AIO AII «Eo?neee Ainoaea?noaaiiue Iaaeeoeeineee Oieaa?neoao»
Eaoaae?a oeeinioee
?AOA?AO
ii oeeinioee ia oaio:
«Eneonnoai a oeeinioee»
Auiieiee: Ooeueaeiia
2-AO, 1 a?oiia
I?iaa?ee: Iaia?ia Aaaaiee Ieeieaaae/
Eo?ne, 2009
Iiiyoea eneonnoaa ni/aoaao a naaa (eae yoi /anoi i?ienoiaeeo n oaeiai
?iaea oeeinioneeie eaoaai?eyie) aeaa iniiaiuo cia/aiey – oe?ieia
(oi?iuaiiia, iianaaeiaaiia) e oceia (nianoaaiiia, iao/ii-oeeinioneia).
A enoiaeiii, ?anoe?eoaeueiii naiai cia/aiee neiai “eneonnoai” icia/aao
iniaia ianoa?noai, i?iyaeaiiia aaea au oi ie auei; ethaoth oi?io
/aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?ay inouanoaeyaony aanueia oiaei,
niaa?oaiii, eae a oaoiieiae/aneii ieaia (iieacii, oaeiaii, auaiaeii),
oae e a ieaia ynoaoe/aneii (au?aceoaeueii, e?aneai, “ea?ath/e”). Oae, i
ianoa?a naiaai aeaea (ethaiai) aiai?yo, /oi ii o?oaeeony a?oenoe/ii,
?acoeueoaou aai o?oaea auaeyaeyo e?aneai. Naycue ooieoeeiiaeueiie
iieaciinoe n e?anioie ia neo/aeia, a aeoaiei caeiiiia?ia. O?iaeeeaia,
aeenaa?iiie/iia ecaeaeea, i?iecaaaeaiea eae i?aaeei ia neeoeii
yooaeoeaii ia i?aeoeea.
Niioaaonoaaiii iaaei iiieiaoue e neiai “ynoaoeea” (io a?a/. aisthetikos
– /oanoaaiii aini?eieiaaiue, nica?oeaaiue). A iauai ieaia ynoaoeeie iu
iacuaaai e?anioo, au?aceoaeueiue aiaoiee aeae /aai oaiaeii (i?e?iaeiiai
iaecaaea, aeecaeia aeeeeua, aiaoiinoe /aeiaaea e o.ae.). A a
niaoeeaeueiii niunea ynoaoeea – yoi oeeinioneay iaoea, o?aeoothuay
eaiiiu e?aniou, caeiiu ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai oai?/anoaa a eneonnoaa. Neiai
“ynoaoeea” i?eaeoiae iaiaoeeee oeeinio O. Aaoiaa?oai a XVIII a., iaeiaei
o/aiey i i?ae?aniii, ia eneonnoaa ?ac?aaaouaaeenue oeeinioaie n
ae?aaiinoe aei iaoeo aeiae.
Eoae, ynoaoe/ii oi, /oi ioiineony e /oanoao i?ae?aniiai (e, eiia/ii, aai
aioeiiaea – aacia?aciiai), ae?oaei ii?aaeaeaieyi ooaeiaeanoaaiiinoe.
N?aaee aaaeiaeoeo eaoaai?ee ynoaoeee, e?iia i?ae?aniiai e aacia?aciiai,
– aicauoaiiia e ieciaiiia, o?aae/aneia e eiie/aneia, i?icae/aneia e
iiyoe/aneia, yie/aneia e ee?e/aneia, a?aoeeiciia, eaeeeee/aneia e iiiaea
ae?oaea, o.i.
A ae?aaiinoe, o a?aeia e ?eieyi anyeia oiaiea – a ?aianea, aeiiaoiai
oicyenoaa, iieeoeea, eneonnoaa e ethaii ae?oaii ?iaea aeayoaeueiinoe
iaicia/aeinue iaeiei e oai aea neiaii: a?a/. techne – eneonnoai,
ianoa?noai; ionthaea – oaoieea a oe?ieii niunea oiaiey (aeaeaoaeueii
ae?ooiciiai) auiieiyoue ethaoth ?aaioo (no?ieoue, ea?aoue ia
iocueaeueiuo eino?oiaioao, caieiaoueny nii?oii e o.i.); eao. ars –
eneonnoaa (aeaeaoue /oi-oi eo/oa anao); ionthaea o?. artiste – a?oeno,
ianoa? naiaai aeaea (iai?eia?, eneoniue a?a/, oiaeue
o/aiue-yenia?e-iaioaoi?, aaoi?eoaoiue iaaeaaia e o.ae.).
A nianoaaiiii, eiie?aoiii niunea yoiai aea neiaa “eneonnoai” iii
icia/aao oai?/anoai ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo oeaiiinoae, iniaoth –
ynoa-oe/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue. A yoii niunea eneonnoai ia?acoao oeaeue
?acaeae aeooiaiie eoeueoo?u, eioi?ue ia naiaeei e inoaeueiui aa iaeanoyi
(?aeeaee, ii?aee, iaoea, i?i/ei). Ooaeiaeanoaaiiia oai?/anoai ia noaaeee
oeeaeeecaoeee noaiiaeony i?ioanneae, iaeiie ec iiiaeo, aieaa eee iaiaa
oaaaeaaiuo a iauanoaa, ii ethaiio iauanoao iaiaoiaeeiuo ?aaee aai
aeooaaiiai, i?aanoaaiiiai caei?iauey. Ooaeiaeieeii iu iacuaaai ia
oieueei aeeaiienoea, ii e ethaiai aeayoaey eneonnoaa, oai?oea
ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo oeaiiinoae. Iiieii ianniaiai, ia?iaeiiai oai?/anoaa,
eneonnoai /ai aeaeueoa, oai aieueoa oai?eony, nicaeaaony oneeeyie
i?ioanneiiaeueiuo iaaoeia, ienaoaeae, aeoa?ia, ?aaeenna?ia,
a?oeoaeoi?ia, aeecaeia?ia e o.i. ooaeiaeieeia neiaa, caoea, ?eoia,
oeaaoa, i?iii?oeee. Ana iie ooaeiaeieee e ninoaaeytho iniaoth “ii?iaeo”
ethaeae, eioi?ua /ai-oi ioee/athony io inoaeueiuo, ii a neeo yoiai
naiaai ioee/ey (aeooaaiiai, oinoaaiiiai) iiaoo eo/oa anao iiiyoue e
au?aceoue i?e?iaeo /aeiaaea, aai iaaeaaeaeu e /ayiey. Ii oie ?iee,
eioi?oth ooaeiaeiee ea?aao a iauanoaa, iiaeii noaeeoue ia o?iaia aai
eoeueoo?iiai ?acaeoey aiiaua.
Eneonnoai aicieeaao aianoa n /aeiaaeii e iauanoaii, oaea a ae?aaiai
eaiaiiii aaea ia?aiauoiie enoi?ee. Niiniaiinoue aini?eieiaoue e oai?eoue
i?ae?aniia – iaeii ec ioee/ee Homo sapiens’ia ii n?aaiaieth n
aeeaioiuie. Ie iaeii aeeaioiia ia iineo aioeaoia. Ia oe?aoaao naiaai
aeeeeua. Ia o?aoeo a?aiaie ia nica?oeaiea e?aneauo iaecaaeae, caeaoia,
e?enoaeeia e o.i. ia?acoeia ecyuiiai aie?oa naay. Iai?ioea, naiua aeeeea
ethaee a aeaeaeii i?ioeii e ianoiyuai eae-oi oe?aoatho naay e naie
aeiia. Aac eneonnoaa ethaee ieeiaaea ia iiaee iaieoenue. Aieaa oiai,
ai?acaei oniaoiaa auaeeaaee, eo/oa i?eniinaaeeaaeenue e i?e?iaea, eae
aeaeii, oa eieeaeoeau iaoeo aeaeaeeo i?aaeeia, eioi?ua iaoiaeeee
aiciiaeiinoue a i?iiaaeooeao iaaeaeo oyaeaeui o?oaeii e ianneaiui
ioaeuoii caieiaoueny eneonnoaii. Yoe caiyoey iiiu?yee ?acaeoea
eioaeeaeooaeueiuo e i?aanoaaiiuo ea/anoa ia?auo ethaeae, niinianoaiaaee
i?iyaeaieth naiiniciaiey ia iineaaeieo yoaiao eo aeieiae/aneie
yaiethoeee. N iiiiuueth eneonnoaa /aeiaae eae au a?inaao aucia i?e?iaea
e ae?oaei ethaeyi, neaiaeece?oy n iiiiuueth oiai eee eiiai
ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai ia?aca: y iaia?ai aeeoue, y oi/o aeeoue eo/oa, y aoaeo
ai?ioueny ca aeeciue, y iiao iiaaaeaeaoue a yoie ai?ueaa! Oaeiaa
aeoaeiiay naiaioeea aoeaoa oeaaoia, thaaee?iiai oe?aoaiey, ianie,
noeeueiie i?e/anee, iaeaaeaeu e o.i. ia/aeueiuo i?iyaeaiee
ooaeiaeanoaaiiinoe a iianaaeiaaiie aeecie.
Ia?aiia/aeueii i?iyaeaiey eneonnoaa auee oeaeeeii caeeth/aiu a
o?oaeiaoth aeayoaeueiinoue e a iaae/aneoth i?aeoeeo, iai?aaeyaioth
ieoieiaeae. A ?iee aeeaiienoeaa, iocueaioia, a?oenoia aunooiaee iiiaea
/eaiu ?iaea, ieaiaie, iaueiu. E ?acoeueoaoai eo ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai
oai?/anoaa i?eiauaeenue ana niieaiaiieee ai a?aiy eieeaeoeaiuo ia?yaeia,
niaianoiiai o?oaea. Naiua ?aiiea aeioaaeoea aei ian i?iaeanee eneonnoaa
– yoi a?aae?iaaiiue i?iaiaio ia i?oaeeyo o?oaea ae?aaieo ethaeae e
ioia/aoee eaaeiiae, caoai ?enoiee aeeaioiuo ia noaiao iaua?, eioi?ua iie
iinauaee aeey caeeeiaiee e i?i/eo ia?yaeia. Eae aeaeii, ia ia?aii ieaia
caeanue noiyea ia nianoaaiii ynoaoeea, ii ooeeeoa?iay auaiaea. A eiaiii,
?oeiyoeo i?oaeey eee i?oaeey n iana/eie iaaeaaeiaa caoaaouaaoue
eaaeiiueth; iaua?iua “o?anee” n ecia?aaeaieyie iaiiioia e aeciiia –
ieeaeay ia ea?oeiiay aaea?ay, a naiaai ?iaea “iaaeyaeiua iiniaey” aeey
i?ioeaaeo?u iinayuaiea thiioae ai ac?ineua ioioieee e aieiu – ?enoiee
?aniieiaeaiu a naiuo iaoaeiaiuo aeey ?anniao?eaaiey ianoao aeoaieeo,
oaiiuo iaua?, iaeeaaeuaathony ae?oa ia ae?oaa; aeey niaa?oaiey
?aeeaeiciuo ia?yaeia neoaeeee e ia?aua neoeueioo?u ia?aiauoiuo ethaeae –
oae iacuaaaiua “iaeaieeoe/aneea aaia?u” e ae?. ia?acoeu iaeeie ieanoeee.
Ii aeaiiui yoiia?aoee iiaeii caeeth/eoue, /oi iocuea e iaiea caaeaaaee
?eoi aeieaie e iiiioiiiie ?aaioa (niae?aieth iieaciuo ?anoaiee,
i?yaeaieth e oea/anoao, a?aaea e o.i. N?aaiei ?onneoth ia?iaeioth ianith
“Aeoaeiooeo”, eioi?oth iaaaee ao?eaee, /oiau auaea?aeaoue cai?aaeaeueiua
oece/aneea iaa?ocee). Eieeaeoeaiua ieynee aeaaaee ?ac?yaeeo iinea
ineoioeceieiae/aneiai iai?yaeaiey iianiiai o?oaea, iano?aeaaee ia aai
i?iaeieaeaiea eee ia aiaiiua aeaenoaey.
Iaoa?ao?aneiio a?oaieiao Aa?aio Aeaauaeiae/o Noiey?o i?eiaaeeaaeeo
i?eaeiaeueiay oai?ey i?ienoiaeaeaiey ecia?aceoaeueiiai eneonnoaa /a?ac
neaaeothuea noaaeee:
iaoo?aeueiia oai?/anoai – ia/aeueiay, yia?eiiaeueiay noaaeey auc?aaaiey
ynoaoe/aneiai yooaeoa, eiaaea ia?aiauoiua ioioieee ia?eiaea ieaeiaai
iaeaieeoa i?aaenoaaeyee ia?ac caa?y – aeaeaiiiai o?ioay eee aea
i?aaeea-iie?iaeoaey ?iaea iooai iaeiieaiey iaeaieaa au?aceoaeueiuo
/anoae aeiauoie oooe (eiaoae, eeueia a iaea?aeuea; /a?aiia e eai a
niaoeeaeueiuo o?aieeeuao);
iaoo?aeueiue iaeao – oiai aea naiiai caa?y, io oooe eioi?iai nio?aiytho
aieiao n eoneii oeo?u, eniieuecoy eo a ea/anoaa ieoaie i?e niaa?oaiee
iaae/aneeo ia?yaeia, a iniaaiiinoe eieoeeaoeee-iinayuaiee thiioae; aeey
eieoaoeey caa?y aai ooeiaeua iiaeaee?iaaeinue ec aeeiu eee iiaeoiaeyueo
ii oi?ia eaiiae; oaeei ia?acii, oeao?a caa?y noaiiaeeanue aai
eneonnoaaiiui neiaieii, niae?aoaeueiui ia?acii; noieei ia eaeii-oi yoaia
iiaeiaiie iaae/aneie i?aeoeee caiaieoue iaoo?aeueioth oeo?o aa a?oaui
aeeiyiui ecia?aaeaieai, iieo/aeinue oaea nianoaaiii i?iecaaaeaiea
neoeueioo?iiai eneonnoaa;
aeeiyiue ia?eiae ?iaeaeaiey ecia?aceoaeueiiai eneonnoaa i?aaeiieaaae
ia?aoiae io iauaiiie neoeueioo?u-iaeaoa ooeiaeua iaaeaaaey eee oea?a e
aai aea ?aeueaoiiio ecia?aaeaiey ia neaeueiie iiaa?oiinoe iaua?u,
iaeaieaiiie aeey yoie oeaee aeeiie ii eiioo?o oooe caa?y; nia/aea oaeea
iaeaou caa?ae i?eneiiyeenue e noaia, caoai iie ia?aoee a a?oaue
iaeai-aa?aeueao; oieiuaiea oaeiai aa?aeueaoa i?eaaei e oaeiio
eiae/aneiio ?acoeueoaoo, eae i?i/a?/aiiue ii aeeiyiie iiaa?oiinoe
eeiaeiue eiioo? – oae ?iaeeeny ?enoiie; aai oniaa?oainoaiaaiea e
?ane?anea n iiiiuueth ieia?aeueiue e?aneoaeae (naaee, io?u, iaea,
eeiiaa?e) ii?iaeeee aeienoi?e/aneoth aeeaiienue, eioi?ay ioee/aeanue
iiia/aeo oaeeaeoaeueiui ?aaeeciii.
Eae ia?acii iiaeuoiaeeaaao i?ioeann ?iaeaeaiey ecia?aceoaeueiiai
eneonnoaa A.Ae. Noiey?, “caa?e ooee a noaio”. O?oae e iaaey ii?iaeeee
ynoaoe/aneee neiaie, eioi?ue caoai caaeee naiae nianoaaiiie aeeciueth a
niciaiee e iiaaaeaiee ethaeae. Iioiaeei ia?acii auc?aaaee ae?oaea aeai?u
eneonnoaa, iaoa?ueth eioi?uo noaea ?aeeaey, a iooeii – o?oae. ?aeeaey
aeaea eneonnoao eaeath, aeooiaiia iaiieiaiea, a o?oae – iaoa?eaeueiua
oi?iu, c?eiia au?aaeaiea.
O/eouaay ia/aeueiua noaaeee eneonnoaa, eaa/a iiiyoue aai aeoaeiiia
i?aaeiacia/aiea. Ioee/eoaeueiua iniaaiiinoe eneonnoaa iai?aaeaiu a
aeeaiao?aeueii i?ioeaiiieiaeiua noi?iiu e iioiio anaaaea o?aaiiaaoeaatho
ae?oa ae?oaa. A yoii ?aeo?na – eiay a aeaeo, eaeea /aeiaa/aneea
iio?aaiinoe eneonnoai oaeiaeaoai?yao – ana aai i?iyaeaiey, aeai?u,
i?iecaaaeaiey iiaeii iiaeaeeoue ia aeaa iniiaiuo a?oiiu (niaeanii oai?ee
auaeathuaainy ?onneiai aio?iiieiaa sseiaa sseiaeaae/a ?iaeineiai).
Eneonnoai-ia?ac i?aaenoaaeaii a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue c?eoaeueiuie aeai?aie
(aeeaiienueth, neoeueioo?ie, a?oeoaeoo?ie e o.i.) e aeai?aie neiaaniuie
(iiyceae, i?icie, ae?aiaoo?aeae e o.ae.). Eo eiia/iia i?aaeiacia/aiea –
iaiiaeoue, inaaaeeoue iaoe aia/aoeaiey, noa?oeany, iiooneiaaoea io
iiiaiaeiaaiiai iiaoi?aiey; aianoe a?eoieth a onoiyaoeeny no?ie iuneae e
/oanoa ee/iinoe; acaieiiaaoue, iio?ynoe aeooo. Aieueoeinoai ethaeae
aieueooth /anoue naiae aeecie aeaeatho iaeii e oi aea a iaeiii e oii aea
ianoa a iaeii e oi aea a?aiy. E yoie iianaaeiaaiinoe iiiaaiea
i?eaueaaoue e ?aii eee iicaeii iia iaaeiaaeaao. A aianoa n
eeoa?aoo?iuie, oaao?aeueiuie, eeiaiaoia?aoe/aneeie aa?iyie /eoaoaee,
c?eoaee, neooaoaee ia?aaeeaatho neeueiua no?anoe, ?eneotho, ia?aiinyony
aiia?aaeaieai a /oaeaniua ianoiyoaeuenoaa. Oai naiui eneonnoai
n?aaeaaony i?ioea ecaa/iie neoee ethaeneiai auoey, n oineie iinoiyiiiai
iiaoi?aiey iaeiiai e oiai aea. Iii ?acaeaeaao, i?i/euaao niciaiea io
iuee e a?yce iianaaeiaaiinoe, aicauoaao /aeiaaea iaae iath. Eneonnoai
aeaao /aeiaaeo aiciiaeiinoue i?iaeeoue ia iaeio, a iiiai aeeciae, ioneae
e oieueei aiia?aaeaaiuo. Ociaoue iiiaia ec oiai, /aai aio ociaoue auei,
eacaeinue, nianai ia noaeaeaii noaeueaie. Ooaeiaeanoaaiiia i?iecaaaeaiea
– ianoiyuay “iaoeia a?aiaie e i?ino?ainoaa” aeey naiae ioaeeee. “Eoi
o?iieo e aeaa?e i?ioi?ee / E aeaa?e, canuiaiiie e?oiie / Iiea y n
Aae?iiii eo?ee / Iiea y iee n Yaeaa?ii Ii…” – ene?aiia iaaeioiaaae
Ai?en Ianoa?iae.
Ae?oaea aeaeu ooaeiaeanoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe iiaeii iacaaoue
eneonnoai-?eoi. Nthaea ioiineony a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue iocuea, a e?iia iaa
?eoie/aneea no?oeoo?u ecyuiie neiaaniinoe, aa?iiie/aneea noi?iiu
ecia?aceoaeueiiai eneonnoaa, “?enoiie” oaioea. Iiiyoea ?eoia
i?aaeiieaaaao oii?yaei/aiiia /a?aaeiaaiea iaeiaai iaai?a noaiaea?oiuo
yeaiaioia. A eneonnoaa yoi caoee, e?anee, oaeiaeaeaeaiey (ia), neiae
?eoiiaaiiie ?a/e. Eo iauay naa?ocaaea/a i?yii i?ioeaiiieiaeiay
eneonnoao-ia?aco – i?aiaeieaoue iaeeii/anoai eiaeeaeaea, /oanoai
io/oaeaeaiiinoe io ie?oaeathueo, caa?ioaiiinoe a ia?iiiii ie?a. Aa?iooue
aai nthaea, inoaaeoue caeanue e nae/an, oaea?aeaoue io iaeiaeooiiai
aaanoaa, io aeooaaiie eaoano?iou. Ynoaoeea ?eoia iiaeieouaaao ineoeeo
aeeciaiiie yia?aeae. ?eoiu eneonnoaa iiiiaatho i?aiaeieaoue a?eoieth
aeecie, aa aeenaa?iiieth a aeaea iaecaaaeiuo no?aoia, ?aci/a?iaaiee,
oo?ao. Iac?eiie iii?ie aeooa neoaeeo ciaeiiay, ethaeiay iaeiaeey. Ioaaaa
iiaeaea?aeeaaaony aiaaui eee/ai, a?iieie ianiae. Eae ee/iinoue, ieeai
iaiiaoi?eiay e ie/ai iacaiaieiay, /aeiaae au?aaeaao naay a oaioea.
Iaaeaeo eneonnoaii-ia?acii e eneonnoaii-?eoiii eiaaony naiaia?aciue
?aciiain, iie aeiiieiytho e oneeeaatho ae?oa ae?oaa a ai?ueaa ca aeooo
/aeiaaea. Ai iiiaeo i?iecaaaeaieyo eneonnoaa iie ia?acotho neioaoe/aneea
eiiieaenu (oaeia, neaaeai, oaao?aeueiue niaeoaeeue; eeiioeeuei n aai
caoei- e oeaaoi?yaeii; ianiy n iiyoe/aneei oaenoii e i?eaeiaeueiie
iaeiaeeae; o.i.).
Aieaa iiae?iaii (ii e aieaa iiaa?oiinoii, /anoe/ii, iaaei i?eciaoue)
iacia/aiea eneonnoaa ?ane?uaaaony /a?ac ia?a/aiue aai ooieoeee. Ooieoeee
eneonnoaa iiaeii iacuaaoue ii-?aciiio e ?annoaaeyoue a ?aciie
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe. Neaaeai, oae:
aaaeiienoe/aneay – ?acaeaeaoaeueii-ea?iaay, aeinoaiaay, ?aeaeneaiay; n
iiiiuueth eneonoaa ethaee i?aaeaea e aieueoa anaai iieo/atho
ynoaoe/aneia oaeiaieuenoaea (a?a/. hedone – ianeaaeaeaiea); oioue ia
a?aiy, ii iieiinoueth ioaeaeathony io iaaeiaaoeo noi?ii auoa,
iaecaaaeiuo no?aaeaiee, eiia/iiai aano?aea aeecie; eiaiii aeaaiaea?y
eneonnoao iu iiaeai oioue eae-oi iiaaaeeoue, ioiaiaoue /oanoai
iaeeii/anoaa, no?ao oo?aou, iuouaiea aanniuneaiiinoe naieo aeeciaiiuo
oneeee; ia?aaeeoue ianoiyuea, neeueiua /oanoaa, ii aac ?enea aeey naay
ee/ii; iaeuecy aea an? a?aiy o?oaeeoueny aea niaoue, inoaaony aieueoa
eee iaiueoa naiaiaeiiai io o?oaea e ianneaiiai ioaeuoa a?aiaie e aac
eneonnoaa aai ieeae ia caiieieoue; eneonnoai – ino?iaie aannia?oey e
n/anouey a ieaaia nia?oe e ai?y;
iiciaaaoaeueiay (eioaeeaeooaeueiay) – eiaiii eneonnoai iiiiaaao iai
ai?acaei eo/oa e auno?aa iaoee eee ?aeeaee iiiyoue ie? e, aeaaiia naieo
naay, iniciaoue naia ianoi a ie?a; eneonnoai ia noieueei aiaeece?oao
(eae iaoea) ioaeaeueiua neaaaaiua aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, nei-eueei
iiaeaee?oao aa oeaeueii e iaiin?aaenoaaiii; a aeaonoaa e thiinoe a
iniaaiiinoe iao ae?oaeo iooae a /oaeea no?aiu, iiaua ie?u, ieioaoea
yiioe, aoaeouaa, eae /oaiea aaeeao?enoeee, ano?a/e n eeii, oaao?ii,
ae?oaeie aeai?aie eneonnoaa;
iaaeaaiae/aneay, i?aanoaaiiay – ianoiyuaa eneonnoai oae eee eia/a
ainieouaaao, iiiiaaao naeaeaoue auai? aeeciaiiiai iooe, iiaeaea?aeeaaao
ia yoii iooe, aaaeue a eeoea eeoa?aoo?iiai aa?iy, aeeaiieniiai iieioia,
iocueaeueiie iaeiaeee, o.i. ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo ia?acia ethaee iieo/atho
yoaeii iiaaaeaiey, oeaeo i?aanoaaiiuo oeaiiinoae, eaeaae aeecie; o
eiai-oi yoi aoaeao Aaieao, i?eioe Aeaoneee, eee Aiia Ea?aieia, o eiai-oi
oiaaeo Aeeueai Aaaaein eee aaaeueiae Aa?aeueo ec ?eaee, aeaaea “i?inoi
Ia?ey” eee eaeie-ieaoaeue A?thn Ee, ii ana ?aaii iieo/aaony
ia?ac-i?eaioe?; iai oi/aony auoue oioue iaiiiai iioiaeei ia naiaai
eoie?a, nicaeaiiiai oaioaceae ooaeiaeieea;
nioeeieoeueoo?iay, yoiiciaeiaay – iaoeeiiaeueiia eneonnoai niinianoaoao
niei/aieth ia?iaea, iiaeaea?aeaieth aai nioeeaeueii-ineoieiae/aneiai
aaeeinoaa; o?aaeeoeee oieueeei?a au?aaeatho acaeiinayce iaaeaeo
ioaeaeueiuie iieieaieyie niioa/anoaaiieeia; ciaeiinoai n eneonnoaii
ae?oaeo ia?iaeia iicaieyao ei eo/oa iiiyoue e i?eiyoue ae?oa ae?oaa.
Oae, ?onneea – yoi iaoeey Iooeeia e *aeeianeiai, Oienoiai e
Aeinoiaaneiai, ?aieia e Eonoiaeeaaa, Noaieneaaneiai e Oeaiiaie, i/aiue
iiiaeo ae?oaeo anaie?ii ecaanoiuo ooaeiaeieeia.
A oeaeii, iiaeii neacaoue, /oi eiaiii eneonnoai a iaeaieueoae noaiaie
au?aaeaao aeoeaiinoue /aeiaa/aneiai ?acoia, aeoae’iu e ecaeau ethaeneie
aeooe. I?e?iaea nicaeaea /aeiaa/aneia oaei. Iii nouanoaoao n?aaieoaeueii
ei?ioeee i?iiaaeooie a?aiaie, iiaeaa?aeaii no?aaeaieyi e aieaciyi. Aei e
iinea nia?oe oaei ?aniaaeaaony ia?aoii ia oeie/aneea yeaiaio e oaea
iaanaaaea. *aeiaae n iiiiuueth eneonnoaa i?aiaeieaaaao oaean oaea,
aicauoaaony iaae ieciaiiinoueth naiae aeieiae/aneie i?e?iaeu. Iaoa
oaioacey oai?eo iiaue, iiaeao auoue aa/iue ie? ynoaoeee. A enoi?ee
eneonnoaa aaaeue ii nooe iao i?ia?anna. Iiaua oaaeaa?u ioithaeue ia
ia?a/a?eeaatho i?aaeieo. Eaaeaeay yiioa, eaaeaeue ia?iae au?aaeatho naay
a eneonnoaa ii-naiaio. Ooaeiaeanoaaiiua ia?acu iaiiaeaeanoiu a?aiaie,
nia?oe e oeaieth. Nicaeaaay i?iecaaaeaiea eneonnoaa e aini?eieiay aai,
iu au?uaaaony ec oeneia iaiaoiaeeiinoe. Eneonnoai – aa?uea? ia iooe
anaai oiai, /oi ii?iaeo ioa?ineoue /aeiaaea ia?aoii a ie? aeeaioiuo,
iaoi?aaeyaiuo i?e?iaeiuo noeoee, aeaeaciie iaiaoiaeeiinoe einiina.
Iee?ieini /aeiaa/aneie aeooe, iineieueeo ii naiaiaeai a naiai auai?a,
aeeaao ii caeiiai eneonnoaa.
Ooaeiaeanoaaiiue ia?ac – enoiaeiue yeaiaio ethaiai i?iecaaaeaiey
eneonnoaa, niaoeeoe/aneee aeey iaai niinia iuoeaiey e iauaiey n
ioaeeeie. Iiaeii neacaoue, /oi ia?acu ninoaaeytho oio iniaue ycue, ia
eioi?ii ooaeiaeiee aiai?eo n iocie e n aoaeeoi?eae. Oae, ia?acii a
neiaaniii eneonnoaa /aua anaai aunooiaao aeaenoaothuaa eeoei
eeoa?aoo?iiai i?iecaaaeaiey, a oaeaea aai iinooiee, acaeyaeu, oa?aeoa?.
Caoeiaua ia?acu, i?aaenoaaeaiiua iocueie eee ieanoe/aneea ia?acu oaioea,
?iaeaeathony ec eo oaiia, iaeiaeee, ?eoia. C?eoaeueiua ia?acu
ecia?aceoaeueiiai eneonnoaa iaaeyaeii caia/aoeaaatho oio eee eiie
aiaoiee n?ac auoey.
Nouiinoue ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai ia?aca – a aai annioeeaoeaiinoe,
iaoaoi?e/iinoe, eiineacaoaeueiinoe. A iai anaaaea /oi-oi iaeii
au?aaeaaony /a?ac ia/oi ae?oaia. Iuneue au?aaeaaony ooaeiaeieeii /a?ac
/oanoai, a /oanoai – /a?ac iuneue. Anee iuneue au?aaeaaony iai?yioth, oi
yoi ia ooaeiaeanoaaiiue ia?ac, a iao/iia iiiyoea, i?aeoe/aneia
noaeaeaiea, ?aeeaeiciay caiiaaaeue. Anee yiioeee auieaneeaathony
niiioaiii, aac ynoaoe/aneie ia?aaioee, iaeeoei iaueiiaaiiia iauaiea, i?e
eioi?ii ooaeiaeanoaaiiinoue iaoiaeeony, eae i?aaeei, ia caaeiai ieaia.
Eneonnoai – yoi ioithaeue ia /enoia noaeei e aeaaea ia eeica iee?ineiia
eee oaeaneiia, eioi?ay ia?aaeaao oieueei oi, /oi anoue a aeaiiue iiiaio
ia?aae iaaethaeaoaeai ia naiii aeaea. Eneonnoai iiaeii n?aaieoue n
?aciioeaaoiui iiiaia?aiiui e?enoaeeii, neaicue eioi?ue aeeciue aeaeeony
c?eoaeth aieoaaii i?aia?aaeaiiie. Ooaeiaeiee ia aeieaeai eiie?iaaoue
aeeciue, aai caaea/a – ia?anioai?eoue anoanoaaiiia auoea i?e?iaeu,
/aeiaaea, iauanoaa ii caeiiai ynoaoeee.
No?oeoo?a ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai ia?aca iauaaeeiyao ianeieueei oeie/iuo
neaaaaiuo:
a) *OI? iu iieacuaaai, aeaiiino?e?oai, niiauaai yoei i?iecaaaeaieai –
eaeea-oi ?aaeueiua aia/aoeaiey io eiie?aoiuo aauae, eeoe,
ianoiyoaeuenoa, aieaa eee iaiaa “ianoiyueo”; iie ia?acotho nthaeao
i?iecaaaeaiey;
a) CA*AI? aaoi? nicaeae yoi i?iecaaaeaiea – eaeoth eaeath, iano?iaiea,
ia/oo ii a iaai aeiaeee e caoeo?iaae aiaoiei, iaaeyaeiui, niauoeeiui
neiai i?aaeuaeouaai yeaiaioa ia?aca;
a) EAE? eiaiii yoio aaoi? a aeaiiii i?iecaaaeaiee ia?aaeae eca?aiiue
iaoa?eae (aaoi?neay iaia?a); a eaeii noeea oeaeiai iai?aaeaiey eee
ia?eiaea yaiethoeee eneonnoaa auiieiaii yoi i?iecaaaeaiea (aieaa eee
iaiaa ?aaeenoe/ii eee aano?aeoii; ianooaaii, ioaeeoeenoe/ii eee eaia?ii,
ee?e/ii; o.i.).
Ioee/ey ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai ia?aca ?ane?uaatho iai i?e?iaeo eneonnoaa,
caeiiu oiai ynoaoe/aneiai ie?a, a eioi?ii iii oieueei e iiaeao
nouanoaiaaoue.
1. Iaaeyaeiinoue ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai ia?aca ioee/aao aai io iao/iiai
iiiyoey eee i?aeoe/aneiai ?aoeaioa, ae?oaeo oi?i eoeueoo?u. Anee iaoea
?aceaaaao naie i?aaeiao ia yeaiaiou, oi i?iecaaaeaiea eneonnoaa
nio?aiyao aaeeinoai eeoe e i?aaeiaoia, acyouo n eo aiaoieo,
/oanoaaiii-aini?eieiaaiuo noi?ii. Ynoaoeea o?aaoao au?aceoaeueiinoe,
e?ani/iinoe, iieiiou aia/aoeaiee. Niaeanii Aaaaeth, ia?ac a eneonnoaa
“noieo iin?aaeeia iaaeaeo iaiin?aaenoaaiiie aeaiiinoueth i?aaiia /oanoa
e i?eiaaeeaaeauae iaeanoe eaeaaeueiiai iuneueth”; ii i?aaenoaaeyao “a
iaeiie e oie aea oeaeinoiinoe eae iiiyoea i?aaeiaoa, oae e aai aiaoiaa
auoea”.
2. Annioeeaoeaiinoue ioia/aia auoa eae eeth/aaia ioee/ea
ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai ia?aca io eiuo niiniaia iuoeaiey. Iaaeyaeiue neiaie
?aciie?oao /oanoai (eae a ia?iaeiuo ianiyo: “Aeiai?ae iiy eo/eia…” –
aeeciue oiiaeiaeyaony oeathuaio iaiiueeo, nia?oue – aaneo iaiiue aeecie;
“Ia io?iineie aei?iaa noiyee aeaa niniu …” – aea?aauey neoaeao
neiaieii aeaoo aethaeaiiuo ethaeae; “o?ecaioaiu a naaeo” ?iiaina
neiaieece?otho oayaeathuoth e?anioo aeaiueiu, ooiae /oanoa; e o.ae.).
Naia iiycey n?aaieaaaony ni caoeaie oeaeou (I.A. Eiiiiinia), “eieieieii
ia aaoia aa/aaie” (I.TH. Ea?iiioia), ino?ui eeeieii (A.N. Iooeei, A.ss.
A?thnia), iaa/ae ioeoeae (Y. Aaa?eoeeee), iocueie aeooe (A.E.
Ianoa?iae), ei?aaeeeii ia oieea aaeie?aeoaenoaa (E.A. A?iaeneee) e o.i.
aeeaai?eyie.
Eneonnoai ?iaeaeaaony ec oaioacee ooaeiaeieea e i?aaeiieaaaao ioaaoiia
i?iaoaeaeaiea aiia?aaeaiey /eoaoaey, c?eoaey, neooaoaey. A yoii ieaia
A.I. *aoia niaaoiaae ia/eiathuei ienaoaeyi iienuaaoue iaecaae ia
oeaeeeii, ia iiae?iaii, a /a?ac eaeoth-oi iaeio, i?aaeaeueii
au?aceoaeueioth aeaoaeue. Iai?eia?, ea?oeia ii/e a ?anneaca: eoiiie,
caacaeiie ii?ie a oaiiie a?yaea ieioeiu aeanoaei ai?euoei ?acaeoie
aooueee… I?yiie ia?aneac oaeaaao aia/aoeaiea io ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai
i?iecaaaeaiey. Neaaeai, oaeie nthaeao: ioae aa?ioeny ec eiiaiaee?iaee e
ociae, /oi aeaia a aai ionoonoaea eciaieea aio n ioeoea?ii. Ii caa?ae o
iaa ?aaaiea e iiaeae ia ?acaiae, a iia iieii/eea niaie io ai?y (Nthaeao
“Aiiu Ea?aieiie”). Eneonnoai ia/eiaaony n i?aia?aaeaiey
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, eiaaea i?inoia i?aa?auaaony a neiaeiia, a neiaeiia a
i?inoia, niaaeeiyaony a?iaea au ianiaaeeieiia. Aeiionoei, oio aea
Ea?aiei aeiaa?yao naith naiaeioth o?aaaaeeth i?aoniaaathuaio aaeaieaoo,
a ?an/aoa ia aai th?eaee/aneoth iiiiuue i?e ?acaiaea n Aiiie, a th?eno
iin?aaee eo ?acaiai?a ia/eiaao eiaeoue iieue, iianaynue ca ia?neaeneea
eia?u a naiai oeea?ii ianoaaeaiiii eaaeiaoa. Oae ieieno? Ea?aiei ia
nianoaaiiii iiuoa iiciaao aacaeooea ath?ie?aoe/aneie nenoaiu.
3. Neioaoe/iinoue ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai ia?aca, eioi?ue niaaeeiyao a naaa
iunee, yiioeee, aieth. E i?eia?o, ?anneacu E. Oienoiai “Oaaeaee Io?ao”,
I. Aai?e “Eae enoue eaaaeuea?i”, Y?ianoa Oaieiaoyy “Noa?ee e ii?a”,
Aeeaia Ia?oaea “Iineaaeiee aethei”, Aa?eaia Oaeaiiaa “Iineaaeiee aie
iaei?a Ioaa/aaa”, Aeaenaiae?a Nieaeaieoeuia “Iaeei aeaiue Eaaia
Aeaieniae/a” iienuaatho ?aaeueii auaoea neo/ae, eiaaea ia?a/aiiua ia
aeaaeue ethaee ai?ieenue aei eiioea, eioi?ue ieacuaaaony
iai?aaeneacoaiui. A iaeieo neo/ayo – iiaaaea, a ae?oaeo – ii?aaeaiea, a
o?aoueeo – oaeay iiaaaea, iinea eioi?ie ia oi/aony aeeoue, a /aoaa?ouo
aua eaeie-oi aa?eaio noaeueau. Niiauay eaeoth-oi eioi?iaoeeth,
i?iecaaaeaiea eneonnoaa iaeiia?aiaiii aeaeeony ia?aaeeaaieyie e o/eo
aeeoue aeaeueoa. Iacaaiiua neaaaaiua aeieaeiu iaoiaeeoueny a aa?iiiee,
eia/a yooaeo ooaeiaeanoaaiiinoe iino?aaeaao io eeoiae i?icae/iinoe,
ieaeneainoe eee iaceaeaoaeueiinoe.
4. Iiiaicia/iinoue ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai ia?aca aeioiaeeo a eeanne/aneii
eaeaaea aei aai iaen/a?iaaiinoe. Ii neiaai Ieaoiia, eaaeaeue /eoaoaeue
aa?ao ec iiyi Aiia?a oi, /oi ii a ninoiyiee acyoue, caoi/ao iieo/eoue.
Aaeeeia i?iecaaaeaiea eneonnoaa en/a?iaoue iaeuecy. Eiaiii iiyoiio iu
aica?auaainy e ii?aaeaeaiiiio e?oao i?iecaaaeaiee ia i?ioyaeaiee aeecie
iaiaeiie?aoii. A ?aciii aic?anoa, a ?aciii iano?iaiee iu iieiai,
ia?aaeeaai yoi i?iecaaaeaiea (?iiai, neioiieth, noeoioai?aiea, ea?oeio)
?acee/ii.
Aaoi? ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai i?iecaaaeaiey inoaaeyao a iai iiea aeey
oai?/aneiai nio?oaeie/anoaa, i?aeoe/anee niaaoi?noaa n /eoaoaeai,
c?eoaeai, neooaoaeai. Ionthaea oae iacuaaaiua ioe?uoua eiioeu iiiaeo
?iiaiia, oeeueiia, eiaaea oaaoea ia?uaaaony ia na?aaeeia i/a?aaeiiai
aeaenoaey e ioaeeea auioaeaeaia naia aeiaeoiuaaoue, /oi noaei n aa?iyie.
O oaaeoea?neiai ienaoaey O. Aeth??aiiaoa anoue nthaeao iiae iacaaieai
“Aaa?ey”, eioi?ue ii i?aaenoaaee a o?ao aeaeao – ?anneaca, ?aaeeiiueanu,
oaao?aeueiiai niaeoaeey. O ia?niiaaea – oi?aiaiai aaaioa eiiaaony
aaoiiiaeeue e ii auioaeaeai caii/aaaoue a aea?aaia, aaea iiiaaeaao a
ainoe e iaineiia?ai-th?enoai, eioi?ua ca i?acaeie/iui oaeeiii ea?atho a
ianoiyuee noae iaae naieie ainoyie. Ai anao o?ao aa?eaioao eiioeiaee
?aciua. A oeeueia Noaiee E?aia?a “I?eioeei aeiieii”, aiieia
aieeeaoaeneii ii noeeenoeea aiaaeea, iineaaeiea eaae?u ecia?aaeatho
aeaaiiai aa?iy a ia?ae?anouea iioe/aneiai i?eoeaea. ?acoeueoao auno?aea
inoaaeai ?aaeenna?ii ca eaae?ii.
5. Aaoiiiiiinoue ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai ia?aca i?aaeiieaaaao aai ?acaeoea ii
caeiiai niioaaonoaothuaai aeai?a, niioaaonoaea ooaeiaeanoaaiiie i?aaaea,
a ia i?eoioe aaoi?a eee ioaeeee. A.N. Iooeei ienae a /anoiii ienueia i
oiaea ?aaiou iaae “Aaaaieai Iiaaeiui”: “Aio oae oooeo aueeioea iiy
Oaoueyia! Auoea caioae…” Iiaaei – eeoa?aoo?iue aeaieiee naiiai
Iooeeia, ii eiaeea iiyiu i?eaiaeeo aai e aeeciaiiiio ii?aaeaieth.
Au?aceoaeueiue aa?ie aeeaao eae au nianoaaiiie aeeciueth, noaiiaeony
naiinoiyoaeueiui yaeaieai iauanoaaiiiai niciaiey. Oae, ia?acu Aaieaoa,
Aeii Eeoioa, ?anoeiueyea, Aeaeeiaey, Oaaeea, Inoaia Aaiaea?a e iiiaeo
ae?oaeo ia?niiaaeae noaee ia?eoeaoaeueiuie, ia?aoee a oieueeei?.
6. Eiioeaiooaeueiinoue ia?aca a eneonnoaa i?aaeiieaaaao iaeoth iauoth
eaeath, aaaeiue auaiae, na?ueaciia ?aciuoeaiea aaoi?a, au?aaeaiiia /a?ac
oa?aeoa?u e iinooiee aai aa?iaa, ae?oaeie ynoaoe/aneeie n?aaenoaaie.
Eneonnoai nicaeaao ooaeiaeanoaaiiua oeiu, n iiiiuueth eioi?uo iu aeoaaea
iiieiaai ethaeae, iauanoaaiiua yaeaiey, oiae enoi?ee. *a?ac ioaeaeueiia
enoeiiue ooaeiaeiee iiciaao, i?iyaeyao iauaa; aeaaiaea?y /anoe
ioaaouaaao oeaeia; ca neo/aeiui aeaeeo caeiiiia?iia, nouiinoiia, aa/iia.
Neaaeai, iaaeinoaoee oie eee eiie nioeeaeueiie nenoaiu eo/oa anaai
au?aaeaiu ia yeiiiienoaie eee nioeeieiaaie, ia iieeoeeaie iiiiceoeee, a
ienaoaeyie-?aaeenoaie. Oae, ii?iee eaieoaeecia aeanoyua
i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaee I. Aaeuecae e *. Aeeeeain, A. Athai e Noaiaeaeue, I.
Aai?e e O. Ae?aeca?. A i no?aoiuo i?anooieaieyo niaaoneie aeanoe ie?
ociae ec oaeeo ?iiaiia, eae “Aeieoi? AEeaaai” A. Ianoa?iaea, “Ianoa? e
Ia?aa?eoa” I. Aoeaaeiaa, “A?oeiaeaa Aoeaa” A. Nieaeaieoeuia, “AEeciue e
noaeueaa” E. A?inniaia, “Aaeua iaeaaeaeu” A. Aeoaeeioeaaa, “Aeaoe
A?aaoa” A. ?uaaeiaa, “Aa?iue ?oneai” A. Aeaaeeiiaa e iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo
cai?auaiiuo eiaaea-oi a iaoae no?aia i?iecaaaeaiee.
7. I?eaeiaeueiinoue – iaycaoaeueiia oneiaea ooaeiaeanoaaiiinoe.
Eneonnoai iaycaii auoue anaaaea iiaui, oioue /ai-oi iaiioiaeei ia ana
i?aaeiea naie aeinoeaeaiey. Iiea aaoi? ia ia?ae nianoaaiiue ii/a?e, ia
i?eaeoiae naie noeeue ienueia eee eniieiaiey, eneonnoai ia i?eciaao aai
eae ianoiyuaai aaoi?a. Aoi?e/iinoue, caaeneiinoue io /oaeeo oaaeaa?ia
i?ioeaiiieacaia ooaeiaeieeo, eae e aaneiia/iia naiiiiaoi?aiea.
8. Oneiaiinoue eneonnoaa iiae/a?eeaaao aai noauaeoeaiue oa?aeoa?. Ia?acu
eneonnoaa ia i?aoaiaeotho noaoue ?aaeueiuie iauaeoaie, iie eneeth/aiu ec
oece/aneiai i?ino?ainoaa e a?aiaie; iie i?eiaaeeaaeao e eeethci?iiio
ie?o ooaeiaeanoaaiiie oaioacee. Eneonnoai ai iiiaii iineo oa?aeoa? ea?u
– aaoi?a e ioaeeee ni niuneaie e ia?acaie. O yoie ea?u, eaaeaeiai ec aa
aeai?ia naie i?aaeea. Anee eo ia ciaoue, oi e ?aaeinoe yoa ea?a ia
aeinoaaeo.
Ooaeiaeanoaaiiue iaoiae i?aaenoaaeyao niaie oa au?aceoaeueiua n?aaenoaa,
n iiiiuueth eioi?uo aaoi? nicaeaao naie i?iecaaaeaiey. Eae ooaeiaeiee
au?aaeaao naay a oai?/anoaa, eaeoth oeaeue ia?aae niaie noaaeo,
ianeieueei eciaiyao ii i?iii?oeee ecaanoiuo n?aaenoa ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai
au?aaeaiey. Ooaeiaeanoaaiiue iaoiae caaeaao oaiaoeeo e noeeenoeeo
i?iecaaaeaiee, nicaeaaaaiuo a aai ?aieao ethaui aeaeii eneonnoaa. A
niioaaonoaee n oai, eaeiai ioiioaiea ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai i?iecaaaeaiey e
?aaeueiie aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, ?acee/athony ianeieueei aanueia
?ani?ino?aiaiiuo a enoi?ee eneonnoaa iaoiaeia oai?/anoaa.
Eeanneoeeci (io eao. classicus – ia?acoeiaue) – ynoaoe/aneia
iai?aaeaiea, i?ioeaaoaaoaa a aa?iiaeneii eneonnoaa XVII – ia/aea XIX
aa., e ia?auaiiia e i?eoe?aoaiiui ia?acoeai eoeueoo?u ae?aaiae A?aoeee e
?eia eae eaeaaeueiiio yoaeiio. I?aaenoaaeoaee eeanneoeecia a aeeaiiene,
oaao?a, iiycee noaaeee ?acoi auoa /oanoaa, aa?iiieth i?aaeii/eoaee
oaino, noa?eio – iiaecia, iauanoaaiiia – ee/iiio. A aeooa eeanneoeecia
iaienaiu iaeu I.A. Eiiiiiniaa e A.?. Aea?aeaaeia, iieioia E. A?theeiaa,
eiiaaeey Ae.E. Oiiaeceia. Aic?iaeeoue eeanneoeeci a eneonnoaa
no?aieeenue oioaeeoa?iua ?aaeeiu XX aa. – iicaeiee oea?eci a ?innee,
iaoeeci a aeoea?ianeie Aa?iaiee, noaeeieci a NNN?, /oiau ca iuoiui,
aaee/anoaaiiui oanaaeii naiae a?oeoaeoo?u, neoeueioo?u, aeeaiiene
ni?yoaoue ai?u o?oiia oaeouo eie a?aaeaeai naieo e /oaeeo no?ai,
ainneaaeoue naieo oth?a?ia, aeo/a e aaia?aeueiue nae?aoa?ae.
?iiaioeci (o?. romantism) au?acee a eeoa?aoo?a e eneonnoaa ?aci/a?iaaiea
eeanneoeeciii; auaeaeaae ia ia?aue ieai ioaeaeueioth ee/iinoue,
aoioothuoth i?ioea iauanoaa, aea?oao iauanoaaiiuo oneiaiinoae;
i?enoaeueii ?anniao?eaae eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoue e aa eaeaaeueiua
ono?aieaiey; noaaeo aa?iaa a eneeth/eoaeueiua, eiio?anoiua neooaoeee,
aieioue aei ecaiaiey ec iauanoaa, aaanoai ia eiii i?e?iaeu; ioee/aaony
e?ani/iinoueth iienaiee, yecioe/iinoueth oiia, iai?yaeaiiui nthaeaoii,
ao?iuie i?iyaeaieyie /oanoa. A oeaeii, iiae/eiye ?aaeueiinoue ia/oa,
eaeaaeece?iaae aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue. A ?innee yoio noeeue io?aceeny a
noeoao ?aiiaai A.N. Iooeeia, iiyiao I.TH. Ea?iiioiaa, noeoao
aeaeaa?enoia, aaeeaaeao A.A. AEoeianeiai, ee?eea O.E. Otho/aaa.
?iiaioeci aa?aeianeie ianie a NNN? 1950–60-o aa. (I. Ai/a?ia, TH.
Aecai?, A. Aaee/, A. Aunioeeee, A. Ieoaeaeaaa, TH. Eei e iaeioi?ua
ae?oaea) au?aaeae ianneaiue i?ioano i?ioea ianaiaiaeu i?e niaaoneie
aeanoe, ia/oo i naiaiaea, eioi?ay anaaaea aeooaeueia.
Neiaieeci (io a?a/. symbolon – ciae, neiaie) –
eeoa?aoo?ii-ooaeiaeanoaaiiia iai?aaeaiea eiioea XIX – ia/aea XX aa.,
oeaeueth eioi?iai auei oaeoaeoue iiieiaiea eneonnoaii aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe
aei aa eaeaaeueiuo nouiinoae, aunoaai i?aaeiacia/aiey /aeiaaea,
o?aae/aneie noaeueau ethaeae. *a?ac ioaeaeueiua ia?acu iiycee, oaao?a,
aeeaiiene neiaieenou no?aieeenue au?aceoue Enoeio, E?anioo, Ethaiaue eae
anaie?iua, einie/aneea ia/aea. Iie i?i?i/eee a?yaeouoth eaoano?ioo e
iaiiaeaiea, aeaeouea /aeiaa/anoai. Aeoeaio o ieo ia eiooeoeee
ooaeiaeieea e /eoaoaey, c?eoaey. Eo oaenou iieeoiie/iu, ?eoiu iaiaaiu,
e?anee ?aciuou. A ?innee neiaieeci i?eian iaeaieueoea ieiaeu a iiycee A.
Aeiea, A. Aaeiai, A. A?thniaa, E. Aaeueiiioa, O. Nieiaoaa, E.
Aiiaineiai, oaao?a An. Iaea?oieueaea, iinoaiiaeao iuean I. Iaoa?eeiea,
A. Eanaia, E. Aiae?aaaa ai IOAOa E. Noaieneaaneiai e A.
Iaie?iae/a-Aeai/aiei.
?aaeeci (eao. realis – aauanoaaiiue, aeaenoaeoaeueiue) – ecia?aaeaiea
aeecie a aeinoaoi/ii aeeceeo ae naiie oi?iao, aac oaioanoe/aneeo
i?aoaaee/aiee; eiaaea oeiecaoeey aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe inouanoaeyaony ai
aiieia eiie?aoiuo, eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo ia?acao e eeoeao. Auiunae a
?aaeenoe/aneeo i?iecaaaeaieyo iiae/eiai ooaeiaeanoaaiiie i?aaaea.
Oaeiai, neaaeai, oai?/anoai eeanneeia ?onneie eeoa?aoo?u – A.N. Iooeeia,
E.I. Oienoiai, E.N. Oo?aaiaaa, A.I. Ino?ianeiai, O.I. Aeinoiaaneiai,
I.N. Eaneiaa, A.E. Aii/a?iaa, A.I. *aoiaa e ae?. “Nioeeaeenoe/aneee
?aaeeci” niaaoneeo ienaoaeae-eao?aaoia I. Oieioiaa, A. Oaaeaaaa, E.
Neiiiiaa, TH. Aiiaea?aaa e i?i/eo iioa?iae ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo e?ao: eo
i?iecaaaeaiey ia niiaee ia?aaeeoue naiaai a?aiaie, iioiio /oi ne?uaaee
i?aaaeo i iai, ioee/aeenue eiaiaie aoa-eie ia /eoaoaey, c?eoaey, eioi?ay
i?ioeaiiieacaia iiaeeeiiiio eneonnoao.
Iiaea?ieci (o?aioe. moderne – iiaaeoee, nia?aiaiiue) – a eeoa?aoo?a e
eneonnoaa ia/aea XX a. niaa?oee ainnoaiea i?ioea i?eioeeiia ?aaeecia. Ia
aiaoiee ie?, ?aaeueiue oiae niauoee, a iioie niciaiey aa?iy, aai
noiao?iue, oaioe/iue aioo?aiiee ie? a oeaio?a aieiaiey oaeeo aaoi?ia,
eae I. I?ono, O. Eaoea, Ae. Aeaeien, O. Iaii, A. Eaith, A. Aanna e ae?.
Iiaea?ienou io?eoeatho aeinoeaeeiinoue ii?iu e caiyou aa/iie iaoieiaeae
aeecie. Eo eioa?anotho iia?aie/iua iaaeaeo aeeciueth e nia?oueth
ninoiyiey aa?iaa. Oa iia?oaeaiu a aano?ae aeeciaiiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa,
ia?a/aiu iioa?iaoue ii?aaeaiea a ai?ueaa n iauanoaii. Oaeno
i?iecaaaeaiey naiaeeony e aioo?aiiaio iiiieiao aa?iy. A?aiy
ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai i?iecaaaeaiey oa/ao a ia?aoiii ii?yaeea – nethieiooiua
aia/aoeaiey aa?iaa ia?aiaaeathony ainiiieiaieyie. A oeaeii eneonnoai
iiaea?iecia i?aaeainoeoeei e io?aceei iaauaaeue o?aaeci XX a. n aai
ie?iauie aieiaie, aaiioeeaeii, oioaeeoa?iuie ?aaeeiaie aeanoe,
i?eaeeaeaieai yeieiae/aneie eaoano?iou. Oae eo/oea i?iecaaaeaiey
iiaea?iecia noaiiayony ni a?aiaiai eeanne/anee ?aaeenoe/iuie.
Nth??aaeeci (aoea. naa?o?aaeeci) – e?aeiee iiaea?ieci, ia inoaaeythuee
iaaeaaeaeu ia nio?aiaiea eaeeo-oi oeaiiinoae ia?aae eeoeii aeanoieinoe e
nia?oe, io?eoeathuee niune ?aaee aano?aea. Aaaiaa?aeenoneia iai?aaeaiea
a eeoa?aoo?a, aeeaiiene, neoeueioo?a, oaao?a, aicieeoaa ia ?oaaaea
XIX–XX aa. Naiaai ?iaea ynoaoe/aneee ineoiaiaeec, eiaaea n iiiiuueth
ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo ia?acia aeaeaaony iiiuoea au?aceoue iiaeniciaoaeueiua
aeaeaeaiey aeooe aaoi?ia e eo aa?iaa. Oaeiau ea?oeiu N. Aeaee, oeeueiu
E. Athithyey e A. Oa?eianeiai, noeoe A. Aiieeeia?a e Eio?aaiiia, iueanu
Y. Eiianei, AE. Aioy, N. Aaeeaoa e iioiaeeo ii au/o?iinoe aaoi?ia,
eioi?ua noaayo naiae oeaeueth oiee?iaaoue ioaeeeo ai /oi au oi ie noaei,
nicaeaoue iaauaaeia e i?aeoe/anee iaaiciiaeiia ni/aoaiea ia?acia,
i?eaanoe ethaie niune e aano?aeo (n?. ai?yuee aee?ao e i?i/ea ciaiaieoua
ea?oeiu Aeaee, iueano Eiianei “Eunay iaaeoea”). A nth??aaeecia ecaa/iay
oyaa eneonnoaa e i?eaeiaeueiinoe aeinoeaaao naiaai aunoaai i?iyaeaiey e
eae anyeay yeno?aiaeueiinoue ia iiaeao auoue iinoiyiiie, ianniaie.
Aiineaaenoaee caieiaao ianoi ia?aoaaeoaai a eeanneeo iiaea?ia.
Iii-a?o (o.a. iiioey?iia eneonnoai) – ynoaoeea ianniaie eoeueoo?u. Aa
i?iecaaaeaiey a aeeaiiene, iocuea, aeecaeia aeinooiiu e iiiyoiu anai
aeaeathuei, aac iniaie iiaeaioiaee e ee/iuo oneeee; iiycey, oaao?,
eeoa?aoo?a i?inoi iaaiciiaeiu ia yoii o?iaia oi?iuaiey e
aeaiie?aoecaoeee ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo oeaiiinoae. Aiciiaeiu oieueei
yno?aaea, “e?eieiaeueiia /oeai”, oaeana?eaeu-”iueueiua iia?u” e o.i.
inaaaeiynoaoe/aneea “i?iaeoeou ianniaiai ni?ina e iio?aaeaiey”.
Aaoi?neia ia/aei ooo onooiaao ianoi iiae?aaeaoaeueiinoe,
ooaeiaeanoaaiiua ia?acu oi?iuathony aei i?aaeaea, oa?yy aieueoeinoai
naieo ea/anoa. A?oenou niaoao oaeiaeaoai?eoue naiui iioeui, ieciaiiui
aeonai ioaeeee, caaiaaaoue oniao ai noi au oi ie noaei, ca/anooth
iaaeaeaiiua io i?e?iaeu iocueaeueiui neooii, aieinii e iniaaiii
oai?/aneie oaioaceae. ?iiaiu Ieeoey e Ia?eieiie, ianie A. Ioaa/aaie e
eaeiai-ieaoaeue Eaiioueaaa, eiaeeeneea oeeueiu, aeeaiienue Oeeiaa e E.
Aaneeueaaa, “oaao?” oaeana?eaeia e “ienaoaeae-naoe?eeia” – aio ia?acoeu
“iiinu” eee ee/a (iai. Kitsch – aacaeoneoea, aeao?aea) a eneonnoaa iaoae
no?aiu. Aua aieueoa ca?aaeaii ee/ai aia?eeaineia eneonnoai
(“aeecia?aaeinoiue eaeeioeci” aieueoeinoaa oeeueiia – eao?aaoia i?aiee
Inea?a). Aieueoay /anoue ioaeeee anaaaea iio?aaeyea e aoaeao iio?aaeyoue
yoe no??iaaou eneonnoaa n iieuecie aeey naay. Aaaeue aieaa neiaeiia
eneonnoai o?aaoao o/aau, a caoai oneeee aeey naiaai aini?eyoey. O
aieueoeinoaa ia?iaea iao a?aiaie e nee iinea oyaeaeie ?aaiou ia oaeea
oneeey. Iiyoiio e ianniaiio eneonnoao noieo ioiineoueny
nienoiaeeoaeueii. Eaaeaeue ai?aaa auae?aoue c?aeeua ii nianoaaiiiio
aeono.
Aano?aeoeeiieci (eao. abstractio – ioaea/aiea) – eneonnoai, a eioi?ii
oi?ia caiaiyao niaie niaea?aeaiea i?iecaaaeaiey. Aicieeei e aeeaiiene,
neoeueioo?a e a?aoeea XX a., eiaaea ?yae ooaeiaeieeia ioeacaeny
ecia?aaeaoue ?aaeueiua i?aaeiaou e yaeaiey, aieaa eee iaiaa oneiaii
ia?aaeaaay eo n iiiiuueth aaiiao?e/aneeo oi?i, oeaaoiauo iyoai e
neo/aeiuo eeiee. Iaaei eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi e I. Ieeanni, e E. Iaeaae/, e
i?i/ea aano?aeoeeiienou, i?ineaaeaoeany aeaaiaea?y /a?iui e anyeei eiui
eaaae?aoai, iiaee e ?eniaaee aiieia ?aaeenoe/iua iaecaaee, ii?o?aou,
iaoth?ii?ou. Iaeiaei naia iiieiaiey XX aaea iie ia iiaee au?aceoue
eia/a, eae ooaeiaeanoaaiiuie aano?aeoeeyie. “I?iuay iie aae, aieue e
io?aaea, – ienae A. Aicianaineee, – nianaiuea a e?oaa, aiai?yo / Aei?iao
/??iiio eaaae?aoo / E?oa aienuaaaony a eaaae?ao…”.
Eae aeaeii, eneonnoao i?ioeaiiieacaii aaeeiiia?acea. AEeciue eneonnoai –
iinoiyiiia i?iaeieaeaiea ea?u a naiua ?aciua ia?acu aeecie, oaeie, eaeie
iia auea, anoue eee aoaeao, a iiaeao auoue, e oaeie, eaeie aua ieeoi,
e?iia ooaeiaeieea, aa ia aiia?aaeae.
Eeoa?aoo?a
1. A?iinii I. Iaoaeeii. N., 2003.
2. A?iaeee A. Ynoaoeea ia eaaeaeue aeaiue. I., 1986.
3. Aaeueoei A. Iniiaiua iiiyoey enoi?ee eneonnoa. I?iaeaia yaiethoeee
noeey a iiaii eneonnoaa / Ia?. n iai. I., 2002.
4. Auaioneee E.N. Ineoieiaey eneonnoaa. I., 1986.
5. Aeaieyeue N.I. Eneonnoai aeaeaoue. I oai?/aneeo niiniaiinoyo
aini?eyoey, i ycu-ea eeiee e e?anie e i ainieoaiee c?eoaey. I., 1990.
6. Aeaeea Aieueia A. E?eoeea aeona. I., 1979.
7. Eieeeiaaoae ?.Aeae. I?eioeeiu eneonnoaa. I., 1999.
8. Eoea/ Ae. Naiaia?acea ynoaoe/aneiai. O. I–IV. I., 1985–1987.
9. Iia Ae., Niae N. Eeanne/aneay iocuea / Ia?. n aiae. I., 2002.
10. ?aeiia A. Aieoaaiue oiia?ue. I., 1986.
11. Yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue thiiai c?eoaey. I., 1990.
12. Yoeeiae A. ?acaiai? i noeoao. I., 1970.
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