IEIENOA?NOAI IAOEE E IA?ACIAAIEss OE?AEIU
OA?UeEIANEEE IAOeEIIAEUeIUE YEIIIIE*ANEEE OIEAA?NEOAO
Eaoaae?a oeeinioee e iieeoieiaee
Eiaeeaeaeoaeueiia o/aaii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneia caaeaiea:
«A?a/aneay eoeueoo?a a Oe?aeia»
Auiieieea:
Oa?ueeia, 2007
IEAI
ANOOIEAIEA
1. IA?AUA A?A*ANEEA IINAEAIEss IA OA??EOI?EE OE?AEIU.
2. IAEAIEAA ECAANOIUA AI?IAeA-EIEIIEE
2.1 IEUeAEss
2.2 IAIOEEAIAE
3. A?A*ANEAss IAeANNA
3.1 A?A*ANEAss OEEOeA A IAeANNA
3.2 A?A*ANEAss IEIUAAeUe
3.3 IA?ACEEAANEAss OEEOeA
3.4 A?EAAeEss
CAEETH*AIEA
ANOOIEAIEA
Ia?iaeii, eioi?ue ia oieueei, naieie ienaieyie, auaae Oe?aeio ia
enoi?e/aneoth a?aio, ii e aeaaioai?ii iiaeeye ia aa
eoeueoo?ii-iieeoe/aneia ?acaeoea, auee a?aee. Nooiea ia oe?aeineoth
caieth iie iiiaiyee aiciiaeiue oiae enoi?ee, i?eaianee iiiai iiaiai a
?acaeoea oe?aeineie a?oeoaeoo?u, eneonnoaa e aeaaea, a eaeie-oi noaiaie,
aeecie oe?aeineeo ethaeae.
Eaaeaeue aeaiue a nia?aiaiiii ?onneii e oe?aeineii ycueao iu oiio?aaeyai
iiiaeanoai neia a?a/aneiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey, eiaaea-oi iicaeinoaiaaiiuo
iaoeie i?aaeeaie. Yoi ia oieueei iacaaiey ?acee/iuo i?aaeiaoia (oaeeo,
iai?eia?, eae oaao?, eeii, iocae), ii e eiaia nianoaaiiua,
aaia?aoe/aneea iacaaiey. Oioue iu e ?aaeei caaeoiuaaainy iaae yoei, a
naiai eiaeeaeaeoaeueiii iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneii caaeaiee y oioaea au
ia?aoeoueny eiaiii e nayce iaaeaeo ia?iaeii Oe?aeiu e A?aoeee, eioi?ua
aua n aeaaieo a?aiai ia?anaeaeenue a nayce n enoi?e/aneeie niauoeyie. ss
oi/o ?anniio?aoue oi, eaeia ianeaaenoai inoaaeee a?aee ia /a?iiii?neii e
acianeii iiaa?aaeuea Oe?aeiu. Ai?iaea, eioi?ua nouanoaiaaee ?aiaa,
nouanoaotho aei neo ii?, e ia eioi?uo inoaaeee aeoaieee ioia/aoie
a?a/aneea eieiienou.
1. IA?AUA A?A*ANEEA IINAEAIEss IA OA??EOI?EE OE?AEIU
Oaea ia/eiay n VIII a. a?a/aneea eieiiee ia/eiatho canaeyoue iiaa?aaeuea
*a?iiai e Acianeiai ii?ae. A?aee, iieeaeaaoea ?iaeiua e?ay ec-ca aiei e
iaaeaeioniaeoe, eneaee ia oieueei iiaua ?uiee nauoa aeey naiae
i?iaeoeoeee, ii e noa?aeenue caueoeoue e nio?aieoue naith eoeueoo?o e
o?aaeeoeee. I?eoiaeyo iie e iai ec ai?iaeia ei?aiiie e iaeiaceeneie
A?aoeee, e, ia/eiay io onouey Aeiano?a e caeai/eaay naiuie aeaeueieie
caeeaaie Acianeiai ii?y (Iaioeaeaie), iie?uaatho iiaa?aaeuea naoueth
oi?aiauo ai?iaeia-oaeoi?ee. Naiuie aaaeiuie ec ieo auee: Oe?a – i?e
onouea Aeiano?a, ia ?oeiao eioi?ie au?in oe?aeineee
Aaeai?iae-aeiano?ianeee (Aeea?iai), Ieueaey (auea iniiaaia ie. 645 a.
aei i.y.) i?e onouea Aoaa (iaaeaeaei io nia?aiaiiiai Ieeieaaaa),
Oa?niian ia thaeii-caiaaeiii e Oaiaeiney (iicaea Eaooa) ia
thai-ainoi/iii iiaa?aaeuea E?uia (iuia Ea?/ue) e iiiaeanoai ae?oaeo.
Oiaaea, eiaaea iieoaeeeea noaiiua i?aeu a?uaaeenue ia iaoe caiee,
oie/oiaeay ana ia naiai iooe, a?a/aneea eieiienou i?eoee e iai n ie?iie
aaoeie oi?aiaee e eoeueoo?u. E oioue iie e ia oaea?aeaeenue ia?aae
aceaoneeie noaiiuie iaaaaaie, ii inoaaeee iinea naay i/aiue iiiaia: ia
oieueei a ?oeiao naieo eieiiee, ii e a aeooiaiie eoeueoo?a naieo
ninaaeae e iineaaeiaaoaeae.
Auaicy ec Oe?aeiu neio, ?uao, iaae, aine, oa?noue, oeaa, i?eaiceee
nthaea aeii, ieeau, iaoa?eth, iaoaeee/aneea i?aaeiaou, ?ac?eniaaiioth,
iaoaeee/aneoth e aeeiyioth iinoaeo, ?acee/ioth aaeaioa?ath e aeaaea
iaaea?iaiua iaiyoieee! Ana yoi a ei?ia iaiyei eoeueoo?o e auo eo
ninaaeae; iaeie noaiiaeeenue «iieoa?aeaie», ae?oaea ia?aaeaaaee
a?a/aneoth eoeueoo?o ia aeaeaeee naaa? e ainoie.
*enoi aeaiie?aoe/aneee eaae e ?anioaeeeaineia ono?ienoai, ia?aianaiiia
a?a/aneeie eieiienoaie ia iiaa?aaeuea *a?iiai ii?y, i/aiue nei?i noaei
iaaoaiui a iiauo oneiaeyo eo aeecie. Aeinoaoi/ii neacaoue, /oi
iieeoe/aneay neea e aeeyiea a?a/aneeo eieiiee ia ?ani?ino?aiyeenue
aeaeueoa, /ai ca i?aaeaeu eo ai?iaeia. I?iaeeaay ioaeaeueii
ieieaoth?iuie ai?iaeaie-ainoaea?noaaie, a?aee ia aeiaeoiaeenue nicaeaoue
oioy au iai?iieoaeueiue nithc naieo eieiiee aeey ioii?a aa?aa?ia,
eioi?ua ni anao noi?ii ca?eeenue ia eo aeia?i. Iaeei eeoue Iaioeeaiae,
aeaaiaea?y iaiieiaeio iiia?oe/aneiio ono?ienoao, noiae i?aaieciaaoue
?yae a?a/aneeo eieiiee iaae Acianeei ii?ai a nithc, eioi?ue aeieai
nii?ioeaeyeny aa?aa?ai, e aeaaea ?anoe?ee naia iieeoe/aneia aeeyiea ia
eieiiee E?uia.
Inoaeueiua eieiiee i/aiue nei?i iiiaee a iianioth aeey eoeueoo?iie
aeecie caaeneiinoue io aa?aa?ia, auiea/eaay ei iaiineeueiua aeaie, a a
iaeioi?uo neo/ayo e i?eciaaay eo aeanoue. E, iaeiiaoe, eiaaea iie oaea
ie/aai ia iiaee naeaeaoue, iiaeaeaeenue iiae iiaeo aoeueoei ieeeoa?iui
ainoaea?noaai, ia noi?iiynue aeaaea ia?nia, n eioi?uie eo ?iaeeia aaea
aieio ia ia aeeciue, a iania?oue. Iioiae ia?neaeneiai ei?iey Aea?ey ia
neeoia a 513 a. aei i.y. aue iineaaenoaeai yoie iiaee a?a/aneeo
/a?iiii?neeo eieiiee ia?neaeneie aea?aeaaie. Eiaaea aea ei?aiiay A?aoeey
neiieea neeo Ia?nee, /a?iiii?neea a?aee iiiaee iiae io?aio aoaineiai
ii?neiai nithca, aeaaiaea?y eioi?iio a V e VI a. ia/aeny ?anoeaao
aunieie eoeueoo?u e aeaaininoiyiey. Ii oiaaeie Aoai iioyioe ca niaie e
oiaaeie eieiiee: ie iaeaaeiioeu, ie iiioeeneee ei?ieue Ieo?eaeao V,
eioi?ue, ?acaea neeoia, caeiaeee Ainoi?neia Oea?noai, oaea ia iiaee
iaania/eoue eo ?acaeoey. *a?iiii?neea, a?a/aneea eieiiee oaea ioaeeaaee
naie aae. Ia iiiiaea ei io?aia i?aaieciaaiiie ?eineei oeana?ai O?ayiii
Aeaeee (106 a. i.y.). Ana iie i?aa?aoeeenue a ?oeiu iiae aaniiuaaeiui
iaii?ii noaiiuo i?ae, a iaeioi?ua, eae Iaioeeaiae noaee noieeoeaie
aa?aa?neeo ainoaea?noa.
I?aa?aoeeenue a ?oeiu e ia?anoaee nouanoaiaaoue, ii aeeyiea, eioi?ia
auei ai a?aiy eo nouanoaiaaiey e eoeueoo?iua aeinoeaeaiey, inoaaeaiiua
iineaaeiaaoaeyi, ia inoaeenue iacaia/aiiuie; any Aa?iia aei neo ii?
aeeaao ia ia?iiiii eoeueoo?iii ianeaaeee, inoaaeaiiii ae?aaiae A?aoeeae.
?anneac Aa?iaeioa i neeoneii oea?a Neeea, eioi?ue oaea/aiiue eoeueoo?ie
a?a/aneeo eieiiee aeee aeaieiie aeeciueth – o naay aeiia aeeciueth
neeoa, a i?aauaay a Ieueaee aeeciueth a?aea, i/aiue oaaaeeoaeai. E,
i?aaaea, iieoa?aeaie noaiiaeeenue ana, eoi noieeioeny n a?a/aneeie,
/a?iiii?neeie eieiieyie. A eae aeaeaei ?ani?ino?aiyeinue eo aeeyiea,
naeaeaoaeuenoaotho nia?aiaiiua ?aneiiee: i?ae?anioth a?a/aneoth iinoaeo
ioeaiuaatho ia oieueei ia *a?iiii?uea, ii e a ie?anoiinoyo Eeaaa,
Oa?ueeiaa, Iieoaau e aeaaea a Aaee//eia.
2. IAEAIEAA ECAANOIUA AI?IAeA-EIEIIEE
2.1 IEUeAEss
Ia i?aaii aa?aao Aoaa iaaeaeaei io aai onouey aicea naea Ia?ooeia aei
iaoeo aeiae nio?aieeenue ?oeiu Ieueaee, eioi?oth iniiaaee ia?anaeaioeu
ec a?a/aneiai Ieeaoa a Iaeie Acee. O/aiua, ?aaioay n ieueaeeneeie
?aneiieaie n 1902 a. niiaee ainnoaiiaeoue oeaeoth enoi?eth, – aeaaea
aeeciue e auo oie eieiiee ia i?ioyaeaiee aa nouanoaiaaiey. Ia caiaae e
naaa? io Ieueaee a o?i/eua «Noi iiaee» ?aneiiaii eeaaeaeua e a aai
iiaeeao iaeaeaia a?a/aneay iinoaea ai anao aa ia?acoeao, io
/a?iioeao?iuo aac aei e?aniieaeiauo e noaeeyiiuo ecaeaeee ?eineiai oeia.
?aneiiaii naiue eoeueoo?iuo oa?ia Ieueaee, ec eioi?uo noaiiaeony yniui,
/oi iia iaiaeiie?aoii nai?aea e ?ac?ooaeanue; iinea /aai caiiai
ainnoaiaaeeaaeanue, ia?aaeei eniieuecoy noa?ua iaoa?eaeu.
A naiue ae?aaiee ia?eiae a Ieueaee i?ioeaaoaea eiineay eoeueoo?a, ii
eioi?ie nio?aieeenue a?oeoaeoo?iua iaiyoieee, aeeiyiua (oa??aeioiaua)
aeaineea noaooyoee, ianee, i?aii?iua noaooe, aacu e ae?oaay ea?aieea,
i?eaacaiiay nthaea ec Ieeaoa, ino?iaa ?iaeina e Iaae?ioena. A
neaaeothuea ianeieueei aaeia eiineoth eoeueoo?o Ieueaee niaiyao
aooeoeeay, yeeeienoe/aneay e A?aei-?eineay.
Ae?aaiyy Ieueaey n?aco auea iaaaaeaia oieueei ?aii, a iioii aie?oa iaa
iino?ieee /anoieie e aaoie. Ana-oaee iie ia caueuaee aa io iaeaoia
ninaaeae. Nia/aea iia auea ?ac?ooaia aioaie, iioii aiiaue ainnoaiiaeaia
neeoaie, oae eae yaeyeanue aeey ieo aaaeiie no?aoaae/aneie aacie, eae
aeey aiaiiuo oeaeae, oae e aeey oi?aiaee.
Ni a?aiai oiaaeea nio?aieeny i/aiue eioa?aniue ?anneac i?i Ieueaeth,
caienaiiue oeeinioii-iooaoanoaaiieeii Aeeiiii O?ecinoiiii.
Oiaaeaoiyy Ieueaey auea iaiiiai iaiueoa, /ai ecia/aeueii, a aianoi
iiaouanoaaiiuo aaoai e /anoieiea auea iaaaaeaia iaaunieie e neaaie
ia?aaeie. Ana naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaei ia oiaaeea: oae eae ia a?aee oaia?ue
aeeyee ia aa?aa?, a aa?aa?u ia a?aeia. Aoaiai Ieueaeeneie e?aiinoe
Eaeeno?ao aue iaeao ii-neeonee, a ieueaeeoeu ia aiai?eee /enoi ia
a?a/aneii ycuea, a eniieueciaaee eaeie-oi aa?aa?neee aea?aii. Oai ia
iaiaa iie ai?aeeeenue naiei Aiia?ii, aai Eeeaaeie, e aa aa?iai. Aeeii
iaoiaeeeny a Ieueaee eae ?ac a oio iiiaio, eiaaea iinea iaeiiai ec
neeoneeo iaeaoia, ieueaeeoeu aioiaeeenue e neaaeothuaio. Ii ianeieueei
a?aee inoaaaeenue niaie e ia?aae nia?oaeueiie iianiinoueth,
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao oi, /oi aianoi oiai, /oiau aieiiaaoueny ia?aae
iaaeaeaeei aiai, iie iii?ineee Aeeiia iiaiai?eoue n ieie i … oeeinioee.
«Iu ethaei Aiia?a, iaeioi?ua ethayo e Ieaoiia, e ou ia oaeeaeyeny, /oi
oaeie a?aaeaeaiei, iioiaeee ia aa?aa?a, eae y, /eoae Ieaoiia. Ia aiai?e
iai i?i iieeoeeo, ii i?i aiaeanoaaiioth oeeinioeth.»
Eae iu aeaeei, oyaeaei auei a?aeai, oai?oeai e oeeinioai n ?iaeaeaiey
i?ioeainoiyoue aa?aa?ai, eioi?ua iaei eioa?aniaaeenue oeeinioneeie
o/aieyie, a i?iecaaaeaiey a?a/aneiai eneonnoaa iieoiaee e a?aaeee, ia
iiieiay eo noieiinoe.
Ii iiea Ieueaey auea iiaouanoaaiiie oi?aiaie eieiieae, o iaa auea e naiy
i?enoaiue, e aaca?u, ia eioi?uo aunoaaeyeenue ia i?iaeaaeo e ia iaiai
i?eaiciua oiaa?u; a iae aue naie aiaeii?iaiae e ?yae o?aiia, oaao?,
aeiiacey (ieiuaaeea aeey aeiianoe/aneeo oi?aaeiaiee – eiiiae?ii –
nii?oeaiay ieiuaaeea) e oeaeay naoue oi?aiauo oaeoi?ee aaeieue
/a?iiii?neiai iiaa?aaeuey.
Ca ana a?aiy nouanoaiaaiey Ieueaee a iae aeaenoaiaae aeaiie?aoe/aneee
i?eioeei: caeiiiaeaoaeueiui auei ia?iaeiia nia?aiea (yeaeney),
eniieiythuaa – eieeaaey noa?aeoei. Aiaiiuie aeaeaie caaaaeiaaea eieeaaey
«no?aoaaia».
2.2 IAIOEEAIAE
Ae?oaay auaeathuayny a?a/aneay eieiiey – Iaioeeaiae. Iia auea iniiaaia a
VI a. aei i.y. ia ianoa noa?ioe?aeineiai Ei?/aaa, oaia?aoiae Ea?/e. Ii
iienaieth aaia?aoa No?aaiia iino?iaia ia ai?aa, canaeaiiii aie?oa ia
oanoue eeeiiao?ia e i?enoaiue n ainoi/iie noi?iiu, ia eioi?ie auei 30
ei?aaeae. A iae aue oaeaea ae?iiieue, aiciiaeii, /oi ia ai?a, eioi?oth
oaia?ue iacuaatho Ieo?eaeaoiaie. Iaioeeaiae aue noieeoeae ia?aiai
Ainoi?neiai Oea?noaa. A ieceiiie ie?oaa Iaioeeaiay, eioi?ay auea
ieiaei?iaeiie, auee naea, a eioi?uo n aieueoei oniaoii ?acaeaaeinue
oeaai?ianoai. Iiyoiio ia iiiaoao Ainoi?neiai Oea?noaa iu aeaeei eiein,
eae neiaie oeaaa?ianoaa e ?uao, eioi?ay iinea oeaaa auea aaaeiaeoei
«yenii?oiui» i?iaeoeoii eieiiee.
A ioee/ea io aeaiie?aoe/aneie Ieueaee Iaioeeaiae aue iaiieiaeio
iiia?oe/aneei. Noaa ai aeaaa nithca Acianeeo eieiiee Iaioeeaiae noae
noieeoeae Ainoi?neiai oea?noaa, ec aa?aa?neeo iaaiieeia nicaeae
neeueioth a?ieth, ?anoe?ee naia aeeyiea ia ?yae ninaaeieo aa?aa?neeo
ieaiai e a?a/aneeo eieiiee, io ai? Oaa?ee aei Oaiaena (Aeiia) e Eaaeaca.
Eae e a Ieueaee, a Iaioeeaiaa iaeaeaii ianeieueei iiioiaioaeueiuo
a?iaieoe n ?ac?eniaaiiuie aioo?e noaiaie e eeaaeaie a iinoaea e
thaaee?iuo oe?aoaieyo. Oaeaea nio?aieeinue iiiaeanoai ?oei aeiiia,
o?aiia; noaooe e ii?o?aoia. Iaeie auee i?eaacaiu ec ei?aiiie A?aoeee,
ae?oaea nicaeaiu ia ianoa (ia ieo io?aceeinue aeeyiea ianoiinoe,
i?enoonoaiaae aa?aa?neee aeon e i?aaeii/oaiey). Iiaeeu ni a?aiai
Ainoi?neiai oea?noaa (naiua eioa?aniua ec ieo: Eoeaaneay aicea Ea?/e,
THc-Iaa, A?othoianeay Naie A?aoueaa) eae e eaoaeiiau e neeaiu caiiai
ioe?uee iai aanue ?eooaeueiue ie? ae?aaiaa?a/aneeo iioi?ii, iauyniyy ia
oieueei aa?iaaiey a?aeia a caa?iaioth aeeciue, ii e eo iianaaeiaaiua
i?eau/ee e iau/ae. Aeeyy naiae eoeueoo?ie ia aa?aa?, iie iaa?aeenue
eia-/aai e io ieo. Aa?aa?neiio aeeyieth neaaeoao i?eienaoue oi, /oi
ne?iiiinoue ei?aiiie A?aoeee niaiyaony a /a?iiii?neeo eieiieyo
aa?aa?neie iieacaoaeueiinoueth, aeaaiuie iauaeoaie noaiiayony cieioi e
naiioeaaou.
3. A?A*ANEAss IAeANNA
Ioaeaeueiui ioieoii naiaai iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneiai caaeaiey y
auaeaeth oi, /oi naeaeaee a?aee aeey Iaeannu. Yoio ai?iae ciatho ai anai
ie?a aeaaiaea?y aa iai?aeeia?iui ethaeyi, enoi?e/aneei niauoeyi,
einioaoeiny aa a Aaeeeoth Ioa/anoaaiioth aieio, a oaeaea iaiau/iie
a?oeoaeoo?a e i?ienoiaeaeaieth. A?aee a enoi?ee Iaeannu — oaia iaoe?iay
e eioa?aniay.
Eaaaiae ii iiaiaeo iacaaiey ai?iaea i?aaeinoaoi/ii, ii iiaeeeiiue oaeo
iaeei: eiy ii?oa «Iaeanna» aia?aua ienueiaiii, aac iiyniaiee, iacaaea a
naiai ?ane?eioa 1795 aiaea Aeaoa?eia II. Ii?aaeaeaiiue a?a/aneee i?eaeon
a nicao/ee «Iaeanna», eiia/ii, eiaaony. I?iecaiaeiia io iaai «iaeanneea»
(ei iaicia/aaony ana oi, /oi iaienaii ia Iaeanna) a 1913 aiaeo aaae a
iaeoiae A.I.Aea?eaan. Ianeieueei iieieaiee iaeanneeo e?aaaaaeia —
aeo?iaeenou, ienaoaee, o/aiua — o?aoeee aiaeu naiae aeecie, /oiau
iaiaaoeoue «iaeanneeo».
3.1 A?A*ANEAss OEEOeA A IAeANNA
Ia iaeiie ec e?o/, iaaenoeo iaae ii?ai, ia ?oaaaea XVIII-XIX aaeia aue
iino?iai eiiieaen caeaiee iiae iacaaieai «Ea?aioei», ii-o?aioeocnee
«ni?ie iaeei»,oae eae eiaiii noieueei o?aaiaaeinue a?aiaie, /oiau
?aniiciaoue, aieueiu ee ethaee, i?eauaoea a Iaeanno ii?ai e iinaeaiiua
eciee?iaaiii io ai?iaeai, eaeie-ieaoaeue oai?ueth, iiaouae aucaaoue
yieaeaieth a ai?iaea. E 1845 aiaeo, ca ii/oe iieoaaeiaoth enoi?eth
nouanoaiaaiey, Ea?aioei Iaeannu aue i?eciai eo/oei a Aa?iia e nua?ae
naith ei?aeiiioth ?ieue a nie?auaiee /enea no?aoiuo yieaeaiee /oiu e
oiea?u, eioi?ua ii?aaeaee Iaeanno.
Io Ea?aioeiiiai iiea ii aeoaieie Ea?aioeiiie aaeea i?ieaaea Ea?aioeiiay
oeeoea, iaae eioi?ie ia?aa?ineee ianeieueei iinoia, niaaeeieaoeo eo
enoi?e/aneee oeaio? ai?iaea n aai i?ea?aaeiie /anoueth, iona/aiiie
ia?aaii. Naiui eioa?aniui ii oaoie/aneiio ?aoaieth aue iyoea?i/iue
No?iaaiianeee iino, caaa?oaiiue a 1863 aiaeo oneeeyie a?oeoaeoi?a
O.A.Aiinei?ianeiai. Iino iacaaee a /anoue iiai?inneeneiai aoaa?iaoi?a
A.A.No?iaaiiaa, ioia/aaoaai a oii aiaeo 50-eaoea naiae neoaeau ia aeaai
Ioa/anoao e Iaeanna. Eiaaoee a aeeeio 110 iao?ia, No?iaaiianeee iino
aenae iaae Ea?aioeiiui e Iieueneei nioneaie e ninoiye, ii nooe, ec aeaoo
iinoia, noue eioi?uo ni?yoaee iiae caieyiie ianuiueth e iinoiaie. Aai
ieceay eaiaiiay ia?aaea iiaoaeaeaea e noeoeeaeo io/ayaoeony iaeanneoia,
e ii o?aaiaaieth aeanoae iia auea caiaiaia aaeo?iie /oaoiiie ?aoaoeie,
nio?aieaoaeny e iiiuia, a oi a?aiy eae inoaeueiua aeaoaee iinoa auee
caiaiaiu iioii aeaeaciaaoiiiuie eiino?oeoeeyie. No?iaaiianeee iino aua
ciaiaieo e oai, /oi a 1910 aiaeo ii iaio i?ioae ia?aue e Iaeanna
o?aiaae, iouaiiue aaeueaeeoeaie. Yoi aeaeae e iienae aeeaoee ai oeeaaea
aeai?a aeiia ? 12 ia A?a/aneie oeeoea ienaoaeue TH?ee Ieaoa.
No?iaaiianeee iino — yoi /anoue A?a/aneie oeeoeu, e iioiio ?anneaca i
iai — ia/aei ?anneaca i iae.
?aiueoa oeeoeu ai?iaeia iacuaaeenue ii eiaiai aeaaeaeueoeaa aeiiii,
iacaaieyi o?aiia e iiianou?ae, ii i?ioannee eee iaoeeiiaeueiinoe
ethaeae, eo/ii naeeaoeony oee/iuie ?yaeaie.
?acoiaaony, ia A?a/aneie oeeoea, ?iaeaeaaoaeny aianoa n Iaeannie, aeeee
a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue a?a/aneea iinaeaioeu. Oaea a ia?aua aiaeu
nouanoaiaaiey Iaeannu nthaea aeaeioeenue ?aciiieaiaiiua iioiee ethaeae
(e n?aaee ieo — a?aee), aaaoueo io anyeie iaaiee — e?aiinoiie,
iaoeeiiaeueiie, ?aeeaeiciie. Eo ia ioaaea iaiaaeeoinoue e?ay, aai
canooeeainoue e ionouiiinoue. Io/ayaoeany e ieuea ?aciiycu/iua ia?iaeu
oee nthaea, a I?e/a?iiii?uea, /oiau iuooeoue naay naiaiaeiuie,
aicaeaeuaaoue caieth, oi?aiaaoue e ai /oi au oi ie noaei anoaoue ia iiae
– ?acaiaaoaoue. N?aaee i?eacaeeo, ionoeaoeo ei?ie a Iaeanna, auee
?aaioieee e aaaioth?enou, ethaee oi/iiai ?an/aoa e oaioaca?u, inaaeeua e
a?iaeyae ii i?ecaaieth. Eiai oieueei ie i?eiyea thiay Iaeanna!
Ni a?aiaiai ia?aciaaeny iiuiue ieano ?inneeneie aiaiiie e /eiiaie/ueae
ath?ie?aoee, iiiiceoeeae e eioi?ie noaea iaeanneay eioaeeeaaioeey,
iiiieiyaiay nnueaaiuie a Iaeanno ca aieueiiiuneea noiee/iuie aeai?yiaie
e i?iacaeaaoeie /a?ac iaa ciaiaieouie ethaeueie ec anaai
iooaoanoaothuaai ie?a.
Eoeueoo?a Iaeannu aeaanoe eao no?ieeanue ia iniaie, eioa?iaoeeiiaeueiie,
iniiaa: ?onneea, oe?aeioeu, a?aee, aa?ae, iaioeu, aieaa?u, aeaaioeu
(a?iaoou), iieyee, eoaeueyioeu, o?aioeocu. Iie neiaeeee Iaeanno, e iia
ethaeea eaaeaeue ia?iae, aa ninoaaeythuee.
A?aee inaiaiaeaeaeenue io ?yaea iaycaoaeueiuo iaeiaia; iieo/aee
e?aaeeou; cae?aieyee ca niaie auaiaeiua ii ?aniieiaeaieth caiaeueiua
iaaeaeu; iieueciaaeenue nnoaeie ia no?ieoaeuenoai eaiaiiuo aeiiia; iiaee
niaea?aeaoue e iao/aoue ca ainoaea?noaaiiue n/ao ii?aaeaeaiiia
eiee/anoai naieo aeaoae.
?acaiaaoaa, a?aee ioieaoeee Iaeanna aeia?ii ca aeia?i, e iaeiei ec
ia?auo aeieacaoaeuenoa oiai noaea A?a/aneay oeeoea. Iia e eaeouee io iaa
ei?ioeee A?a/aneee (E?aniue) ia?aoeie anaaaea ianee ia naaa ioia/aoie
?iaeiiai a?aeai thaa Aa?iiu: iaeaiueeea i?aeanoiua aeai?eee n i?aii?iuie
eieiiiaie; eaaeea aaeeiiu-aaea?ae ec aea?aaa; oaeoua iethuii e
aeiia?aaeii aa?aiaeu; i?eethaeiua naiaeiua nii?u e aeanoeeoeyoeey
niaanaaeieeia; iieeoe/aneea aeeneonnee; /aoee n aeuiyueiny aonoui eioa a
?oeao; caiao aea?aiiai iyna; anieanee niaoa e iocuee.
I?yiua a?iiaou aiaeueneiia e niaoeee aieiaie iaieuaaee ia ninaaeiea,
oeeoeu. E?aieee aeoo ciaiaieouo a?a/aneeo aei iiaeieiaeny ec
iiiai/eneaiiuo iia?aaeia.
A E?aniii ia?aoeea aua nouanoaotho aeaa-o?e iaaieueoeo aeiia ec eaioaoeo
a Eaoo a?aiai. Ii naia A?a/aneay oeeoea auea iono?iaia ecaanoiuie
a?oeoaeoi?aie — ii caeaco oao, eoi aeee caeanue, eee iieo/ae aeioiae io
naea/e aeiia aiaai, eee nai nieiae eaa?oe?o.
Naiua e?aneaua caeaiey aicieeee ia ia?ana/aiee A?a/aneie e Iooeeineie
(auaoae Eoaeueyineie) oeeoe. Aei neo ii? iaiyoieeii a?oeoaeoo?u yaeyaony
caeaiea, iino?iaiiia a 1856-1858 aiaeao ii i?iaeoo a?oeoaeoi?a E.Oe.
Iooiia, aaea n 1920 a. ?aniieiaeeeenue eieeaeoeee Iocay caiaaeiiai e
ainoi/iiai eneonnoaa. Aa?ieei, aiie?, ?ieiei iaiaaoeee naieie yeaiaioaie
iaa oanaaea yoiai oaeiaiai caeaiey — aeai?oea, iino?iaiiiai aeey
aiaaoiai Aaacu. Ecoieoaeueii /oaoiiia eeouea aaeeiiia e ia?aaeiiai
aoiaea; /oaeii no?ieoaeueiiai eneonnoaa e iiiuia n/eoaaony aeny/ay
ia?aaeiay eanoieoea ec ea??a?neiai i?aii?a; eioa?uea?u 23-o caeia
ii?aaeatho aiaaoui eaiiui aeaei?ii, oeaiiuie ia?eaoaie, a?iiciauie
aeaoaeyie oa?ainoaa ?aciuo aeaa?ae. A 1947 a. a iocaa aue ioe?uo ioaeae
aioe/iiai eneonnoaa. Eiaiii caeanue aeaoe iineaaiaiiie Iaeannu aia?aua
oaeaeaee 70 aeiniauo neaieia n i?iecaaaeaiee neoeueioi?ia Ae?aaiae
A?aoeee e ?eia (n VI a. aei i. y. ii III a. i. y.). A iai?ioea
a?oeoaeoi? TH. Aeieo?aiei a 1906 a. iino?iee iiioiaioaeueiia caeaiea
aeey O/aoiiai aaiea.
Aua iaeei aeii ia oaeo A?a/aneie e Iooeeineie no?ieeny e ia?ano?aeaaeny
ii i?iaeoai O. Aiooi — A. Ii?aiaee, e eoiaoe Oaeueyineee, aeaaeaeaoe, a
1841 aiaeo naeaaae a iai a eaa?oe?o ciaiaieoiio eaea?th e iaioa?enoo
Y?anoo Aiae?eaaneiio. Iioii a yoii aeiia (1887 a.) ?aciauaeanue
?aaeaeoeey aeo?iaea «Oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiue THa».
Ii i?iaeoo A. Oi??e/aeee a 1840 a. aue aicaaaeai aeeeie aeioiaeiue aeii
?33.
Neoeueioo?ie ?aiia oe?aneeny aeii ?43. A?oeoaeoi?u O.O?ioiyineee e I.
Eeiaoeeee ia?ano?ieee iiae oaao?u caeaiey ?48 e ?50. eaeie-oi aeioiaeiue
aeii ia A?a/aneie oeeoea no?iee A. Ieieon, eaeie-oi i?eiaaeeaaeae
a?aoueyi Iao?ieieeii.
A aeiia ?42 a 1909 a. aeee Eaai O?aiei. Ia A?a/aneie, 23, nio?aieeenue
inoaoee aeiia, aaea caaaaei/iay Ea?ieeia Niaaiueneay i/a?iauaaea A.N,
Iooeeia, a caoai Aaeaia Ieoeeaae/a. Ia A?a/aneie, 45, aeee Eaa Na?aaaae/
Iooeei (1805-1852), a?ao aaeeeiai iiyoa.
A ycuee, oi eoaeueyineee, o?aioeocneee,
Aiaeeeneee, eniaineee, oi a?a/aneee.
(E.Ai?icaeia, 1834-1837)
Naaiaeiy a?a/aneee ycue ii i?aao cao/eo a ainnoaiiaeaiiii aeiia ?20 a
E?aniii (A?a/aneii) ia?aoeea, aaea a 1814-1821 aa. «Ae?oaeaneii
iauanoai» («Oeeeee Yoa?ey») oaeii aioiaeei ainnoaiea a?a/aneeo iao?eioia
i?ioea oo?aoeeiai eaa e aaea oaia?ue ieiaeioai?ii ?aaioaao ai aeaai
iaeannei-a?a/aneie ae?oaeau A?a/aneee Oiiae Eoeueoo?u a Iaeanna.
3.2 A?A*ANEAss IEIUAAeUe
Iiyo Yaeoa?ae Aaa?eoeeee (1895-1934) ienae:
Iaae A?a/aneie ieiuaaeueth ?uiie ooiae,
Ai?aee iaae ai?iaeii ci?e.
Aeuieeenue eioaeie, e Iooeei niio?ae
Ia naaaeaa necia ii?a…
A?a/aneay oeeoea /a?ac No?iaaiianeee iino iiaeieiaeanue e A?a/aneie
ieiuaaee, ia?anaeaea aa e A?a/aneee aaca?, ainiaoue Aaa?eoeeei, oea ieii
A?a/aneiai oiioaia e auoiaeeea, ieioy oaao?u, e Niai?iie ieiuaaee n aa
aaee/anoaaiiui o?aiii e iaiyoieeii aeenoaoaeueiiio a?aoo I.N.
Ai?iioeiao. Ana yoi aicaeaeaaeinue ia n?aco e ia iaeiia?aiaiii. Ii
A?a/aneay oeeoea inoaaony a enoi?ee Iaeannu a?aieoeae iaaeaeo noa?eiiuie
Aiaiiui (THaeiui) e A?a/aneei (Naaa?iui) oi?ooaaeoaie, ia eioi?ua auea
eiaaea-oi ?acaeaeaia iiai?iaeaeaiiay Iaeanna. Iaiaoeeia «oi?ooaaeo»
(i?aaeianouea) icia/aei /anoue ai?iaea, i?eeaaathuoth e e?aiinoe, oi?oo.
A?a/aneay oeeoea n A?a/aneie ieiuaaeueth eiaaea-oi aeaeeee ai?iae ia
aeaa iieiaeiu, aeey eioi?uo Oi?aiaua ?yaeu (A?a/aneee aaca?),
nouanoaiaaaoea n 1822 a. ii 1908 a., inoaaaeenue aeaaiui ?uieii Iaeannu.
I?iaeo ieiuaaee n Oi?aiauie ?yaeaie nicaeae a 1804-1814 aa. a?oeoaeoi?
O.O?aiieee e naeaeae yoi a iieiii niioaaonoaee n ia?aui ieaiii cano?ieee
Iaeannu, eniieiaiiui a 1795 a. eiaeaia?ii Aeaaieaiii. A 1830 a. a
oeaio?a A?a/aneie ieiuaaee caooiaee e caene?eeenue no?oe A?a/aneiai
oiioaia.
Ii ia?eiao?o ieiuaaee iacaieiooui eieueoeii ?aniieiaeeeenue eieiiiu
ia?yaeiie aaea?ae, a aeoaeiao eioi?ie ainoai?eeiii ?aniaoioeenue aoiaeu
a iiiai/eneaiiua iaaaceiu e iaaacei/eee, aaea iiaeii auei eoieoue ana.
Iieao oaioacee iaeanneoia, anaaaea neeiiiuo e i?aoaaee/aieyi a iieueco
Iaeannu, canoaaeye eo n?aaieaaoue eieiiiaaeo A?a/aneie ieiuaaee n
o?aaiaioaie Aeai?oea aeiaeae a Aaiaoeee eee n Ainoeiui aeai?ii a
Iaoa?ao?aa.
Auea ieiuaaeue, aue aaca?, aue oiioai, iiea aiaa/e Iieue e Aaaeaea ia
iino?ieee naie iieoe?oaeue e e?oaeue aeiia a oeaio?a A?a/aneie ieiuaaee,
oie/oiaeeaoea aa aueia i?ino?ainoai, A?a/aneee aaca? ia iae e auoiae
Aeaenaiae?ianeiai i?iniaeoa, caeiaeaiiiai iiae i?yiui oaeii e A?a/aneie
oeeoea, a ii?o — e ii?th.
Ciaiaieoua Oi?aiaua ?yaeu ia A?a/aneie ieiuaaee onooieee ianoi
aeeieiiaoe/aneiio i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoao A?aoeee a Iaeanna e aieueoei
iaaaceiai, n?aaee eioi?uo aniiieiaaony iaaacei e?oiiaeoeo oi?aiaoeaa
oaaa/iuie ecaeaeeyie Iiiiauo.
A 1997 aiaeo a?aouey I. e Ae. Iianoaithee iieo/eee aeeieii I noaiaie ia
eiieo?na aeeieiiiuo i?iaeoia a?oeoaeoo?iuo oeie Oe?aeiu ca
ia?niaeoeaioth ?ac?aaioeo «?aaaia?aoeey A?a/aneie ieiuaaee». Ca
iainiiaaiea yoiai a?oeoaeoo?iiai i?iaeoa iie iieo/eee e i?aieth eiaie
Aeaeaeiii Aa?a//ei aea Aeiueiee. Anoue, eiia/ii, e ae?oaea i?iaeou
?aeiino?oeoeee A?a/aneie ieiuaaee, oneeaiii aeeneooe?oaiua a i?anna e
n?aaee iaeanneoia. Nianaii e?oaeia caeaiea, e n 1996 aiaea iao oaea
aae?ana: A?a/aneay ieiuaaeue, 3/4, noa?ua Oi?aiaua ?yaeu. ?aeiino?oeoeey
A?a/aneie ieiuaaee (n o/anoeai a?a/aneeo niaoeeaeenoia) ia/aeanue.
3.3 IA?ACEEAANEAss OEEOeA
I A?eai?ee A?eai?ueaae/a Ia?acee (1831-1907), a /anoue eioi?iai a naia
a?aiy Iiaay oeeoea auea ia?aeiaiiaaia a Ia?aceeaaneoth, iiaanoaoao
ieieaoth?iue nai?iee noaoae i iai, iaoeaiaoa e eieeaeoeeiia?a, ecaeaiiue
a 1993 a. Iaeanneie ainoaea?noaaiiie iao/iie aeaeeioaeie eiaie I.
Ai?ueeiai e A?a/aneei Oiiaeii Eoeueoo?u a Iaeanna i?e iiaeaea?aeea
i?aceaeaioa A?aei-oe?aeineiai iauanoaa Eiaiiana Iieeo?iiiioeina.
A.A. Ia?acee, oaeiue niaaoiee, aeaniue Iaeanneie aeoiu, ai?iaeneie
aieiaa (1878-1895), aua i?e aeecie oniae iioiaeeoue, iiacaeeoue,
iiaeeoue ia oeeoea, iinyuae aai neaaiia eiy. Ii oia? a Iaeanna e aue
iia?aaai a a?a/aneie oea?eae Nayoie O?ieoeu ia Aeaoa?eieineie. Ca
aeia?ua aeaea Ia?acee aue iaa?aaeaeai anaie ?inneeneeie i?aeaiaie,
aeeth/ay i?aeai na. Aeaenaiae?a Iaaneiai, e iyoiaaeoeaoueth eiino?aiiuie
caacaeaie. I?e A.A.Ia?acee a aeieaeiinoe aieiau ai?iaea auea iino?iaia
Iaeanneay iia?a; ii ?oeiaiaeee no?ieoaeuenoaii caeaiey aeey ai?iaeneie
ioaee/iie aeaeeioaee (A?oaieiae/aneee iocae a Iaeanna); iiaea?oaiaae
ai?iaeo caeaiea aeey Iocay ecyuiuo eneonnoa (Nioeaaneay, 5a); iino?iee
aanieaoioth ia?iaeioth /eoaeueith n aoaeeoi?eyie ia Ia?anuie e
Neiaiaeea-?iiaiiaea (aeaeeioaea eiaie E. O?aiei); nii?oaeee a?a/aneoth
aiaaaeaeueith, ii/eaaeiue i?etho, aeaoneoth noieiaoth, caeaiey iiae
ia?iaeiua o/eeeua. A.A. Ia?acee auno?iee a iaiyoue i ?iaeeoaeyo o?ai
nayouo A?eai?ey e Cie ia Noa?iii?oio?aieianeie, noaneaee?iaae
no?ieoaeuenoai oea?eae Nayoie O?ieoeu. Ia naiae ia?iiiie aea/a (oaia?ue
naiaoi?ee ei. *eaeiaa) ii ioe?ue oeieo naaeiaiaenoaa n iiuoiie aacie ia
caiea, aio i?eiaaeeaaeaaoae.
I?ae?aniay ee/iay aeaeeioaea A.A. Ia?acee, aaeeeieaiiay eieeaeoeey
ea?oei e i?iecaaaeaiee aeaei?aoeaii-i?eeeaaeiiai eneonnoaa, nia?aiiay
ei, auee caaauaiu ai?iaeo. A.A. Ia?acee aeae n?aaenoaa aeey ia?aaiaea ia
a?a/aneee ycue anao eeanneeia ?onneie eeoa?aoo?u. Ii aai eieoeeaoeaa
auei iieo/aii ?ac?aoaiea aeanoae ia iiaeieneo aeey ono?ienoaa oiioaia n
athnoii A.N. Iooeeia, eioi?oth i?aaieciaaei neaayineia iauanoai eiaie
Ee?eeea e Iaoiaeey a Iaeanna. A 1889 aiaeo iaiyoiee aaeeeiio iiyoo,
nii?oaeaiiue ia n?aaenoaa a?aaeaeai Iaeannu, aue aicaeaeaioo ia
Ieeieaaaneii (iuia I?eii?neii) aoeueaa?a. A.A. Ia?acee, aoaeo/e
?oeiaiaeeoaeai e iiia/eoaeai iiiaeo eoeueoo?iuo e aeaaioai?eoaeueiuo
iauanoa a Iaeanna, nauoa ieeeeiia ?oaeae ec naieo ee/iuo n?aaenoa
?acaeae ioaeaeathueiny. I aai aeaaioai?eoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe a
A?aoeee iiaeii aanoe ioaeaeueiue ?acaiai?.
Naaiaeiyoiyy Iaeanna ?aaeoaony ainnoaiiaeaieth aeiieoya?ueneiai iacaaiey
iaeiie ec e?aneaaeoeo oeeoe ai?iaea — oeeoeu Ia?aceeaaneie. Eiaaea-oi
yoi auea Iiaay oeeoea, e cano?ieea eioi?ie aue aeai oie/ie i?eacaeii a
Iaeanno a 1875 a. eiia?aoi?a Aeaenaiae?a ??. A aai /anoue ia?iiiue ia?e
ia aa?aao ii?y aue iacaai Aeaenaiae?ianeei (ia?e ei. Oaa/aiei).
Oeeaeeeciaaiiue iaeee ia?ea, aeecinoue ii?y iiauneee oeaio caiaeueiuo
o/anoeia, i?eiueathueo e ia?eo. Iie auno?i ?aneoiaeenue ninoiyoaeueiuie
ethaeueie; auea aueiaeaia ioee/iay oi?oeiaay iinoiaay; iaauaaei oe?ieay
iaeii?yaeiay oeeoea cano?aeaaeanue aaeeeieaiiuie iniaiyeaie. A 1909
aiaeo eaeie-oi aa?ii eoiee iineaaeiee caiaeueiue o/anoie, ia eioi?ii
au?in iyoeyoaaeiue aeii ?40. Aeiio i?aaenoiyei noaoue enoi?e/aneei: a
1920 aiaeo a iai ?aniieiaeeeanue aoaa?ineay *?acau/aeiay eiiennee
(Aoa*E). A Aaeeeoth Ioa/anoaaiioth aieio ooiaeaiaioaeueiia caeaiea
ieeoie?iaaea oaoenoneay eiiaiaeaoo?a; 22 ieoya?y 1942 aiaea caeaiea n
iaeoaoaeyie auei aci?aaii ia?oecaiaie. A 1955-1956 aa. iii auei aiiaue
auno?iaii aeey ii?aoiaeiiai o/eeeua oaoie/aneiai oeioa, eioi?ia, noaa
Oaoie/aneei eieeaaeaeai, aei neo ii? aai caieiaao.
Aua a aeiniaaoneia a?aiy, ia?ooea ana ieaiu cano?ieee Iaeannu, oaa?eeaio
Iiaeeia caiye iiae eaiaoiia i?iecaiaenoai ia?iiiue o?aoeaa?oaeueiue
o/anoie, nioai?ea Eaiaoioth oeeoeo e i?aa?aoea oeeoeo Ia?aceeaaneoth a
ooieeiaoth.
Iaeanneoai anaaaea oioaeinue naa?a/ue i?aeanoue Ia?aceeaaneie. Caeanue,
a aeiia ?2, aeee Aeaenaiae? Eaaiiae/ Eoi?ei. A?oeoaeoi?u O. O?ioiyineee
e TH.Aeieo?aiei aicaeaeaee e?aneaia caeaiea (?34a) auaoaai
E?anoueyineiai aaiea, eioi?ia a ia/aea 30-oaiaeia oe?aneeinue ?inienyi e
a?oiiu ecaanoiuo ooaeiaeieeia (A. Ia?oao, E. Ianoa?iae e ae?.). Oaia?ue
a yoii caeaiee ?aniieaaaaony Aeai?aoe nooaeaioia. A 1913 a. aue
eioa?anii caaeoiai e iino?iai eiaeaia?ii O.E. Iaia naiue aunieee oiaaea
e Iaeanna aeii ?34, i?eiaaeeaaeaaoee Ia?aoeeno. A 1902-1913 aa.
ianeieueei aeiiia ia Ia?aceeaaneie oeeoea no?ieeenue ii i?iaeoai
ecaanoiuo iaeanneeo a?oeoaeoi?ia I. Eeiaoeeiai, Ae.Iace?iaa,
ss.Aieueaeiiaa?aa, A. I?ioacee. E niaeaeaieth, ?ooaony oieeaeueiua
no?iaiey eiioea XIX aaea, i?iaeou eioi?uo nicaeaaaee A. Aa?ia?aeaoeoee,
A. Eaaeieueneee e ae?oaea.
Oai ia iaiaa, nio?aiiinoue oeeoeu Ia?aceeaaneie inoaaony a oeaio?a
aieiaiey i?annu, ai?iaeneiai aieiau (eieeaae iieieiiai A.A. Ia?acee),
aethaeaiiuo a naie ai?iae iaeanneoia.
Ia?aeiaiiauaay Iiaoth oeeoeo a oeeoeo Ia?aceeaaneoth, Ai?iaeneay aeoia
Iaeannu auneacaea iiaeaeaiea aicaeaeaiooue iaiyoiee A.A. Ia?acee. Aue
caeacai i?iaeo e aua?aii ianoi: ia?aae ia?yaeiui aieiaui oanaaeii Iia?u.
Ii iaiyoieea A.A. Ia?acee a Iaeanna iao, a i?iaeo aai, auiieiaiiue
ciaiaieoui iaeanneei neoeueioi?ii A.A.Yaeoa?aenii ( 1860-1924), iiaeii
oaeaeaoue eeoue a ioaeaea eneonnoa aeaeeioaee ei. Ai?ueeiai eee a
iaeanoiii a?oeaa. Aiciiaeii, eiaaea-ieaoaeue i?iaeoo noaeaeaii
inouanoaeoueny: oioaeinue au, /oiau a naiii ia/aea Ia?aceeaaneie oeeoeu,
ia ecyuiie eieiiia, eae caaeoiae A.A. Yaeoa?aea, aue onoaiiaeai athno
A.A.Ia?acee — eeoeii e oeeoea, iinyuae aai eiy.
3.4 A?EAAeEss
A?eaaeey iiyaeeanue, eiaaea Iaeanna oaea auea. Ii neiaai A.I.Aea?eaana
(1856-1937), iia ia/aeanue n ea/oae ia aunieii aa?aao, iino?iaiiie
eaeei-oi aaaeiui ?uaaeii ec a?aeia. Anee eoi-eeai i?enaaeeaaeny o aoiaea
a ea/oao, /oiau ioaeioiooue, ii iiaeic?eoaeueii ?acaeyaeuaae iai?ioaiiai
ainoy, iioii iie/a aeinoaaae ec iia?aaa aooueeo ianoiyuaai naioi?eineiai
aeia.
E eiioeo iicai?ioeiai aaea, ii neiaai A.I. Eaoaaaa (1897-1986), oaea
auea A?eaaeey: «…?anoi?ai ia naayo, ?aeiaeia aeey i?eano?a,
?aciioeaaoiua ciioeee, neaoa?oe, ii eioi?ui aaaeeo aaoa?…»
O?ainoi?iaoeey oaiaie ea/oae a iiaeiue aea/iue i?eai?iae naycaia n
/ooueai e oaaoeie aee?aeoi?a iaeanneiai aaaionoaa aaeueaeeneiai
aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa eiiii-aeaeaciuo aei?ia a-ia Eaiauea. Eiay
eiithoie ia Iaeii Oiioaia e iinoiyiii iinauay eo, Eaiauea auniio?ae
iaoe?ioth i?ea?aaeioth eiaeaeio, aaea a aao?aioth iiaiaeo auei oeoi, a
nieioea a?aei neeueiaa. Aieiu noaiiiai aicaeooa niaoeaaeenue caeanue ni
naaaeanoueth ?acaeaaaoeony i neaeu ii?neeo aiei, e yoio aicaeooiue
eieoaeeue ianeacaiii aiae?ee iaeeiieeo ethaeoaeae caai?iaeiuo i?iaoeie.
Eaiauea noae aeaenoaiaaoue: ii oaeeeiee noa?oth eeieth eiiiiai o?aiaay,
oaaee/ee enoiaeioth ieaoo ca aeeao, ii aanieaoii ia?anaaeeaae
iannaaee?ia, /oiau aeiaacoe eo aei «aea/e A?eaaeey». Eaiauea e aicaeaea
ia?aue a A?eaaeee ?anoi?ai aeey ainoae ec Iaeannu.
Oaia?ue — ia eiaie i?eai?iaea. A?eaaeey — /anoue iieoino?iaa Iaeiiiiian
ia?yaeo n Aoaeae, Yeeaeie, Eaeiieaeie, A?aieeaeie, Ei?eioeae e
Neeeiieae. Oaea a ae?aaiea a?aiaia eaeeeee/aneay iiycey i?aa?aoeea
enoi?e/aneoth A?eaaeeth a auiuoeaiioth no?aio aania/iuo e n/anoeeauo a
ethaae ianoooia e ianoooae.
A?eaaeey — aeaaeaiiay no?aia aeey ae?aaieo a?aeia, ?ae ia eiia i?e?iaeu.
I?ieaeoo aaea, e ai iiiaeo no?aiao Aa?iiu noaiao iiaeiui iacuaaoue
caai?iaeiua aeeeu, ooiaeaiiua ia?ee, e?aneaua onaaeueau e i?aaeianouey —
«A?eaaeeae».
N eaaeie ?oee Eaiauea, a A?eaaeee iiae Iaeannie noaee ioe?uaaoue
oaanaeeoaeueiua caaaaeaiey: ?anoi?aiu aeey aiaaouo, iaeaiueeea ieaiua —
aeey aaaeiuo. Acaei?iaeaaoay caiey ieaaii nioneaeanue e ii?th, e
iinoaiaiii iia ?aneoiaeanue e cano?aeaaeanue caai?iaeiuie aeiiaie aiieia
aa?iiaeneiai oeia. O?aioeocneee aoeueaa? n aiaaouie iniaiyeaie e
Iiai-A?eaaeeeneay aei?iaa (n 1969 a. — i?iniaeo O.A. Oaa/aiei) aei neo
ii? niaaeeiytho n oeaio?ii Iaeannu noa?eiioth, ii ianoa?athuoth
A?eaaeeth, e?aneaaeoee ?aeii naiaoi?eaa, ieyaeae, eiioea?oiuo caeia,
aoo?aeoeeiiia, aeeneioae, nii?oeaiuo eiiieaenia, ecoi?oaeiuo aaciiia e
neiaai ii?y.
Oaeiaa enoi?ey ianeieueeeo iee?ioiiiieiia Iaeannu a?a/aneiai
i?ienoiaeaeaiey.
CAEETH*AIEA
Eoae, iu aeaeei, eaeia ia?iiiia cia/aiea eiaee aeey Oe?aeiu
a?aee-ia?anaeaioeu. Iiaeii ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi oe?aeineay eoeueoo?a
oi?ie?iaaeanue /anoe/ii ia iniiaa a?a/aneie. Yeeeiu inoaaeee iai
ainoeoeoaeueiua ii e?anioa ai?iaea, iie aeeeenue a iaoo enoi?eth e
inoaeenue aa iaiouaieeiie /anoueth.
I/aiue aeaeue, /oi a iaoa a?aiy iu ia eiaai oaniuo yeiiiie/aneeo,
iieeoe/aneeo naycae n A?aoeeae, /oi nouanoaoao i/aiue iaei i?ia?aii ii
iaiaio iaaeaeo oeieueieeaie, niaoeeaeenoaie e o.i., /oi iu i/aiue iaei
ciaai i eoeueoo?a nia?aiaiiie A?aoeee, aa o?aaeeoeeyo e iau/ayo.
Ii aoaeai iaaeayoueny, /oi aeaenoaothuea a iaaeo no?aiao nithcu e
iauanoaa, iauaaeeiythuea aeaa ia?iaea, a aeaeueiaeoai niiaoo iieoe
aeaeueoa – ioe?uoue iai ie? oaeeaeoaeueiie nia?aiaiiie A?aoeee, e, a
naith i/a?aaeue, iieacaoue a?a/aneiio ia?iaeo iaoo oieeaeueioth
eoeueoo?o.
EEOA?AOO?A
1. Oaia a?a/aneia eiy. – Iaeanna: «Aeaa neiia», 2001. – 160 n.
2. Eaaaiaeu e ieou Ae?aaiae A?aoeee – Oa?ueeia: IAI «Oa?ueeianeay
eieaeiay oaa?eea «Aeiaon»», 2006. – 480 n.
3. Aaeeea ?noi??y Oe?a?ie: O 2-o oiiao. – Oii ??./Ia?aaei. Ae-?a ?.I.
E?eiyeaaa/a; ceaaeea I.Aieoaaoeue. – E.: Aeiaon, 1993. – 400 n.
4. Naiue /oaean naaoa e ae?oaea. – I.: Ciaiea, 1983. – 208 n.
5. O.Ieoeoa “?iaeaeaiea o?aaaaeee, eee Yeeeinoai e aa?aa?noai”, Ni/ a
2-o o., I., 1990
6. www.ancgreece.com
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