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Историческое развитие представлений о культуре

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Aeaaa 1. ENOI?E*ANEIA ?ACAEOEA I?AAeNOAAEAIEE

I EOEUeOO?A

1. ca?iaeaeaiea i?aaenoaaeaiee i eoeueoo?a a aioe/iinoe

2. iiieiaiea eoeueoo?u a ia?eiae n?aaeiaaaeiauey

3. aeeaae iuneeoaeae yiioe aic?iaeaeaiey a iiieiaiea eoeueoo?u

4. eiioeaioeee eoeueoo?u 17 aaea

5. i?iaeaiu eoeueoo?u a oeeinioee i?inaauaiey

6. eiioeaioeee eoeueoo?u a iaiaoeeie eeanne/aneie oeeinioee

7. oai?ey eoeueoo?u a nioeeaeueiie oeeinioee ia?enecia

A aeaaa 1 ?anniao?eaaaony enoi?e/aneia ?acaeoea i?aaenoaaeaiee i
eoeueoo?a, ia/eiay n aioe/iinoe e aei eiioea XIX aaea. Eco/ay yoo oaio,
neaaeoao oynieoue, /oi ia?aiia/aeueii icia/ae oa?iei “eoeueoo?a” e eae a
aeaeueiaeoai eciaieeinue aai niaea?aeaiea; eae iiieiaee eoeueoo?o
e?oiiaeoea iuneeoaee aioe/iinoe, n?aaeiaaaeiauey, Aic?iaeaeaiey e Iiaiai
a?aiaie. Neaaeoao eiaoue aaeaeo, /oi iauaoai?aoe/aneea i?iaeaiu
eoeueoo?u aeieaia a?aiy ?ac?aaaouaaeenue a ?aieao oeeinioee. Oeeiniou
yoiai ia?eiaea enneaaeiaaee ia oieueei naii iiiyoea eoeueoo?u, ii e
i?iaeaiu a? i?ienoiaeaeaiey, ?iee a iauanoaa, caeiiiia?iinoae ?acaeoey,
niioiioaiey eoeueoo?u e oeeaeeecaoeee. Iniaue eioa?an iie i?iyaeyee e
aiaeeco ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia e eiiiiiaioia eoeueoo?u, oaeeo, eae ycue,
?aeeaey, eneonnoai, iaoea, ii?aeue, i?aai. Iuneeoaeyie yoeo yiio auee
?ac?aaioaiu i?eaeiaeueiua eoeueoo?ieiae/aneea eiioeaioeee, eioi?ua
aeooaeueiu e a ianoiyuaa a?aiy.

1. 1. CA?IAEAeAIEA I?AAeNOAAEAIEE I EOEUeOO?A A

AIOE*IINOE

Neaaeoao ioee/aoue enoi?eth i?aaenoaaeaiee i eoeueoo?a io enoi?ee naiie
eoeueoo?u. Oioy “ca/aoee” eoeueoo?u iaia?oaeeaathony ia naiuo ?aiieo
yoaiao enoi?e/aneiai nouanoaiaaiey ethaeae, ia?aua i?aaenoaaeaiey i iae
noaiiayony aiciiaeiuie ia aeinoaoi/ii aunieii o?iaia eo iauanoaaiiiai e
aeooiaiiai ?acaeoey. Ethaee anaaaea aeeee a eoeueoo?a, oioy ia n?aco
noaee iniciaaaoue yoi. Ia?aiia/aeueii /aeiaae ii/oe oeaeeeii caaenae io
/enoi i?e?iaeiuo, aua ia i?aia?aciaaiiuo o?oaeii ianoiyoaeuenoa. Iiyoiio
?aoathuoth ?ieue a naiae aeecie ii i?eienuaae ia naaa, a yoei
ianoiyoaeuenoaai, eioi?ua i?aa?auae a i?aaeiao ?aeeaeiciiai ii/eoaiey
eee eoeueoa.

*aeiaae iaiaeanoaeye i?e?iaeiua neeu e noeoee, iaaeaeye i?e?iaeo
/aeiaa/aneeie naienoaaie – niciaieai, aieae,
niiniaiinouethi?aaeii?aaeaeyoue oiae niauoee. Eeoue ii ia?a naiaai
aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey ethaee noaee iniciaaaoue, /oi iiiaia a eo aeecie
caaeneo io ieo naieo, io oiai, eae iie iuneyo e aeaenoaotho. N yoei
naycaiu ia?aua, aia/aea iaii?aaeaeaiiua e ?anieua/aoua, i?aaenoaaeaiey i
eoeueoo?a. Aeinoaoi/ii, iai?eia?, auei oaeaeaoue i?e/eio oi?ioaai
o?iaeay ia a ieeinoe aiaia, a a ea/anoaa ia?aaioee ii/au, /oiau i?iaanoe
?acee/ea iaaeaeo eoeueoii eae iaiaeanoaeaieai i?e?iaeu e eoeueoo?ie eae
aa aicaeaeuaaieai e oeo/oaieai. Oaea naii iaee/ea a ycuea neiaa
“eoeueoo?a” naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i iiieiaiee /aeiaaeii naiae iniaie
naiinoiyoaeueiie, oieueei aio naienoaaiiie aeoeaiinoe, ia naiaeeiie e
aeaenoaeth eae i?e?iaeiuo, oae e aiaeanoaaiiuo nee.

Oa?iei “eoeueoo?a” iiyaeeny a Ae?aaiai ?eia. A ia?aaiaea n eaoeineiai ii
icia/ae ooiae, oeo/oaiea, ia?aaioeo, aicaeaeuaaiea,
oniaa?oainoaiaaiea.Ia?aiia/aeueii oa?iei “eoeueoo?a” icia/ae
oeaeaiai?aaeaiiia aicaeaenoaea /aeiaaea ia ie?oaeathuoth aai i?e?iaeo:
aicaeaeuaaiea ii/au, ia?aaioeo caiee, caieaaeaeue/aneee o?oae.

A naiai ia?aiia/aeueiii cia/aiee oa?iei “eoeueoo?a” aue aeecie e
nia?aiaiiiio neiao “aa?ieoeueoo?a”. Ni a?aiaiai aai cia/aiea
?anoe?yaony. I?ioeann eoeueoo?iiai i?aia?aciaaiey noae naycuaaoueny ia
oieueei n i?e?iaeie, ii e n /aeiaaeii, aai aioo?aiiei ie?ii.

Iiae eoeueoo?ie noaei iiieiaoueny ainieoaiea, ia?aciaaiea,
niaa?oainoaiaaiea /aeiaaea, aai niiniaiinoae, ciaiee, oiaiee, iaaueia.

N?aaenoaa oaeiai niaa?oainoaiaaiey aioe/iua iuneeoaee aeaeaee i?aaeaea
anaai a oeeinioee, iaoea e eneonnoaa. A yoii cia/aiee oa?iei “eoeueoo?a”
aia?aua aue i?eiaiai Oeeoea?iiii (106-34 aa.). Oeeoea?ii ienae i oii,
/oi “eoeueoo?a aeooe anoue oeeinioey”. I?e yoii ii eiae a aeaeo ia
noieueei ninoiyiea aeooe, neieueei niinia aa niaa?oainoaiaaiey. Iaeiie
ec naieo aeaaiuo aeeciaiiuo oeaeae Oeeoea?ii n/eoae oeeinioneia
i?inaauaiea ?eieyi. Oaeei ia?acii, oa?iei “eoeueoo?a” ia?aiia/aeueii
oiio?aaeyaony a ni/aoaiee n /ai-oi eiie?aoiui, ia /oi aue iai?aaeai
i?ioeann niaa?oainoaiaaiey, aicaeaeuaaiey, eoeueoeae?iaaiey: eoeueoo?a
ii/au, eoeueoo?a ?anoaiee, eoeueoo?a oia, eoeueoo?a ?a/e.

Ae?aaiea a?aee oa?iei “eoeueoo?a” ia i?eiaiyee. O ieo aue a /ai-oi
noiaeiue oa?iei – iaeaeaey. Oa?ieiii “iaeaeaey” ae?aaiea a?aee
iaicia/aee ainieoaiiinoue, ia?aciaaiiinoue /aeiaaea. N?aaeioi/eai
ia?aciaaiiinoe n/eoaeny ai?iae. A nayce n yoei ai?iaeaiei eae /aeiaae
eoeueoo?iue i?ioeaiiinoaaeyeny aeeoaeth aea?aaie. Anee ia?aue aue,
niaeanii i?aaenoaaeaieyi a?aeia, iineoaeai ia?aciaaiiinoe e eoeueoo?u,
oi iineaaeiee annioeee?iaaeny o ieo n iaaaaeanoaii e aeeeinoueth, o.a. n
ionoonoaeai eoeueoo?u. Neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi oeaiiinoiay eii?aeeiaoa
“eoeueoo?a-ionoonoaea eoeueoo?u” a ae?aaiae ?eineie enoi?ee auea
ia?aianaia a eioth ieineinoue – “?eieyiei – ia?eieyiei”. ?eieyi caeanue
ioiineee e eoeueoo?iiio ia?iaeo, ia?eieyia oaeinoaeaaeenue eeoue ioeaiee
“aa?aa?u”.

Ae?aaiea a?aee eniieueciaaee e oaeie oa?iei, eae “eaeiaaoey”. Ii
au?aaeae oaeie aniaeo eoeueoo?iiai ia/aea a /aeiaaea, eae aa?iiieth
oece/aneie e aeooiaiie e?aniou. Eaeaaeii aioe/iiai iauanoaa auea
aa?iiie/anee ?acaeoay ee/iinoue, a eioi?ie aeinoeaaeinue aaeeinoai,
?aaiiaanea oece/aneiai e aeooiaiiai ia/aea. A?a/aneea iuneeoaee aia?aua
a enoi?ee eoeueoo?u auaeaeioee eaeath ananoi?iiia ?acaeoie ee/iinoe eae
oeaee eoeueoo?iiai ?acaeoey. Eoeueoo?iue /aeiaae, a?aaeaeaiei iieena,
aeieaeai aue iaeaaeaoue neaaeothueie ea/anoaaie:

1. Ii aeieaeai auoue iao?eioii – caueoieeii iieena. Iiyoiio io iaai
o?aaiaaeenue aieineea oiaiey.

2. Ii aeieaeai aeoeaii o/anoaiaaoue a iieeoe/aneie e iauanoaaiiie aeecie
iieena: ciaoue aai caeiiu, oiaoue oi?ioi, e?aneai aiai?eoue – auoue
i?aoi?ii, iaeaaeaoue iaaueaie ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey.

3. Eoeueoo?iue /aeiaae aeieaeai auoue ynoaoe/anee niaa?oaiiui.

Ia oi?ie?iaaiea yoeo ea/anoa auea iai?aaeaia any nenoaia a?a/aneiai
ia?aciaaiey e ainieoaiey. Ia?aciaaiea i?aaenoaaeyei aaeeinoai
aeiianoe/aneiai e ione/aneiai. Aeiianoe/aneia ia?aciaaiea – yoi caiyoey
nii?oii, oece/aneie eoeueoo?ie. Aeiianoe/aneea aeenoeeieeiu
niinianoaiaaee ?acaeoeth oaea. Ione/aneia ia?aciaaiea – yoi iao/aiea
eneonnoaai. Ioaeii auei iaeaaeaoue eneonnoaii noeoineiaeaiey, iniiaaie
iocueaeueiiai eniieieoaeuenoaa, ciaoue i?iecaaaeaiey eeoa?aoo?u,
i?aaeaea anaai iiyiu Aiia?a e Aaneiaea, i?aoi?neei eneonnoaii,
oeeinioeae. Ione/aneea aeenoeeieeiu oi?ie?iaaee aeooo, niciaiea, oi.

Aeaaiuie i?aanoaaiiuie ea/anoaaie, eioi?uie aeieaeai iaeaaeaoue
eoeueoo?iue /aeiaae, n/eoaeenue ioae?inoue, ioaeanoai, oiaiea aeaaeaoue
niaie, /oanoai ia?u. Ii ii?aaeaeaieth ae?aaiaa?a/aneiai oeeinioa
A?enoioaey, aeia?iaeaoaeue – yoi ioae?ay na?aaeeia iaaeaeo e?aeiinoyie.
Iai?eia?, ioaeanoai – yoi na?aaeeia iaaeaeo o?oninoueth e aacoiiie
ioaaaie, uaae?inoue – na?aaeeia iaaeaeo neoiinoueth e iioianoaii.
I?aanoaaiiue /aeiaae ai anao ioiioaieyo aeieaeai ecaaaaoue e?aeiinoae,
/?acia?iinoae, niaethaeaoue i?eioeei ia?u. “Ia?o ai anai niaethaeae!”,
“Ie/aai neeoeii!” – ienaee a?aee ia o?iioiiao naieo o?aiia. A?enoioaeue
ia?auae aieiaiea ia oi, /oi anee ia?a ia?ooaaony, aeia?iaeaoaeue iiaeao
ia?aoiaeeoue a naith i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue (aeia?ioa-a aacaieea,
o?aaiaaoaeueiinoue – a i?eaee?/eainoue, inoi?iaeiinoue – a o?oninoue).

A ia?eiae aioe/iinoe iiiyoea “eoeueoo?a” auei oanii naycaii n iiiyoeyie
“aoiaieci” e “oeeaeeecaoeey”. Ia?aia ec ieo icia/aei /aeiaa/aneee,
/aeiaa/iue, aoi?ia- a?aaeaeaineee, iauanoaaiiue, ainoaea?noaaiiue.
Iiiyoea “oeeaeeecaoeey” oiio?aaeyeinue aeey oa?aeoa?enoeee iauanoaaiiie
aeecie eae i?aaieciaaiiiai e oii?yaei/aiiiai oeaeiai. Oeeaeeecaoeey
i?ioeaiiinoaaeyeanue aa?aa?noao eae aieaa ieceie nooiaie eoeueoo?iiai
?acaeoey. Ecaanoiue ?eineee enoi?ee Ei?iaeee Oaoeeo (55-120 aa.) a
ea/anoaa aeaaiuo i?eciaeia oeeaeeecaoeee auaeaeyao:

– aunieee o?iaaiue iaoa?eaeueiiai ninoiyiey;

– aicieeiiaaiea ainoaea?noaa;

– iiyaeaiea ienueiaiiinoe.

Iaoa?eaeueiay noi?iia yaeyaony aaaeouae i?e ii?aaeaeaiee oeeaeeecaoeee.
Io Oaoeeoa eaeao o?aaeeoeey iiieiaoue oeeaeeecaoeeth eae aieaa aunieoth,
/ai aa?aa?noai, nooiaiue iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeoey. Oaoeeo ia?auaao
aieiaiea e ia oi, /oi ia?aoiae io aa?aa?noaa e oeeaeeecaoeee aue naycai
ia oieueei n i?eia?aoaieyie, ii e n iioa?yie. Oaoeeo iieacuaaao, /oi
aiaaoue e eoeueoo?iue ?ei n aunieei o?iaiai ?acaeoey iieeoe/aneie,
i?aaiaie, eiaeaia?ii – oaoie/aneie, ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eoeueoo?u
oa?aeoa?ecoaony oiaaeeii e ?aca?auaiiinoueth i?aaia. A oi aea a?aiy,
iienuaay ia?ac aeecie ae?aaieo aa?iaioeaa – aa?aa?ia, Oaoeeo ioia/aao,
/oi eo iaa?aiioiinoue, i?eieoeaiinoue eo iauanoaaiiie e aiaiiie
i?aaiecaoeee ni/aoaaony n oece/aneei e i?aanoaaiiui caei?iaueai. Yoi
i?iyaeyaony e a ainieoaiee thiioae, e a ioiioaieyo /eaiia naiuee iaaeaeo
niaie. Oaeei ia?acii, Oaoeeo ioia/aao o aa?iaioeaa iieiaeeoaeueiua
/a?ou, eioi?ua ionoonoaiaaee o ?eieyi, iaoiaeyueony ia aieaa aunieie
nooiaie eoeueoo?u. ?eineee enoi?ee iiaeieiaao i?iaeaio i?ioeai?a/ee
eoeueoo?iiai i?ia?anna.

1. 2. IIIEIAIEA EOEUeOO?U A IA?EIAe N?AAeIAAAEIAUess

Ia niaio aioe/iinoe i?eoiaeeo yiioa n?aaeiaaaeiauey (5 – 14 aa. a
Caiaaeiie Aa?iia). Aioe/iia iauanoai iniiauaaeinue ia
?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneii, n?aaeiaaaeiaia – ia oaiaeaeueiii niiniaa
i?iecaiaenoaa. Oaiaeaeeci aace?iaaeny ia iaoo?aeueiii oicyenoaa e ee/iie
caaeneiinoe e?anoueyi io oaiaeaeia. A eiioea 5 a.i.y. eoeueoo?a
aioe/iinoe ?aceaaaaony /anoe/ii iiae aeeyieai aioo?aiieo oaeoi?ia.
*anoe/ii iia ?ac?ooaaony iiae oaea?aie “aa?aa?ia” – ia?iaeia, aua ia
aeinoeaoeo noaaeee oeeaeeecaoeee. Ia ianoi ia?iiiie, ioaaouaaaoae ii/oe
anth Aa?iio, /anoue Acee e Ao?eee ?eineie eiia?ee i?eoiaeyo ieaiaia ni
naieie i?aaenoaaeaieyie i eoeueoo?a /aeiaaea e iauanoaa. *anoe/ii iie
caeinoaotho eoeueoo?o aioe/iinoe – iai?eia?, ycue, ?aeeaeth, nenoaio
?eineiai i?aaa, ii aieueoae /anoueth ?ac?ooatho aa. Ia?iiiay eiia?ey
?aniaaeaaony ia iiiaeanoai aa?aa?neeo ei?ieaanoa, a?aaeaeothueo iaaeaeo
niaie. Aaeeinoaaiiie neeie, iauaaeeiythuae ia?iaeu Aa?iiu, ieacaeanue
?aeeaey – o?enoeainoai.

O?enoeainoai aicieeaao a ia/aea 1 a.i.y. a iaeiie ec ?eineeo i?iaeioeee
– Iaeanoeia. O?enoeainoai aicieeaao eae aeaeaeaiea, iiiiceoeeiiiia
ioeoeeaeueiiio ?eio, eae ?aeeaey aani?aaiuo, oaiaoaiiuo ia?iaeia ?eineie
eiia?ee, i?aaeaea anaai ?eineeo i?iaeioeee. Iii aeaaaei eeethci?iia
ooaoaiea – iaaeaaeaeo ia eo/oaa aoaeouaa a iinia?oiie aeecie. A ?aiieo
o?enoeaineeo iaueiao auee neeueiu aeaiie?aoe/aneea oaiaeaioeee, eaeae
a?aonoaa, ?aaainoaa, ni?aaaaeeeainoe, inoaeaeaiea aiaaonoaa. A
aeaeueiaeoai o?enoeainoai i?aoa?iaei yaiethoeeth. A eiioea 4 a.i.y. ec
aiieiie o?enoeainoai i?aa?aoeeinue a ioeoeeaeueioth ?aeeaeth ?eineie
eiia?ee. Ec aeaeaeaiey, iiiiceoeeiiiiai ioeoeeaeueiiio ?eio,
o?enoeainoai i?aa?auaaony a aeooiaioth, eaeaieiae/aneoth iii?o ?eineiai
ainoaea?noaa. O?enoeaineay oea?eiaue inayuaao iiia?oe/aneoth aeanoue e
nioeeaeueiia ia?aaainoai. A na?aaeeia aaea iia i?aa?auaaony a e?oiiiai
oaiaeaea, nianoaaiieea caiee e eiouanoaa. Oea?eiaue iaeaaeaea aioo?e
oaiaeaeueiie i?aaiecaoeee ia?iiiui iiaouanoaii. Aeooiaainoai a oo yiioo
auei aaeeinoaaiiui ia?aciaaiiui eeannii.Eciaiaiey a ?aaeueiie aeecie e
ie?iaicc?aiee ethaeae a yiioo n?aaeiaaaeiauey i?eaiaeyo e oi?ie?iaaieth
iiauo i?aaenoaaeaiee i eoeueoo?a.

A n?aaeiea aaea oi?ie?oaony oaieiae/aneay eiioeaioeey eoeueoo?u,
niaeanii eioi?ie aia aunooiaao oeaio?ii ie?icaeaiey, aai aeoeaiui,
oai?/aneei ia/aeii, enoi/ieeii e i?e/eiie anaai nouanoaothuaai (a?a/.
theos – aia).

Aaaeiia ianoi a oaieiae/aneie eiioeaioeee caieiaao eaeay
i?iaeaeaioeeaeecia (eao. providentia – i?iaeaeaiea).

I?iaeaeaioeeaeeci – yoi oaeia iiieiaiea ie?a, niaeanii eioi?iio oiae
ie?iaie enoi?ee e aeecie /aeiaaea ii?aaeaeyaony aiaeanoaaiiui
i?iaeaeaieai.

Oaeei ia?acii, a o?enoeaineie eaeaieiaee ianoi /aeiaaea caieiaao aia –
oai?aoe, ianoi iiiyoey “eoeueoo?a”, noieue oeaieiiai a aioe/iinoe,
caieiaao iiiyoea “eoeueo”. N oi/ee c?aiey yoeiieiae/aneie a yoii iiiyoee
oaeaea eiaaony cia/aiea aicaeaeuaaiey e oniaa?oainoaiaaiey. Iaeiaei,
iniiaiie aeoeaio a yoii iiiyoee ia?aiineony ia caaioo, iieeiiaiea e
ii/eoaiea. I?e yoii eiaaony a aeaeo ii/eoaiea aunoae, naa?ouanoanoaaiiie
neeu, eioi?ay ?anii?yaeaaony noaeueaaie ie?a e /aeiaaea.

Niaeanii o?enoeaineie eiioeaioeee niune aeecie /aeiaaea caeeth/aaony a
oii, /oiau iiaeaioiaeoueny e iiaeeeiiie aeecie, iinia?oiie,
iioonoi?iiiae. Iiyoiio iianaaeiaaiay, caiiay, ?aaeueiay aeeciue
oo?a/eaaao naith naiioeaiiinoue. Iia ?anniao?eaaaony eeoue eae
iiaeaioiaea e aeecie aa/iie, iinia?oiie. Iniiaiie aeoeaio aeaeaaony ia
caa?iaioth aeeciue, caa?iaiia aicaeayiea. Nianaiea aea?oaony ia anai, a
oieueei oai, eoi aeeaao ii aaaiaaeueneei caiiaaaeyi. Oaeei ia?acii, a
o?enoeainoaa oaeanoi/athony o?aaiaaiey e i?aanoaaiiie aeecie /aeiaaea.
Iniiaiua o?enoeaineea oeaiiinoe – aa?a, iaaeaaeaea, ethaiaue.

E caeanue neaaeoao neacaoue ia ioee/ee o?enoeaineiai iiieiaiey eoeueoo?u
io aioe/iiai. A aioe/iinoe eoeueoo?a iiieiaeanue eae ?acoiiia,
?aoeeiiaeueiia ia/aei. N/eoaeinue, /oi eiaiii ?acoi, “?aoeei” niiniaai
i?eianoe a aeeciue /aeiaaea e iauanoaa aa?iiieth e ii?yaeie. *oanoaa
ooiaeyo ia aoi?ie ieai, iie eiio?iee?othony ?acoiii. A n?aaeiaaaeiaoth
yiioo a iniiaaiea eoeueoo?u auei iieiaeaii e??aoeeiiaeueiia
(ia?aoeeiiaeueiia, naa?o?acoiiia) ia/aei-aa?a. Aa?a noaaeony auoa
?acoia. ?acoi neoaeeo aa?a, oaeoaeyao e i?iyniyao aa. Iiyoiio ana aeaeu
aeooiaiie eoeueoo?u – oeeinioey, iaoea, i?aai, ii?aeue, eneonnoai –
neoaeao ?aeeaee, iiae/eiythony ae.

A o?enoeainoaa oi?ie?oaony eiia iiieiaiea /aeiaaea ii n?aaiaieth n
aioe/iui. Aioe/iue eaeaae – yoi aa?iiiey aeooa e oaea, oece/aneiai e
aeooiaiiai. O?enoeaineee eaeaae – yoi iiaaaea aeooa iaae oaeii,
aneaoeci.

Aneaoeci – yoi iiaeaaeaiea caiiuo aeaeaiee, /oanoaaiiuo ianeaaeaeaiee.

A o?enoeainoaa i?ei?eoao ioaeaaony aeooa, aeooiaiiio ia/aeo. A e oaeo
oi?ie?oaony oie/eaeeoaeueiia ioiioaiea. N/eoaeinue, /oi oaei a?aoiaii,
a?aiii, yaeyaony enoi/ieeii niaeaciia, a?aiaiiui i?enoaieuai aeooe. A
aeooa aa/ia, aannia?oia, niaa?oaiia, yoi /anoeoea aiaeanoaaiiiai ia/aea
a /aeiaaea. *aeiaae aeieaeai caaioeoueny a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue i aeooa.

Aiai?y ia ioee/eyo aioe/iiai e n?aaeiaaaeiaiai eaeaaeia neaaeoao
ia?aoeoue aieiaiea e ia oaeie iiiaio. Aioe/iue eaeaae – aa?iiie/iay
ee/iinoue – aue aiieia inouanoaei, aeinoeaeei, ?aaeai. N?aaeiaaaeiaue
eaeaae, iiaeiaii ai?eciioo, aue iaaeinoeaeei. Iioiio /oi n?aaeiaaaeiaue
eaeaae – yoi aia, aaniethoiia niaa?oainoai (aeia?i, aeaai, ethaiaue,
ni?aaaaeeeainoue). *aeiaae anaaaea a?aoai, e ii eeoue a oie eee eiie
ia?a i?eaeeaeaaony e yoiio eaeaaeo. Iiyoiio eoeueoo?iia ?acaeoea
/aeiaaea iiieiaaony eae iinoiyiiia aicauoaiea, ainoiaeaeaiea e eaeaaeo,
aiao, aaniethoo, eae i?ioeann i?aiaeieaiey a?aoiaiiai e ooaa?aeaeaiey
aiaeanoaaiiiai a /aeiaaea.

Ia?yaeo n oaieiae/aneeie a n?aaeiea aaea nouanoaiaaee e naaoneea
i?aaenoaaeaiey i eoeueoo?a e eoeueoo?iii /aeiaaea(oaeea, eae o/oeainoue,
?uoea?neea ioiioaiey). Iie oeene?iaaee /aeiaa/aneea niiniaiinoe e
oeaiiinoiua onoaiiaee, iaiaoiaeeiua aeey aiaiiie neoaeau, iauaiey a
n?aaea oaiaeaeia. A i?ioeaiaan aneaoecio, eioi?ue ionoaeaaea oea?eiaue,
a ?uoea?neie eoeueoo?a ainiaaaeenue caiiua ?aaeinoe e oeaiiinoe, oaeea,
eae ethaiaue, e?anioa, neoaeaiea i?ae?aniie aeaia.

Iniaue eoeueoo?iue ieano a yiioo n?aaeiaaaeiauey i?aaenoaaeyea ycu/aneay
ia?iaeiay eoeueoo?a. Iia i?ioeainoiyea ioeoeeaeueiie eoeueoo?a e
au?aaaouaaea naie acaeyae ia ie?, io?aaeaaoee oanioth naycue /aeiaaea n
i?e?iaeie. Niaoiaay ia?iaeiay eoeueoo?a, ia?iaeiua i?acaeieee e
ea?iaaaeu ieoaee a?aoe/aneea aeaeaeaiey e ia?yaeo n ?uoea?neie
eoeueoo?ie i?aaenoaaeyee naaoneia, ie?neia ia/aei a eoeueoo?a
n?aaeiaaaeiauey.

Iaeiaei, oae aea, eae a iauanoaa, a eoeueoo?a nouanoaiaaea ea?a?oey
oeaiiinoae. ?aciua eoeueoo?u oeaieeenue ii-?aciiio. Ia ia?aii ianoa auea
?aeeaeiciay, oea?eiaiay eoeueoo?a. I?eaeai?iay, ?uoea?neay eoeueoo?a
i?eciaaaeanue iaiaoiaeeiie, ii iaiaa oeaiiie. sscu/aneay ia?iaeiay
eoeueoo?a ?anniao?eaaeanue eae a?aoiaiay, ieciaiiay. A n?aaeiaaaeiauea
?aeeaeiciay eoeueoo?a iiae/eiyea naaa ana aeaeu naaoneie eoeueoo?u.

1. 3. AEEAAe IUNEEOAEAE YIIOE AIC?IAEAeAIEss A

IIIEIAIEA EOEUeOO?U

O?iiieiae/aneea ?aiee yiioe Aic?iaeaeaiey – 14-16 aa. Aic?iaeaeaiea
ii-o?aioeocnee ?aiannain. Aic?iaeaeaiea a enoi?ee Aa?iiu yaeyeinue
ia?aoiaeiie yiioie io n?aaeieo aaeia e Iiaiio a?aiaie, io oaiaeaeueiiai
iauanoaa e ao?aeoaciiio. A yoi a?aiy a aa?iiaeneeo no?aiao eaeao
i?ioeann ia?aiia/aeueiiai iaeiieaiey eaieoaea, iiyaeythony iaiooaeoo?u,
?acaeaaaony aaieianeia aeaei, iaaeaeoia?iaeiay oi?aiaey. Yiioa
?aiannaina i?ioea iiae ciaeii aaeeeeo aaia?aoe/aneeo ioe?uoee, inaiaiey
iiauo caiaeue e oa??eoi?ee. Aaaeiua eciaiaiey i?ienoiaeyo e a
ie?iaicc?aiee ethaeae oie yiioe. Oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/atho eaeae
aoiaiecia.

A oceii niunea neiaa aoiaieci ii?aaeaeyaony eae eoeueoo?iia oa/aiea,
naaoneia ii naiaio oa?aeoa?o, oi anoue iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia naycaiiia n
oea?eiaueth, naiaiaeiia io ?aeeaeiciuo aeiai.

A yiioo ?aiannaina ia/eiaaony oi?ie?iaaiea naaoneie eoeueoo?u, iooiae
eoeueoo?u io ?aeeaee e oea?eae, ii iineieueeo yoi auea ia?aoiaeiay
yiioa, oi nio?aiyeenue e o?aaeeoeee n?aaeiaaaeiauey.

A oe?ieii niunea neiaa iiae aoiaieciii iiieiaaony ie?iaicc?aiea,
i?eciathuaa /aeiaaea aunoae oeaiiinoueth auoey.

Aic?iaeaeai/aneee aoiaieci i?iyaeyaony a oii, /oi aicieeaao iaaeaeaiiue
?aiaa eioa?an e /aeiaa/aneie ee/iinoe, ?acee/iui noi?iiai aa aeecie,
i?e/ai aeecie caiiie, a ia caa?iaiie, iioonoi?iiiae. I?aaenoaaeoaee
aoiaienoe/aneiai aeaeaeaiey – Ae. Iaiaooe (1396-1459), E. Aaea
(1407-1457), Ieei aeaea Ie?aiaeiea (1463-1494), Y. ?iooa?aeaineee
(1469-1536), I. Iiioaiue (1533-1592).

N eaeeie iiauie eaeayie aunooiaee aoiaienou? – A yiioo Aic?iaeaeaiey
oi?ie?oaony iiaue acaeyae ia /aeiaaea, ii-iiaiio ?aoaaony i?iaeaia
“/aeiaae e aia”. Ia ioeacuaaynue io eaeae aiaa, aoiaienou noa?athony
i?eaeeceoue e iaio /aeiaaea. Eo naeeaeaiea eaeao, i?aaeaea anaai, ii
eeiee oai?/anoaa. Iaiaooe i?eaiaeeo oaeia n?aaiaiea: ooaeiaeiee aeieaeai
oai?eoue oae, eae aia oai?ee ie?, e aeaaea niaa?oaiiaa oiai. Oaeei
ia?acii, aoiaienou iiae/a?eeaaee oai?/aneia ia/aei a /aeiaaea. Iiyoiio e
eoeueoo?a iiieiaeanue eae oai?/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea e aa
?acoeueoaou.

Aoiaienou n/eoaee, /oi /aeiaae oai?eo ia oieueei ie? iaoa?eaeueiuo e
aeooiaiuo oeaiiinoae, ii e naiiai naay, naith aeeciue, noaeueao. Ii
naiaiaeai, naiinoiyoaeai a naieo aeaenoaeyo, nai iiaeao oi?aaeyoue
iauanoaii, aeaeaoue i?aaeeueiue ?aoeeiiaeueiue auai?. Oaeei ia?acii,
i?eioeei i?iaeaeaioeeaeecia caiaiyaony i?eioeeiii /aeiaa/aneie
aeoeaiinoe.

Aoiaienoe/aneia, oai?/aneia ia/aei y?ei i?iyaeyei naay e a eneonnoaa
yiioe Aic?iaeaeaiey. Eioa?an e /aeiaa/aneie ee/iinoe, aa aeooiaiiio ie?o
i?eaiaeeo e ?acaeoeth aeai?ia ii?o?aoa e aaoiii?o?aoa. Eciaiyaony e
ineoieiaey ooaeiaeieea. Ia niaio aacuiyiiiio eneonnoao n?aaeiaaaeiauey
i?eoiaeeo eiaeeaeaeoaeueiia, aaoi?neia eneonnoai. Aic?iaeaeai/aneee
ooaeiaeiee iaycaoaeueii inoaaeo aaoia?ao, iaieoao aaoiii?o?ao eee
ecia?aceo naay n?aaee ae?oaeo ia?niiaaeae ea?oeiu.

A oi?ie?iaaiee aoiaienoe/aneie eoeueoo?u Aic?iaeaeaiey ia?iiioth ?ieue
nua?aei aioe/iia ianeaaeea. Aic?iaeaeaieai noaee iacuaaoue yiioo naie
eoaeueyineea aoiaienou, eiay aaeaeo Aic?iaeaeaiea aioe/iie eoeueoo?u.
Aia?aua yoio oa?iei aue aaaaeai eoaeueyineei a?oeoaeoi?ii, aeeaiienoeai
e enoi?eeii eneonnoa Ae. Aaca?e a XVI aaea. Eaeea noi?iiu aioe/iie
eoeueoo?u aic?iaeaeaeenue a yiioo ?aiannaina?

Aic?iaeaeaaony:

1. eioa?an e /aeiaaeo;

2. aioe/iue eaeaae /aeiaaea, niaa?oaiiiai oece/anee e aeooiaii;

3. aioe/iia iiieiaiea e?aniou eae aa?iiiee e ia?u

4. ?aaeenoe/aneee, ieanoe/aneee ycue eneonnoaa a ioee/ea io oneiaiiai,
neiaiee/aneiai ycuea eneonnoaa n?aaeiaaaeiauey.

5. nthaeaou ec aioe/iie ieoieiaee e enoi?ee;

6. ae?aaiea ycuee (ae?aaiaa?a/aneee, eaoeineee);

7. eioa?an e aioe/iie oeeinioee – iaoo?oeeinioee, yieeo?aecio,

iaiieaoiiecio.

Oaeei ia?acii, i?aainoaaiiay naycue Aic?iaeaeaiey n aioe/iinoueth
i/aaeaeia.

A yiioo Aic?iaeaeaiey eaeaaeueiui /aeiaaeii n/eoaeanue oieaa?naeueiay,
ananoi?iiia ?acaeoay ee/iinoue, ni/aoathuay a naaa aea?iaaiea o/aiiai e
ooaeiaeieea. A ynoaoeea ?aiannaina i?ienoiaeeo ioiaeaeanoaeaiea iaoee e
eneonnoaa. E yoi aue ia oieueei eaeaae, ii e ?aaeueiinoue. Ianoa?ia
Aic?iaeaeaiey /anoi iacuaaee oeoaiaie ca eo iaiau/aeioth
oieaa?naeueiinoue, ?aciinoi?iiiinoue. Aic?iaeaeai/aneee ooaeiaeiee aue
ciaoieii anao iaoe, e a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue iaoaiaoeee e aiaoiiee.

Naiie oieaa?naeueiie ee/iinoueth Aic?iaeaeaiey aue Eaiia?aei aea Aei/e
(1452-1519). Ii enneaaeiaae ii/oe ana noa?u anoanoaiciaiey, i?aaeoaaaeae
iiiaia, i /ai a oi a?aiy aua ia iiiuoeyee. Eiaaea noaee ?acae?aoue aai
?oeiiene e ?enoiee, a ieo iaia?oaeeee iaoaie/aneea ioe?uoey XIX aaea.
Eaiia?aei aue ia oieueei o/aiui, ii e aeeaiienoeai, neoeueioi?ii,
a?oeoaeoi?ii, ienaoaeai, iocueaioii, oai?aoeeii eneonnoaa. Ae?oaea
oieaa?naeueiua ee/iinoe yiioe Aic?iaeaeaiey – Ieeaeaiaeaeaei Aoiia??ioe
(1475-1564), ?aoayeue (1483-1520), A. Aeth?a? (1471-1526).

1. 4. EIIOeAIOeEE EOEUeOO?U XVII AAEA

A XVII aaea a ia?aaeiauo no?aiao Aa?iiu – Aieeaiaeee, Aiaeee i?ienoiaeyo
ao?aeoaciua ?aaiethoeee, eioi?ua ioe?uee i?inoi? aeey ?acaeoey
eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ioiioaiee. Iiaaaea ?aoi?iaoeee a yoeo no?aiao nicaeaea
aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey aeey ?acaeoey iaoe e oeeinioee. A XVII aaea
iiceoeee ?aeeaee ineaaaaatho, aic?anoaao ?ieue iaoee, i?ienoiaeeo ia?aay
iao/iay ?aaiethoeey (a iaeanoe ano?iiiiee, iaoaieee e iaoaiaoeee).
Iieo/aao ?acaeoea yenia?eiaioaeueiia anoanoaiciaiea.

O enoieia iaoee e oeeinioee Iiaiai a?aiaie noiye O.Ayeii (1561-1626).
Aio i?eiaaeeaaeeo aaaeiay ?ieue a ?ac?aaioea iiaie eiioeaioeee
eoeueoo?u. Ayeii ii?aaeaeyao eoeueoo?o eae ie? aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea.
A eoeueoo?ii – enoi?e/aneii i?ioeanna ii ?acee/aao aeaa noi?iiu:
iaoa?eaeueioth e aeooiaioth. Iaoa?eaeueioth eoeueoo?o Ayeii ii?aaeaeyao
eae i?ioeann i?aia?aciaaiey /aeiaaeii i?e?iaeu. Ii iacuaaao iaeaieaa
cia/eoaeueiua aeinoeaeaiey a iaeanoe iaoa?eaeueiie eoeueoo?u –
eieaiia/aoaiea, ii?io e eiiian. Iie eciaieee iaeee e ninoiyiea anaai
ie?a a iaeanoe i?inaauaiey, aiaiiii aeaea e ii?aieaaaiee. Aeooiaioth
eoeueoo?o Ayeii ii?aaeaeyao eae oeaeaiai?aaeaiiia aicaeaenoaea ia
aeooiaiue ie? /aeiaaea.

Aaaeiaeoaa ianoi a eiioeaioeee Ayeiia caieiatho i?iaeaiu iaoee, iao/iiai
iiciaiey, ?iee iaoee a iauanoaa. Ii e?eoeeoao i?aaeoanoaothuoth iaoeo ca
noieanoe/aneea nii?u, ioi?aaiiinoue oai?ee io i?aeoeee, aeiaiaoeci
iuoeaiey e i?aaeeaaaao i?ia?aiio “aaeeeiai ainnoaiiaeaiey iaoe”. Ayeii
n/eoaao, /oi iaoea aeieaeia aeaaaoue aeinoiaa?iua ciaiey e auoue
iaoiaeieiae/anee niaa?oaiiie (oi anoue aeieaeia eniieueciaaoue
yooaeoeaiue iaoiae iiciaiey). Iiyoiio ii ?ac?aaaouaaao i?iaeaio
inaiaiaeaeaiey iaoee (iao/iiai iiciaiey) io eiaeiuo iiiyoee (eaeieia) e
eiaeoeoeaiue, yiie?e/aneee iaoiae iiciaiey.

Ayeii ?anniao?eaaao i?iaeaiu ?acaeoey iaoee. Ii iiieiaao ia?iiiia
cia/aiea i?aainoaaiiinoe iao/iuo ciaiee aeey ?acaeoey /aeiaa/anoaa. Ii
aianoa n oai Ayeii ni?aaaaeeeai ioee/aao, /oi “enoeia – aei/ue a?aiaie,
a ia aaoi?eoaoa”. Yoi cia/eoue, /oi iaeuecy neaii neaaeiaaoue noa?ui
oai?eyi e i?eciaiiui aaoi?eoaoai. Ioaeii eco/aoue aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue
iaiin?aaenoaaiii, enoiaey ec iio?aaiinoae naiaai a?aiaie. Iaoea aeieaeia
i?iaeieaeaoue iiene enoeiu, i?iaa?yy aa i?aeoeeie.

Auaeaeioa eaeath iao/iiai (a oai naiui e eoeueoo?iiai) i?ia?anna, Ayeii
ia ?anniao?eaaao yoio i?ioeann eae i?yiieeiaeiia aeaeaeaiea aia?aae,
eeoaiiia ionooieaiee e i?ioeai?a/ee. Ii aeaeeo, /oi oa aea iaoaie/aneea
aeinoeaeaiey, eioi?ua naeaeaoaeuenoaotho ia iaeaaeaiee /aeiaaeii neeaie
i?e?iaeu e niya/atho i?aau, ?iaeaeatho “e i?oaeey iioioe, e aeaaea
i?oaeey nia?oe”. Yoi cia/eo, /oi iao/ii – oaoie/aneea aeinoeaeaiey iiaoo
auoue eniieueciaaiu a aiaiiuo oeaeyo, iaa?iooueny i?ioea naiiai
/aeiaaea, i?eaanoe e oie/oiaeaieth ethaeae. Oaeei ia?acii, Ayeii iiieiae
i?ioeai?a/eainoue eoeueoo?iiai i?ia?anna. Iaeiaei, a oeaeii acaeyae
Ayeiia ia eoeueoo?iia ?acaeoea ioee/aeny iioeieciii. Ayeii n/eoae iaoeo
aaaeiaeoei n?aaenoaii i?aia?aciaaiey i?e?iaeu, iauanoaa e /aeiaaea.
Eiaiii Ayeiio i?eiaaeeaaeeo ecaanoiia auneacuaaiea: “Ciaiea – neea”.

Aaaeiaeoee aeeaae a eco/aiea i?iaeai iauanoaa, eoeueoo?u e /aeiaaea aian
ieaaeoee nia?aiaiiee Ayeiia aiaeeeneee oeeinio O.Aiaan (1588-1679).
Aaaeiaeoeie i?iaeaiaie eoeueoo?u a o/aiee Aiaana yaeythony:
i?ienoiaeaeaiea, nouiinoue, nioeeaeueiua ooieoeee eoeueoo?u a oeaeii e
aa ioaeaeueiuo eiiiiiaioia (iaoee, eneonnoaa, ii?aee, i?aaa).

Niaeanii Aiaano, i?e?iaea nicaeaea ethaeae ?aaiuie a ioiioaiee
oece/aneeo e oinoaaiiuo niiniaiinoae. Iineieueeo /aeiaae
?oeiaiaenoaoaony a naieo iinooieao yaieciii, ia n/eoaaony n i?aaii
ae?oaeo ethaeae, oi aicieeaao ninoiyiea “aieiu anao i?ioea anao”. Oaeia
ninoiyiea iauanoaa Aiaan iacuaaao anoanoaaiiui. Auoiae ec yoiai
ninoiyiey Aiaan aeaeeo a ia?aoiaea e a?aaeaeaineiio iauanoao, e
nicaeaieth ainoaea?noaa. Ainoaea?noai iiieiaaony Aiaanii eae i?iaeoeo
eoeueoo?u, eae eneonnoaaiiia ia?aciaaiea – Eaaeaoai, i?ecaaiiia
onie?eoue ia?aiauoiua einoeieou, iaania/eoue aeey ethaeae aa?aioee ie?a
e aaciianiinoe.

Aiaan iiae?iaii ?anniao?eaaao ioaeaeueiua eiiiiiaiou eoeueoo?u.
Aaaeiaeoae eoeueoo?iie oeaiiinoueth ii n/eoaao ycue. Ii ?acee/aao aeaa
aeaea iiuoa: /oanoaaiiue e ?a/aaie. A /oanoaaiiii iiuoa /aeiaae o/eony
naycuaaoue iaaeaeo niaie i?aaeiaou e yaeaiey i?e?iaeu. Ii aeey
oii?yaei/aiey e ?aaeno?aoeee iuneae /aeiaaea, aeey ia?aaiaea aioo?aiiae
?a/e ai aiaoithth aio iaiaoiaeeiu neiaa. Aiaan ?acaeaaao eiioeaioeeth
ycuea eae ciaeiaie nenoaiu. Ii ionoaeaaao eaeath ia oneiaiinoe e
i?iecaieueiinoe ycuea, n/eoaao, /oi “eiaia ii?aaeaeythony ia nouiinoueth
aauae, a aieae e niaeaneai ethaeae”. Iaaeaeo eiaiaie e aauaie ia
nouanoaoao noiaenoaa, ethaee onoaiaaeeaatho eiaia i?iecaieueii. Aiai?y i
i?aeoe/aneie iieueca ycuea, Aiaan ioia/aao, /oi aeaaiaea?y ycueo /aeiaae
iiaeao cae?aieyoue ?acoeueoaou iiciaiey e ia?aaeaaaoue eo ae?oaei
ethaeyi.

?anniao?eaay ?ieue eneonnoaa e iaoee a aeecie iauanoaa, Aiaan iacuaaao
eo aaaeiaeoei aeaaii. E ii?aaeaeaieth iaoee Aiaan iiaeoiaeeo /a?ac
aiaeec ciaiey. Ciaiey iiae?acaeaeythony ia aeaa ?iaea:

1. ciaiea oaeoia;

2. ciaiea naycae e caaeneiinoae oaeoia.

Ia?aue ?iae ciaiee – yoi iuouaiey e iaiyoue, aoi?ie ?iae – iaoea.
Oiio?aaeaiea iiiyoey “eneonnoai” o Aiaana iiiaicia/ii.

1. Ii iacuaaao eneonnoaii oi, /oi nicaeaii aeayoaeueiinoueth /aeiaaea, a
ioee/ea io aeaiiiai i?e?iaeie.

2. Aiaan iiieiaao eneonnoai eae oiaiea, ianoa?noai (iai?eia?, “eneonnoai
oi?ioi no?ieoue”).

3. Aiaan aiai?eo ia eneonnoaa eae ooaeiaeanoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe e
ioiineo e iaio iocueo, iiyceth, aeeaiienue.

Caeiaii iai?a?uaiiai i?ia?anna iaoee e eneonnoaa yaeyaony oi, /oi
/aeiaaeo ii i?e?iaea naienoaaiii eioa?aniaaoueny anai iiaui, aeaaeaea
iiciaiey. Iiyoiio iaoea anoue eae au ieua aeooa e eiaao aeey aeooa oaeia
aea cia/aiea, /oi i?iaeoeou ieoaiey aeey oaea. “?acieoea caeeth/aaony,
iaeiaei, a oii, /oi oaei iiaeao ianuoeoueny ieuae, iaaeaeo oai eae aeoo
ieeiaaea ia iiaeao oaeiaeaoai?eoueny ciaieyie”.

?anniao?eaay oaeea aeaeu aeooiaiie eoeueoo?u, eae ii?aeue e i?aai, Aiaan
iieacuaaao eo acaeiinaycue. Ii iiaieth Aiaana, caeiiu, eioi?ua
onoaiaaeeaaao ainoaea?noai, eiatho i?aanoaaiiia niaea?aeaiea. “Caeii,
i?aaeienuaathuee n?aaenoaa aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey ie?a, iacuaaaony
ii?aeueiui caeiiii”. Nioeeaeueiay ooieoeey a?aaeaeaineeo caeiiia
caeeth/aaony a oii, /oiau, ianeieueei ia?aie/eaay naiaiaeo ethaeae,
aeinoeaiooue ninoiyiey ie?a e niaeaney.

1. 5. I?IAEAIU EOEUeOO?U A OEEINIOEE

I?INAAUAIEss

XVIII aae aioae a enoi?eth aa?iiaeneie eoeueoo?u eae aae I?inaauaiey.

I?inaauaiea – yoi eaeaeiia e eoeueoo?iia aeaeaeaiea, eioi?ia eiaei
aioeoaiaeaeueiue, aioeaaniethoenoneee oa?aeoa?.

A XVIII aaea iii ioaaoeei a oie eee eiie noaiaie ana aa?iiaeneea no?aiu,
a eaaeaeie ec eioi?uo eiaei naith niaoeeoeeo, naiaia?acea. I?inaauaiea
ca?iaeeeinue a Aiaeee, a eiioea XVII aaea. Iniaaiiinoueth aiaeeeneiai
I?inaauaiey auei oi, /oi iii aicieeei iinea ao?aeoaciie ?aaiethoeee e ia
niaea?aeaei ?aaeeeaeueiuo eicoiaia e i?ia?aii. Iiyoiio aieiaiea
aiaeeeneeo i?inaaoeoaeae auei i?eeiaaii ia noieueei e iieeoeea, neieueei
e /anoiie aeecie e ii?aeueiui i?iaeaiai. O?aioeocneia I?inaauaiea
oi?ie?oaony a 20 – 40-o aa.XVIII a. Iii noaei aeooiaiie, eaeaieiae/aneee
iiaeaioiaeie ?aaiethoeee. Ai o?aioeocneii I?inaauaiee ia ia?aue ieai
auoiaeyo iieeoe/aneea e i?aaiaua i?iaeaiu, i?iaeaiu aoaeouaai
iieeoe/aneiai ono?ienoaa iauanoaa. A iaiaoeeii I?inaauaiee oeaio?aeueiia
ianoi caiyee i?iaeaiu ynoaoe/aneiai e yoe/aneiai ainieoaiey.

Iuneeoaee oie yiioe n/eoaee, /oi ana ianiaa?oainoaa e iani?aaaaeeeainoe
ie?a i?ienoaeatho io iaaaaeanoaa e iaciaiey ethaeae. Iiyoiio eciaieoue
iauanoai iiaeii n iiiiuueth i?inaauaiey, ia?aciaaiey, ainieoaiey i?aaia.

I?inaaoeoaee ?anniao?eaaee i?iaeaiu enoi?ee eoeueoo?u, caeiiiia?iinoae
aa ?acaeoey, ?iee a i?aia?aciaaiee iauanoaa e oi?ie?iaaiee /aeiaaea.
I?aaeiaoii aiaeeca i?inaaoeoaeae noaee oaeea aeaeu aeooiaiie eoeueoo?u,
eae ?aeeaey, iaoea, eneonnoai, oeeinioey, ii?aeue. Iiiai iiauo eaeae e
eiioeaioeee i?inaaoeoaee ?ac?aaioaee a iaeanoe iieeoe/aneie e i?aaiaie
eoeueoo?u. Yoi oai?ey iauanoaaiiiai aeiaiai?a, eiioeaioeey i?aaiaiai
ainoaea?noaa, i?eioeei ?acaeaeaiey aeanoae, eaeay i “anoanoaaiiuo”
i?aaao /aeiaaea, iiiyoea i?inaauaiiiai aaniethoecia.

IOIIOAIEA I?INAAOEOAEAE E ?AEEAEE

I?inaaoeoaee auee aaeeiu a iiieiaiee i?e/ei nouanoaiaaiey ?aeeaee,
iieaaay, /oi ?aeeaey – yoi ?acoeueoao oaiaoecia, iaaaaeanoaa e iaiaia. A
naia a?aiy auea iiioey?iie eaeay Aieueoa?a (1694 – 1778) i oii, /oi
?aeeaey aicieeea oiaaea, eiaaea ano?aoeeenue aeoiaoe e iioaiiee.
Iaaaoeaiia ioiioaiea e ?aeeaee ?ani?ino?aiyeinue e ia yiioo
n?aaeiaaaeiauey, eioi?ay n/eoaeanue aeinaaeiui ceacaaii a enoi?ee
/aeiaa/anoaa. A yiioo I?inaauaiey iiyaeyaony iiiai aioeoea?eiaiie,
aioe?aeeaeiciie eeoa?aoo?u. Aieueoa? ieoao aioeoea?eiaiua
ioaeeoeenoe/aneea ?aaiou, I. Aieueaao (1723 – 1789) – aioe?aeeaeiciua
iaioeaou “?aciaea/aiiia o?enoeainoai” e “Ea?iaiiia aiaineiaea”, aaea ii
iieacuaaao iaeaiinoe e i?ioeai?a/ey Aeaeee.

Anee ii aii?ino i i?e/eiao nouanoaiaaiey ?aeeaee i?inaaoeoaee auee
aaeeiu, oi aii?in i nouanoaiaaiee aiaa aue i?aaeiaoii ino?uo nii?ia
iaaeaeo ieie. N?aaee i?inaaoeoaeae auee eae aoaenou, oae e aeaenou.

Aeaeci – yoi o/aiea, niaeanii eioi?iio aia, nioai?ea ie?, aieueoa ia
aiaoeaaaony a aai aeaea, a caeiiiia?iia oa/aiea niauoee. E ie? a
aeaeueiaeoai ?acaeaaaony naiinoiyoaeueii, a niioaaonoaee n i?e?iaeiuie
caeiiaie, eioi?ua yaeythony anaiaueie e aeinooiiuie aeey iiciaiey.

Oaeei ia?acii, a aeaecia aiao ioaiaeeony oieueei ?ieue nicaeaoaey ie?a,
aai ia?aii?e/eiu. I?ienoiaeeo ioeac io eaeae i?iaeaeaioeeaeecia. E?iia
oiai, iaeioi?ua i?inaaoeoaee (Aieueoa?) n/eoaee, /oi ?aeeaey iaiaoiaeeia
eae iii?a ii?aee.

IOIIOAIEA I?INAAOEOAEAE E IAOEA

I?inaaoeoaee aa?eee a iaoeo, aa aaca?aie/iua aiciiaeiinoe. Iie n/eoaee,
/oi aae ?aeeaee aeieaeai niaieoueny aaeii ?acoia. Iauanoai aoaeao
ia?aono?iaii ia ?acoiiuo ia/aeao, ia iniiaa iao/iuo ciaiee. Yoa eaeay
iaeaieaa iieii au?aaeaia a oeeinioneie oi?ioea Aaaaey: “Ana ?acoiiia –
aeaenoaeoaeueii”. I?inaaoeoaee n/eoaee, /oi iaiaoiaeeii ai?ioueny i?ioea
?aeeaeiciuo noaaa?ee, i?iiaaaiaee?iaaoue aeinoeaeaiey iaoe. E naie iie
iiiai aeaeaee aeey yoiai. I?aaeaea anaai neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi
iniiaiua neeu o?aioeocneiai I?inaauaiey n 1751 ii 1780 aa.
eiioeaio?e?iaaeenue aie?oa ecaeaiey “Yioeeeeiiaaeee, eee oieeiaiai
neiaa?y iaoe, eneonnoa e ?aianae”. Anaai auoei 35 oiiia yoiai ecaeaiey.
Ioaaonoaaiiui ?aaeaeoi?ii e aaoi?ii aieueoeinoaa noaoae aue Ae. Aeeae?i
(1713 – 1784).

Aeey i?inaaoeoaeae auee oa?aeoa?iu enoi?e/aneee iioeieci, aa?a a
eoeueoo?iue i?ia?ann, eoeueo ?acoia, iaoee. Eoeueoo?iue i?ia?ann iie
iiieiaee eae niaa?oainoaiaaiea ?acoia, ?ani?ino?aiaiea ciaiee.

Iaeiaei, n?aaee i?inaaoeoaeae aue iuneeoaeue, eioi?ue caieiae iniaoth
iiceoeeth ii yoiio aii?ino e ia ?acaeaeye iioeiecia naieo eieeaa. Yoi
AE.-AE. ?onni (1712 – 1778). ?onni iiaeieiaao a naieo ?aaioao i?iaeaio
i?ioeai?a/eainoe eoeueoo?iiai i?ia?anna. Ii auneacuaaao iuneue i oii,
/oi iao/iue e ooaeiaeanoaaiiue i?ia?ann ia nii?iaiaeaeathony i?ia?annii
i?aanoaaiiui. ?onni ienae: “Iaoe aeooe ?aca?auaeenue ii ia?a oiai, eae
niaa?oainoaiaaeenue iaoee e eneonnoaa”. A ?aaioao ?onni aa?ao naia
ia/aei ianneienoe/aneee acaeyae ia eoeueoo?o. Ii noiye o enoieia
aeooiaiiai oa/aiey, eioi?ia iacuaatho iao?ea?oaeueii-?iiaioe/aneei e
aioeoaoiie?aoe/aneei. ?onni e?eoeeiaae nia?aiaiioth oeeaeeecaoeeth,
n/eoae, /oi iia iiaeaaeyao a /aeiaaea aai eo/oea i?e?iaeiua caaeaoee.
Enii?/aiiinoe nia?aiaiiie oeeaeeecaoeee ?onni i?ioeaiiinoaaeyao
i?e?iaeo, a eioi?ie oea?yo aa?iiiey e ii?yaeie. “Iacaae e i?e?iaea” – n
oaeei i?ecuaii ia?auaaony ?onni e naiei nia?aiaiieeai.

I?IAEAIU AINIEOAIEss A OAI?*ANOAA

I?INAAOEOAEAE

Aieueoia aieiaiea i?inaaoeoaee oaeaeyee i?iaeaiai ainieoaiey. Yoi
i?aaeaea anaai Aeae. Eiee (1633 – 1704), E. A. Aaeueaaoeee (1715 –
1771), Ae. Aeeae?i, AE.-AE. ?onni. I?inaaoeoaee n/eoaee, /oi
i?aanoaaiiinoue, aeia?iaeaoaeue – yoi ?acoeueoao ainieoaiey. E.
Aaeueaaoeee ienae, /oi iiae aicaeaenoaeai ainieoaiey ethaee, eae
oethaa?u, niiniaiu iiai?a/eaaoueny a oo eee ae?oaoth noi?iio.
I?inaaoeoaee auee i?ioeaieeaie nineiaiie nenoaiu ainieoaiey. Iie
ionoaeaaee eaeath i?e?iaeiiai ?aaainoaa niiniaiinoae ethaeae, n/eoaee,
/oi ainieoaiea aeieaeii niioaaonoaiaaoue /aeiaa/aneie i?e?iaea,
anoanoaaiiui neeiiiinoyi ?aaaiea. Iaeiei ec aeaaiuo n?aaenoa ainieoaiey
i?inaaoeoaee n/eoaee eneonnoai.

IOIIOAIEA I?INAAOEOAEAE E ENEONNOAO

I?inaaoeoaee n/eoaee, /oi eneonnoai ia aeieaeii auoue caaaaie e
?acaea/aieai. Eneonnoai aeieaeii auiieiyoue iiciaaaoaeueioth e
ainieoaoaeueioth ooieoeee: enei?aiyoue ii?iee, ainieouaaoue i?aanoaaiiua
aeia?iaeaoaee e a?aaeaeaineea ea/anoaa. E?iia oiai, i?inaaoeoaee
n/eoaee, /oi eneonnoai aeieaeii auoue aeinooiii anai. Ae. Aeeae?i ienae,
/oi “eneonnoai aeieaeii aeieoe aei naiie oaiaie oeaeeiu naiiai
iacia/eoaeueiiai ec a?aaeaeai”.

Iniaia ianoi a nenoaia eneonnoa i?inaaoeoaee ioaiaeeee oaao?o,
iineieueeo eiaiii oaao? niiniaai n iaeaieueoae neeie aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia
i?aau ethaeae. I?inaaoeoaee aeaaea i?aoaaee/eaaee ainieoaoaeueiua
aiciiaeiinoe oaao?a. Ae. Aeeae?i aue oaaaeaeai, /oi aeinoaoi/ii
iiniio?aoue oi?ioee niaeoaeeue, eae ceiaeae ?aneathony a naieo
i?anooieaieyo, a i?aanoaaiiua ethaee aua aieaa ooaa?aeyony a naieo
aeia?iaeaoaeyo. A ia?eiae o?aioeocneie ao?aeoaciie ?aaiethoeee
?aaeeciaaeanue ia i?aeoeea onoaiiaea i?inaaoeoaeae ia ii?aeueiinoue e
aeinooiiinoue eneonnoaa.

1. 6. EIIOeAIOeEE EOEUeOO?U A IAIAOeEIE

EEANNE*ANEIE OEEINIOEE

Iaiaoeeay eeanne/aneay oeeinioey – yoi aaaeiue yoai a enoi?ee ie?iaie
oeeinioneie iunee, eioi?ue ioaaouaaao ii/oe oeaeia noieaoea (n na?aaeeiu
XVIII aei na?aaeeiu XIX a.). Iaiaoeeay eeanne/aneay oeeinioey aunooiaao
eae i?iaeieaeaiea e aianoa n oai eae e?eoeea oeeinioee I?inaauaiey.
I?inaaoeoaee ?anniao?eaaee /aeiaaea eae i?iaeoeo nioeeaeueiie n?aaeu,
iauaeo i?inaauaiey e ainieoaiey, e yoi ia?aeaei aai ia ianneaiinoue. A
iaiaoeeie eeanne/aneie oeeinioee /aeiaae ?anniao?eaaaony eae noauaeo, oi
anoue eae aeoeaiia, oai?/aneia, aeayoaeueiia nouanoai, nicaeathuaa
?aciiia?aciue ie? eoeueoo?u. Iaeiaei aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea iiieiaaony
oieueei eae aeooiaiay aeayoaeueiinoue. Iiyoiio iiiyoey “niciaiea”,
“aeoo”, “iuoeaiea”, “iiciaiea” – oeaio?aeueiua aeey iaiaoeeie eeanneee.

Iniiaiiieiaeieeii iaiaoeeie eeanne/aneie oeeinioee yaeyaony E. Eaio
(1724 – 1804). I?iaeaiu eoeueoo?u o Eaioa oaniaeoei ia?acii naycaiu n
i?iaeaiie /aeiaaea.

Eaio iiieiaao eoeueoo?o, eae niaieoiiinoue anao aeinoeaeaiee
/aeiaa/anoaa, nicaeaiiuo ei a i?ioeanna ?acaeoey naieo i?e?iaeiuo
caaeaoeia.

A caaeneiinoe io o?ao aeaeia caaeaoeia Eaio auaeaeyao o?e noi?iiu a
?acaeoee eoeueoo?u:

1. eoeueoo?a oiaiey – iaauee, oiaiea iieueciaaoueny ii?aaeaeaiiuie
aauaie aeey aeinoeaeaiey iaiaoiaeeiuo oeaeae;

2. eoeueoo?a iauaiey – ?acaeoea caaeaoeia oeeaeeeciaaiiinoe;

3. ii?aeueiinoue – ?acaeoea i?aanoaaiiuo ea/anoa /aeiaaea.

Eaio i?iaiaeeo ?acee/ea iaaeaeo eoeueoo?ie e oeeaeeecaoeeae. E. Eaio
iieaaaao, /oi oeeaeeecaoeey – yoi aiaoiaa iiaeiaea eoeueoo?u, ia
iaiieiaiiia ii?aeueiui niaea?aeaieai.

Yoi aiaoiyy ainieoaiiinoue, aeaaii?enoieiinoue, o/oeainoue, oi?ioea
iaia?u. Eaio n/eoaao, /oi oeeaeeecaoeey iniiauaaaony ia ia aioo?aiiae
naiaiaea, a ia oi?iaeueiie aeenoeeieeia ethaeae. Oeeaeeecaoeey ia
inaiaiaeaeaao ethaeae io aeanoe yaienoe/aneeo ono?aieaiee, a i?eaeaao
iineaaeiei anaai eeoue ?aniaeoaaaeueiue oa?aeoa?. Iiyoiio e a oneiaeyo
oeeaeeecaoeee nio?aiythony acaeiiia niia?ie/anoai e a?aaeaea iaaeaeo
eiaeeaeaeaie, ia?iaeaie e ainoaea?noaaie. Auoiaeii ec yoiai ninoiyiey
iiaeao noaoue oieueei i?aanoaaiiia niaa?oainoaiaaiea /aeiaa/anoaa.
?acaeoea i?aanoaaiiinoe yaeyaony oeaio?aeueiui caaiii eoeueoo?iiai
i?ia?anna, aunoae oeaeueth eoeueoo?iiai ?acaeoey.

I?iaeaiu i?aanoaaiiinoe e yoeee (o/aiea i ii?aee) Eaio ?anniao?eaaao a
?aaioa “E?eoeea i?aeoe/aneiai ?acoia” (1788). Yoeea Eaioa ieacuaaaony
oaniaeoei ia?acii naycaiiie n ?aeeaeae, n aa?ie a aiaa. Eaio io?eoeae
oai?aoe/aneea aeieacaoaeuenoaa auoey aiaa. Ii n/eoae, /oi aiaa iaeuecy
iinoe/ue n iiiiuueth iaoee, a iaai iiaeii oieueei aa?eoue. A yoeea Eaioa
aia – yoi i?aanoaaiiue eaeaae, aac ono?aieaiiinoe e eioi?iio /aeiaae
inoaaony caa?ai. Iiyoiio eiaiii oaeo nouanoaiaaiey i?aanoaaiiinoe
yaeyaony aeieacaoaeuenoaii auoey aiaa.

Eaio iuoaaony ii?aaeaeeoue niaoeeoeeo ii?aee.

1. Ii iainiiauaaao iieiaeaiea i oii, /oi ii?aeue aeieaeia eiaoue
aaniethoiue, aia a?aiaiiie, aiaenoi?e/aneee oa?aeoa?.

2. Ii?aeue ia iiaeao auoue iaoneiaeaia eaeeie-oi aiaoieie oaeoi?aie –
?an/aoii, auaiaeie, no?aieaieai e n/anoueth eee ianeaaeaeaieth.

I?aanoaaiiia iiaaaeaiea aiiaua ia iiaeao eiaoue aiaoieo iioeaia.
Aaeeinoaaiiui aioo?aiiei iioeaii i?aanoaaiiiai iiaaaeaiey aunooiaao
aeiea.

A naeaoii aeaea o/aiea Eaioa i i?aanoaaiiinoe eceiaeaii a eaoaai?e/aneii
eiia?aoeaa. Eaoaai?e/aneee eiia?aoea – yoi i?aanoaaiiue caeii,
aaconeiaiia i?aaeienaiea, eae neaaeoao iinooiaoue /aeiaaeo.

Eaoaai?e/aneee eiia?aoea Eaioa iniiaai ia eiioooeeaineie e aeaeaeneie
caiiaaaee: iinooiae ii ioiioaieth e ae?oaiio oae aea, eae ou oioae,
/oiau iinooiaee ii ioiioaieth e oaaa. Ae?oaay oi?ioee?iaea
eaoaai?e/aneiai eiia?aoeaa Eaioa cao/eo neaaeothuei ia?acii: ioiinenue e
ae?oaiio /aeiaaeo eae e oeaee, a ia eae e n?aaenoao aeey aeinoeaeaiey
nianoaaiiuo oeaeae.

I?iaeaiu ynoaoeee e eneonnoaa Eaio eceaaaao a ?aaioa “E?eoeea
niiniaiinoe noaeaeaiey” (1790). A iae eaeao ?a/ue i iaoae niiniaiinoe
aini?eieiaoue i?ae?aniia. Niaeanii Eaioo, enoi/iee i?ae?aniiai
ninoaaeyao aioo?aiiyy oeaeaniia?aciinoue. Oneiaeai, ynoaoe/aneiai
aini?eyoey aeieaeia auoue iacaeioa?aniaaiiinoue a yoii i?aaeiaoa n
i?aeoe/aneie oi/ee c?aiey. Ae?oaia oneiaea ynoaoe/aneiai ioiioaiey
naycaii n oai, /oi yoi aeieaeii auoue eiaiii /oanoai e ia?aaeeaaiea
e?aniou.

Eaio ii?aaeaeyao i?ae?aniia eae aa?iiie/ioth oi?io, “oeaeaniia?aciia aac
oeaee”.

E?oiiaeoei i?aaenoaaeoaeai iaiaoeeie eeanne/aneie oeeinioee aue A. A. O.
Aaaaeue (1770 – 1831). Yoi e?oiiaeoee aeeaeaeoee Iiaiai a?aiaie. Ii
?ac?aaaouaae aeeaeaeoeeo ia eaeaaeenoe/aneie iniiaa. O Aaaaey
?acaeaaaony aaniethoiay eaeay (ie?iaie aeoo, ie?iaie ?acoi). Iia
yaeyaony ia?aiiniiaie ie?a, i?iyaeyaony ai anai iiiaiia?acee yaeaiee
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, aunooiaao aeaeaeouae neeie enoi?e/aneiai i?ioeanna.
Eaeay i?ioiaeeo o?e noaaeee a naiai ?acaeoee, nouanoaoao a o?ao oi?iao.
Niioaaonoaaiii o?ai yoaiai ?acaeoey eaeae oeeinioey Aaaaey aeeth/aao o?e
?acaeaea:

1. eiaeeo;

2. oeeinioeth i?e?iaeu;

3. oeeinioeth aeooa.

I?iaeaiu eoeueoo?u Aaaaeue ?anniao?eaaao a o?aoueai ?acaeaea naiae
oeeinioneie nenoaiu – a oeeinioee aeooa. I?eiaiyy aeeaeaeoe/aneee
iaoiae, Aaaaeue i?iaiaeece?iaae aanue iooue ?acaeoey ie?iaie eoeueoo?u.
Oaeie a?aiaeeiciie e no?ieiie eiae/aneie ea?oeiu aei iaai ia nicaeaaae
ie iaeei iuneeoaeue. ?acaeoea eoeueoo?u ai anai iiiaiia?acee aa
i?iyaeaiee aia?aua i?aaenoaei eae caeiiiia?iue oeaeinoiue i?ioeann.

Eoeueoo?a i?aaenoaao o Aaaaey eae ?aaeecaoeey ie?iaiai ?acoia,
aiieiuaiea aai oai?/aneie neeu.

Iaoa?eaeueiay eoeueoo?a – yoi aiieiuaiea iuoeaiey a
i?aaeiaoii-/oanoaaiiuo oi?iao. Iai?eia?, aeii – aiieiuaiiue a eaiia
caiunae a?oeoaeoi?a, iaoeia – aiieiuaiiay a oaoieea iuneue eiaeaia?a.

Aeooiaioth eoeueoo?o Aaaaeue ?anniao?eaaao eae niaieoiioth aeooiaioth
aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea. I?iaeaiu aeooiaiie eoeueoo?u aiaeece?othony ei
a o/aiee ia aaniethoiii aeooa. Nooiaiyie ?acaeoey aaniethoiiai aeooa e
niioaaonoaaiii aaaeiaeoeie aeaeaie aeooiaiie eoeueoo?u o Aaaaey
aunooiatho eneonnoai, ?aeeaey e oeeinioey. Eneonnoai Aaaaeue ii?aaeaeyao
eae aiieiuaiea eaeae a eiie?aoiuo /oanoaaiiuo ia?acao. Aaaaeue i?eiaiyao
e aiaeeco eneonnoaa i?eioeei aaeeinoaa enoi?e/aneiai e eiae/aneiai. Ii
iieacuaaao ia?aaiiia?iinoue ?acaeoey ii?aaeaeaiiuo aeaeia eneonnoaa.
Eaaeaeay yiioa eiaao aaaeouaa eneonnoai, iaeaieaa ioaa/athuaa aa
aeooiaiui iio?aaiinoyi e enoi?e/aneiio naiaia?aceth.

Noaaeee ?acaeoey eneonnoaa auaeaeythony Aaaaeai a caaeneiinoe io
niioiioaiey iaaeaeo eaeaae e aa aiaoiei ia?acii. Ia?aoth noaaeeth
?acaeoey eneonnoaa Aaaaeue iacuaaao neiaiee/aneie. Yoi eneonnoai
ae?aaieo ainoi/iuo oeeaeeecaoeee (Aaeiao, Eiaeey). Caeanue aiaoiee ia?ac
eeoue iaiaeaao ia eaeath, oi?ia i?aiaeaaeaao iaae niaea?aeaieai,
iaoa?eaeueiia iiaeaaeyao aeooiaiia. Aaaeouei aeaeii eneonnoaa yaeyaony
a?oeoaeoo?a.

Aoi?oth noaaeeth ?acaeoey eneonnoaa Aaaaeue iacuaaao eeanne/aneie. Yoi
eneonnoai Ae?aaiae A?aoeee yiioe ?anoeaaoa. Ia yoie noaaeee eaeay e aa
ia?ac iaoiaeyony a ?aaiiaanee e iieiinoueth niioaaonoaotho ae?oa ae?oao.
Aaaeouee aeae eneonnoaa – neoeueioo?a.

O?aoueth noaaeeth ?acaeoey eneonnoaa Aaaaeue iacuaaao ?iiaioe/aneie. Yoi
eneonnoai n?aaeiaaaeiauey e Iiaiai a?aiaie. Caeanue aeooiaiue,
noauaeoeaiue yeaiaio i?aiaeaaeaao iaae aiaoiae oi?iie. Aaaeouea aeaeu
eneonnoaa – aeeaiienue, iocuea, iiycey.

Aeey Aaaaey i?ae?aniia – yoi eaeaae, oi, /oi i?aainoiaeii a naiai ?iaea.
Iai?eia?, a?a/aneia eneonnoai eeanne/aneiai ia?eiaea. Aaaaeue
?anoeaieaaao i?ae?aniia a i?e?iaea cia/eoaeueii ieaea, /ai i?ae?aniia a
eneonnoaa. I?ae?aniia a eneonnoaa aunooiaao eae eaeaae, aa?iiiey
niaea?aeaiey e ooaeiaeanoaaiiie oi?iu.

?aeeaey e oeeinioey – yoi aieaa aunieea oi?iu naii?ane?uoey aaniethoiiai
aeooa. A ieo aaniethoiay eaeay iieiinoueth iiciaao naay. Iie
?acee/athony oai, /oi ?aeeaey iniiaaia ia i?aaenoaaeaieyo, a oeeinioey –
ia iiiyoeyo. Oeeinioey – yoi iinoeaeaiea nia?aiaiiie ae yiioe a
iiiyoeyo.

Aaaeiia ianoi a oai?aoe/aneie nenoaia Aaaaey caieiaao o/aiea i ?acaeoee
anaie?iie enoi?ee. Iniiao e aaeeinoai enoi?e/aneiai i?ioeanna Aaaaeue
aeaeae, a aeaeaeaiee ie?iaiai ?acoia. Ie?iaie ?acoi aiieiuaaony ia
eaaeaeii enoi?e/aneii yoaia a eoeueoo?a oiai eee eiiai ia?iaea,
noaiiaeony aai ia?iaeiui aeooii. E?eoa?ee iauanoaaiiiai i?ia?anna – yoi
i?ia?ann a niciaiee naiaiaeu. *aeiaa/anoai, ?acaeaaynue, iinoaiaiii
i?eoiaeeo ei ana aieaa aeoaieiio iiieiaieth naiaiaeu.

Aaaaeue ?acee/aao o?e iniiaiua yoaia ie?iaie enoi?ee:

1. Ainoi/iue ie? (Eeoae – Eiaeey – Ia?ney). Ia Ainoiea aua ia nouanoaoao
naiaiaeu eiaeeaeaea. Caeanue aue naiaiaeai eeoue iaeei – aeaniio.
Iiyoiio aeooo yoeo ia?iaeia i?enoue iiaeiiaaiea e iiei?iinoue.

2. A?aei-?eineee ie?. A A?aoeee e ?eia oaea naiaiaeiu iaeioi?ua –
a?aaeaeaia. Iiyoiio caeanue iiyaeythony eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoe,
“enoi?e/aneea ee/iinoe” ( A. Iaeaaeiineee, TH. Oeaca?ue). A ?eia
ee/iinoue oi?ie?oaony eae noauaeo i?aaiauo ioiioaiee.

3. Aa?iaineee (o?enoeaineee) ie?. Ii aini?eieiaeny Aaaaeai eae
aiieiuaiea anaiauae naiaiaeu, eioi?ay enoiaeeo io o?enoeaineie ?aeeaee.

1. 7. OAI?Ess EOEUeOO?U A NIOeEAEUeIIE OEEINIOEE

IA?ENECIA

Ia?enenoneay oeeinioey oi?ie?oaony a 40-o aa. XIX aaea. A?
iniiaiiieiaeieee – iaiaoeeea iuneeoaee – E. Ia?en (1818 – 1883) e
O.Yiaaeuen (1820 – 1895). Iie nicaeaee iiaue oei oeeinioee –
aeeaeaeoe/aneee e enoi?e/aneee iaoa?eaeeci. E aiaeeco i?iaeai eoeueoo?u
iie iiaeoiaeyo enoiaey ec naiae iauaoeeinioneie eiioeaioeee.

A i?iecaaaeaieyo Ia?ena e Yiaaeuena iiaeii ano?aoeoue i?aaeaeueii
oe?ieia oieeiaaiea eoeueoo?u eae ea/anoaaiiie oa?aeoa?enoeee iauanoaa.

Ia?aay aeaaa ?aaiou Yiaaeuena “I?ienoiaeaeaiea naiuee, /anoiie
nianoaaiiinoe e ainoaea?noaa” iacaaia “Aeienoi?e/aneea nooiaie
eoeueoo?u”. Aaoe a ?acaeoee eoeueoo?u ii naycuaaao n ?acaeoeai
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee, nioeeaeueiuo naycae, i?aeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe
(iaeaaeaiea iai?i, ecia?aoaiea eoea, oi?ie?iaaiea ?a/e, iaeaaeaiea
aii/a?iui ?aianeii, i?e?o/aiea aeeaioiuo).

?anniao?eaay aii?in i i?ienoiaeaeaiee eoeueoo?u, ia?eneci onoaiaaeeaaao
aaiaoe/aneoth naycue eoeueoo?u n /aeiaa/aneei o?oaeii, n i?iecaiaenoaii
iaoa?eaeueiuo aeaa. A i?ioeanna o?oaeiaie aeayoaeueiinoe aicieeaao
iio?aaiinoue ethaeae a iauaiee, ia?aaea/a eioi?iaoeee, a
/eaii?acaeaeueiie ?a/e. O?oae i?aia?acoao iuoeaiea e /oanoaa /aeiaaea.
Ia?en ienae i oii, /oi a i?ioeanna o?oaea oi?ie?oaony aiaaonoai
/aeiaa/aneie /oanoaaiiinoe: iocueaeueiia ooi, /oanoaothuee e?anioo oi?iu
aeac, aeooiaiua /oanoaa (aiey, ethaiaue).

Aaaeioth ?ieue a ?acaeoee eoeueoo?u nua?aei iauanoaaiiia ?acaeaeaiea
o?oaea. Ia?aiia/aeueii aeooiaiia i?iecaiaenoai auei iaiin?aaenoaaiii
aieaoaii a iaoa?eaeueioth aeayoaeueiinoue. Ia?en iieacuaaao yoi ia
i?eia?a eneonnoaa. Ii ioia/aao, /oi ae?aaiaa eneonnoai auei
iaiin?aaenoaaiii aieaoaii a /aeiaa/aneee o?oae, nii?iaiaeaeaei aai e
aeooiaii iiaeaioaaeeaaei. Iai?eia?, ia?aiauoiue oaiaoe aue e oaioeai, e
?eooaeii, e ?aiaoeoeeae ianoiyuae ioiou. A o?oaea iaia?oaeeaaeenue e
inaaeaaeenue ooaeiaeanoaaiiua n?aaenoaa: e?anyuea aauanoaa,
au?aceoaeueiua oi?iu, cao/auea i?aaeiaou.

A aeaeueiaeoai i?ienoiaeeo ?acaeaeaiea oece/aneiai e oinoaaiiiai o?oaea,
iaoa?eaeueiie e aeooiaiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Ainiiaenoaothuee eeann
i?enaaeaaao naaa iiiiiieeth ia oinoaaiiue o?oae, aeooiaioth
aeayoaeueiinoue.

I?ioeann ioaeaeaiey oinoaaiiiai o?oaea io oece/aneiai aue aucaai
enoi?e/aneie iaiaoiaeeiinoueth. Iio?aaiaaeinue iaee/ea oaeiai
nioeeaeueiiai neiy ethaeae, eioi?ua auee au inaiaiaeaeaiu io
iianaaeiaaiie ecio?eoaeueiie ?aaiou e iiaee anaoeaei iinayoeoue naay
oi?aaeai/aneie, iao/iie e ooaeiaeanoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. O.Yiaaeuen
ioia/ae, /oi “?aanoai nicaeaei oneiaey aeey ?anoeaaoa eoeueoo?u
ae?aaiaai ie?a – aeey a?a/aneie eoeueoo?u. Aac ?aanoaa ia auei au
a?a/aneiai ainoaea?noaa, a?a/aneiai eneonnoaa e iaoee.”Auaeaeeaoenue eae
iniaay noa?a /aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, aeooiaiay eoeueoo?a ia
noaiiaeony ianneaiui io?aaeaieai yeiiiie/aneeo i?ioeannia. Iia
i?eia?aoaao ioiineoaeueioth naiinoiyoaeueiinoue a nai?i ?acaeoee.

Caeiiiia?iinoe ?acaeoey eoeueoo?u:

1. Eeiey ?acaeoey yeiiiieee e eeiey ?acaeoey oao eee eiuo aeaeia
aeooiaiie eoeueoo?u iiaoo ia niaiaaeaoue (yoi aiana ia icia/aao, /oi
eoeueoo?a ia caaeneo io yeiiiieee). Yoa caeiiiia?iinoue i?iaiaeece?iaaia
Ia?enii ia i?eia?a eneonnoaa. Ii ioia/ae, /oi a yiioe, yeiiiie/anee
iaiaa ?acaeoua, iiaeao nicaeaaaoueny eneonnoai aieaa cia/eoaeueiia e
aaeeeia, /ai a iineaaeothuea, aieaa ?acaeoua. A iaeioi?ua oi?iu
eneonnoaa aiciiaeiu oieueei ia ieceie nooiaie ?acaeoey iauanoaa.
Iai?eia?, yiin, eioi?ue aiciee ia ii/aa ieoieiaee.

2. Eaaeaeue aeae eoeueoo?u eiaao naith aioo?aiithth eiaeeo ?acaeoey.
O.Yiaaeuen a naieo ienueiao ii enoi?e/aneiio iaoa?eaeecio (Aeioo,
Oieaeoo, Ai?aeono) iainiiaae neaaeothuoth caeiiiia?iinoue: /ai aeaeueoa
oaeaeyaony io yeiiiie/aneie oa eee eiay iaeanoue eoeueoo?u, oai aieueoae
naiinoiyoaeueiinoueth a ?acaeoee iia iaeaaeaao.

3. N yoei naycaia ae?oaay aaaeiay caeiiiia?iinoue ?acaeoey eoeueoo?u –
acaeiinaycue, acaeiiaeaenoaea ?acee/iuo aeaeia eoeueoo?u. Ana aeaeu
eoeueoo?u ieacuaatho aeeyiea ae?oa ia ae?oaa e ia yeiiiie/aneee aacen.
Iai?eia?, a ?acaeoee eneonnoaa aaaeioth ?ieue ea?atho ia oieueei
yeiiiie/aneea e iieeoe/aneea oaeoi?u, ii e oeeinioneea, i?aanoaaiiua,
?aeeaeiciua eaeae aeaiiiai iauanoaa. Ianeo/aeii a aioe/iii ie?a ia
ooaeiaeieeia niio?aee eae ia ioae?aoeia, niiniaiuo iaeaeaoue
oeeinioneoth iuneue a iiyoe/aneoth oi?io.

4. Ioiineoaeueiay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue a ?acaeoee eoeueoo?u i?iyaeyaony e
a oii, /oi nouanoaoao eoeueoo?iia ianeaaeiaaiea, i?aainoaaiiinoue.

I?aainoaaiiinoue caeeth/aaony a eniieueciaaiee aeinoeaeaiee
i?aaeoanoaothueo iieieaiee, i?ioeuo enoi?e/aneeo yiio.

Aeaaiaea?y oiio, /oi nouanoaoao i?aainoaaiiinoue, ?acaeoea eoeueoo?u
i?eia?aoaao iinooiaoaeueiue oa?aeoa?. Ia?en e Yiaaeuen i?eiaiytho e
enoi?e/aneiio aiaeeco eoeueoo?u oi?iaoeeiiiue iiaeoiae.

Iauanoaaiii-yeiiiie/aneay oi?iaoeey – yoi eiie?aoii-enoi?e/aneee oei
iauanoaa, acyoue a aaeeinoaa anao aai noi?ii. A iniiaa IYO eaaeeo niinia
i?iecaiaenoaa iaoa?eaeueiuo aeaa.

Ia?en auaeaeyao iyoue IYO e niioaaonoaaiii iyoue oi?iaoeeiiiuo oeiia
eoeueoo?u: ia?aiauoii-iaueiiue, ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneee, oaiaeaeueiue,
eaieoaeenoe/aneee e eiiioienoe/aneee. Nioeeaeeci – yoi ia?aay noaaeey
eiiioiecia. Iineaaeiaaoaeueiay niaia oi?iaoeeiiiuo oeiia eoeueoo?u
ia?acoao iinooiaoaeueioth, i?ia?anneaioth eeieth ?acaeoey eoeueoo?u. I?e
ia?aoiaea io iaeiiai oi?iaoeeiiiiai oeia eoeueoo?u e ae?oaiio
nio?aiyaony i?aainoaaiiinoue: iaeie yeaiaiou eoeueoo?u ioa?anuaathony
eae onoa?aaoea (eaeaieiaey), ae?oaea aoiaeyo a iiaoth eoeueoo?o ii/oe a
iaeciaiiii aeaea (ycue, n?aaenoaa o?oaea), o?aouee e?eoe/anee
ia?a?aaaouaathony, enoiaey ec eioa?ania i?eoaaeoeo e aeanoe eeannia
(i?aai), /aoa??oua nicaeathony caiiai (oi?iu nianoaaiiinoe, iieeoe/aneay
nenoaia).

A.E.Eaiei (1870 – 1924) oai?/anee ?acaee o/aiea ia?enecia a iiaie
enoi?e/aneie ianoaiiaea. Ii iieacae ?ieue i?aainoaaiiinoe a i?ioeanna
nicaeaiey nioeeaeenoe/aneie eoeueoo?u a iaoae no?aia. Ii aunooiae i?ioea
eaeaieiaia I?ieaoeoeueoa, eioi?ua i?ecuaaee ioa?ineoue eoeueoo?iia
ianeaaeea i?ioeiai. Eaiei n/eoae, /oi “ioaeii acyoue anth eoeueoo?o,
eioi?oth iai inoaaee eaieoaeeci – anth iaoeo, oaoieeo, ana ciaiey,
eneonnoai – e ec ia? iino?ieoue nioeeaeeci”. Aii?in ia eniieueciaaiee
eoeueoo?iiai ianeaaeey i?ioeiai aeeth/ae a naay e eniieueciaaiea
ao?aeoaciuo niaoeeaeenoia, eioaeeeaaioeee.

Aieueoia aieiaiea Eaiei oaeaeye i?iaeaiai eoeueoo?iie ?aaiethoeee. Ii
n/eoae, /oi eoeueoo?iay ?aaiethoeey aeieaeia ?aoeoue o?e aaaeiaeoeo
caaea/e:

1. aeinoeaeaiea o?iaiy oeeaeeeciaaiiuo no?ai Caiaaea;

2. ioe?uoea aeinooia o?oaeyueiny e i?iecaiaenoao e iio?aaeaieth
eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae. N yoie oeaeueth auea i?iaaaeaia
iaoeeiiaeecaoeey; oi?ie?iaaiea iiaiai /aeiaaea – /aeiaaea n
nioeeaeenoe/aneei ie?iaicc?aieai, ananoi?iiia ?acaeoie ee/iinoe. Iooue e
oi?ie?iaaieth oaeie ee/iinoe – ia?aciaaiea, ainieoaoaeueiay,
eaeaieiae/aneay ?aaioa. E ia/eiaoue ?aoaiea yoie neiaeiaeoae caaea/e
i?eoeinue n eeeaeaeaoeee iaa?aiioiinoe.

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