Ioieoeeiaeueiia n?aaeiaa ia?aciaaoaeueiia o/?aaeaeaiea «Oeiea ? 18»
ai?iaeneiai ie?oaa ai?iae Naeaaao ?anioaeeee Aaoei?oinoai
?aoa?ao
ia oaio “Ai?iaeaoeeay ?inienue”
Auiieieea ?aaioo:
o/aieoea 9. Ae eeanna
Oeoeeia Aeeoi?ey.
a. Naeaaao – 2010 a.
Ai?iaeaoeeay ?inienue
Ia eaaii aa?aao Aieae, /ooue auoa Ieaeiaai Iiaai?iaea, ?aneeioeinue
aieueoia naei Ai?iaeaoe, iniiaaiiia aua a XII aaea. Ianoa ii aa?aaai
Aieae auee auaiaeiua aeey ?acaeoey oi?aiaee – ?yaeii Iaea?ueaaneay,
e?oiiaeoay a ?innee, y?ia?ea. Iiyoiio n?aaee ianaeaiey noaee auno?i
?acaeaaoueny ?aciua ?aianea: a naiii Ai?iaeoea auee e eociaoeu, e
i?yie/ieee, e e?aneeueueee. Iniaaiii aea iiiai auei ieioieeia e ?ac/eeia
ii aea?aao: ean aeaaae aeaoaaue iaoa?eae, I?iiuneii oaeaea caieiaeenue e
e?anoueyia anao ie?anoiuo aea?aaaiue aie?oa Ai?iaeoea: iaeie au?acaee
eiaeee, ae?oaea oi/eee ienee e /aoee, a o?aouee ecaioiaeyee i?oaeey
o?oaea aeey i?yaeaiey e oea/anoaa. Ia caaieaeneeo caieyo oi?ioi ?iaeeeny
eai, aeaiueiu i?yee ieoee e oeaee oienou ia i?iaeaaeo, iiyoiio ?ac/eeai
e aeeaiienoeai ?aaiou oaaoaei.
Ca ei?ioeee i?iiaaeooie a?aiaie ooaeiaeieee a niaa?oainoaa iaeaaeaee
aeeaiieniui ianoa?noaii. Oioy ecia?aaeaiey nio?aiytho a iniiaiii
ieineinoiie oa?aeoa?, aianoi naaoioaie ana aieueooth ?ieue ia/eiatho
ea?aoue ia?aoiaeiua iooaiee e iaeeaee. Iaoeinoue e aeaeinoue eeiee,
oiieinoue oo?eoa, oaa?aiiinoue e eaaeinoue iacea ii?ie a?aie/ao n
ae?ooiciinoueth. Ecaeaeey iaaieueoiai ?acia?a eee ooeeeoa?iiai
iacia/aiey (nieiiea, noiaeo/ie aeey aeaoneeo ea?ooae), eae i?aaeei,
?anienaiu ?anoeoaeueiuie oci?aie, a eioi?uo aaeuie oo?eoaie ?acaeaeaiu
oeaaoie ?icu, eenouey, aaoee, iia?aiea ioeoe. A aeaei?aoeaiuo iaiii
nthaeao /aua anaai ?acaa?ouaaaony oi a aeaa-o?e y?ona, oi a ianeieueeeo
noeaiao, oi a aaeeiie aeaei?aoeaiie ea?oeia. Ethaee ecia?aaeathony a
einothiao, nio?aiythueo /a?ou iaeaaeaeu i?ioeiai noieaoey. Anee
aeaenoaea i?ienoiaeeo aioo?e caeaiey, oi eioa?uea? iiiauaiee iaiiieiaao
eaeoth-oi noa?eiioth a?oeoaeoo?o n i?e/oaeeeauie eieiiiaie, a?eaie, a
naiaiaeiia i?ino?ainoai caiieiyaony ?anoeoaeueiuie i?iaiaioaie. Ana
nicaeaao aia/aoeaiea i?acaeiinoe, ia?yaeiinoe io eiio?anoia e?anie e io
oaioacee.
Naaiaeiy o?aaeeoeeiiiue ia?iaeiue ooaeiaeanoaaiiue i?iiunae
“Ai?iaeaoeeay ?inienue” ?acaeaaaony a enoi?e/anee neiaeeaoeiny oeaio?a
aa aicieeiiaaiey e auoiaaiey, eae eneonnoai ioi?ieaiey ieineeo
iiaa?oiinoae. Ia ioaeaeathuayny a oa?iiia?aaioea ?inienue iicaieyao
ianoa?ai eniieueciaaoue naiua ?aciiia?aciua oi?iu, oeaaoa, iooaiee.
Aiaaonoai aa iaeeo?u aani?aaeaeueii e aio oaea 60 eao ianoa?a oaa?eee
“Ai?iaeaoeeay ?inienue” nio?aiytho e ?acaeaatho o?aaeeoeee yoiai
ia?iaeiiai ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai i?iiunea.
Ai?iaeaoeeay ?inienue ii aea?aao, o?aaeeoeeiiiue ooaeiaeanoaaiiue
i?iiunae, iieo/eaoee ?acaeoea a na?aaeeia 19 aaea a aea?aaiyo ii ?aea
Ociea a ie?anoiinoyo Ai?iaeoea Ieaeaai?iaeneie iaeanoe.
Aicieeiiaaiea ?iniene aa?ao ia/aei a i?iecaiaenoaa Ai?iaeaoeeeo
i?yei/iuo aeiiaoe, eie?onoe?iaaiiuo ii?aiui aeoaii e oe?aoaiiuo
eiioo?iie ?acueaie. A ioee/ea io oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo i?yeie,
auoanaiiuo ec aaeeiiai aea?aayiiiai iiiieeoa, Ai?iaeaoeeea i?yeee
ninoiyee ec aeaoo /anoae: aeiioea e a?aaiy. Aeiioea i?aaenoaaeyei niaie
oe?ieoth aeineo, noaeeaathuothny e aieiaea n «eiiueeii» ie?aieaeaeueiie
oi?iu, a ioaa?noea eioi?iai anoaaeyeanue iiaeea a?aaiy. Eiaaea ia i?yeea
ia ?aaioaee, a?aaaiue auieiaeny ec eiiueea, e aeiioea aaoaeinue ia
noaio, noaiiaynue naiaia?aciui aeaei?aoeaiui iaiii.
A na?aaeeia i?ioeiai aaea ianoa?a noaee iaeeaeyoue eie?onoe?iaaiiua
aeiioea nia/aea oieueei iiaee?aneie oiia, caoai ?acueau, a aiineaaenoaee
e aaaaeaieai e?ani/iuo nthaeaoiuo ?enoieia. Naiia ?aiiaa iiaeiaiia
aeiioea, nio?aieaoaany aei iaoeo aeiae, auei ecaioiaeaii ianoa?ii
Eaca?ai Iaeueieeiaui a 1859 aiaeo. Iinoaiaiii ?inienue, oaoiieiae/anee
aieaa i?inoay, ieii/aoaeueii auoanieea o?oaeiaieoth eie?onoaoeeth.
A ?inienue Ai?iaeaoeeea ianoa?a ia?aianee ia oieueei nthaeaou, ?aiaa
eniieuecoaiua a eie?onoaoeee, ii e iaiauaiioth o?aeoiaeo ia?acia,
iiaeneacaiioth i?eaiaie ?acueau. A ?iniene eniieueciaaeenue y?eea ni/iua
e?anee e?aniiai, aeaeoiai, caeaiiai, /a?iiai oeaaoia, caiaoaiiua ia
aeeaeeii noiey?iii eeaa. Ni a?aiaiai anni?oeiaio ?anoe?eeny; iiieii
o?aaeeoeeiiiuo i?yei/iuo aeiiaoe noaee ecaioiaeyoue e ?anienuaaoue
ei?iaa-ii/anieee, aea?aayiiua ea?ooee, iaaaeue, aeaaea /anoe aeiia
noaaie, aeaa?e, ai?ioa. A 1880 aiaeo a i?iiunea auei caaeaenoaiaaii
ieiei 70 /aeiaae ec naie ninaaeieo aea?aaaiue. A /enea noa?aeoeo
ianoa?ia, noaaoeo ca/eiaoaeyie Ai?iaeaoeeie ?iniene, nio?aieeenue eiaia
a?aoueaa Iaeueieeiauo e A. Iieyeiaa, iicaea e iei i?eniaaeeieeenue
aeeaiienoeu, nio?aieaoea nae?aou i?iiunea a ia/aea 20 aaea E. A. Iacei,
O. N. E?aniiy?ia, O. Aaeyaa, E. A. Noiaeoeia.
Iinoaiaiii au?aaioaeenue naiiauoiua i?eaiu Ai?iaeaoeeie ?iniene, ii
naiae iiiaiyoaiiinoe aeeceea e i?ioanneiiaeueiie aeeaiiene.
Ia?aiia/aeueii i?iecaiaeeony ie?anea oiia, eioi?ay yaeyaony e
a?oioiaeie. Ii oeaaoiiio oiio ianoa? aeaeaao «iiaeiaeaaie», iaiiny
e?oiiie eenoueth iniiaiua oeaaoiaua iyoia, iinea /aai aieaa oiieeie
eenoyie iiaeaee?oao oo?eoaie oi?io. Caeai/eaaao ?inienue «?acaeeaea»
aaeeeaie e /a?iui oeaaoii, iauaaeeiythuay ?enoiie a iaeii oeaeia.
Aioiaue nthaeao iau/ii caeeth/atho a a?aoe/aneoth ?aii/eo eee iaaiaeeo.
A Ai?iaeaoeeie ?iniene nouanoaoao iiiai i?inoaeoeo i?iaiaioaeueiuo
iioeaia ?icu-eoiaaee, aooiiu, o?aaee.
N ?acaeoeai i?iiunea cia/eoaeueii iaiaaoeeenue e nthaeaou ?iniene,
caeinoaiaaiiua, aeaeeii, ec eoai/iuo ea?oeiie. Iiieii o?aaeeoeeiiiuo
eiiae iiyaeeenue /aaieoey, aoeyiuey, noeaiee ec ai?iaeneie aeecie,
ia?niiaaee ia?iaeiuo neacie, aaoaeueiua noeaiu, iaaayiiua
?onnei-oo?aoeeie aieiie.
Ai?iaeaoeeee i?iiunae i?inouanoaiaae ieiei iyoeaeanyoe eao. Aai ?anoeaao
i?eoiaeeony ia 1890-a aiaeu, eiaaea au?aaioea aeiiaoe aeioiaeeea aei 4
ouny/ a aiae, ii oaea e ia/aeo 20 aaea i?iiunae i?eoae a oiaaeie. Iinea
I ie?iaie aieiu ?anieniia i?iecaiaenoai iieiinoueth i?ae?aoeeinue, e
aeaaea naiua ciaiaieoua aeeaiienoeu auee auioaeaeaiu eneaoue eiie
ca?aaioie.
Aic?iaeaeaiea Ai?iaeaoeeie ?iniene naycaii n eiaiai ooaeiaeieea E. E.
Iaaoeiaa, i?eaoaaoaai a Ai?ueeianeoth iaeanoue a 1935 aiaeo ec Caai?nea.
Aai noa?aieyie a aea?aaia Eineiai auea ioe?uoa iauanoaaiiay ianoa?neay,
iauaaeeieaoay noa?uo aeeaiienoeaa. Iaaoeia i?eiye ia naay ia oieueei
?oeiaiaenoai ?aaioie ianoa?neie, ii e i?aaieciaae i?ioanneiiaeueiia
iao/aiea ooaeiaeieeia. I?e aai iaiin?aaenoaaiiii o/anoee ia/aeinue
?anoe?aiea anni?oeiaioa ?anieniuo ecaeaeee oeaooeee, ianoaiiua oeao/eee
aeey iinoaeu, aeaoneea nooeue/eee, neeaaeiua oe?iu. A 1937 aiaeo
Ai?iaeaoeeea ianoa?a o/anoaiaaee a aunoaaea «Ia?iaeiia oai?/anoai»,
i?ioiaeeaoae a O?aoueyeianeie aaea?aa a Iineaa, aaea ?yaeii n aeiioeaie
19 aaea aeaiiino?e?iaaeenue nia?aiaiiua ecaeaeey
A 1951 aiaeo a naea Eo?oeaai auea ioe?uoa noiey?ii-iaaaeueiay a?oaeue
«Noaoaiiaaoe», eioi?oth aicaeaaee iioiinoaaiiue Ai?iaeaoeeee aeeaiienaoe
A. A. Eiiiaaeia. A?oaeue caiyeanue ecaioiaeaieai iaaaee n iioeaaie
o?aaeeoeeiiiie ?iniene oeaoia, ooiai/ae, oaao?aoia, noieeeia;
anni?oeiaio iinoiyiii ?anoe?yeny. A 1960 aiaeo a?oaeue i?aia?aciaaeanue
a oaa?eeo «Ai?iaeaoeeay ?inienue».
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy oaa?eea auioneaao ?anieniua ea?ooee-ea/aeee, aeaoneoth
iaaaeue, aeaei?aoeaiua iaiii, aethaea, oiea?ioth iinoaeo. Oioy
eciaieeinue ooieoeeiiaeueiia iacia/aiea Ai?iaeaoeeeo ecaeaeee, a eo
?iniene nio?aieeenue o?aaeeoeeiiiua iioeau e ia?acu, aeeeiiiiiaea eiie,
anaaeieee, aieoaaiua ioeoeu, oeaaou-eoiaaee.
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