????e? ?????a?? ?????o ??e E. E??
????
E???? A???e ???e ??????? (726–843)
A???e:
N??? I ??a
E?????? ?????
N?????? ???y
E????? 2009a
E???? ???e ??????? (726—843)
N ???a ??? ??????y, n IV ??, ??u ???? ???a ???????a ? ????? ?? A?????e
???e. Ii ???athu?ny n ??? ??o ??????ey ??????y a A???e ??? ?o???i e
?????? ???ey?, ???? ???? o ???? ???. I??y ?? ?e ???? ??e e ????o ???a ?a
? ????, y?/??e ????, ?e ???e ??? ??ae ?? ??? ??-?????y. C???a ??
??????ue e ????y ???????th ??? ????.
I??th ?? a ??? ?? ??a ????y ???a??a ???e ?e ????? «??????? ??u, ????a,
???ii ????, ???? ???i. I???? ? ?o ????ue «? ?????ie ??e ????». A??? ????
????e a A???e e «?????a» ??u, ?y ??, ?e ????, ?????? ????, ???????y e
?i. O?? ??u, ??? ???o ????e ??????? ???u, ??ae??ue a ????yo. Nth? ?
????? ????e ????e. Ca ?? ? ??????e a ???? e ?????? ????e, ???????? a
???. A? y? ??????i ???oth ???, ????thny ??????i ???ey ????? e ??? ???.
I?i ????, ?i ????y ??? ??? ?? ???? ???, ?? ??e ?y??e ???, ???a ?????, ?i
??n????ue ??o ?a ??u ????y ????. N?????? ???????eth ?? e ???eth ? ?ey?y
?????? ? ??????o ????? i ?a????? ???e??? ?????oth ???? O??a a ??????
??a. I??a ?? a?e ????? e ??? ????y A??? ???, ???a n ??? ??o???i ???????
??? ??????. E??????a ???? i???i ????i ????a ????e ???e, ?a ????y
?????ey, ??i ?y??ay n ???e ??ueth, ???? ??i ?????? n ????th?e ??th
?????.
E?????ay ??? ?????? ??????? ?y ????ey ??o ?????? e y?????? ???e. A??a
??? ????y ??, ?????ay ? ????? ???, ??? ?????ue ?????i ?????ue ????a
????a. E?????ay ??? ????? ???? ?????o ????. E??????i ??i ??i????ue
???eth ?? ????? e ????th ?i ??? ?ae ???ueth. E????u ???e, ?i ????a ??
????i ? ????ey ???aeth. Ei ??e ????o ?????.
*?? ? ?e ?? ????a e ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????, ????? e ????? ??y? ????a
????e ??????i ????. A??? i ??? ??y???, ???ey?? ?u?????i ?? ?????i ??,
?????? ??a ???a ?? ???a, e ?? i ????e ?? ???ny ????.
E??????i ??e ?????? E? III E??, ?aey ??? ? ???e??eth ???????? ????.
E????a ?????? ??????ay ??ue, ?y ???e ?? ???i ????? ?????e ???.
I???? ??? e ??? ???????i ???a ?? ???? ???i. A ????? ?? n ???e e ??y??
??? e????a ??? ?? ???? ???y? ?y ???e. Ia ????? A?a?? ???y?? ????? ???a.
A???a ????y ???e e ??, ?i ????e ?????? ??? ??u a A???e, A??? e ??? ?n???
???o. I??a ??? ?????a ????????ue ??? a E???????. I??i ???? ??? a ????
?????? ????. ??ue ????ey ???? ?????.
I???y ? ?a y? ???a ????e e ? ???ioth ??? ????? n ????y?, ??? ??????? ???
? ?e ???? ???. A ????? y?o ?o ?y??? ??a ??a ??u, ?e e?????y ???a e
???????a ????a. I??a, ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????e ? ????.
E???? ????? ??????? ????eth ???ey ?????a. Oa ??, ???y, ???y ? ???e
E?????, i????? ??? ?y? ??o ???????e ???th e ??????i, ??a ????a a ????o
?????a, ??????o ? ??e ???? ???. O??? II (578—582) ?? ??? ?????i, ???e ?
???o ???? ????? ?ay ?aey?i ? ??a, ???i ?? ?e ? ?o ?? ????ey? ??? O?n?.
Ii ? ???? ??c O??a a ?? ??? ?ae ??????i ???. Ai??a ?e TH??a II (685—695)
?e O??a ?y??y ? ???o, ???o ? ???a ???o ?????a.
I? E?a III ????a ??i ?iy?ny. A 726 ?? ??? eth?e, ?y??? ? ???, ????? ????
??? ?????a O??a ?ae O???? ???e — ???? ??? ? ???. A? ???? ???i e ???ueth,
???y?? ???? ????? ?e ????? ??. Y?o ?ae ??y? ??a? ???i ???????i ???a. A
730 ?? E? III ??e y??, ?????e ?i?. Ii ??? ?e ?i ????a E????? V (741—775)
??????? ???ea ???? ???? ???ey. E???? ????? ? ??e ?y?u, ?i ?a ? ??o
???y?ny ???.
I???ue ???a ? ????e. I??a ??? ????u ?? ?? ???? ???th, ??y ?? ????a a
??a.
Ia ???? ??y ??????? ?? ??????i ?e ?????a E?? a 787 ??, ? ??a ????i ?
A????i ??? 815 ?? ??? ? ??????? ?i ????ey a 843 ?? ?e O???.
I? ?y?i ???, ?e ??? ??i ????? y??a i ????? ?? ? ????? ?? ???e. Ai ?y?i
???, a ??i E??????? ?ae ??ei ??th??? ?????a E????? ???? ?????a ?? ??
???????i. A 768 ?? ???? I??a ???? ????? ? ?? ???o ???u ?????y ?y?o,
?????a a ???a ? ??? ?e ? ??? ????e ????. Ia ? ??a ?y?y?? ????u, ??u,
???ey, ??u, ?e ?i ??u, ?e ??? ?????? y?o ???e, «???o??ue a ?? e ????».
O???? ???????? ????a ???e ?i?????a, i ???i ?i ???? ? ????i ??????
?iy???, ?????y ????? ????. O????, ????a ????? ???? ?????, ???? ???o
?????? a ???a ??? ?????th?o ????, ??? ??? ?? ??y?? ?ay ??th??? ?e????i
??i.
N?? ????? ????? ???????i ???? ?e ??e ??o E??ue, ??? a ??? IX ??. Ii
????e ??? ?i?, ????y ? ??????y e ????? oth??? ??th??a, ???o???a ? ???o
????? O???. E? ?i ????, ? ???e ??o n ?????? E??a E????y, ???y ??a, a X
??, ?? ?uy??a ?????e. A? ?? ??? ????atho ???????? ?a ??a ??????ey
??????ey ?????a O??a ?ae O???? ????. A? ? A??? I?????e, ????? a 1200 ??
E???????, ???? (?oy y?? e ?o ??? ??????a) ???o ??? ??? ?. N?? n ??????i
A????e, ????th ??a ????y ???????.
A??a n ?i ??? ?????, ?e e ??a, ???ae? ????ny ??iy?? ??e ?????. Ae?i ??i
? ??, ?i ? ?e?? E????? V e????? A????? ??? ? ??a ??? ? ??? ???u ?? ????
????i eth??? ??????? ????i. A ???o ??? a y? ??y ??? ???? ?????a ???. A?a
a ?? ??? ???e?ue a ?????? ?? ? ??? ????? E?????, ????, ???? ???a, y??y
??ae ??? n ?i ?????? I????i ??e, ????e a ??o ??o. Ii ?e?i a ??????? ???
?????a ??? ????i ??? ??a?a ???a, ????? ???? ??e ??c O??a. O?? ????e ?a?
????ny e ?? a ??? ?. E?? a E???????.
A th?? ?? ??? ?. E?? a E??????? ?ae?? ?? ????? ?????a a ???a ??? ????u
VIII ??, ???? y???? ?o?? ?e ??o. Ae?????y ????y ????ey, ??iy?y ? ???i?o
?????e ??? ??????o ???a, ?????ue e ? ??i ? ??? a ??a ?. N?? a N????. I?
?e ???? ????u n ???a??e ????? E????? e ?i ??? A??. I?????y ??????? ????
???????i ???e a ?????a ??i ? ??e aei ?n, ?e ?e n ???????i ??????ey ??
???? ???? O??a, A????e, ?y?o.
I ??a ??????? ???? ???e ?????a ??i ??? ? ???? ??? I?ey?a a Ae??? e ??a
N?? a Ea????. I? y? ????? ???ey, ?????a ????e ????e ??u, ??iyo ? ???????
?????. A ?o ?????o ??? ????. Ae?????a ??u ??? y?i ?????? ? ????? ????a.
N ??? ???u, a ?????e ??a ????y ?????a ??e???o ???a y??????? ????. E??i
??a ?iy??e, ?e i??? a Ae??? e E????a, ??e ? ???oe ?????? ??????? ????e,
???yy ????th ??u ???e.
I??i ????u, ????? ??e ? ???u, ? a??a ???y?? ????eyi ?????a. Ia y?i ??i
??? ? ???i E????e. C??, a I?? A?e, ??? ? ???o ??a, ? ??o ?? ?????ue
??????? ???? ???. N?? ??? ????? i ?o ????y e IV ?eo. A ???a ???? ? ????
a iy?? ??? ??, ??oy ??i e ?i aea ????i. I? ??ue ??? ? ??e ?????a. A ?y?
n ?i, ?i ? ????? ?????? ????ey? ??? a ??a, ?e ? ?atho ???? ???. A ? ?
??y ? ????? ????a y?o ??? ???a ???a ????? ? e ???i, ????? ? ??y, ?oy ?
?? a ??o ??o ??? ???ey?i. Ia ???a ???? ??? ? ???? ???e ??? ?????y ??y
????.
Ei ???e ??????? ????y ???ue ?. A??ey ??i N???n. I? ???o ? ?? ??a, ?????o
???e. Ea?? ? ?o ?????y ???e, ???y ???? ? ???? ??e ??a ???, ????e ? ??iy
????. A ???? ??a — ?e ??? ?e?u. TH?? ?o ????. N????? ???e ??? ?y?o. Ia
???i ?o?? ????i ????? ??o, ????? ??????? ?????.
E ???? ???????o ???e ??e ??????? ???? ?????o ??? ???e ?. N??? ??i E??.
Ia th?? ??a ??ue ?????? ??a «A???o?», a ? ???i ???a, ?e e a ???a ?.
A??ey,— ??o. AE??ay ?????, ??????ue, y?? ???o, ?????a ????e ??????o ???
?? ???iy? ? ???a ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????e, ??a ? ??a ????y ???????
??a?i ???? ????ue ???? ?????,
A ???a ??i ???a ???e ? ???????? ??? ? ??????? ??? ?? ????ye N????e ???u?
a E???????. ???? ?i ?y????e ???ny ? ?? ???n?a a ?i O??? N??? (759— 826).
I? O??? ????ue ?? ???i ??o??i e ??????? ???i.
A ? ?? ??ue ?????e ???e ?????, a e??? ?????? ??e ???, ????? ???? ????.
N?? a?ath??y ?????a N????? ????y ?e e ??? ??? O??? I??? E????e. Ii
?????e ??? ???y a ???? a I??o, a ??i ??? n ?i oy??a ?? a ????yo a A??a e
N??a. Ii ??i??? ??? O??? a ?eyo ? ????ey. I???i, ? ?????a ??i, ????o
O???i ? N??u e ????? ??y-?????, o I??ay a N??a ????? ???e ??.
A? a ???? ?ith a E??????? ? ????e A????, ???a ???ny ??? a A??????? I????
??e??a a E????a. Ia ??i ? ?i ??? I??? E????e ???? n?a ?y e ?? ????y ????
— 5 ?y 835 ??. I??? E????e, ??u?y ??u A???ey ????, ? ??e ?i ???? ?????e
???i. Ii ???e ??i ???? e ????. E??y ?????? ? ????a ??????o ???o y?????
???o, ???i ????a y? ????.
A N????e ????? ?e ????i ??e ???e — ????. A???? — ??ay ????y ?i ??? ????,
????ay y?i ????. A?? ?y?? ??o ??e, a ? ?iyo ????i, ?e ??i ??i ? ?o ?? ?e
????? ???. O?? ??? ???ye ??o a??? ???ue ???. E?? ??, ??o, ????? ?y??
???i, ?i?? ???i ??? ??a, ?i ????? ?????. Y? ?? ??? ??i ?e ?e ?????a
????a, ???y ?????? a ??????a.
A??a n ???e a ????? ???? e ????e. I???i, ?e ?a ??? ????y, ?e ???y?? ???i
????, o?????? O???i. N???th ?? e ???th? y?o ????? ??? ???? ???a ???? a
?o ???, ??a ???? ???? ???e?y?y ?????i. I ?i, ?i a ????a ????? ??i ??,
??i ??? ? ?? ??????o, ?i a ?? ? ???o ?????e O??? ?a???? ????th. Ai ??y
?a ??? ? ?????, ???a N???a — a ? ?? ??i ???o,— ??? a ??o ??o ?e ??? ???
? ?i?????a. Iu ??i ??a, ?i O??? ??? ???th A?? ??o A??a??. I? ???e O???
?? ???? ?i ?????a.
A???i, ?oy ??????? y?? e ????otho, a N????i ????a ?? ????a a ??? ???? IX
?? I???ue, ???y ? ???e ??? ???i ????a ????ny O????e. (I?a ?a ???ny a ???
????e A???????i E?????? ??y a I??a.) ?y?i n ???i ???a ? ?eyo y?e ????
???? ??????a ? ??i ??i ?????y. A? y? ?????? ???e, ???? ?????? ? ????ii
????a. Eo ??a ???o. I? ? ????? ??e. Aeey ?? ??u ???ue y?? ???th eo
nth?o, ???? ??ue ? ?o ???y? ??y? n ?? ????, e ???i ?e ??ny?y.
I???? ??? ? ???th?y ?????? ??i?e, ???ey ??????, ?? y?????u. E??a ????
???? ????? a ?e ???? ?e a ???ue e ???th, ?i ???o i ???? ????????? ???.
N?? ?? I??i ???, ???a, ? ??eth ??????o ????, ?? ?????u a ???o, ???ath?y,
?i ?y ?n ???? ??i, y???, ?y??? n ?????e ????o ??????i?ueth. Ai ??? ??? ?
????? ?????a, ??? ????? ? e? ??????o ?????. O ?o ???a, ??aey?a ? ?y?
y??, ?i ??????o ???????ue ?o ??????? ??e ??? ??, e??? ?e ????yo. A ??a,
?a ????? ?eyo ??c E??a O??a, ?e ?????? n ??????e ???? e ?????? ????? e?.
E????? ?????a ?e y?i ??????o i????e ????o ? ?, ?i ???? ??a ?? ???a a
N????i ????a. A??a n ?i ? ? ??? ?????o ?????a ???a O???, ?oy ? ??a 23-i
?????i ?i ?????ue ???? I???. N?ae????i, ???th? O????e I???e ?? ????u ?
??, ?e ?a y? ??a ? ??????? ?? ?uy??u ?y??, a y? ????i ?a ??a ????y
?????a.
I??ay n O????e ???? ????o a ???e??i ????a ???ey ?eth????? ????, a ???o
???th? ????ath?y ? ?eyo ?y?i n ???i, ???e ??????? ???e. Y?o ??? ???y?ny
a ???a ??? ???oth?o ??a. N?e ???? y?e ???? ???th?y ??? a ????????
«??????? ? ??? ? ?o, O????e, ????e a ????a. Eo ????? ? ??i ??i e ???????
????i ????ny ? ???, «????????? ???? ????e, a ???o ????? ???tho ????a ?n?
(? y?i ?. ??).
E 813—820 ??i ????y ???? ????e I???y, ??aey?yny ?? a ???? A????? ?????.
I????i, ??o, ????? ????? ???o ????i ????a, ?e ????? n ???? ????a.
I??oth? ? n ?????? ??? e ??? ???a ?? ???u ???????e ?????e, ????? ????ny
e ??n?i nth??i.
I??i ???? y?? ???e, ?e e ??a, ???a?? ??????e. O??ue ? ?o ????? ? O??a ?e
?y?o, ? ?a?. Ia y?i ??i ??? ? ?? ??? — ?????? n ??? ???? a ???? ????e
A???y I????a I???? I?????e ??e??e. Y?o ??? ?e ???? ??o ? ? ???????
??????ey, ??? ???? ??? a ????e e ?????th ??ue ?????i e?????e ??? ????
??? ???eyi.
E??????e ??? ?? ???a ???? ?y ????y ???? ???? a ????a. E ?e ????? a y? ??
?a ????e, ?e ?e ?????a nth?? ?? ????u.
A VIII ?? ???? ????i ???, ???? ???? ??????y ?????ey. I???u ??? ??th???
?????, ????o ?? ????ey ?e ?????, ?e e ????i ??ey, ???i ???????ue ?????e
y?? ???e. I??????a ?? ?????, ?n????o e ???????, ?y??? a ?????? ????a ???
a ??????? ???.
A??a n ?i ??cy ? ????, ?i a y? ?ny??oey ???????? ????o A???e ?e ???i
???e ??. A?e o????u ??? ?????ey ? ???? ????e ????ey?, ?e?i ? ??? ???e e
??u, ????a a ?????th?a ??, ? e ?, ???i ???i ??u e ???th?, ???a ??i
?????ue ?????a?ey? a ??? ???y ? ?o.
????a ?????u a ?? ??????? ??i???ue a ?????e ????????y ????-????? ??a.
Iae?? ???? ??ey y?? ???e ?????ue ? ??o ??. I???? ? ?o ?? ????u a ??? ??,
?????o ? ????? A????? ?????a ?? ? ???. E?a ?? ????? a ??a ???a ??y,
??????u e ??i ??? e ??i ????eyi.
780—797 ??? ????ny ???ue ?. N?? a N????. A???ay ? ??a ???e ????, ?a
????ey? ??e ???oth (35X43 i) ????th ????. A ??a ???ue ?????ny e ???? e
?i ??i ????? ?????????a ??? ???e TH????, ??? ??i ?? na. E??. *??a ??o
????????? ??a, ????th?o ??? ?i?a, ?????u ??? ?????e ??e ??a ??i ???i, ?i
??cotho ??o. A??? ?? ????? ????i ???, ?i ?e ? ?????otho ???i ???i, ???a
???e ???atho ???e ?o, a ???? ???a. I?????i ????a ????ny ??????
???????th. N? ? ?? ? ????th n ???i ?. N?? a E??????? ???i ??a ???? e
????.
A y? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??ou a ???e ?????e ?????u. O??ey?? e ??iy??
????a ??u E??????ey, ??iy?i ???y?y A??? ???, ?a ??a ???????e ?????ue ?i
??. I??i ??iy?ay ??? ? ???u ??? e ??yi ?????? ??a ???? ??????i, ?e ? ?e
e ??? ????y??y, ???a ????e a y? ?? e ?????e ?a????o ????????o ??o a ??
???? ???o ???u — na. N?? e ?. E??.
I??a ?ny???y IX ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????a A???e n C???e A???. I??y??
???????a ????y ?????? ??o ???? e E??i A???, ????i ?? ?? ??y ??c ???????
??e ??? n ?????? ?????i ?????? e n?a A???th. A?????a ????e, ?????a a
A?i, ?????e a ??? ?????i ????ey. I? ? ?ey?? ????i ????? ??????? A???ey
E?? A???i (?? a A??? I?????e ?a???a) e ???o e ?? ?????? ????e. AE???ue
I????? e??? a A?? e ???? AE??? ? I? ? ??????? ??? ??? e ??????, ? ???y
?a i ?i, ?i ?? ???a ???e, a ???e ?? ????u ??ue ?????, ??? ? A???e e ??a
??a ? C??a ? ?????ue.
E?e, ????y ? ????e, ????a a ?? ??i????a ?y ?????, ? ????? ?? ?? ????? a
??a, ??e ? ???? ??a ?????y. I? ???? ?? ??u e ???? ??i. I? ?????e ???th e
??????th ???o ?????? y?i??a, ????e ?????oth ?????eth. O??e ?????,
???o??y a y? ??, ?????? ????u A?????e ???e a ???a ?? ???oth?o ??a ?
??????y.
I??i ??a ? ??????? ??? (a ???????i ???) ? ????? ??????-??????, ???? y? a
???yo A???e ?? ????????, ?e ?e ?i ???c n ?????? ?????? ????e ????e.
Eth?? e ???? ?? a ???i?????o ???o, ? ?? ??? a ???? ????eyo e ????, a?a,
??i ???ue, a ??e ?????. E?? ??, ??????? ??ey e ????, ????? ? ???????e
????, ??? ?????e?? ????i a ??? ?e ? ??????e ??? ???i ????-yn?????i
?????y. A? y?? ???????i ???a ? ??e ????ny ? ???y, ? ???a ??u. A? ???
????a ??????? ?? ?????e ????i.
A 843 ?? ??????? ?? ??????i. Y? ???? ????a ???? ???, ????? ? ?y? n
?????i, a o?? ??????? ?????o ???eth ????? ????e a ??ia, ????o ????????ay
??ue, ????ay ? ??? n ????e??ey?, ??? ??a ????ue ?a ?? ?? ? ????? ??o
??a?e. Aeey A???e y? ??i ??? ????, ?e ?e ?c ?????? ?i??????i ?cy??a ?
??e ?????? ? ?????i, ? ??aea, ? ???a ????i.
N??e ?????:
1. E???? A.Ae. E???? A???e IV – XV ?. – E.: E????, 1981. – 310 n. n ?. –
(I??e ???? e ??? ???c. ????).
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