoueiao-Uaae?eio, ?aai/ee Aaa/aiei ai “Ano?a/iii”, a?ao Oienoie a
“Iao?a 1”).
?acaeaaeny e “?acoiiue eeiaiaoia?ao”, oi anoue aeieoiaioaeueiue.
“?acoiiue eeiaiaoia?ao” eniieueciaaeny aeey i?inaauaiey ia?iaea.
Aeaeiaua ea?oeiu, nuaiee aeieoiaioia a ca?oaaaeiuo no?aiao, o?iieea i
iiaeieao iaoee e oaoieee – ana ?aaioaei aeey yoie oeaee. Iau/ii naainii
“?acoiiiai eeiaiaoia?aoa”, eioi?ua i?iaiaeeeny a oeieao e ia?iaeiuo
aeiiao, i?aaeoanoaiaaee eaeoeee.
Eeiaiaoia?ao ao?ii ?acaeaaeny, yoi aeaeii ec oeeo?: anee a 1913a. a
?innee auei niyoi 129 oeeueiia, oi a 1916a. eo auei 500, oioy ia ana iie
auee iieiiiao?aaeiuie1.
Aeieaia a?aiy oea?ue e aai i?aaeoaeuenoai eaii?e?iaaee eeiaiaoia?ao, ii
a aiaeu aieiu aai ia/aee eniieueciaaoue aeey nicaeaiey i?iiaaaiaeenoneeo
oeeueiia e o?iioiaie o?iieee. Yoei caieiaeny i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiue, oae
iacuaaaiue Neiaaeaaneee eeiieiieoao.
Caaa?oaieai ia?eiaea aei?aaiethoeeiiiiai eeii noae oeeuei ss.
I?ioacaiiaa “Ioaoe Na?aee” (1918a) (a aeaaiuo ?ieyo E.Iiaeooei,
A.I?eiaa).
“Enoi?ey ie?iaie ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u” N-A. Oeeeiiiiaa 1998,
no?.173
?onneia eneonnoai eiioea XIX – ia/aea XX aaea.
Eiiaoe XIX – ia/aei XX aaea – aaaeiue ia?eiae a ?acaeoee ?onneiai
eneonnoaa. Ii niaiaaeaao n oai yoaiii inaiaiaeeoaeueiiai aeaeaeaiey a
?innee, eioi?ue A.E.Eaiei iacaae i?ieaoa?neei. Yoi auei a?aiy
iaeanoi/aiiuo eeanniauo aiaa, o?ao ?aaiethoeee – 1905-1907 aa.,
oaa?aeueneie ao?aeoacii-aeaiie?aoe/aneie e Aaeeeie Ieoya?ueneie
nioeeaeenoe/aneie ?aaiethoeee, a?aiy e?ooaiey noa?iai ie?a. Ie?oaeathuay
aeeciue, niauoey yoiai iaiau/aeiiai a?aiaie ii?aaeaeeee noaeueau
eneonnoaa: iii i?aoa?iaei a naiai ?acaeoee iiiai neiaeiinoae e
i?ioeai?a/ee. Iiaua iooe eneonnoao aoaeouaai, nioeeaeenoe/aneiai ie?a
ioe?uei oai?/anoai I.Ai?ueeiai. Aai ?iiai “Iaoue”, iaienaiiue a 1906a.,
noae i?eia?ii oaeaioeeaiai aiieiuaiey a ooaeiaeanoaaiiii oai?/anoaa
i?eioeeiia ia?oeeiinoe e ia?iaeiinoe, eioi?ua aia?aua auee /aoei
ii?aaeaeaiu A.E.Eaieiui a noaouea “Ia?oeeiay i?aaiecaoeey e ia?oeeiay
eeoa?aoo?a” (1905a.).
Eaeiaa aea auea iauay ea?oeia ?acaeoey ?onneiai eneonnoaa a yoio
ia?eiae? Aua ieiaeioai?ii ?aaioaee aaaeouea ianoa?a ?aaeecia –
E.A.?aiei, A.E.No?eeia, A.I.Aaniaoeia, A.A.Iaeianeee.
A 1890-a aiaeu eo o?aaeeoeee iaoee naia ?acaeoea a ?yaea i?iecaaaeaiee
iieiaeiai iieieaiey ooaeiaeieeia-ia?aaeaeaeieeia, iai?eia?, Aa?aia
Aoeiiae/a A?oeiiaa (1862-1930 aa.), oai?/anoai eioi?iai oaeaea naycaii n
aeeciueth ia?iaea, n aeeciueth e?anoueyi. Aai ea?oeiu i?aaaeeau e
i?inou, ?aiiea – ee?e/iu (“Ii ?aea Iea”, 1890; “Ia?aoiue”, 1896) , a
iicaeieo, y?ei aeeaiieniuo, aeeaao aoeiay aeecia?aaeinoiinoue (“Aeaaooea
n eoaoeiii”, 1927; ana o?e a AOA). A 1890-A AIAeU A?oeiia iaienae
ea?oeio “I?a/ee”, ?anneacuaathuoth ia ecio?eoaeueiii aeaineii o?oaea,
neoaeauoth y?eei iaee/eoaeueiui aeieoiaioii naiiaea?aeaaeth (A?I).
E iieiaeiio iieieaieth ia?aaeaeaeieeia ioiinyony oaeaea Na?aae
Aeaenaaae/ Ei?iaei
(1858-1908) e Ieeieae Aeaenaaae/ Eanaoeei (1859-1930). Aeanyoue eao
o?oaeeeny Ei?iaei iaae
Naiae oeaio?aeueiie ea?oeiie “Ia ie?o” (1893, AOA). Ii io?acee a iae
neiaeiua i?ioeannu ?anneiaiey e?anoueyinoaa a nia?aiaiiie aio
eaieoaeece?iaaaoaeny aea?aaia. Aaaeiaeoea noi?iiu aeecie ?innee noiae
auyaeoue a naiai oai?/anoaa e Eanaoeei. Ii iiaeiye niaa?oaiii iiaoth
oaio, naycaiioth n oneeaieai ?iee i?ieaoa?eaoa. A oaooa?ao,
ecia?aaeaiiuo a aai ciaiaieoie ea?oeia “Oaeaeiiu.Niaia” (1895, AOA),
oaaaeuaaaony oa iiuiay neea, eioi?ay a iaaeaeaeii aoaeouai ?ac?ooeo
i?iaieaoee no?ie oea?neie ?innee e iino?ieo iiaia, nioeeaeenoe/aneia
iauanoai.
Ii a eneonnoaa 1890-o aiaeia iaia?oaeeeanue e eiay oaiaeaioeey.
Iiiaea ooaeiaeieee no?aieeenue iouneaoue oaia?ue a aeecie i?aaeaea anaai
aa iiyoe/aneea noi?iiu, iiyoiio aeaaea a aeai?iaua ea?oeiu iie aeeth/aee
iaecaaee. *anoi ia?auaeenue e e ae?aaia?onneie enoi?ee. Yoe aayiey a
eneonnoaa io/aoeeai i?ineaaeeaathony a oai?/anoaa oaeeo ooaeiaeieeia,
eae A.I.?yaooeei, A.I.Eonoiaeeaa e I.A.Ianoa?ia.
Ecethaeaiiui aeai?ii Aiae?ay Iao?iae/a ?yaooeeia (1861-1904) aue
enoi?e/aneee aeai?, ii ii ienae e ea?oeiu ec nia?aiaiiie aio
e?anoueyineie aeecie. Iaeiaei ooaeiaeieea i?aeaeaee eeoue ioaeaeueiua
noi?iiu ia?iaeiie aeecie: ia?yaeu, i?acaeieee. A ieo ii aeaeae
i?iyaeaiea eneiiii ?onneiai, iaoeeiiaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a (“Iineianeay
oeeoea XVII aaea”,1896,A?I). Aieueoeinoai ia?niiaaeae ia oieueei aeey
aeai?iauo, ii e aeey enoi?e/aneeo ea?oei auee iaienaiu ?yaooeeiui n
e?anoueyi – ooaeiaeiee ii/oe anth naith aeeciue i?iaae a aea?aaia. A
naie enoi?e/aneea iieioia ?yaooeei i?eaiinee iaeioi?ua oa?aeoa?iua /a?ou
ae?aaia?onneie aeeaiiene, eae au iiae/a?eeaay yoei enoi?e/aneoth
aeinoiaa?iinoue ecia?aaeaiee (“Naaaeaaiue iiacae a Iineaa (XVII
noieaoea)”, 1901, AOA).
Ae?oaie e?oiiue ooaeiaeiee yoiai a?aiaie – Ai?en Ieoaeeiae/
Eonoiaeeaa (1878-1927) ecia?aaeaao y?ia?ee n ?aciioeaaoiuie eiaeeaie e
a?oaeaie iano?uo oiaa?ia, ?onneea ianeaieoeu n acaeie ia o?ieeao, noeaiu
ec eoia/aneie aeecie.
A ?aiiai oai?/anoaa Ieoaeea Aaneeueaae/a Ianoa?iaa iaeaieaa iieii
?ane?ueenue ee?e/aneea noi?iiu aai aea?iaaiey. A aai ea?oeiao anaaaea
aieueooth ?ieue ea?ae iaecaae: ooaeiaeiee no?aieeny iaeoe io?aaeiia a
oeoeia aa/ii i?ae?aniie i?e?iaeu. Ii ethaee ecia?aaeaoue oiieinoaieueiua
aa?acee, o?oieea noaaaeueee o?aa e eoaiauo oeaaoia. Aai aa?ie –
ooaeaiueeea io?iee – iaeoaoaee iiianou?ae, eee aeia?ua noa?e/ee,
iaoiaeyuea ie? e iieie a i?e?iaea. Aeoaieei ni/oanoaeai iaayiu ea?oeiu,
iinayuaiiua noaeueaa ?onneie aeaiueiu (“Ia ai?ao”, 1896, Iocae ?onneiai
eneonnoaa, Eeaa; “Aaeeeee iino?ea”, 1897-1898, A?I).
E yoiio a?aiaie ioiineony oai?/anoai iaecaaeenoa e aieiaeenoa Aeaenay
Noaiaiiae/a Noaiaiiaa (1858-1923). Ooaeiaeiee ene?aiia ethaee aeeaioiuo
e aacoi?a/ii ciae ia oieueei aiaoiee aeae, ii e oa?aeoa? eaaeaeiai
caa?y, aai iaauee e iiaaaeee, a oaeaea niaoeeoe/aneea iniaaiiinoe
?acee/iuo aeaeia ioiou. Eo/oea ea?oeiu ooaeiaeieea, iinayuaiu ?onneie
i?e?iaea, i?iieeioou ee?eciii e iiyceae –“AEo?aaee eaoyo”(1891), “Eine”
(1889; iaa a AOA), “Aieee” (1910, /anoiia nia?aiea, Iineaa).
Aeoaieie ee?e/aneie iiyceae i?iieeiooi e eneonnoai Aeeoi?a
Yeueieaeeoi?iae/a Ai?eniaa-Ionaoiaa (1870-1905). I?ae?aniu e iiyoe/iu
aai ia?acu caaeoi/eauo aeaiuei – iaeoaoaeueieoe noa?ionaaeaaiuo ia?eia –
e any aai aa?iiie/aneay, iioiaeay ia iocueo aeeaiienue (“Aiaeiai”, 1902,
AOA).
A 80-90o aiaeao 19 aaea oi?ie?oaony oai?/anoai auaeathueony ?onneeo
ooaeiaeieeia Eiinoaioeia Aeaenaaae/a Ei?iaeia (1861-1939), Aaeaioeia
Aeaenaiae?iae/a Na?iaa e Ieoaeea Aeaenaiae?iae/a A?oaaey. A eo eneonnoaa
n iaeaieueoae iieiioie io?aceeenue ooaeiaeanoaaiiua aeinoeaeaiey yiioe.
Aea?iaaiea E.A.Ei?iaeia iaeeiaeiai y?ei ?ane?ueinue eae a noaieiaie
aeeaiiene, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue a iaecaaea, oae e a
oaao?aeueii-aeaea?aoeeiiiii eneonnoaa. I/a?iaaiea ei?iaeineiai eneonnoaa
caeeth/aaony a aai oaieioa, nieia/iinoe, a oiaiee ianoa?a
iaiin?aaenoaaiii e aeeai ia?aaeaaaoue naie ooaeiaeanoaaiiua aia/aoeaiey,
a uaae?inoe aai iaeeo?u, a eiei?e/aneii aiaaonoaa aai aeeaiiene (“O
aaeeiia”, 1888-1889; “Ceiie”, 1894-; iaa a AOA).
A naiii eiioea 1890-o aiaeia a ?innee oi?ie?oaony iiaia
ooaeiaeanoaaiiia iauanoai “Ie? eneonnoaa” ai aeaaa n A.I.Aaioa e
N.I.Aeyaeeaaui, ieacaaoaany aieueoia aeeyiea ia ooaeiaeanoaaiioth
aeeciue no?aiu. Iniiaiia aai yae?i – ooaeiaeieee E.A.Niiia, E.N.Aaeao,
I.A.Aeiaoaeeineee, A.A Eaina?a, A.I.Ino?ioiiaa-Eaaaaeaaa.
Aeayoaeueiinoue yoie a?oiiu auea i/aiue ?aciinoi?iiiae. Ooaeiaeieee aaee
aeoeaioth oai?/aneoth ?aaioo, ecaeaaaee ooaeiaeanoaaiiue aeo?iae “Ie?
eneonnoaa”, ono?aeaaee eioa?aniua ooaeiaeanoaaiiua aunoaaee n o/anoeai
iiiaeo auaeathueony ianoa?ia. Ie?eneonieee, eae iacuaaee ooaeiaeieeia
“Ie?a eneonnoaa”, no?aieeenue i?eiaueoue naieo c?eoaeae e /eoaoaeae e
aeinoeaeaieyi iaoeeiiaeueiiai e ie?iaiai eneonnoaa. Eo aeayoaeueiinoue
niinianoaiaaee oe?ieiio ?ani?ino?aiaieth a ?onneii iauanoaa
ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eoeueoo?u. Ii aianoa n oai iia eiaea e naie ieionu.
Ie?eneonieee eneaee a aeecie eeoue e?anioo e inouanoaeaiea eaeaaeia
ooaeiaeieea aeaeaee eeoue a aa/iie i?aeanoe eneonnoaa. Eo oai?/anoai
auei eeoaii aiaaiai aeooa e nioeeaeueiiai aiaeeca, naienoaaiiuo
ia?aaeaeaeieeai, iiae ciaiaiai eioi?uo oee naiua i?ia?anneaiua e naiua
?aaiethoeeiiiua ooaeiaeieee.
Aeaenaiae? Ieeieaaae/ Aaioa (1870-1960) ii i?aao n/eoaaony eaeaieiaii
“Ie?a eneonnoaa”. Ii aue oe?iei ia?aciaaiiui /aeiaaeii e iaeaaeae
aieueoeie iiciaieyie a iaeanoe eneonnoaa. Ii caieiaeny aeaaiui ia?acii
a?aoeeie e iiiai ?aaioae aeey oaao?a. Eae e aai oiaa?eue, Aaioa
?ac?aaaouaae a naiai oai?/anoaa oaiu ec i?ioeuo yiio. Ii aue iiyoii
Aa?naey, aai oai?/aneay oaioacey caai?aeanue, eiaaea ii niiaa e niiaa
iinauae ia?ee e aeai?oeu iaoa?ao?aneeo i?eai?iaeia. A naieo enoi?e/aneeo
eiiiiceoeeyo, ianaeaiiuo iaeaiueeeie, neiaii au iaaeeauie oeao?aie
ethaeae, ii ouaoaeueii e ethaiaii aini?iecaiaeee iaiyoieee eneonnoaa e
ioaeaeueiua aeaoaee auoa (“Ia?aae i?e Iao?a1”, 1907, A?I).
ss?eei i?aaenoaaeoaeai “Ie?a eneonnoaa” aue Eiinoaioei Aiae?aaae/ Niiia
(1869-1939). Ii iieo/ee oe?ieoth ecaanoiinoue eae ianoa? ?iiaioe/aneiai
iaecaaea e aaeaioiuo noeai. Aai iau/iua aa?ie – neiaii i?eoaaeoea ec
aeaeaeie noa?eiu aeaiu a aunieeo ioae?aiiuo ia?eeao e iuoiuo e?eiieeiao
e ecuneaiiua oiiiua eaaaea?u a aoeaniuo eaicieao. Niiia i?ae?anii
aeaaeae ?enoieii. Iniaaiii yoi neacaeinue a aai ii?o?aoao. Ooaeiaeiee
nicaeae aaea?ath ii?o?aoia i?aaenoaaeoaeae ooaeiaeanoaaiiie
eioaeeeaaioeee, a oii /enea iiyoia A.A.Aeiea e I.A.Eocieia (1907, 1909;
iaa a AOA).
A ooaeiaeanoaaiiie aeecie ?innee ia/aea aaea cia/eoaeueioth ?ieue
nua?aea oaeaea ooaeiaeanoaaiiay a?oiie?iaea “Nithc ?onneeo
ooaeiaeieeia”. A iaa aoiaeeee ooaeiaeieee E.A.Ei?iaei, A.A.A?oeiia,
N.A.Aeiia?aaeia, N.TH.AEoeianeee, E.A,Oo?aeaineee, E.O.THii e ae?oaea.
Aeaaiui aeai?ii a oai?/anoaa yoeo ooaeiaeieeia aue iaecaae. Iie
yaeyeenue i?aaiieeaie iaecaaeiie aeeaiiene aoi?ie iieiaeiu 19aaea.
Neoeueioo?a
Iooe ?acaeoey ?onneie neoeueioo?u eiioea 19-ia/aea 20 aaea auee ai
iiiaii ii?aaeaeaiu aa naycyie n eneonnoaii ia?aaeaeaeieeia. Eiaiii yoei
iauyniyaony aa aeaiie?aoeci e niaea?aeaoaeueiinoue.
Neoeueioi?u aeoeaii o/anoaotho a iieneao iiaiai, nia?aiaiiiai aa?iy.
Aieaa ?aciiia?aciuie noaiiayony iaoa?eaeu: i?eiaiythony ia oieueei
i?aii? e a?iica, eae i?aaeaea, ii e eaiaiue, aea?aai, iaeieeea, aeaaea
aeeia. Aeaeathony iiiuoee aiaae?eoue a neoeueioo?o oeaao. A yoi a?aiy
?aaioaao aeanoyuay ieayaea neoeueioi?ia – I.I.O?oaaoeeie, A.N.Aieoaeeia,
N.O.Eiiaieia, A.O.Iaoaaaa.
Ia eneonnoaa Aiiu Naiaiiaiu Aieoaeeiie (1864-1927) eaaeeo ia/aoue aa
a?aiaie. Iii iiae/a?eiooi iaeooioai?aiii e anaaaea aeoaiei e
iineaaeiaaoaeueii aeaiie?aoe/ii. Aieoaeeia – oaaaeaeaiiue
?aaiethoeeiia?. Aa neoeueioo?u “?aa” (1905,AOA), “Eaeouee” (1903, A?I),
ii?o?ao Ea?ea Ia?ena (1905, AOA) – anoanoaaiiue ioeeee ia ia?aaeiaua
eaeae nia?aiaiiinoe. Aieoaeeia – aieueoie ianoa? ineoieiae/aneiai
neoeueioo?iiai ii?o?aoa. E caeanue iia inoaaony aa?iie naaa, n
iaeeiaeiaui oai?/aneei iiaeuaiii ?aaioay iaae ii?o?aoaie e Aaeeeiai
ienaoaey (“Eaa Oienoie”, 1927, A?I), e i?inoie aeaiueiu (“Ia?uey”, 1905.
AOA).
Iniaaiiui aiaaonoaii e ?aciiia?aceai noeee/aneeo e aeai?iauo oi?i
ioee/aaony neoeueioo?iia oai?/anoai Na?aay Oeiioaaae/a Eiiaieiaa
(1874-1971).
Aai ?aaioa “Nainii, ?ac?uaathuee ocu” (1902) iaaayia oeoaie/aneeie
ia?acaie Ieeaeaiaeaeaei. “?aai/ee-aiaaee 1905 aiaea Eaai *o?eei” (1906)
– yoi ieeoeaoai?aiea ianie?ooeiie aiee, caeaeaiiie a iaia eeanniauo
aeoa.
Iinea iiacaeee a A?aoeeth a 1912a., iiaeiaii A.Na?iao, ii oaeaeaaony
ae?aaiae a?oaeeie. Ia?acu ycu/aneie ae?aaiaa?a/aneie ieoieiaee
ia?aieaoathony n ia?acaie ae?aaianeaayineie ieoieiaee. Aa?aioeaaneea
eaeae oieueeeea?iinoe aiieioeeenue oaeaea a oaeeo ?aaioao, eae
“Aaeeeinee”, “No?eaia”, “Noa?e/ae” e ae?. “Ieuay a?aoey” (1917)
aini?eieiaeanue eae ooiaeyuay a i?ioeia ?inney. Au?acaiiua ec aea?aaa
oeao?u aeaoo ieueo ai?aiu/iuo no?aiieeia, nai?aeaiiuo, ei?yauo,
caeooaiiuo a eioiiouey, iaeiia?aiaiii ?aaeenoe/iu e oaioanoe/iu.
O?aaeeoeee eeanne/aneiai aayiey aic?iaeaeae Eaai Oeiioaaae/ Iaoaaaa
(1878-1960), o/aiee O?oaaoeeiai a Iineianeii o/eeeua. Ii ?ac?aaioae
ieieioi iniiaiuo ieanoe/aneeo oai a iioeaao iaiaaeaiiie oeao?u. Iaeaieaa
iieii ieanoe/aneea i?eioeeiu iaoaaaaneie neoeueioo?u ?ane?uaathony a
ia?acao thiioae e iaeue/eeia (“Neaeyuee iaeue/ee”, 1909, “Niyuea
iaeue/eee”, 1907, “THiioa”, 1911, e ?yae noaooe, i?aaeiacia/aiiuo aeey
iaeiiai ec ia?eiauo ainaiaeae a E?uio). Aioe/iua eaaeea ecaeau oeao?
iaeue/eeia o Iaoaaaaa ni/aoathony ni niaoeeoe/aneie oi/iinoueth iic e
aeaeaeaiee, iaiiieiathueo iieioia Ai?eniaa-Ionaoiaa. Iaoaaaa a naieo
?aaioao aiieioee nia?aiaiioth aeaaeaeo aa?iiiee a nia?aiaiiua
ooaeiaeanoaaiiua oi?iu.
A?oeoaeoo?a
A?oeoaeoo?a eae aeae eneonnoaa a iaeaieueoae noaiaie caaeneo io
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee. Iiyoiio a ?innee a oneiaeyo
iiiiiieenoe/aneiai ?acaeoey eaieoaeecia iia noaea nin?aaeioi/aieai
ino?uo i?ioeai?a/ee, /oi i?eaaei e noeoeeiie cano?ieea ai?iaeia, /oi
iaianei oua?a a?aaeino?ieoaeuenoao e i?aa?aoeei e?oiiua ai?iaea a
iiino?u oeeaeeecaoeee.
Aunieea caeaiey i?aa?aoeee aioo?aiiea aeai?u a ieioiinaauaaiua e
i?iaao?eaaaiua eieiaeoeu. Ec ai?iaea auoaniyeanue caeaiue.
A?eiannaia?aciue oa?aeoa? i?eia?aea aeeni?iii?oeey iaaeaeo ianooaaaie
iiauo nii?oaeaiee e noa?ie cano?ieee. A oiaea a?aiy iiyaeythony
i?iiuoeaiiua a?oeoaeoo?iua nii?oaeaiey – caaiaeu, oaa?eee, aiecaeu,
iannaaee, aaiee, eeiaiaoia?aou. Aeey eo iino?ieee i?eiaiyeenue iiaaeoea
ieaie?iai/iua e eiino?oeoeaiua ?aoaiey, aeoeaii i?eiaiyeny aeaeaciaaoii
e iaoaeee/aneea eiino?oeoeee, iicaieythuaa nicaeaaaoue iiiauaiey, a
eioi?uo iaeiia?aiaiii iaoiaeyony aieueoea iannu ethaeae.
*oi eanaaony noeeae a yoi a?aiy?! Ia ?ao?iniaeoeaii-yeaeo?e/aneii oiia
aicieeee iiaua oa/aiey – iiaea?i e iaieeanneoeeci. Ia?aua i?iyaeaiey
iiaea?ia ioiinyony e iineaaeiaio aeanyoeeaoeth 19 aaea, iaieeanneoeeci
oi?ie?oaony a 1900-o a.
Iiaea?i a ?innee i?eioeeieaeueii ia ioee/aaony io caiaaeiiai. Iaeiaei,
/aoei i?ineaaeeaaeanue oaiaeaioeey e niaoaieth iiaea?ia n enoi?e/aneeie
noeeyie: ?aianaina, Aa?ieei, ?ieiei, a oaeaea ae?aaia?onneeo
a?oeoaeoo?iuo oi?i (ss?ineaaneee aiecae a Iineaa). A Iaoa?ao?aa auee
?ani?ino?aiaiu aa?eaoeee neaiaeeiaaneiai iiaea?ia.
A Iineaa iniiaiui i?aaenoaaeoaeai noeey iiaea?i yaeyeny a?oeoaeoi?
Oaaei? Ineiiae/ Oaooaeue (1859-1926), ii iino?iee caeaiea IOAOa e
iniaiye ?yaooeineiai (1900-1902) – i?iecaaaeaiey iaeaieaa oeie/iua aeey
/enoiai iiaea?ia. Aai aea ss?ineaaneee aiecae – ia?acaoe noeee/anee
niaoaiiie a?oeoaeoo?u. A iniaiyea ?yaooeineiai a?oeoaeoi? iooiaeeo io
o?aaeeoeeiiiuo caaeaiiuo noai iino?iaiey e eniieuecoao i?eioeei
naiaiaeiie aneiiao?ee. Eaaeaeue ec oanaaeia neiiiiiiaai ii-naiaio.
Caeaiea auaea?aeaiii a naiaiaeiii ?acaeoee iauaiia, e naieie aunooiaie
iaiiieiaao ?anoaiea, ioneathuaa ei?ie, yoi niioaaonoaoao i?eioeeio
iiaea?ia – i?eaeaaaoue a?oeoaeoo?iie iino?ieea i?aaie/aneoth oi?io. N
ae?oaie noi?iiu iniaiye aeiaieueii iiiieeoai e ioaa/aao i?eioeeio
ao?aeoaciiai aeeeeua: “Iie aeii – iiy e?aiinoue”.
?aciioa?aeoa?iua oanaaeu iauaaeeiyao oe?ieee iicae/iue o?ec ni
noeeeciaaiiui ecia?aaeaieai e?enia (?anoeoaeueiue i?iaiaio oa?aeoa?ai
aeey noeey iiaea?i). Oa?aeoa?iuie aeey iiaea?ia yaeythony ieiiiua
aeo?aaee. A ieo e a ioi?ieaiee caeaiey i?aiaeaaeatho
i?eoioeeai-eai?eciua aeaeu eeiee. Yoe iioeau aeinoeaatho aiiaay a
eioa?uea?a caeaiey. Iaaaeue e aeaei?aoeaiia oa?ainoai auiieiaii ii
i?iaeoai Oaooaey. *a?aaeiaaiea noi?a/iuo e naaoeuo i?ino?ainoa, iaeeea
iaoa?eaeia, aeathueo i?e/oaeeeaoth ea?o io?aaeaiey naaoa (i?aii?,
noaeei, iiee?iaaiiia aea?aai), ie?aoaiiue naao ieiiiuo aeo?aaeae,
aneieo?e/iia ?aniieiaeaiea aeaa?iuo i?iaiia, eioi?ua eciaiytho
iai?aaeaiea naaoiaiai iioiea – ana yoi ?aaeueiinoue i?aia?aaeaao a
?iiaioe/aneee ie?.
A oiaea ?acaeoey noeey o Oaooaey iiyaeythony ?aoeeiiaeenoe/aneea
oaiaeaioeee. Oi?aiaue aeii Iineianeiai eoia/aneiai iauanoaa a Iaei
*a?eanneii ia?aoeea (1909), caeaiea oeiia?aoee “Oo?i ?innee” (1907)
iiaeii iacaaoue i?aaeeiino?oeoeaenoneeie. Iniiaiie yooaeo ninoaaeytho
canoaeeaiiua iiaa?oiinoe ia?iiiuo ieii, ne?oaeaiiua oaeu, eioi?ua
i?eaeatho caeaieth ieanoe/iinoue.
Iaeaieaa cia/eoaeueiuie ianoa?aie iiaea?ia a Iaoa?ao?aa yaeyeenue
O.E.Eeaeaaeue (1870-1945, ainoeieoea “Anoi?ey”. Acianei-Aeiineie aaie)
E.I.Eyeaae/ (caeaiea oe?iu “Ia?oaen” ia iaaneii i?iniaeoa).
Iaieeanneoeeci aue noaoai ?onneei yaeaieai e eiae iaeaieueoaa
?ani?ino?aiaiea a Iaoa?ao?aa a 1910a. Yoi iai?aaeaiea noaaeei naiae
oeaeueth aic?iaeeoue o?aaeeoeee ?onneiai eeanneoeecia Eacaeiaa,
Ai?iieoeia, Caoa?iaa, ?inne, Noaniaa, AEeey?aee aoi?ie iieiaeiu 18 e
ia?aie o?aoe 19a. Eeaea?aie iaieeanneoeecia auee E.A.Oiiei (1872-1936;
iniaiye A.A.Iieiaoeaaa ia Eaiaiiii ino?iaa a Iaoa?ao?aa) A.Ooei (aeeeua
aeiia), A.Oaiaiyi, E.AEieoianeee (iniaiye A.A.Oa?aniaa a Iineaa). Iie
nicaeaee iiiai auaeathueony nii?oaeaiee, ioee/athueony aa?iiie/iinoueth
eiiiiceoeee, ecuneaiiinoueth aeaoaeae. N iaieeanneoeeciii niueaaony
oai?/anoai Aeaenaiae?a Aeeoi?iae/a Uonaaa (1873-1949). Ii ii ia?auaeny e
ianeaaeeth iaoeeiiaeueiiai ?onneiai ciae/anoaa 11- 17 aaeia (eiiaaea
yoio noeeue iacuaatho iai?onneee noeeue). Uonaaui auee iino?iaiu
Ia?oa-Ia?eeineay iaeoaeue e Eacaineee aiecae a Iineaa. I?e anao
aeinoieinoaao iaieeanneoeeci aue iniaie ?aciiaeaeiinoueth a aunoae oi?ia
?ao?iniaeoeaecia.
Ianiio?y ia ea/anoaaiiinoue a?oeoaeoo?iuo nii?oaeaiee yoiai a?aiaie
ioaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi ?onneay a?oeoaeoo?a e eioa?uea? ia niiaee
inaiaiaeeoueny io iniiaiiai ii?iea yeeaeoecia, iniaue iiaue iooue
?acaeoey ia aue iaeaeai.
Iacaaiiua iai?aaeaiey iieo/eee aieueoaa eee iaiueoaa ?acaeoea iinea
ieoya?ueneie ?aaiethoeee
Iocuea
A eiioea 19-ia/aea 20 aaea (aei 1917) – ia?eiae ia iaiaa aiaaoue, ii
ai?acaei aieaa neiaeiue. Ii ia ioaeaeai io i?aaeuaeouaai eaeei-eeai
?aceei ia?aeiiii: a yoi a?aiy i?iaeieaeatho oai?eoue I.A Aaeaee?aa,
Oe.A.Ethe, eo/oea, aa?oeiiua ni/eiaiey *aeeianeiai e ?eineiai-Ei?naeiaa
ioiinyony e 90-i aiaeai 19a. e ia?aiio aeanyoeeaoeth 20a. Ii oaea ooee
ec aeecie Ioni?neee e Ai?iaeei, a a 1893a. – *aeeianeee. Ia niaio ei
i?eoiaeyo o/aieee, ianeaaeieee e i?iaeieaeaoaee o?aaeeoeee: N.Oaiaa,
A.Aeacoiia, N.?aoiaieiia. A eo oai?/anoaa /oanoaothony iiaua a?aiaia,
iiaua aeonu. I?iecioee eciaiaiey e a aeai?iauo i?ei?eoaoao. Oae, iia?a,
caieiaaoay aieaa 100 eao aeaaiia ianoi a ?onneie iocuea, ioioea ia
aoi?ie ieai. A ?ieue aaeaoa, iaiai?io, au?inea. Aeaei I.E.*aeeianeiai –
nicaeaiea i?ae?aniuo aaeaoia i?iaeieaeee Aeaenaiae? Eiinoaioeiiae/
Aeacoiia (1865-1936) – aaoi? caia/aoaeueiie “?aeiiiaeu” (1897),
“Aa?uoie-e?anoueyiee” (1898).
Oe?ieia ?acaeoea iieo/eee neioiie/aneea e eaia?iua aeai?u. Aeacoiia
nicaeae ainaiue neioiiee e neioiie/aneoth iiyio “Noaiai ?acei” (1885)1.
Na?aae Eaaiiae/ Oaiaaa (1856-1915) ni/eiyao neioiiee, oi?oaieaiua o?ei e
eaeioaou. A oi?oaieaiiua eiioea?ou ?aoiaieiiaa (eae e eiioea?ou
*aeeianeiai e ne?eie/iue eiioea?o Aeacoiiaa) ioiinyony e aa?oeiai
ie?iaiai eneonnoaa.
N?aaee iieiaeiai iieieaiey iocueaioia auee eiiiiceoi?u iiaiai oeia. Iie
ienaee iocueo ii-iiaiio, eiiaaea aeaaea ?acei. E iei ioiinyony Ne?yaei,
/uey iocuea iiei?yea naiae neeie iaeieo, e ioaaea naiae iiaeciie
ae?oaeo, e No?aaeineee, /uee aaeaou, iinoaaeaiiua ai a?aiy “?onneeo
naciiia” a Ia?eaea, i?eaeaeaee aieiaiea anae Aa?iiu. A aiaeu 1-e ie?iaie
aieiu ia ?onneii ai?eciioa ainoiaeeo aua iaeia caacaea N.I?ieioueaa.
A ia/aea 19a. /a?ac ?onneoth iocueo, eae e /a?ac ana eneonnoai,
i?ioiaeeo oaia iaeeaeaiey aaeeeeo ia?aiai, eioi?ua i?ienoiaeeee e aeeyee
ia eneonnoai.
Na?aae Aaneeueaae/ ?aoiaieiia (1873-1943). Iocuea aai auno?i caaiaaaea
aieiaiea e i?eciaiea ioaeeee. Aai ?aiiea i?iecaaaeaiey “Yeaaey”,
“Aa?ea?iea”, “Iieeoeiaeue” aini?eieiaeenue eae aeiaaiee aeecie.
Ethaeiui ienaoaeai aue *aoia, neioiie/aneay iiyia “Ooan” iaienaia ii
?anneacai *aoiaa “A iooe”.
Eeoue a 1926a. ii caeii/ee 4-e oi?oaieaiiue eiioea?o, ia/aoue aua a
?innee. Iioii iiyaeythony “O?e ?onneea ianie aeey oi?a n i?eano?ii”,
aaea cao/aea oaeaeue io/ayiey. Iaaeaeo 1931 e 1934a. ?aoiaieiia ?aaioae
iaae aeaoiy e?oiiuie oeeeeaie: aeey oi?oaieaii “Aa?eaoeee ia oaio
Ei?aeee” (20 aa?eaoeee) e “?ainiaeey aeey oi?oaieaii n i?eano?ii ia oaio
ne?eie/iie iueanu Ieeiei Iaaaieie”, ninoiyuay ec aa?eaoeee.
Iineaaeiaa ni/eiaiea “Neioiie/aneea oaeiu” (1940) ?aoiaieiia iinayoee
Oeeaaeaeueoeeneiio i?eano?o, n eioi?ui iniaaiii ethaee aunooiaoue.
Aeaenaiae? Ieeieaaae/ Ne?yaei (1871-1915). A ni/eiaieyo Ne?yaeia auee
iiae?iaiua eeoa?aoo?iua i?ia?aiiu, ii iacaaiey aeinoaoi/ii aano?aeoiu
(“Aiaeanoaaiiay iiyia” – 3-y neioiiey, 1904, “Iiyia yenoaca”, 1907,
“Iiyia iaiy” – “I?iiaoae”, 1910). Ii Ne?yaei caaeoiae aua aieaa
a?aiaeeiciia i?iecaaaeaiea ia neioaoe/aneeo ia/aeao – “Ienoa?eth”. Oae
aea auei iaienaii o?e neioiiee (1900, 1901, 1904), iia?a “Eiuae
aannia?oiue” (1901), “Iiyia yenoaca”, “I?iiaoae” aeey oi?oaieaii: 10
niiao, iaco?ee, aaeuenu, iiyiu, yothaeu e o.e.2.
Oai aea no?.207
Oai aea no?.127
Eai?ue Oaaei?iae/ No?aaeineee (1882-1971). A “AEa?-ioeoea” (1910) – yoi
oaia neacee i ceii Eiuaa e iaaeaiee aai oaiiiai oea?noaa, a “Aaia
nayuaiiie” (1913) – oaia ae?aaieo ycu/aneeo ia?yaeia, aea?oaii?eiioaiee
a /anoue aanaiiaai aic?iaeaeaiey aeecie, a /anoue caiee-ei?ieeeoeu.
Aaeao “Iao?ooea” (1911), iaeei ec naiuo iiioey?iuo, iaaayi aoeyieyie ia
ianeaieoeo e o?aaeeoeeiiiuie eoeieueiuie i?aaenoaaeaieyie n o/anoeai
Iao?ooee, aai niia?ieea A?aia e Aaea?eiu (Eieiiaeiu).
Aoaeo/e a aeaee io aeiia, io ?iaeeiu, ?onneay oaia i?iaeieaeaea aeeoue
a aai ni/eiaieyo (“Naaaeaaea”, 1923).
?aciiia?acea ni/eiaiee No?aaeineiai caiaoii ioaeiieyao. Auaeaeei
iia?o-i?aoi?eth “Oea?ue Yaeei” e aaeao “Aiieeii Ionaaao” (1928).
No?aaeineee iaienae iia?o “Iioiaeaeaiey iiaanu” (1951).
Aiai?y i iocuea eiioea 19-ia/aea20a., iaeuecy ia neacaoue i
iocueaeueiii oaao?a. Aaeaoii-iia?iiio eneonnoao ieacuaaeanue
ainoaea?noaaiiay iiaeaea?aeea. A?oenoai aaeaoa iie?iaeoaeuenoaiaaee
naiua ciaoiua iniau (Iaoeeueaea Eianeineay e iie?iaeoaeuenoai aaeeeeo
eiycae ?iiaiiauo). Aieaa oiai, iia?ii-aaeaoiia eneonnoai noaei aeceoiie
ea?oi/eie anaai ?onneiai eneonnoaa a ?aieao “?onneeo naciiia” a Ia?eaea
Na?aay Aeyaaeaaa (1907-1913).
Iineianeay *anoiay iia?a a naiai ?aia?ooa?a i?iiaaaiaee?iaaea i?aaeaea
anaai i?iecaaaeaiey ?onneeo eiiiiceoi?ia e nua?aea aaaeioth ?ieue a
?aaeenoe/aneii ?ane?uoee iia? Ioni?aneiai, a ?iaeaeaiee iiauo
i?iecaaaeaiee ?eineiai-Ei?naeiaa. A iae iae Oaeyiei, ca aa ioeueoii
noiye ?aoiaieiia, aa ae?oaii e oai?/aneie iii?ie aue ?eineee-Ei?naeia.
Caeanue niaeoaeeue nicaeaaaeny noeaie/aneei ainaiaeai, a eioi?ii
o/anoaiaaee e eiiiiceoi?, e i?eano? ai aeaaa n aee?eaea?ii, e
?aaeena?-iinoaiiauee, e ooaeiaeieee-aeaei?aoi?u – yoi auee nio/anoieee
nicaeaiey aaeeiiai oeaeiai, /aai ia auei a eiia?aoi?neeo oaao?ao, oai
eaaeaeue ?aaioae a ioaeaeueiinoe. Oae, a *anoiie iia?a Iaiiioiaa
?aaioaee auaeathueany ooaeiaeieee A.Ae. Iieaiia (“?onaeea”
Aea?aiiuaeneiai, 1896, “I?oae” Aethea, 1897, “Oaono” Aoii, 1897, “Ai?en
Aiaeoiia” Ioni?aneiai, 1898, “I?eaaineay aeaaa” *aeeianeiai, 1899 e
ae?.), A.Aaniaoeia (“Niaao?i/ea” ?eineiai-Ei?naeiaa, 1885, “*a?iaeaeea”
*aeeianeiai, 1900), I.A.Aaniaoeia (“Eaai Nonaiei” Aeeiee, 1896,
“Oiaaiueia” Ioni?aneiai, 1897), I.A.A?oaaeue (“Oaiaaeca?” Aaaia?a,
“Aeany” Eiiieeoia Eaaiiaa, “Eaaeacneee ieaiiee” Ethe, “Ieeiaay aeaia”
*aeeianiai, “?iaiaaea” A.Na?iaa, “Niaao?i/ea”, “Naaeei”, “neacea i oea?a
Naeoaia”, “Iioea?o e Naeuea?e”, “Oea?neay iaaanoa” ?eineiai-Ei?naeiaa),
A.Na?ia (“THaeeoue” e “?iaiaaea”), E.Ei?iaei (“Ineiaeoyiea”, “Oaono”,
“Eiycue Eai?ue”, “Naaeei”).
A iineaaeiea aiaeu 19a. iaia/aaony i?ia?ann a ?aaioa eiia?aoi?neeo
oaao?ia ai aeaaa n A.A.Oaeyeianeei, eioi?ue i?eaeae aeey ?aaiou a
oaao?ao eo/oea neeu nia?aiaiiiai eneonnoaa. E.Ei?iaei noaiiaeony aeaaiui
ooaeiaeieeii Ia?eeineiai oaao?a, Aieiaei – Aeaenaiae?eeneiai. A
eiia?aoi?neea oaao?u i?eaeaoaaony O.E.Oaeyiei. Oaeyeianeee i?eaeae iiauo
?aaeana?ia, n?aaee eioi?uo aue e Iaea?oieueae, aaeaoiaenoa?a I.I.Oieeia
e ae?.
Eiieo?aioeeth eiia?aoi?neei oaao?ai nicaeaaaea *anoiay iia?a
N.E.Ceieia, eioi?ay aicieeea a Iineaa a 1904a. ia iniiaa inoaoeia iia?u
Iaiiioiaa iinea oeiainiaiai e?aoa aa ?oeiaiaeeoaey. A oii oaao?a
?aaioaee oaeaioeeaua ooaeiaeieee: O,O,Oaaei?ianeee (“Ea?iai” Aeca, 1907,
“Aeaiii” ?oaeiooaeia, 1908, “I?anoay” Oaiaaa, 1915, “Ieeiaay aeaia”,
1910, “Aaaaiee Iiaaei”, 1912, *aeeianeiai. “O?enoai e Ecieueaea”
Aaaia?a, 1916), I.A.Aaniaoeia (“Ii?e/iee” *aeeianeiai, 1911),
E.ss.Aeeeaei (“Cieioie iaoooie” ?eineiai-Ei?naeiaa, 1909, “Aneaeueaeiaa
iiaeea” Aa?oianeiai, 1914 e ae?.), I.I Eii/aeianeee (“Eoiaoe Eaeaoieeia
?oaeiooaeia, 1912, “Aeii AEoai” Iioea?oa, 1913, “Aeie iaoae aeecie”
Aeooiaoeaaa. 1914).
Caeeth/aiea
Enoi?ey ioa/anoaaiiie eoeueoo?u – iaoa aeooiaiia aiaaonoai. A eoeueoo?a
caeeth/aia iaiyoue ia?iaea, /a?ac eoeueoo?o eaaeaeia iiaia iieieaiea,
anooiay a aeeciue, iuouaao naay /anoueth yoiai ia?iaea.
Eoeueoo?a ?acaeaaaony iai?a?uaii, e eaaeaeia iieieaiea ethaeae
iie?aaony ia oi, /oi auei nicaeaii i?aaeoanoaeieeaie.
A?aiy e i?aiaa?aaeaiea iioiieia i?eaaee e oo?aoa iiiaeo iaiyoieeia
eoeueoo?u. Ii enoi?ey ioa/anoaaiiie eoeueoo?u naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii,
/oi e?iia iioa?ue auee e iaoiaeee, e ioe?uoey. Oae, nionoy iiiai aaeia
a iaoo eoeueoo?o aa?ioeinue “Neiai i iieeo Eai?aaa”, aic?iaeeeinue
aeooiaiia cia/aiea ?onneie eeoa?aoo?u. Oae, ainnoaiaaeeaaeenue
ae?aaia?onneea eeiiu, ioe?uoua iiae ianeieueeeie neiyie iicaeiae
aeeaiiene. Aiiaue inaaeaaaony ioa/anoaaiiay iaia?enenoneay oeeinioey, e
i?eoiaey a iaoo eoeueoo?o eeoa?aoo?a e eneonnoai ?onneiai ca?oaaaeuey
20a.
Enoi?ey ioa/anoaaiiie eoeueoo?u ia ia?aie/eaaaony iaoeeiiaeueiuie
?aieaie. A?iiaaeiue aeeaae a ?onneoth eoeueoo?o aianee i?aaenoaaeoaee
ae?oaeo ia?iaeia, oae aea eae e ?onneea ii i?ienoiaeaeaieth aeayoaee
ioaeaaaee naie neeu e oaeaio eoeueoo?iiio ?acaeoeth ia?iaeia NNN? e
ae?oaeo no?ai.
?onneay eoeueoo?a oi?ie?iaaeanue e ?acaeaaaony naaiaeiy eae iaeia ec
aaoaae iiao/aai aea?aaa ie?iaie iaua/aeiaa/aneie eoeueoo?u. Aa aeeaae a
ie?iaie eoeueoo?iue i?ia?ann aannii?ai: yoi e eoeueoo?iua iao/iua
ioe?uoey, e oaaeaa?u eeoa?aoo?u e eneonnoaa, e, iiaeao auoue naiia
aaaeiia, aa?iinoue aoiaienoe/aneei eaeaaeai.
Iaeaaeaiea eoeueoo?iui aiaaonoaii /aeiaa/anoaa noaiiaeony ana aieaa
iinoiyiiie iio?aaiinoueth a?aiaie, a eco/aiea enoi?ee ioa/anoaaiiie
eoeueoo?u i?eia?aoaao eneeth/eoaeueii aaaeiia iauanoaaiiia cia/aiea.
1
3
7
11
13
16
17
19
21
22
23
Нашли опечатку? Выделите и нажмите CTRL+Enter
