OOIEOeEE EOEUeOO?U
Eoeueoo?a i?aaenoaao ia eae iaai? ioaea/aiiuo i?eioeeiia, neiaieia,
oeaiiinoae, ii?i. A yoie oaia ?anniao?eaaaony ?aaeueiia auoea eoeueoo?u;
eae iia i?iyaeyaony a aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea, a aai acaeiiioiioaieyo n
i?e?iaeie e iauanoaii, a ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo ethaeueie. I?e eco/aiee yoie
aeaau iaiaoiaeeii oynieoue, a /ai caeeth/aaony aaeeinoai e ?acee/ea
iaaeaeo eoeueoo?ie e i?e?iaeie, eaeiai niaea?aeaiea oaeeo iiiyoee, eae
“yeieiae/aneay i?iaeaia”, “yeieiaey”, “yeieiae/aneay eoeueoo?a”,
“yeieiae/aneay yoeea”, ciaoue e?oiiaeoeo iuneeoaeae, eioi?ua caieiaeenue
yoeie aii?inaie. Neaaeoao onaieoue, eae niioiinyony iiiyoey
“nioeeaeecaoeey” e “eieoeueoo?aoeey”, “eoeueoo?a” e “iauanoai”, eaeoth
?ieue ea?aao eoeueoo?a a aeecie /aeiaaea e iauanoaa; eae
?ac?aaaouaaeanue a enoi?ee oeeinioee i?iaeaia niioiioaiey eoeueoo?u e
oeeaeeecaoeee.
· EOEUeOO?A E I?E?IAeA. YEIEIAEss E YEIEIAE*ANEAss EOEUeOO?A
· EOEUeOO?A E EE*IINOUe. NIOeEAEECAOeEss E EIEOEUeOO?AOeEss
· EOEUeOO?A E IAUANOAI. NIOeEAEUeIUA OOIEOeEE EOEUeOO?U
· IIIssOEA OeEAEEECAOeEE. EOEUeOO?A E OeEAEEECAOeEss
1. EOEUeOO?A E I?E?IAeA. YEIEIAEss E YEIEIAE*ANEAss
EOEUeOO?A
A oe?ieii niunea neiaa i?e?iaea – yoi ana nouanoaothuaa, aanue ie? a
iiiaiia?acee aai oi?i. A oceii niunea neiaa i?e?iaea – yoi niaieoiiinoue
anoanoaaiiuo oneiaee nouanoaiaaiey /aeiaa/aneiai iauanoaa. I?e
?anniio?aiee iaoae oaiu iu aoaeai enoiaeeoue ec aoi?iai, aieaa oceiai e
aieaa oiio?aaeoaeueiiai iiiyoey i?e?iaeu. Iiniio?ei, eae niioiinyony
eoeueoo?a e i?e?iaea, /ai iie ioee/athony e eae acaeiinaycaiu?
Oaea a aeoaieie ae?aaiinoe /aeiaae a oeaeyo auaeeaaiey ia oieueei
i?eniinaaeeaaeny e n?aaea iaeoaiey, ii e, a ioee/ea io aeeaioiuo,
i?eniinaaeeaae i?e?iaeo aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey naieo, ana aic?anoathueo
iio?aaiinoae. Ec i?e?iaeiiai iaoa?eaea ii nicaeaaae i?oaeey o?oaea,
i?aaeiaou auoa, no?iee aeeeeua. *aeiaae i?e?o/ae aeeeeo aeeaioiuo,
aicaeaeuaae ii/ao, au?aueaae ia iae eoeueoo?iua ?anoaiey. A ?acoeueoaoa
i?aia?aciaaiey anoanoaaiiie, i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu /aeiaae aicaae
eneonnoaaiioth n?aaeo naiaai iaeoaiey. “Aoi?ay”, nicaeaiiay /aeiaaeii
i?e?iaea e iacuaaaony eoeueoo?ie. *aeiaae inaaeaae i?e?iaeo ia oieueei
ia ooeeeoa?ii-i?aeoe/aneii, ii e ia aeooiaii-oai?aoe/aneii o?iaia. A
?acoeueoaoa aicieeee oaeea yaeaiey eoeueoo?u, eae ieoieiaey, ?aeeaey,
eneonnoai, iaoea.
I?e?iaea e eoeueoo?a – yoi aeeaeaeoe/aneea i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoe. N iaeiie
noi?iiu, eoeueoo?a i?ioeainoieo i?e?iaea, iineieueeo yoi eneonnoaaiiay,
a ia anoanoaaiiay n?aaea iaeoaiey /aeiaaea. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, eoeueoo?a
iaoiaeeony a aaeeinoaa n i?e?iaeie, iineieueeo a iniiaa aa eaaeeo
i?e?iaeiue yeaiaio. E yoiio neaaeoao aeiaaaeoue, /oi i?e?iaea aunooiaao
i?aaeiinueeie e oneiaeai nouanoaiaaiey eoeueoo?u. I?e?iaeiay n?aaea
ieacuaaao aeeyiea ia oa?aeoa? caiyoee, niiniau aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea,
iauanoaaiiia ?acaeaeaiea o?oaea, oaiiu ?acaeoey iaoa?eaeueiie eoeueoo?u,
oa?aeoa? auoiaie eoeueoo?u, naiaia?acea eneonnoaa. A ?innee, no?aia,
aiaaoie eanaie, iieo/eee oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea eeiiiienue e
aea?aayiiia ciae/anoai, a a A?aoeee – eaiaiiay neoeueioo?a e eaiaiiia
ciae/anoai.
Iiniio?ei, eae aeeytho ia eoeueoo?o ioaeaeueiua ninoaaeythuea i?e?iaeiie
n?aaeu. Aeaaii ia?auaeinue aieiaiea ia oi, /oi eeeiao aeeyao ia
?aaioiniiniaiinoue, yia?ae/iinoue ethaeae. AEa?eee eeeiao nie?auaao
a?aiy aeoeaiie aeayoaeueiinoe, oieiaeiue eeeiao, iaiai?io, o?aaoao io
/aeiaaea i/aiue aieueoeo oneeee aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey aeecie. A ?aaioa “I
aeooa caeiiia” o?aioeocneee i?inaaoeoaeue O. Iiioaneuea (1689 – 1755)
ienae i oii, /oi “ia?iaeu aea?eeo eeeiaoia ?iaee, eae noa?eee; ia?iaeu
oieiaeiuo eeeiaoia ioaaaeiu, eae thiioe”.
Aaaeiia cia/aiea eiaao oa?aeoa? ii/au. Ieiaei?iaeea ii/a a ni/aoaiee n
aeaaii?eyoiui eeeiaoii nicaeaao oneiaey aeey i?ia?anna ia?iaea, ia ieo
i?iaeeaathuaai, aeeyao ia oaiiu ?acaeoey iaoa?eaeueiie eoeueoo?u,
iauanoaa a oeaeii. Ia iaiueoaa cia/aiea eiaao ?aeueao ianoiinoe. ?aeueao
ianoiinoe aeeyao ia aini?eyoea /aeiaaeii i?ino?ainoaa, iuouaiea ?eoia
aeecie. Iineaaeiaa i?iyaeyaony, a /anoiinoe, a auno?uo e no?aieoaeueiuo
ieyneao ai?oeaa, i?iaeeaathueo ia aa?aaao ao?iuo ?ae e n?aaee aunieeo
ai?. Aaia?aoe/aneee ?aeueao, iaee/ea ai?, ?ae, ionouiue iiaeao noaoue
anoanoaaiiie iai?iieoaeueiie nenoaiie aeey oiai eee eiiai ia?iaea. I. A.
Ni?ieei n/eoae, /oi i?e?iaeiua oneiaey ieacuaatho aeeyiea ia oa?aeoa?
iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu. Ii iieaaae, /oi aeaiie?aoe/aneea nenoaiu iieo/eee
?acaeoea a no?aiao, eiathueo caueoiua anoanoaaiiua a?aieoeu (Oaaeoea?ee,
Eneaiaeee), a a no?aiao, eiathueo ioe?uoua a?aieoeu, iiaeaa?aeaiiui
iaaaaai, ia ?aiieo yoaiao aicieeea neeueiay aaniethoenoneay aeanoue.
Aaia?aoe/aneee oaeoi? aeeyao e ia naiaia?acea iaioaeeoaoa, oa?aeoa?a
ia?iaea. Ia?aaeei ia?iaeu, aeeaouea a iaiaa aeaaii?eyoiuo oneiaeyo, auee
auioaeaeaiu au?aaaouaaoue a naaa oaeoth eoeueoo?o i?iecaiaenoaa e
nenoaio nioeeaeueiuo naycae, eioi?ua iicaieyee ei auaeeaaoue e aeaaea
i?ioeaaoaoue. Eoeueoo?a yoeo ia?iaeia auaiaeii ioee/aaony o?oaeiethaeai,
ianoie/eainoueth, niei/aiiinoueth. E iaiai?io, iaiaei ia?iaeia,
i?iaeeaathueo a aeaaii?eyoiuo oneiaeyo, ieacuaathony “eciaaeaiiuie”, a
eo o?aaeeoeeyo a iaiueoae noaiaie aeaeaaony aeoeaio ia niei/aiiinoe e
o?oaeiethaee.
I. A. Aa?aeyaa a naieo ?aaioao “?onneay eaeay”, “Enoiee e niune ?onneiai
eiiioiecia” iieacuaaao aeeyiea i?e?iaeiiai oaeoi?a ia oi?ie?iaaiea
oa?aeoa?a ?onneiai ia?iaea. Ii i?iaiaeeo aiaeiaeth iaaeaeo aaia?aoeae
oece/aneie e ineoe/aneie. Ii iiaieth Aa?aeyaaa, “iaecaae aeooe” ?onneiai
/aeiaaea iaiiieiaao iaecaae oie caiee, ia eioi?ie iia oi?ie?iaaeanue: oa
aea iaiauyoiinoue, ionoonoaea eaeeo-eeai i?aaeaeia, ono?aieaiiinoue a
aaneiia/iia, oe?ioa. I?e?iaeiua iniaaiiinoe ?aaeiia, cae?aieyynue a
eoeueoo?a, ia?aoatho onoie/eainoue. Aeaaiaea?y yoiio iie iiaoo
i?iyaeyoueny /a?ac iiiai iieieaiee e a niaa?oaiii ae?oaie i?e?iaeiie
n?aaea. I?eia? oiio – aicaaaeaiea aea?aayiiuo eca ?onneeie
ia?anaeaioeaie a aaceaniuo noaiyo thaa ?innee e Eacaonoaia.
Aaia?aoe/aneee oaeoi? nua?ae cia/eoaeueioth ?ieue ia ia/aeueiuo yoaiao
oi?ie?iaaiey e ?acaeoey eoeueoo?u oiai eee eiiai ia?iaea. A aeaeueiaeoai
ii ia?a ?acaeoey /aeiaaea eae nioeeaeueiiai e eoeueoo?iiai noauaeoa
aeeyiea aaia?aoe/aneiai oaeoi?a ia eoeueoo?ioth aeeciue ineaaaaaao.
Aic?anoaao cia/aiea ae?oaeo oaeoi?ia: yeiiiie/aneiai, iieeoe/aneiai,
eoeueoo?iuo o?aaeeoeee, enoi?e/aneiai iiuoa. Iiaeii i?eaanoe iaiaei
i?eia?ia, iiaeoaa?aeaeathueo yoi. Nioeeaeueiia ono?ienoai e eoeueoo?a
ia?iaeia, aeeaoueo a aiaeiae/iuo i?e?iaeiuo oneiaeyo, e aeaaea eiathueo
iauea yoie/aneea ei?ie, iiaoo nouanoaaiii ioee/aoueny. Naeaeaoaeuenoaii
oiio yaeythony nioeeieoeueoo?iua ?acee/ey aeaoo naieoneeo ia?iaeia:
a?aaia e aa?aaa. Iiaeiaiia iiaeii iaia?oaeeoue e n?aaee oth?eneeo eee
neaayineeo ia?iaeia.
Oaeei ia?acii, eoeueoo?a ii ia?a ?acaeoey ia?aoaao ii?aaeaeaiioth
iacaaeneiinoue, naiinoiyoaeueiinoue, aaoiiiiiinoue io i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu.
Yoa aaoiiiiiinoue i?iyaeyaony e a oii, /oi ?acaeoea eoeueoo?u
i?ienoiaeeo cia/eoaeueii auno?aa, /ai ?acaeoea i?e?iaeu. Eoeueoo?iua
ia?aai?iou e ?aaiethoeee (a iaoea, oaoieea, eneonnoaa e ae?.)
i?ienoiaeeee i?e ioiineoaeueii iaeciaiiuo i?e?iaeiuo oneiaeyo e ia auee
naycaiu n ieie iaiin?aaenoaaiii. Oaeei ia?acii, i?e anae aaaeiinoe
aaia?aoe/aneiai oaeoi?a aai ia neaaeoao aaniethoece?iaaoue. Yoi aaaeiue,
ii ia aaeeinoaaiiue, a ia nia?aiaiiii yoaia e ia ii?aaeaeythuee oaeoi?
?acaeoey eoeueoo?u. Iu iieacaee, eaeia aeeyiea i?e?iaea ieacuaaao ia
?acaeoea eoeueoo?u. Oaia?ue i?ineaaeei ia?aoioth noi?iio yoie
acaeiinayce: eae eoeueoo?a aeeyao ia i?e?iaeo. Iiaeii auaeaeeoue aeaa
a?oiiu oeaiiinoiuo onoaiiaie a ioiioaiee e i?e?iaea, eioi?ua
aeiieie?iaaee a iauanoaaiiii niciaiee a ioaeaeueiua enoi?e/aneea
ia?eiaeu. Ia?aay nenoaia oeaiiinoae auea oa?aeoa?ia aeey eoeueoo?
ae?aaiaai ie?a. Iia ?anniao?eaaea /aeiaaea a aaeeinoaa n i?e?iaeie.
Iniiaie ie?iaicc?aiey ae?aaiaai ie?a aue einiioeaio?eci, eioi?ue
o?aaiaae io /aeiaaea aeeoue a aa?iiiee, niaeanee n i?e?iaeie, ia ia?ooay
aa caeiiia. Ae?aaiaa?a/aneee oeeinio Aa?aeeeo (540 – 480 aa. aei i. y.)
n/eoae, /oi a ie?a aeaenoaoao iauaeoeaiue iaoie/oiaeeiue caeii,
iacaaiiue ei Eiainii. Auoue ioae?uie aeey ethaeae – cia/eo aeeoue ii
Eiaino.
Ae?aaiaeeoaeneee oeeinio, iniiaaoaeue aeainecia, Eai-oecu (VI – V aa.
aei i. y.) n/eoae, /oi /aeiaae ia aeieaeai ia?ooaoue anoanoaaiiue oiae
niauoee, ii aeieaeai aeeoue a niaeanee n i?e?iaeie, neaaeiaaoue iooe
aeai. Eai-oecu iieaaae, /oi ie? iiaeiaai oaeinoaaiiiio ninoaeo, e
eioi?iio iaeuecy i?eeiniooueny; e oio, eoi ia?ooaao caeiiu aeai,
iiaeaaao ?aiueoa a?aiaie. A ae?aaieo eoeueoo?ao i?e?iaea auea iauaeoii
iieeiiaiey, ii/eoaiey, iaiaeanoaeaiey. A aeainecia iia iaaeaeyeanue
anaie niaa?oainoaaie, aeaaea i?aanoaaiiuie ea/anoaaie. N/eoaeinue, /oi
i?e?iaea ene?aiiyy, ioae?ay, aeaaii?enoieiay. I?e?iaea noaaeeanue auoa
/aeiaaea.
Aoi?ay a?oiia oeaiiinoiuo onoaiiaie i?ioeaiiinoaaeyao /aeiaaea i?e?iaea.
Iia aicieeea a ia?eiae iicaeiae aioe/iinoe, noaea aeiieie?othuae a Iiaia
a?aiy aeaaiaea?y ?acaeoeth eaieoaeecia e ooaa?aeaeaieth eiaeono?eaeueiie
oeeaeeecaoeee. Eiaeono?eaeueiay oeeaeeecaoeey iniiaaia ia e?oiiii
iaoeiiii i?iecaiaenoaa, cia/eoaeueii ?anoe?eaoei ianooaau
i?aia?aciaaoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea, aai aicaeaenoaey ia
i?e?iaeo. A Iiaia a?aiy noi?ie?iaaeanue ineoieiaey iiei?aiey i?e?iaeu.
Ia i?e?iaeo noaee niio?aoue eae ia enoi/iee i?eauee, i?aeoe/aneie
iieuecu, n?aaenoai aeinoeaeaiey nioeeaeueiiai aeaaiiieo/ey. A yoii
i?iyaeeny aeoo eaieoaeecia, no?aiyueeny e iieo/aieth auaiaeu – ia?aaeei
ethaui iooai. Iio?aaeoaeueneia ioiioaiea e i?e?iaea auei oaeaea naycaii
n eeethci?iui i?aaenoaaeaieai i ?ano?nao iaoae ieaiaou eae aaca?aie/iuo
e iaen/a?iaaiuo.
Oaeia iio?aaeoaeueneia, ooeeeoa?iia ioiioaiea e i?e?iaea i?eaaei e
enoiuaieth e aeaa?aaeaoeee i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu. A ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo
/aeiaaeii e i?e?iaeie, eoeueoo?ie e i?e?iaeie aicieeee yeieiae/aneea
i?iaeaiu. Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XX aaea, a oneiaeyo nia?aiaiiie
iao/ii-oaoie/aneie ?aaiethoeee, iie i?eiyee aeiaaeueiue oa?aeoa?.
Yeieiae/aneay i?iaeaia i?iyaeyaony a oii, /oi a aieueoeo ianooaaao,
eioaineaii i?ienoiaeeo caa?yciaiea ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu: aicaeooiiai
aannaeia, ii/au, aiaeiuo ?ano?nia. Nouiinoue yeieiae/aneie i?iaeaiu
caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi i?ienoiaeyo ea/anoaaiiua, no?oeoo?iua eciaiaiey
a i?e?iaeiie n?aaea, ia?ooaaony aaeain, aeeiaie/aneia ?aaiiaanea,
nouanoaothuaa a i?e?iaea. Yoi noaaeo iiae aii?in nouanoaiaaiea
neiaeeaoeony ia caiea oi?i aeecie, aeeth/ay naiiai /aeiaaea.
Aio?iiiaaiiay iaa?ocea ia i?e?iaeo, naycaiiay n oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoueth /aeiaaea, i?aainoiaeeo aa aiciiaeiinoe, i?e?iaea ia
oniaaaao ainnoaiaaeeaaoueny e ia/eiaao oie?aoue. Ec i?e?iaeiie oeaii/ee
auiaaeatho oeaeua caaiuey – aeaeu ?anoaiee e aeeaioiuo, ?aee, ica?a.
Aeinoa?a – yoi aaeeiue aeeaie i?aaieci, aaea ana acaeiinaycaii,
acaeiiiaoneiaeaii. Aeaaiaea?y ia?acoiiiio aiaoaoaeuenoao /aeiaaea
aeeciue yoiai i?aaiecia ia?ooaaony. Aicieeaao ia?aaeienaeueiay
neooaoeey: no?aiynue e i?ia?anno e aeiaeaaynue ia yoii iooe
aia/aoeythueo oniaoia, /aeiaae iiae?uaaao iauaeoeaiua, anoanoaaiiua
iniiau naiaai aeaeueiaeoaai nouanoaiaaiey e ?acaeoey.
A nayce n aicieeiiaaieai aeiaaeueiie yeieiae/aneie i?iaeaiu aaaeiia
cia/aiea i?eia?aoaao oaeay iaoea, eae yeieiaey. Aia/aea yeieiaey eae
iniaay iaeanoue ciaiey enneaaeiaaea ioiioaiey ?anoeoaeueiuo e aeeaioiuo
i?aaieciia n ie?oaeathuae n?aaeie. A aeaeueiaeoai iauaeoii enneaaeiaaiey
yeieiaee noaea any aeinoa?a Caiee. A 70-a aiaeu XX aaea oi?ie?oaony
nioeeaeueiay yeieiaey, eco/athuay ioiioaiey iaaeaeo iauanoaii e
i?e?iaeie. A oi aea a?aiy auaeaeyaony a naiinoiyoaeueioth iaeanoue
enneaaeiaaiee yeieiaey /aeiaaea, eioi?ay eco/aao aicaeaenoaey i?e?iaeiie
e nioeeaeueiie n?aaeu ia caei?iauea /aeiaaea, aai aaiioiiae, enneaaeoao
iniaaiiinoe aaeaioaoeee /aeiaaea a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo. Oeaio?aeueiia
ianoi a nioeeaeueiie yeieiaee caieiatho aii?inu oi?ie?iaaiey
yeieiae/aneie eoeueoo?u.
Yeieiae/aneay eoeueoo?a – yoi niinia niaeaniaaiey i?e?iaeiiai e
nioeeaeueiiai ?acaeoey, i?e eioi?ii iaania/eaaaony nio?aiaiea
ie?oaeathuae i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu.
Yeieiae/aneay eoeueoo?a – yoi niinia niaaeeiaiey /aeiaaea n i?e?iaeie ia
iniiaa aieaa aeoaieiai aa iiciaiey e iiieiaiey. Aaaeiuie i?eciaeaie
yeieiae/aneie eoeueoo?u ia i?iecaiaenoaa e a auoo yaeythony
?ano?ninaa?aaeaiea, iaeiiooiaeiinoue, a a eaeaaea – aaciooiaeiinoue
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo i?ioeannia, noaiaiue eniieueciaaiey aiciaiiaeiuo
enoi/ieeia yia?aee (aeae?aaee/aneie, aao?iaie, nieia/iie e o. ae.).
Oi?ie?iaaiea yeieiae/aneie eoeueoo?u i?aaeiieaaaao ia?ano?ieeo
ie?iaicc?aiey, nicaeaiea iiaie nenoaiu oeaiiinoae, ioeac io
iio?aaeoaeueneiai iiaeoiaea e i?e?iaea, oi?ie?iaaiea o /aeiaaea oiaiey
niecia?youe naie iio?aaiinoe n aiciiaeiinoyie i?e?iaeu. Iaiaoiaeei ioeac
io i?aaeiaai aio?iiioeaio?ecia, eioi?ue i?iyaeyeny a i?eaioaoeee
eoeueoo?u eneeth/eoaeueii ia /aeiaaea e aai iio?aaiinoe. Ii aiciee a
ia?eiae aioe/iinoe a eeanne/aneoth yiioo. Noae iniiaiui i?eciaeii
aa?iiaeneie eoeueoo?u a yiioo Aic?iaeaeaiey. *aeiaae a oi a?aiy
?anniao?eaaeny eae oeaio? ie?icaeaiey. Anee ainiaaaeanue e?anioa
i?e?iaeu, oi i?aaeaea anaai i?e?iaeu naiiai /aeiaaea, aai oaea, iaeeea,
?a/e, aeaeaeaiee. Aio?iiioeaio?eci nua?ae aaaeioth ?ieue a ?acaeoee
eoeueoo?u, i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa e aeaeiaie aeoeaiinoe. Ii niinianoaiaae
?ane?uoeth oai?/aneeo niiniaiinoae /aeiaaea, oe?aieye aai aa?o a naay.
Iaeiaei, a ianoiyuaa a?aiy i?aaeiee aio?iiioeaio?eci en/a?iae naay e
aeaaea noae iiiaoie ia iooe i?aiaeieaiey yeieiae/aneeo o?oaeiinoae.
Naaiaeiy /aeiaae oaea ia iiaeao nin?aaeioa/eaaoue aieiaiea oieueei ia
naiii naaa e naieo iio?aaiinoyo, iineieueeo ea?aeeiaeueii eciaieeenue
?ieue e ianoi /aeiaaea a ie?a. *aeiaae noae aeiaaeueiui oaeoi?ii,
ii?aaeaeythuei ianooaau e aeeiaieeo i?ienoiaeyueo ia Caiea eciaiaiee. Io
aai aeaenoaee caaeneo, auoue ee aeecie ia Caiea eee iao. *aeiaae
aeieaeai iniciaoue naith iiaoth ?ieue e acyoue ia naay ioaaonoaaiiinoue
ca nio?aiaiea aeinoa?u, anao oi?i aeecie ia iaoae ieaiaoa. Iniciaiea
oiai, /oi /aeiaae aeieaeai auiieiyoue aaaeioth aeinoa?ioth ooieoeeth,
?ieue ?aaoeyoi?a aeecie ia ieaiaoa ninoaaeyao iniiao yeieiae/aneiai
ie?iaicc?aiey e yeieiae/aneie eoeueoo?u.
Oi?ie?iaaiea yeieiae/aneie eoeueoo?u, i?aaeiieaaathuae iiaia ioiioaiea e
i?e?iaea, iaaiciiaeii aac o/aoa ynoaoe/aneiai oaeoi?a, o. a. iiaeoiaea e
i?e?iaea eae iniaie aeooiaii-ynoaoe/aneie oeaiiinoe. O /aeiaaea,
niiniaiiai aini?eieiaoue e?anioo i?e?iaeu, eniuouaaoue i?e iauaiee n iae
ynoaoe/aneea /oanoaa, o?iaaiue yeieiae/aneiai niciaiey aoaeao iaecia?eii
auoa, /ai o /aeiaaea, ?aaiiaeooiiai e yoie e?anioa. Iaeiaei, o iiiaeo
ethaeae i?aiaeaaeaao ooeeeoa?iia ioiioaiea e i?e?iaea, e yoi ioiaeaeaaao
aa ynoaoe/aneoth oeaiiinoue ia aoi?ie, a oi e aieaa ioaeaeaiiue ieai.
Iaeiei ec aaaeiuo yeaiaioia yeieiae/aneie eoeueoo?u yaeyaony
yeieiae/aneay yoeea. I?iaeaiaie yeieiae/aneie yoeee caieiaeny iaeei ec
e?oiiaeoeo aoiaienoia XX aaea A. Oaaeoea? (1875 – 1965). Oaaeoea? aue
ecaanoai eae enneaaeiaaoaeue oai?/anoaa E. N. Aaoa e i?aaieno. E?iia
oiai, ii noae aeieoi?ii oeeinioee e oaieiaee. Aeiaeaoenue oae iiiaiai a
aeecie, Oaaeoea? i?eieiaao ?aoaiea oaoaoue a ea/anoaa a?a/a a iaeio ec
ao?eeaineeo eieiiee. Oai ii ia naie n?aaenoaa e iiaea?oaiaaiey ae?ocae
no?ieo aieueieoeo, a eioi?ie ?aaioaao aei eiioea naiae aeecie, aei 1965
aiaea.
Oaaeoea? i?aaeeiaeee iiaue acaeyae ia yaiethoeeth e noaoon yoeee a
nia?aiaiiii ie?a. Ii n/eoae, /oi o?aaeeoeeiiiay yoeea caieiaaony
ioiioaieyie /aeiaaea e /aeiaaeo e e iauanoao. E a yoii caeeth/aeny aa
iniiaiie iaaeinoaoie. Iiaay yoeea aeieaeia eiaoue naiei i?aaeiaoii
ioiioaiey /aeiaaea ei anaio nouaio, e ie?o a oeaeii. A iniiao iiaie
yoeee aeieaeai auoue iieiaeai i?eioeei aeaaiaiaaiey ia?aae aeeciueth, a
ethaii aa i?e?iaeiii ea/anoaa. Oaaeoea? n/eoae, /oi iaeuecy
ii?aaeaeyoue, eaeay ec oi?i aeecie iaeaieaa oeaiiay, ioaeaaaoue
i?aaeii/oaiey iaeiie ec ieo. Ana oi?iu aeecie ?aaiioeaiiu. Oaaaeaiea e
aeecie yaeyaony iniiaaieai ii?aee e e?eoa?eai ii?aeueiiai auai?a. Aeia?i
– oi, /oi neoaeeo nio?aiaieth e ?acaeoeth aeecie, cei – oi, /oi
oie/oiaeaao aeeciue eee i?aiyonoaoao ae. *aeiaae aeeaao ca n/ao ae?oaeo
aeeciae. Yoi auioaeaeaiiay iaiaoiaeeiinoue. Ii anee ii iaiineo a?aae
ae?oaie aeecie, oi ii aeieaeai io/aoeeai iniciaaaoue, ianeieueei yoi
iaiaoiaeeii e ia?aie/eaaoue cei ieieioiii.
Aeaaiui e?eoa?eai ?acaeoey eoeueoo?u yaeyaony o?iaaiue aoiaiecia,
aeinoeaiooue iauanoaii. Oaaeoea? i?aaeeaaaao iiaia, aieaa oe?ieia
iiieiaiea aoiaiecia, eioi?ia o/eouaaao naycue /aeiaaea n i?e?iaeie,
i?eciaao naiioeaiiinoue ia oieueei /aeiaa/aneie ee/iinoe, ii e i?e?iaeu,
ethaiai i?iyaeaiey aeecie ia iaoae ieaiaoa. Aa?eaio yoeee Oaaeoea?a
iacuaatho iaaio?iiioeaio?enoneie, oieaa?naeueiie yoeeie.
Nouanoaotho e ae?oaea eiioeaioeee iaaio?iiioeaio?enoneie yoeee.
Aia?eeaineee oeeinio Y. Eanei n/eoaao, /oi iiaay yoeea aeieaeia
iniiauaaoueny ia o?aaiaaieyo aaeaioaoeee /aeiaa/anoaa e ie?oaeathuae
i?e?iaeiie n?aaea. Oaeay yoeea iiaeao auoue nicaeaia ia iniiaa eaeaaea
ii/oaiey e anoanoaaiiui i?e?iaeiui nenoaiai. Iaeiei ec o?aaiaaiee
yeieiae/aneie yoeee yaeyaony caaioa i i?e?iaeiuo oneiaeyo nouanoaiaaiey
aoaeoueo iieieaiee. Iaaeiionoeii ?aaee eioa?ania iuia aeeaoueo
iieieaiee, ?aaee nethieiooiuo yeiiiie/aneeo e aeeoaeneeo auaiae
iaiineoue oua?a eioa?anai aoaeoueo iieieaiee. Ia?auaiiinoue a aoaeouaa
ioee/aao yeieiae/aneoth yoeeo io o?aaeeoeeiiiie.
I?iaeaiu yeieiae/aneie eoeueoo?u e yeieiae/aneie yoeee caieiatho aaaeiia
ianoi a aeayoaeueiinoe ?eineiai eeoaa. Yoi iai?aaeoaeuenoaaiiay
iaaeaeoia?iaeiay i?aaiecaoeey, iniiaaiiay a 1968 aiaeo. Iia iauaaeeieea
aaoi?eoaoiuo o/aiuo, iieeoe/aneeo aeayoaeae, i?aaenoaaeoaeae aeciana
iiiaeo no?ai ie?a. N?aaee ieo – Aeae. Oi??anoa?, Ae. Iaaeioc, I.
Iana?iae/. Ia?aui i?aceaeaioii eeoaa noae eoaeueyineee o/aiue A. Ia//ae
(1908 – 1984).
Aeayoaeueiinoue yoie i?aaiecaoeee auea iai?aaeaia ia ananoi?iiiaa
iniuneaiea aeiaaeueiuo i?iaeai, iiene iooae eo i?aeoe/aneiai ?aoaiey e
oi?ie?iaaiea niioaaonoaothuaai iauanoaaiiiai iiaiey. Ii eieoeeaoeaa
eeoaa aue inouanoaeai ?yae e?oiiuo enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo i?ia?aii,
iioaeeeiaaiiuo a oi?ia oai?aoe/aneeo aeieeaaeia. E eo /eneo ioiinyony
“I?aaeaeu ?inoa” (1972), “*aeiaa/anoai o iiai?ioiiai ioieoa” (1974),
“?aaiethoeey ainiiiaeo” (1985) e ae?. A aeayoaeueiinoe ?eineiai eeoaa
iaeciaiii cao?aaeaaeenue aii?inu i?ae?auaiey aiiee yaea?iuo aii?oaeaiee,
iai?yaeaiiie yeieiae/aneie neooaoeee ia ieaiaoa, nioeeaeueiiai
?anneiaiey a ie?a.
A eieaa A. Ia//ae “*aeiaa/aneea ea/anoaa” i?iaicaeaoaaony
iaiaoiaeeiinoue ia?aoiaea e “iiaiio aoiaiecio”, eioi?ue aeieaeai
iniiauaaoueny ia o?ao iniiaiuo iinooeaoao: /oanoaa aeiaaeueiinoe, ethaae
e ni?aaaaeeeainoe e iai?eyoee ianeeey. Iniiaiie oacen eiioeaioeee A.
Ia//ae: auaeeaaiea e aoaeouaa /aeiaa/anoaa aiciiaeiu eeoue ia iooyo
/aeiaa/aneie ?aaiethoeee, o. a. /a?ac niaa?oainoaiaaiea aeooiaiiai ie?a
ethaeae, niaa?oainoaiaaiea /aeiaa/aneeo ea/anoa.
Iniiaioth i?e/eio aeiaaeueiiai yeieiae/aneiai e?ecena Ia//ae aeaeeo a
iaaeinoaoeao ineoieiaee e ii?aee /aeiaaea – a aai ae/iinoe, yaiecia,
neeiiiinoe e ceo e ianeeeth. Ia//ae n ai?a/ueth eiinoaoe?oao, /oi
/aeiaae, iaeaaeay niiniaiinoueth i?iecaiaeeoue iiiaeanoai aauae,
oiiaeiaeeny Aa?aaiotha, “?acaee a naaa iaianuoiue aiiaoeo e iio?aaeaieth
e iaeaaeaieth, i?iecaiaey ana aieueoa e aieueoa, aiaeaeay naay a
ii?i/iue e?oa ?inoa, eioi?iio ia aeaeii eiioea”. Aeey ?aoaiey
yeieiae/aneeo i?iaeai iaiaoiaeeia aoiaienoe/aneay ia?ai?eaioaoeey
/aeiaa/anoaa. O?aaoaony ?aaiethoeey a naiii /aeiaaea, a no?oeoo?a aai
iuoeaiey e ineoieiaee, a niaea?aeaiee niiniaiinoae e oa?aeoa?a
iio?aaiinoae. *aeiaae aeieaeai ioeacaoueny io eoeueoa aiaaonoaa,
ineoieiaee iio?aaeaiey, noi?ie?iaaoue a naaa i?aanoaaiiia, ioaaonoaaiiia
ioiioaiea e i?e?iaea. Ia//ae noaaeo aii?in oae: eeai /aeiaae aeieaeai
eciaieoueny, eeai aio noaeaeaii en/aciooue n eeoea Caiee.
Oa?iei yeieiaey i?ienoiaeeo io a?a/aneiai neiaa “oikos” – aeii, ?iaeeia.
*aeiaae yaeyaony ia ieaiaoa aaeeinoaaiiui aeeaui nouanoaii, o eioi?iai
aeaa aeiia, aeaa “?iaeeiu” – ii?iaeeaoay aai i?e?iaea e ii?iaeaeaiiue ei
naiei ia?iiiue ie? aeooiaiuo, eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae. Iiyoiio a
iineaaeiea aiaeu oa?iei “yeieiaey” aue ?ani?ino?aiai e ia yoo noa?o,
aucaaa e aeecie oaeia iiiyoea, eae “yeieiaey eoeueoo?u”. Aia?aua aai
enneaaeiaae Ae. N. Eeoa/aa (1906 – 2000). Ii i?aaeeiaeee ?acee/aoue
o?aaeeoeeiiioth aeieiae/aneoth yeieiaeth e yeieiaeth eoeueoo?u.
Aeieiae/aneay yeieiaey caieiaaony io?aiie e ainnoaiiaeaieai i?e?iaeiie
n?aaeu, a eoeueoo?iay – caaea/aie nio?aiaiey eoeueoo?iie n?aaeu,
iaiyoieeia eoeueoo?u. Iaa yoe caaea/e aaaeiu. I?e?iaea iaiaoiaeeia
/aeiaaeo aeey aai aeieiae/aneie aeecie, eoeueoo?iay n?aaea – iaiaoiaeeia
aeey aai aeooiaiie, i?aanoaaiiie aeecie. Aeieiae/aneay e eoeueoo?iay
yeieiaey oanii acaeiinaycaiu. Ii iiaieth Ae. N. Eeoa/aaa, aaaeii ia
oieueei nio?aieoue iaiyoiee eoeueoo?u, ii nio?aieoue aai a oie n?aaea,
aaea ii aue nicaeai. O?aieoue iaiyoiee e eaiaeoaoo ioaeii aianoa, a ia
?acaeaeueii. Ae. N. Eeoa/aa ia?auaao aieiaiea ia oi, /oi oo?aou
iaiyoieeia eoeueoo?u iaainnoaiiaeiu. Iie anaaaea eiaeeaeaeoaeueiu,
anaaaea naycaiu n ii?aaeaeaiiie yiioie, ianoa?aie. Iiaeii nicaeaoue
iaeaou ?ac?ooaiiuo caeaiee, ii iaeuecy ainnoaiiaeoue caeaiea eae
“aeieoiaio”, eae “naeaeaoaey” yiioe. Anyeee caiiai iono?iaiiue iaiyoiee
noa?eiu aoaeao eeoai yoie aeieoiaioaeueiinoe.
2. EOEUeOO?A E EE*IINOUe. NIOeEAEECAOeEss E
EIEOEUeOO?AOeEss
I?aaeaea anaai neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi iaiaoiaeeii ?acee/aoue iiiyoey
“/aeiaae”, “ee/iinoue”, “eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoue”. “*aeiaae” – yoi ?iaeiaia
iiiyoea, iii io?aaeaao iauea /a?ou, i?enouea /aeiaa/aneiio ?iaeo. A
/aeiaaea i?enoonoaoao e aeieiae/aneia, e eoeueoo?iia ia/aei. *oi anoue
aeieiae/aneiai a /aeiaaea? – *aeiaae naiei i?ienoiaeaeaieai iaycai
i?e?iaea, yaeyaony aa /anoueth. Ii iaeaaeaao ii?aaeaeaiiie oaeaniie
i?aaiecaoeeae. O /aeiaaea anoue aeieiae/aneea, anoanoaaiiua iio?aaiinoe,
i?e?iaeiua caaeaoee, eioi?ua niinianoaotho eioaeeaeooaeueiiio ?acaeoeth
ethaeae, ai iiiaii ii?aaeaeytho eo neeiiiinoue e oai?/aneei oi?iai
aeayoaeueiinoe.
A i?ioeanna iauanoaaiiie aeecie o /aeiaaea oi?ie?othony e ?acaeaathony
iaaeieiae/aneea, nioeeaeueiua (i?aanoaaiiua, ynoaoe/aneea) /oanoaa,
iio?aaiinoe, ea/anoaa: /oanoaa e?aniou, aeiu, ioaaonoaaiiinoe, aeieaa,
iio?aaiinoe a iiciaiee, oai?/anoaa, iauaiee e ae?. Eoeueoo?iua ea/anoaa
/aeiaaea oi?ie?othony ia iniiaa auniei?acaeoiai aeieiae/aneiai
i?aaiecia. Ii aicieeioa ia iniiaa aeieiae/aneiai, eoeueoo?iia
i?aia?acoao aai. A /ai yoi i?iyaeyaony?
Aeieiae/aneea iio?aaiinoe /aeiaaea niaea?aeaoaeueii iaiythony,
ieoeueoo?eaathony, i?eia?aoatho oeeaeeeciaaiiue aeae. Cia/eoaeai e?oa
/aeiaa/aneeo aeaenoaee, a eioi?uo ia?aieaoathony einoeieoeaiua e
eoeueoo?iua ia/aea. Iai?eia?, einoeieo i?iyaeyaony a /oanoaa aieiaea,
aiiaoeoa. Eoeueoo?a aea i?iyaeyaony a oii, eae aoaeao oa?ai noie, a
e?anioa e oaeianoaa iinoaeu, a oii, nyaeao ee /aeiaae ca noie, eee
aoaeao anoue ia eia?a, ne?anoea iiae niaie iiae, e a oii, eae aoaeao
i?eaioiaeaia ieua. Caeanue neaaeoony e eoeeia?iua o?aaeeoeee oiai eee
eiiai ia?iaea, e ianoa?noai eoeeia?a.
Iiaeii neacaoue, /oi iaoa?eaeueiua iio?aaiinoe a ii?aaeaeaiiie noaiaie
noaiiayony iiaeaeanoiu ii?aeueiui, ynoaoe/aneei ?aaoeyoi?ai, naea?aeeai
e aaeainai. Oae, i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoue yiioeeiiaeueiiai /aeiaaea e
ao?iui oi?iai ?aaae?iaaiey, e auno?ie aicaoaeeiinoe, /oi, eae i?aaeei,
iauyniyaony oeiii oaiia?aiaioa, ae?oaeie a?iaeaeaiiuie naienoaaie,
iiaeao auoue nouanoaaiii iaeo?aeeciaaia, iaeaai?iaeaia au?aaioaiiui
oiaieai eiio?iee?iaaoue naay. Eiio?ieue /aeiaaea iaae naieie i?e?iaeiuie
einoeieoaie – yoi aaaeiue yeaiaio eoeueoo?u. Eoeueoo?iia iiaeao
eiio?iee?iaaoue aeieiae/aneia, oi?aaeyoue ei.
E?iia iiiyoey “/aeiaae” nouanoaoao iiiyoea “ee/iinoue”. Ia?aia iiiyoea
oe?a ii naiaio iauaio e niaea?aeaieth. Iiiyoea “/aeiaae” io?aaeaao e
aeieiae/aneea, e nioeeaeueiua naienoaa eiaeeaeaea. Iiiyoea “ee/iinoue”
io?aaeaao oieueei nioeeaeueiua naienoaa e ea/anoaa /aeiaaea, eioi?ua
noi?ie?iaaeenue a i?ioeanna aai iauanoaaiiie aeecie. E aaaeiaeoei
ee/iinoiui oa?aeoa?enoeeai /aeiaaea ioiinyony: oa?aeoa?, yiioeee e
/oanoaa, iaiyoue, aiey, eioaeeaeo, naiiniciaiea e naiiioeaiea,
i?aanoaaiiinoue e ae?oaea oi?iu ie?iaicc?aiey, niiniaiinoue e ?acee/iui
aeaeai aeayoaeueiinoe.
Eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoue – yoi naiia oceia ii niuneo iiiyoea; iii io?aaeaao
niaieoiiinoue oieeaeueiuo, iaiiaoi?eiuo naienoa e niiniaiinoae, eioi?ua
ioee/atho aeaiiiai eiaeeaeaea io iannu ae?oaeo. Ia neaaeoao
i?ioeaiiinoaaeyoue ee/iinoue e eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoue, oae eae a ee/iinoe
ia?acaeaeeiu oeie/iia, noaiaea?oiia e iaiiaoi?eiia, oieeaeueiia.
Eae acaeiinaycaiu ee/iinoue e eoeueoo?a? Ee/iinoue aunooiaao eae
iineoaeueieoea eoeueoo?u. A iae oeaiiinoe, ii?iu, ciaiey aiieiuathony a
iiaaaeaiea /aeiaaea a ie?oaeathuai ie?a, a aai ioiioaiea e ae?oaei
ethaeyi, e ie?o a oeaeii. Aac ee/iinoe, aa oeaeaiai?aaeaiiie e
iniuneaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, eoeueoo?a ia iiaeao ?aaeeciaaoueny e
nouanoaoao eeoue eae iaai? ioaea/aiiuo i?eioeeiia e niuneia. Iineieueeo
ee/iinoue – yoi /aeiaae eae nioeeaeueiia nouanoai, oi ionthaea neaaeoao,
/oi ee/iinoueth ia ?iaeaeathony, ee/iinoueth noaiiayony. Oi?ie?iaaiea
ee/iinoe i?ienoiaeeo a i?ioeanna nioeeaeecaoeee e eieoeueoo?aoeee.
Nioeeaeecaoeey – yoi i?ioeann oi?ie?iaaiey nioeeaeueiuo ea/anoa,
naienoa, oiaiee, eioi?ua iicaieytho /aeiaaeo aeeoue a iauanoaa,
eiioaeoe?iaaoue n ae?oaeie ethaeueie, auiieiyoue ?acee/iua aeaeu
iauanoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Ii naiaio niaea?aeaieth nioeeaeecaoeey – yoi aeaoonoi?iiiee i?ioeann. N
iaeiie noi?iiu, ii ninoieo a ia?aaea/a iauanoaii enoi?e/aneiai iiuoa,
ciaiee, oeaiiinoae, ii?i, a n ae?oaie noi?iiu – a eo onaiaiee
eiaeeaeaeii. Nioeeaeecaoeey ea?aao ia?iiioth ?ieue eae a aeecie
iauanoaa, oae e ee/iinoe. Io oniaoa nioeeaeecaoeee caaeneo, ianeieueei
ee/iinoue, onaiea nouanoaothuea a aeaiiii iauanoaa oeaiiinoe e ii?iu
iiaaaeaiey, niiaea ?aaeeciaaoue naay, i?iyaeoue naie niiniaiinoe e
oaeaiou. Aeey iauanoaa oniao i?ioeanna nioeeaeecaoeee yaeyaony
naiaia?aciie aa?aioeae oiai, /oi iiaua iieieaiey onaieee iiuo e ciaiey
noa?oeo iieieaiee e niiaoo caiyoue eo ianoi a nenoaia nioeeaeueiuo
naycae. Nioeeaeecaoeey iaania/eaaao aiciaiiaeyaiinoue,
aini?iecaiaeeiinoue iauanoaaiiie aeecie. Iaaeinoaoee a nenoaia
nioeeaeecaoeee iiaoo i?eaiaeeoue e eiioeeeoai iaaeaeo iieieaieyie, e
aeaci?aaiecaoeee nioeeaeueiie aeecie, e ?aniaaeo iauanoaa, oo?aoa aai
eoeueoo?u.
Eieoeueoo?aoeey – yoi i?ioeann onaiaiey /aeiaaeii iniiaiuo yeaiaioia
eoeueoo?u: oeaiiinoae, ii?i, neiaieia, o?aaeeoeee.
Oa?iei “eieoeueoo?aoeey” aue aaaaeai I. Oa?neiaeoeai a ?aaioa “*aeiaae e
aai ?aaioa. Iaoea eoeueoo?iie aio?iiieiaee” (1948). I?eaeeceoaeueii a oi
aea a?aiy E. Eeaeoii aaae aiaeiae/iue ii niuneo oa?iei
“eoeueoo?aeecaoeey”, eioi?ue iaicia/ae e i?ioeann i?eiauaiey e
eoeueoo?a, e ?acoeueoao yoiai i?ioeanna. Iiiyoey “nioeeaeecaoeey” e
“eieoeueoo?aoeey” ai iiiaii niaiaaeatho ae?oa n ae?oaii ii
niaea?aeaieth, oae eae iaa iiae?acoiaaatho onaiaiea ethaeueie
eoeueoo?iuo oi?i eaeiai-eeai iauanoaa. Iiyoiio a nia?aiaiiie iao/iie
eeoa?aoo?a iie ia?aaeei eniieuecothony eae neiiieiu. Yoi oa?aeoa?ii aeey
oie a?oiiu enneaaeiaaoaeae, eioi?ua i?eaea?aeeaathony oe?ieiai iiieiaiey
oa?ieia “eoeueoo?a” eae ethaie aeieiae/anee iaianeaaeoaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, cae?aieaiiie a ii?aaeaeaiiuo ?acoeueoaoao.
Ii aieueoeinoai o/aiuo, n/eoathueo eoeueoo?o eneeth/eoaeueii
/aeiaa/aneie oa?aeoa?enoeeie, i?iaiaeyo ?acee/ea iaaeaeo yoeie
oa?ieiaie. Ii eo iiaieth, eieoeueoo?aoeey aeeth/aao a naay oi?ie?iaaiea
iniiaiiieaaathueo /aeiaa/aneeo iaaueia, oaeeo, eae oeiu iauaiey n
ae?oaeie ethaeueie, oi?iu eiio?iey ca nianoaaiiui iiaaaeaieai e
yiioeeyie, niiniau oaeiaeaoai?aiey iniiaiuo iio?aaiinoae, ioeaii/iia
ioiioaiea e ?acee/iui yaeaieyi ie?oaeathuaai ie?a. A ?acoeueoaoa
eieoeueoo?aoeee /aeiaae niiniaai, naiaiaeii i?eaioe?iaaoueny a
ie?oaeathuae aai nioeeaeueiie n?aaea, iieueciaaoueny aieueoeinoaii
i?aaeiaoia eoeueoo?u, nicaeaiiuo i?aaeuaeoueie iieieaieyie,
iaiaieaaoueny ?acoeueoaoaie oece/aneiai e oinoaaiiiai o?oaea, iaoiaeeoue
acaeiiiiieiaiea n ae?oaeie ethaeueie. Yoeie ea/anoaaie /aeiaae aeaiiie
eoeueoo?u ioee/aaony io i?aaenoaaeoaeae ae?oaeo eoeueoo?. A ?acoeueoaoa
nioeeaeecaoeee /aeiaae noaiiaeony iieiii?aaiui /eaiii iauanoaa,
naiaiaeii auiieiyy o?aaoaiua nioeeaeueiua ?iee.
Ii naiaio oa?aeoa?o i?ioeann eieoeueoo?aoeee aieaa neiaeai, /ai i?ioeann
nioeeaeecaoeee. Aeaei a oii, /oi onaiaiea nioeeaeueiuo caeiiia aeecie
i?ienoiaeeo auno?aa, /ai onaiaiea eoeueoo?iuo ii?i, oeaiiinoae,
o?aaeeoeee, iau/aaa. I?eaaaeai i?eia? n iea?aioaie, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuee
yoi. A eaeoth au no?aio /aeiaae ie auaoae ia a?aiy eee ie ia?aaoae
iaanaaaea, ii iaycai eiaoue yeaiaioa?iua i?aaenoaaeaiey i nioeeaeueiie
no?oeoo?a iauanoaa, iniiaao yeiiiieee, iieeoe/aneiai ono?ienoaa,
a?aaeaeaineeo i?aaao. Onaiaiea yoeo ciaiee, iao/aiea /aeiaaea aeecie a
iauanoaa e ninoaaeyao niaea?aeaiea i?ioeanna nioeeaeecaoeee.
Eieoeueoo?aoeey – yoi iao/aiea /aeiaaea o?aaeeoeeyi e ii?iai iiaaaeaiey
a eiie?aoiie eoeueoo?a. Eoeueoo?a a ?aciuo no?aiao aieaa niaoeeoe/ia,
/ai nioeeaeueiay no?oeoo?a. E iae o?oaeiaa aaeaioe?iaaoueny,
i?eaueiooue. ?onneee oecee, i?ia?aiieno eee eiaeaia?, eiay aunieoth
eaaeeoeeaoeeth, i?eciaiioth ca ?oaaaeii, ca ei?ioeia a?aiy onaaeaaao
i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe, niioaaonoaothuea aai iiaie aeieaeiinoe. Ii
i?eaueiooue e /oaeie eoeueoo?a, ii/oanoaiaaoue aa naiae aio ia oaeaaony
ii?ie e /a?ac iiiaea aiaeu. Oaeei ia?acii, eieoeueoo?aoeey – aieaa
neiaeiue e aeeeoaeueiue i?ioeann, /ai nioeeaeecaoeey. Nioeeaeecaoeey
aieaa oieaa?naeueia, a eieoeueoo?aoeey niaoeeoe/ia. Aianoa n oai
i?ioeannu nioeeaeecaoeee e eieoeueoo?aoeee ia?ac?uaii naycaiu ae?oa n
ae?oaii, iiaoo i?ioaeaoue oieueei niaianoii.
?anniio?ei, eaeeie iooyie i?ienoiaeyo i?ioeannu nioeeaeecaoeee e
eieoeueoo?aoeee. Iie anaaaea i?ioaeatho a ii?aaeaeaiiie nioeeaeueiie
n?aaea. Iaoea iaeiieea iiiaeanoai naeaeaoaeuenoa i noaeueaao aeaoae –
Iaoaee, ieacaaoeony ii oai eee eiui i?e/eiai aia nioeeaeueiuo naycae. A
?acoeueoaoa i?aaieci eiaeeaeaea ?acaeaaeny, ii ieeaeeo nioeeaeueiuo
naienoa (iuoeaiey, ?a/e, i?aanoaaiiuo, ynoaoe/aneeo ea/anoa) ii ia
i?eia?ae. Aia nioeeaeueiie n?aaeu ee/iinoue noi?ie?iaaoueny ia iiaeao.
Nioeeaeueiay n?aaea ia anoue eaeay-oi iaeii?iaeiay ianna. A iae i?eiyoi
auaeaeyoue o?e o?iaiy:
1. Iaaan?aaea – ie?iaay oeeaeeecaoeey, /aeiaa/anoai a oeaeii.
2.Iae?in?aaea – iauanoai, no?aia, e eioi?ie /aeiaae i?eiaaeeaaeeo ii
?iaeaeaieth e ainieoaieth.
3.Iee?in?aaea – iaiin?aaenoaaiiia, aeeaeaeoaa ie?oaeaiea /aeiaaea, oa
ethaee, n eioi?uie ii anooiaao a iianaaeiaaiua eiioaeou (naiuey,
ia?ae/iue eieeaeoea – o/aaiue, o?oaeiaie, a?iaeneee, i?eyoaee,
ae?ocuey).
Aeeyiea yoeo n?aae iiaeao auoue iaiaeeiaeiaui, aeaaea ?aciiiai?aaeaiiui.
Iiyoiio iiiaia caaeneo io oiai, eaeie ec yoeo oaeoi?ia ia?aaaneo,
ieaaeao ?aoathuaa aeeyiea ia oi?ie?iaaiea ee/iinoe. Aeeyiea nioeeaeueiie
n?aaeu /aua anaai yaeyaony iai?aaeiaia?aiiui. *aeiaae iaaethaeaao ca
iiaaaeaieai ae?oaeo ethaeae e iuoaaony aanoe naay iiaeiaiui ia?acii a
aiaeiae/iuo neooaoeeyo. Ii iauaaony n ae?oaeie ethaeueie. Ii ia?a
ac?ineaiey e?oa yoiai iauaiey ?anoe?yaony. E a oiaea yoiai iauaiey
/aeiaae i?eia?aoaao aeeciaiiue iiuo, i?aaenoaaeaiey i oii, /oi
iaeia?yaony, a /oi ia iaeia?yaony a aeaiiii iauanoaa, eae neaaeoao
auiieiyoue naie ooieoeee e iaycaiiinoe, aanoe naay a ?aciiia?aciuo
aeeciaiiuo neooaoeeyo, eae ioeaieaaoue niauoey, ?aaae?iaaoue ia oa eee
eiua ciaee aieiaiey e neaiaeu.
Aeey oiai, /oiau iaania/eoue aieueooth iaaeaaeiinoue e
aa?aioe?iaaiiinoue i?ioeannia nioeeaeecaoeee e eieoeueoo?aoeee,
eniieuecothony eo oeaeaiai?aaeaiiua oi?iu, e i?aaeaea anaai ainieoaiea.
Ainieoaiea – yoi oeaeaiai?aaeaiiay ia?aaea/a ii?i e i?aaee aeinoieiiai
(i?eaieaiiai) iiaaaeaiey io noa?oaai iieieaiey e ieaaeoaio. A oiaea
ainieoaiey i?ienoiaeeo niaoeeaeueiue ioai? caaea/ e eaeae, a aeooa
eioi?uo neaaeoao oi?ie?iaaoue ee/iinoue, a oaeaea n?aaenoa e iaoiaeia,
eioi?ua iaania/eaatho iaeaieueoee yooaeo yoiai i?ioeanna. I?ioeann
ainieoaiey iicaieyao ee/iinoe iia?aoueny ia iiuo i?ioeuo iieieaiee.
Ainieoaiea inouanoaeyaony a oiaea aeayoaeueiinoe ?acee/iuo nioeeaeueiuo
einoeoooia: naiuee, o/aaiuo caaaaeaiee, ?aeeaeiciuo i?aaiecaoeee,
n?aaenoa ianniaie eioi?iaoeee, eoeueoo?ii-i?inaaoeoaeueneeo
i?aaiecaoeee.
A i?ioeanna oi?ie?iaaiey ee/iinoe i?eiyoi auaeaeyoue ianeieueei yoaiia.
Iniiaaieai aeey oaeiai auaeaeaiey yaeythony: 1)?acaeoea o /aeiaaea oao
eee eiuo ea/anoa; 2)oa?aeoa? aai acaeiiioiioaiee n aiaoiae n?aaeie.
Aia?eeaineee enneaaeiaaoaeue E. Eieaa?a auaeaeyao o?e o?iaiy aeooiaiiai
(ii?aeueiiai) ?acaeoey ee/iinoe:
1.Aeiii?aeueiue o?iaaiue, eiaaea eiaeeaeae ?oeiaiaenoaoaony naieie
yaienoe/aneeie iiaoaeaeaieyie.
2.O?iaaiue eiiaaioeeaeueiie ii?aee, eiaaea /aeiaae i?eaioe?oaony ia
caaeaiiua ecaia ii?iu e o?aaiaaiey.
3.O?iaaiue aaoiiiiiie ii?aee, eiaaea o /aeiaaea oi?ie?othony onoie/eaua
ii?aeueiua i?eioeeiu e oaaaeaeaiey, e ii a ninoiyiee aeaeaoue
naiinoiyoaeueiue auai?.
Oaeei ia?acii, iauay iai?aaeaiiinoue i?ioeanna eieoeueoo?aoeee ninoieo a
ia?aoiaea io aiaoieo e aioo?aiiei, niciaoaeueiui ?aaoeyoi?ai iiaaaeaiey
/aeiaaea (e naii?aaoeyoeee).
Ineoieiae AE. Ieaaea, E. N. Auaioneee ia?auatho aieiaiea ia oi, /oi
eciaiaiey aeooiaiiai ie?a ee/iinoe i?ienoiaeyo neio?iiii n
niioaaonoaothueie aeieiae/aneeie eciaiaieyie. Nouanoaoao onoie/eaay
caeiiiia?iay naycue iaaeaeo o?iaiai ii?aeueiiai niciaiey /aeiaaea, n
iaeiie noi?iiu, aai aic?anoii e eioaeeaeoii – n ae?oaie. Yoe eaeae auee
iiaeoaa?aeaeaiu a oiaea enneaaeiaaiee, i?iaaaeaiiuo a NOA, Aiaeee,
Eaiaaea, Iaeneea. ?acoeueoaou yoeo enneaaeiaaiee naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i
oii, /oi /enei aeaoae, noiyueo ia aeiii?aeueiii o?iaia, n aic?anoii
?acei oiaiueoaaony. Aeey iiae?inoeiaiai aic?anoa iaeaieaa oeie/ia
i?eaioaoeey ia iiaiea cia/eiuo ae?oaeo eee ia niaethaeaiea oi?iaeueiuo
i?aaee (o?iaaiue eiiaaioeeaeueiie ii?aee). A thiinoe ia/eiaaony
iinoaiaiiue ia?aoiae e aaoiiiiiie ii?aee, eioi?ue, eae i?aaeei, neeueii
ionoaao io ?acaeoey aano?aeoiiai iuoeaiey. I?ienoiaeeo iinoaiaiiue
ia?aoiae io aeooiaiiai ie?a aeaonoaa, iiaeaaiiai e oi?aaeyaiiai
ac?ineuie, e aeooiaiiio iaeeeo naiinoiyoaeueiie ee/iinoe, eiaaea oaea
aioo?aiiea ?aaoeyoi?u ia/eiatho ea?aoue aeaaioth ?ieue a iiaaaeaiee
/aeiaaea. O iaai oi?ie?othony oaaaeaeaiey, nianoaaiiia aeaeaiea i?iaeai.
E ii ia/eiaao e?eoe/ii e ecae?aoaeueii ioeaieaaoue aeeyiey nioeeaeueiie
n?aaeu. Iaeie ec ieo /aeiaae aini?eieiaao, ae?oaea ioa?anuaaao eae
iai?eaieaiua. Ii ia/eiaao ana ioeaieaaoue neaicue i?ecio naiaai ee/iiai
iiuoa, ciaiee, i?aaenoaaeaiee. Eoae, noaiiaeaiea ee/iinoe a aeaoneea,
thiioaneea, iieiaeua aiaeu – yoi neiaeiue i?ioeann, a eioi?ii
acaeiiaeaenoaotho aeieiae/aneea, aic?anoiua e nioeeaeueiua oaeoi?u.
Ooiaeaiaio, aeooiaiay iniiaa ee/iinoe oi?ie?oaony a thiua aiaeu. Yoei
iauyniyaony iniaay ?ieue naiuee e oeieu a oi?ie?iaaiee ee/iinoe.
Iaeiaei, ia neaaeoao aeoiaoue, /oi i?ioeannu nioeeaeecaoeee e
eieoeueoo?aoeee ?ani?ino?aiythony oieueei ia ?aiiee ia?eiae aeecie
/aeiaaea. Iie ia ia?aie/eaathony eaeeie-oi aic?anoiuie ?aieaie e
i?iaeieaeathony a oa/aiea anae aeecie /aeiaaea. *ai yoi iauyniyaony?
1.A i?ioeanna aeecie iaiythony nioeeaeueiua ?iee, eioi?ua auiieiyao
ee/iinoue. Iiyaeythony iiaua aeieaeiinoe, noaoonu, ooieoeee, iiaua
nioeeaeueiua nayce e ioiioaiey. Iai?eia?, iinooieaiea a aoc, ia/aei
naiinoiyoaeueiie o?oaeiaie aeayoaeueiinoe, anooieaiea a a?ae, ?iaeaeaiea
?aaaiea – ana yoi iiaua nioeeaeueiua ?iee /aeiaaea, eioi?ua o?aaotho io
iaai iiauo ciaiee, oiaiee, auiieiaiey iiauo ooieoeee.
2. Eciaiaiey, a oii /enea e ea?aeeiaeueiua, iiaeao i?aoa?iaaaoue e naii
iauanoai. E yoi o?aaoao io /aeiaaea na?ueaciie aioo?aiiae ?aaiou,
i?aaeiieaaaao ei??aeoe?iaeo, a eiiaaea e iaiiaeaiea onoaiiaie,
aeeciaiiuo i?eaioe?ia. I?eia? oiio – neiaeiua i?ioeannu, eioi?ua
i?ienoiaeyo a iaoai iauanoaa n ia/aea 90-o aiaeia XX aaea. ?aniaae
Niaaoneiai Nithca, niaia yeiiiie/aneiai e iieeoe/aneiai no?iy, ia?aoiae
e ?uii/iui ioiioaieyi – ana yoi canoaaeei ethaeae, iniaaiii n?aaeiaai e
noa?oaai iieieaiee, aaeaioe?iaaoueny e iiaui nioeeaeueiui oneiaeyi,
iiiaia iaiyoue a naiai oeeaaea e ia?aca aeecie. Iaeiaei, e iauanoai
aeieaeii iiiiaaoue ee/iinoe i?eia?aoaoue oa ciaiey, iaauee, i?eaioaoeee,
eioi?ua iaiaoiaeeiu ae aeey aeecie a iiaie nioeeaeueiie n?aaea, /oiau
iia /oanoaiaaea naay ia ecaiai e ia?aeiaeii, a iieiioeaiiui /eaiii
iauanoaa. Oaeei ia?acii, i?ioeann i?eia?aoaiey e ?acaeoey /aeiaaeii
nioeeaeueiuo e eoeueoo?iuo ea/anoa ia ciaao aic?anoiuo a?aieoe,
i?iaeieaeaaony a oa/aiea anae aai aeecie.
N?aaea oi?ie?oao ee/iinoue, a ee/iinoue n ii?aaeaeaiiiai iiiaioa
eciaiyao e i?aia?acoao n?aaeo. Oaeei ia?acii, nouanoaoao acaeiiaeaenoaea
iaaeaeo ee/iinoueth e iauanoaii. I?e/ai, aeaenoaoao neaaeothuay
caeiiiia?iinoue: /ai aieaa ?acaeoa ee/iinoue, oai caiaoiaa aa aeeyiea ia
iauanoai, eieeaeoea, a eioi?ue iia aeeth/aia. Ii noaiaie
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai aeeaaea ee/iinoe a ?acaeoea iauanoaa noaeyo i aa
ianooaaiinoe. A yoii neo/aa aiai?yo i ee/iinoyo ?yaeiauo, oaeaioeeauo,
auaeathueony, aaieaeueiuo. Ia yoo i?iaeaio iiaeii iiniio?aoue neaicue
i?ecio iiiyoee “eoeueoo?a ee/iinoe” e “eoeueoo?a iauanoaa”.Eoeueoo?a
ee/iinoe ia oieueei ?acoeueoao aicaeaenoaey eoeueoo?u iauanoaa, ii e
enoi/iee aa ?acaeoey. Eiaiii ia o?iaia eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie eoeueoo?u
inouanoaeyaony ?iaeaeaiea iiauo eaeae, acaeyaeia, iiaeoiaeia,
oeaiiinoiuo i?aaenoaaeaiee e ii?i. E eeoue iieo/ea ii?aaeaeaiiia
cae?aieaiea (iaoa?eaeecaoeeth a oie eee eiie oi?ia) e ?ani?ino?aiaiea a
iauanoaa, yoi iiaia noaiiaeony aeinoiyieai eoeueoo?u iauanoaa. A yoii
iinoiyiiii i?ioeai?a/ee, iniiaaiiii ia ianiaiaaeaiee eoeueoo?u ee/iinoe
e iauanoaa, e caeiaeai enoi/iee aeaeaeaiey e ?acaeoey eoeueoo?u.
3. EOEUeOO?A E IAUANOAI. NIOeEAEUeIUA OOIEOeEE
EOEUeOO?U
Eoeueoo?a aicieeaao aianoa n iauanoaii, iia yaeyaony nioeeaeueiui
oaiiiaiii. Eoeueoo?a e iauanoai ia iiaoo nouanoaiaaoue ae?oa aac ae?oaa.
Yoi iaaeieiae/aneea oi?iu niaianoiie aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae.
Ianiio?y ia eo oanioth naycue, iaaeaeo ieie nouanoaotho e ?acee/ey. Anee
i?eiaiyoue aeayoaeueiinoiue iiaeoiae, oi iauanoai neaaeoao
?anniao?eaaoue eae eieeaeoeaiue noauaeo aeayoaeueiinoe, a eoeueoo?a
aoaeao aunooiaoue eae niiniau, n?aaenoaa e ?acoeueoaou aeayoaeueiinoe
(o. a. eae oaoieei-oaoiieiae/aneay e i?aaeiaoii-i?iaeoeoeaiay noi?iia
aeayoaeueiinoe).
Anee iiieiaoue iauanoai eae i?iaeoeo acaeiiaeaenoaey ethaeae, oi
eoeueoo?o iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue eae ea/anoaaiioth noi?iio yoiai
acaeiiaeaenoaey, acaeiiioiioaiee iaaeaeo ethaeueie. Iauanoai anaaaea
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ?acoeueoao nioeeaeueiuo ioiioaiee, e a yoii niunea
iii iaeciaiii. A eoeueoo?iia ia/aei a iai (o. a. ea/anoai yoeo
ioiioaiee), iai?ioea, aeeiaie/ii, eciai/eai. Iniaaiiinoe nioeeaeueiie
nenoaiu ii?aaeaeythony aa eoeueoo?iie iniiaie: neiaeeaoeieny a iauanoaa
oeaiiinoyie, ii?iaie, iau/ayie, o?aaeeoeeyie, ?aeeaeiciuie aa?iaaieyie,
o?iaiai ia?aciaaiiinoe, iaioaeeoaoii. Oaeei ia?acii, eoeueoo?a – yoi
ea/anoaaiiay noi?iia iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, aeinoeaiooue o?iaaiue
?acaeoey iauanoaa.
Eoeueoo?a auiieiyao aaaeiua nioeeaeueiua ooieoeee. Ai ana a?aiaia
nouanoaiaae eioa?an e eoeueoo?a eae e nioeeaeueiiio yaeaieth, no?aieaiea
iiiyoue aa ianoi e ?ieue a aeecie iauanoaa. Iaciaai aeaaiua ooieoeee
eoeueoo?u.
1. Aaeaioaoeeiiiay ooieoeey caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi eoeueoo?a
iaania/eaaao i?eniiniaeaiea /aeiaaea e ie?oaeathuae n?aaea. Oa?iei
“aaeaioaoeey” icia/aao i?eniiniaeaiea. AEeaioiua e ?anoaiey
au?aaaouaatho iaoaieciu aaeaioaoeee a i?ioeanna aeieiae/aneie
yaiethoeee. Iaoaieci aaeaioaoeee /aeiaaea i?eioeeieaeueii eiie. Ii ia
i?eniinaaeeaaaony e n?aaea, a i?eniinaaeeaaao n?aaeo e naaa, nicaeaaay
iiaoth eneonnoaaiioth n?aaeo. *aeiaae eae aeieiae/aneee aeae inoaaony
iaeeiaeiaui a i/aiue oe?ieii aeeaiaciia oneiaee, a eoeueoo?a (oi?iu
oicyenoaa, iau/ae, nioeeaeueiua einoeooou) ?acee/aaony a caaeneiinoe io
oiai, /aai o?aaoao i?e?iaea a eaaeaeii eiie?aoiii ?aaeiia. Cia/eoaeueiay
/anoue eoeueoo?iuo o?aaeeoeee eiaao ?aoeeiiaeueiua iniiaaiey, naycaiiua
n eaeei-oi iieaciui, i?eniiniaeoaeueiui yooaeoii. Ae?oaie noi?iiie
aaeaioaoeeiiiie ooieoeee eoeueoo?u yaeyaony oi, /oi aa ?acaeoea ana a
aieueoae noaiaie iaania/eaaao ethaeyi aaciianiinoue e eiioi?o,
oaaee/eaaaony yooaeoeaiinoue o?oaea, iiyaeythony iiaua aiciiaeiinoe aeey
aeooiaiie naii?aaeecaoeee /aeiaaea, eoeueoo?a iicaieyao /aeiaaeo n
iaeaieueoae iieiioie ?ane?uoue naay.
2. Iiciaaaoaeueiay ooieoeey eoeueoo?u ninoieo a oii, /oi eoeueoo?a
iaania/eaaao iieo/aiea iiauo ciaiee i ie?a. Yoo ooieoeeth auiieiytho
?aciua aeaeu aeooiaiie eoeueoo?u: ieoieiaey, ?aeeaey, oeeinioey, iaoea,
eneonnoai. Ia iniaaiiinoyo ieoieiae/aneiai e ?aeeaeiciiai ie?iiiieiaiey
aiai?eeinue auoa, eiaaea ?a/ue oea i aeiienueiaiiie e ienueiaiiie
eoeueoo?ao. A aeaiiie oaia ?anniio?ei iiciaaaoaeueioth ?ieue iaoee e
eneonnoaa. Neaaeoao ia?aoeoue aieiaiea ia oi, /oi iao/iia e
ooaeiaeanoaaiiia iiciaiea eiatho naith niaoeeoeeo. Iie ia aeoaee?otho, a
acaeiiaeiiieiytho, acaeiiiaiaauatho ae?oa ae?oaa. Iaoea eco/aao a
yaeaieyo e i?ioeannao iauaa e iaiaoiaeeiia. Iia no?aieony ca yaeaieyie
iaia?oaeeoue nouiinoue, ca niaieoiiinoueth oaeoia – caeiiiia?iinoe
?acaeoey. Anee iauaeaiiia ciaiea naiaeeony e eiinoaoaoeee e iienaieth
oaeoia, oi iao/iia ciaiea no?aieony e iauyniaieth yaeaiee e i?ioeannia e
i?aaeneacaieth eo aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey. Iniiaiua caaea/e iao/iiai
iiciaiey – iauynieoue e i?aaeneacaoue. Ii oi?ia iao/iia ciaiea
neiioeaio?e?iaaii a iaueo iiiyoeyo, eaoaai?eyo, i?eioeeiao, caeiiao,
oai?eyo, eioi?ua i?eieiatho oi?iaeeciaaiiue oa?aeoa? (yoi aano?aeoiua
oi?ioeu iaoaiaoeee, oeie/aneea ciaee, noaiu, a?aoeee, aeeaa?aiiu).
Ooaeiaeanoaaiiia iiciaiea a ioee/ea io iao/iiai yaeyaony ia?aciui e
iaaeyaeiui. Iiaeii neacaoue, /oi iaoea – yoi iuoeaiea a iiiyoeyo, a
eneonnoai – yoi iuoeaiea a ia?acao. *oi iu iiciaai n iiiiuueth
eneonnoaa? – Aeaaiaea?y eneonnoao iu ciaeiieiny n ?acee/iuie
enoi?e/aneeie yiioaie, iiaeai “ia?aianoenue” a i?ioeia, “caaeyiooue” a
aoaeouaa. Ia neo/aeii eneonnoai iacuaatho naiaia?aciie iaoeiie a?aiaie.
Ie n /ai ia n?aaieii cia/aiea eneonnoaa a iiciaiee /aeiaaea, aai
aeooiaiiai ie?a, ineoieiaee. Aua aei oiai, eae i?iaeaia
aanniciaoaeueiiai noaea i?aaeiaoii iao/iiai aiaeeca, iia auea
ooaeiaeanoaaiii iinoeaiooa, iai?eia?, a oai?/anoaa O. I. Aeinoiaaneiai e
E. I. Oienoiai.
Ioiaoei aua iaeii aaaeiia ?acee/ea iaaeaeo ooaeiaeanoaaiiui e iao/iui
iiciaieai. Iiciaaay i?e?iaeiua e iauanoaaiiua yaeaiey, o/aiue no?aieony
e iaeneiaeueiie iauaeoeaiinoe. Ii, eiia/ii, ia ia?anoaao auoue aeeaie
/aeiaa/aneie ee/iinoueth, eniuouaay a i?ioeanna enneaaeiaaiey ?acee/iua
/oanoaa e ia?aaeeaaiey. Ii iie ia aeeth/athony a ?acoeueoaou iao/iiai
enneaaeiaaiey. Eco/ay caeii noieiinoe eee ia?eiaee/aneee caeii
oeie/aneeo yeaiaioia, iaeuecy iaia?oaeeoue yiioeee, eioi?ua eniuouaaee a
i?ioeanna eo ioe?uoey Ia?en e Iaiaeaeaaa. A ioee/ea io iao/iuo iiiyoee e
caeiiia ooaeiaeanoaaiiue ia?ac io?aaeaao ia oieueei iauaeoeaioth
?aaeueiinoue, ii e noauaeoeaiue ie? ooaeiaeieea, aai yiioeeiiaeueiia
ninoiyiea, ioeaii/iia ioiioaiea e ie?o. Niaoeeoeea iiciaaaoaeueiie
aeayoaeueiinoe ooaeiaeieea – a ia?ac?uaiinoe iiciaiey e ioeaiee, iunee e
/oanoaa.
E?iia oiai, o/aiue no?aieony ono?aieoue aaeeie/iia e iaiiaoi?eiia,
auyaeoue iauaa e nouanoaaiiia a iauaeoao enneaaeiaaiey. E ii?ie ii ia
ciaao, eae iiaeieoe e iauaeoo iiaeeeiii oieeaeueiiio. A yoii aio
iiiiaaao ooaeiaeiee, iineieueeo aeey eneonnoaa aaaeii ia oieueei
oeie/aneia, ii e oieeaeueiia, iaiiaoi?eiia, aaeeie/iia. Iiyoiio
eneonnoai ia aeoaea? iaoee, ia i?inoie eeethno?aoi? e iiioey?ecaoi? aa
aeinoeaeaiee, a naiinoiyoaeueiue enneaaeiaaoaeue aeecie, aaaeouee naie
iiene enoeiu.
3. Iaeiie ec aaaeiaeoeo ooieoeee eoeueoo?u yaeyaony ooieoeey o?aineyoeey
(ia?aaea/e) nioeeaeueiiai iiuoa. Aa ia?aaeei iacuaatho ooieoeeae
enoi?e/aneie i?aainoaaiiinoe, eee eioi?iaoeeiiiie. Aeaaiaea?y eoeueoo?a
inouanoaeyaony ia?aaea/a nioeeaeueiiai iiuoa io iieieaiey e iieieaieth,
io yiioe e yiioa, io iaeiie no?aiu e ae?oaie. E?iia eoeueoo?u iauanoai
ia ?aniieaaaao ieeaeei eiui iaoaieciii o?aineyoeee anaai aiaaoaeoaai
iiuoa, iaeiieaiiiai /aeiaa/anoaii. Eoeueoo?a i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
neiaeioth ciaeiaoth nenoaio. Iia nio?aiyao nioeeaeueiue iiuo iieieaiee a
iiiyoeyo e neiaao, oi?ioeao iaoee, naiaia?aciuo ycueao eneonnoaa,
i?oaeeyo o?oaea, iau/ayo e o?aaeeoeeyo.
?ac?ua eoeueoo?iie i?aainoaaiiinoe ia?aeaao iiaua iieieaiey ia iioa?th
nioeeaeueiie iaiyoe ni anaie auoaeathueie ionthaea iineaaenoaeyie. Yoi
oaiiiai iaieo?oecia, iienaiiue *. Aeoiaoiaui a ?iiaia “E aeieueoa aaea
aeeeony aeaiue”. A iai iieacaii, eae a ?acoeueoaoa ieanoe/aneie
iia?aoeee n /a?aiii iioeuaiiiai thiioe ec aai niciaiey ecaeaeaaony
iaiyoue. E ii caauaaao i naieo ei?iyo, naiai i?ioeii e i?aa?auaaony a
iaieo?oa – iiei?iiai ?aaa naieo oicyaa. Eoeueoo?a ia aeaao caauoue i
naieo ei?iyo e naiai i?ioeii. Iiaeii neacaoue, /oi eoeueoo?a – yoi
enoi?e/aneay iaiyoue /aeiaa/anoaa. Yoi ia?iiiay nie?iaeuieoea ciaiee e
oeaiiinoae, nicaeaiiuo e iaeiieaiiuo /aeiaa/anoaii. Ii ioiioaieth e
eoeueoo?a aeieaeai aeaenoaiaaoue i?eioeei: nio?aieoue ana e ia?aaeaoue
iineaaeothuei iieieaieyi. Ii eiaiii nio?aieoue, a ia oo?aoeoue e ia
oie/oiaeeoue. A eaaeaeia iieieaiea aoaeao ioae?aoue, ec yoie
nie?iaeuieoeu oi, /oi aio iaiaoiaeeii, /oi nicao/ii iio?aaiinoyi
nia?aiaiiie yiioe.
4.Eiiioieeaoeaiay ooieoeey eoeueoo?u caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi eoeueoo?a
oi?ie?oao oneiaey e n?aaenoaa /aeiaa/aneiai iauaiey. Eoeueoo?a
nicaeaaony ethaeueie niiaua, iia anoue oneiaea e ?acoeueoao iauaiey
ethaeae. Oneiaea iioiio, /oi oieueei aeaaiaea?y onaiaieth eoeueoo?u
iaaeaeo ethaeueie onoaiaaeeaathony iiaeeeiii /aeiaa/aneea oi?iu iauaiey,
eoeueoo?a aeaao ei n?aaenoaa iauaiey – ciaeiaua nenoaiu, ycuee.
?acoeueoao – iioiio /oi oieueei aeaaiaea?y iauaieth ethaee iiaoo
nicaeaaaoue, o?aieoue e ?acaeaaoue eoeueoo?o; a iauaiee ethaee o/aony
iieueciaaoueny ciaeiauie nenoaiaie, oeene?iaaoue a ieo naie iunee e
onaaeaaoue caoeene?iaaiiua a ieo iunee ae?oaeo ethaeae. Oaeei ia?acii,
eoeueoo?a naycuaaao e iauaaeeiyao ethaeae.
Aieueooth ecaanoiinoue i?eia?aea iauay oai?ey eiiioieeaoeee eaiaaeneiai
nioeeieiaa e eoeueoo?ieiaa A. Iaeethyia. Ii aai iiaieth, ?acaeoea
n?aaenoa eiiioieeaoeee ii?aaeaeyao iauee oa?aeoa? eoeueoo?u e niaio
enoi?e/aneeo yiio. Iaeethyi auaeaeyao o?e oeia eiiioieeaoeee e
niioaaonoaaiii o?e enoi?e/aneeo oeia eoeueoo?u:
1) eoeueoo?a onoiie o?aaeeoeee;
2) eoeueoo?a ienueiaiiie e ia/aoiie o?aaeeoeee;
3) yeaeo?iiiue oei eoeueoo?u.
A yiioo ieaiaiiuo eoeueoo? iauaiea /aeiaaea auei ia?aie/aii ?aieaie
onoiie ?a/e. N aicieeiiaaieai ienueiaiiinoe nia/aea ?oeiieniua, a caoai
ia/aoiua eieae noaiiayony aeaaiuie n?aaenoaaie iauaiey iaaeaeo
ethaeueie. A XX aaea ianooieea y?a yeaeo?iiiie eioi?iaoeee. Nae/an, ii
au?aaeaieth Iaeethyia, iu aeeaai a “aeiaaeueiie aea?aaia”. Iiaua
n?aaenoaa ianniaie eioi?iaoeee e yeaeo?iiii-au/eneeoaeueiua iaoeiu
oi?acaeiytho ia ieaiaoa i?ino?ainoai e a?aiy, ono?aiytho ana
iaoeeiiaeueiua a?aieoeu, naycuaay a aaeeioth naoue naiua ioaeaeaiiua
oaieee, nieiatho iiiyoey “oeaio?” e “ia?eoa?ey”.
Nouanoaoao e ae?oaay eeanneoeeaoeey oeiia eiiioieeaoeaiinoe, a
niioaaonoaee n eioi?ie auaeaeythony:
1. O?aaeeoeeiiiue oei eiiioieeaoeee. Ii ?ani?ino?aiai a eieaeueiie,
naeueneie n?aaea. Caeanue ana oi?ioi ciatho ae?oa ae?oaa. ?ieue
eaaeaeiai /aeiaaea a iauaiee ii?aaeaeaia aai aic?anoii e ia?acii aeecie,
a ii?iu iauaiey ecaanoiu anai n aeaonoaa eee, ii e?aeiae ia?a, a oa/aiea
iiiaeo eao. Iauaiea ioee/aaony iinoiyinoaii, noaaeeueiinoueth.
2. Ooieoeeiiaeueii-?ieaaie oei eiiioieeaoeee. Ii ?acaeaaaony a
ai?iaeneie n?aaea a oneiaeyo cia/eoaeueiie aeeooa?aioeeaoeee oeiia
aeayoaeueiinoe e ia?aca aeecie, yaeyaony aacee/iui e
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiui. I?aaeea eiiioieeaoeee niioaaonoaotho
i?ioanneiiaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe e noaoono /aeiaaea a nioeeaeueiie
nenoaia. Onoiua, a aua aieaa ienueiaiiua eiioaeou, /anoi oi?iaeeciaaiu.
3. Ianniaay eiiioieeaoeey. Iia ia?acoaony a ?aieao nia?aiaiiiai
ianniaiai iauanoaa e icia/aao ?ani?ino?aiaiea eioi?iaoeee iaeiia?aiaiii
n?aaee aieueoiai /enea ethaeae, iacaaeneii io nioeeaeueiiai noaoona e
ianoa aeeoaeuenoaa. Oaeay eiiioieeaoeey aiciiaeia eeoue ia iniiaa
iiaaeoeo oaoiieiae/aneeo n?aaenoa, iaania/eaathueo aunieoth nei?inoue e
ianniainoue iienea, ia?aaioee e ?ani?ino?aiaiey eioi?iaoeee.
5. Eioaa?aoeaiay ooieoeey eoeueoo?u ninoieo a oii, /oi eoeueoo?a
yaeyaony aaaeiui oaeoi?ii, iaania/eaathuei onoie/eainoue e oeaeinoiinoue
iauanoaa. Eoeueoo?a iauaaeeiyao ia?iaeu, nioeeaeueiua a?oiiu,
ainoaea?noaa. Ethaay nioeeaeueiay iauiinoue, a eioi?ie neeaaeuaaaony
naiy eoeueoo?a, ne?aieyaony yoie eoeueoo?ie. Iioiio /oi n?aaee /eaiia
iauiinoe ?ani?ino?aiyaony aaeeiay niaieoiiinoue acaeyaeia, oaaaeaeaiee,
oeaiiinoae, eaeaaeia, oa?aeoa?iuo aeey aeaiiie eoeueoo?u. Yoe yaeaiey
ii?aaeaeytho niciaiea e iiaaaeaiea ethaeae, o ieo oi?ie?oaony /oanoai
i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe e iaeiie eoeueoo?a. Nio?aiaiea eoeueoo?iiai ianeaaeey,
iaoeeiiaeueiuo o?aaeeoeee, enoi?e/aneie iaiyoe nicaeaao naycue iaaeaeo
iieieaieyie. Ia yoii no?ieony enoi?e/aneia aaeeinoai iaoeee e
naiiniciaiea ia?iaea, eae nouanoaothuae ia i?ioyaeaiee aeieaiai a?aiaie
iauiinoe ethaeae. Oe?ieea ?aiee eoeueoo?iie iauiinoe nicaeathony
ie?iauie ?aeeaeyie. Aaeeiay aa?a oanii naycuaaao i?aaenoaaeoaeae
?acee/iuo ia?iaeia, ninoaaeythueo ie? eneaia eee o?enoeaineee ie?.
Iiiaea oeeiniou ia?auaee aieiaiea ia aaaeiinoue eioaa?aoeaiie ooieoeee
eoeueoo?u. Iai?eia?, iaiaoeeee i?inaaoeoaeue E. A. Aa?aea? (1744 – 1803)
?anniao?eaae eoeueoo?o eae niinia acaeiinayce ioaeaeueiiai /aeiaaea e
iauanoaa, eae n?aaenoai niei/aiey ethaeae a aaeeiue nioeeaeueiue
i?aaieci. Aiaeiae/iua eaeae auneacuaae I. A. Ni?ieei (1889 – 1968). Ii
n/eoae, /oi eoeueoo?a naycuaaao ee/iinoue e iauanoai. Aiaeeeneee oeeinio
A. I. Oaeooaae (1861 – 1947) enneaaeiaae aii?in i ?iee eoeueoo?iuo
neiaieia a nioeeaeueiie eioaa?aoeee. Ii aai iiaieth, eoeueoo?iua neiaieu
iiiiaatho ethaeyi iauaaeeiyoueny a nioeeaeueiua e yoie/aneea a?oiiu. E
oaeei eioaa?e?othuei eoeueoo?iui neiaieai Oaeooaae ioiinee
iaoeeiiaeueiue oeaa e aa?a. Ii ia?aoee na?ueaciia aieiaiea ia yia?aaoeeo
neiaiea. Neiaieu iiaoo ieacuaaoue ia ethaeae /?acau/aeii neeueiia, ii?ie
iaae/aneia aicaeaenoaea e aeaaea niinianoaiaaoue eoeueoeae?iaaieth
oaiaoecia. A yoie nayce iiaeii oeacaoue, iai?eia?, ia oo
iauaaeeieoaeueioth ?ieue, eioi?oth ea?aao a o?enoeaineii ie?a e?ano eae
neiaie no?aaeaiee O?enoa eee naanoeea a nenoaia oaoenoneie eaeaieiaee.
Eaeae Oaeooaaea iieo/atho aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea a oai?ee neiaiee/aneiai
eioa?aeoeeiiecia (acaeiiaeaenoaey). Noi?iiieee yoie oai?ee ia?auatho
aieiaiea ia oi, /oi neiaieeeie i?iiecaiu ana oi?iu iauanoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, oioy e a ?aciie noaiaie. Oae, ?aeeaey e iieeoeea a
aieueoae ia?a iiaeaa?aeaiu neiaieecaoeee, /ai yeiiiieea. Iieeoau,
e?anou, ?eooaeu – a iaeiie noa?a, oeaae, eicoiae e ieoeiae – a ae?oaie.
Yoi i?eia?u i?iyaeaiey neiaiee/aneiai acaeiiaeaenoaey. *aeiaae niioiineo
naay n aieueoei eee iaeui eieeaeoeaii /a?ac iiaeeeth/aiea ciaeiauo
n?aaenoa.
6. Ooieoeey nioeeaeecaoeee ninoieo a oii, /oi eoeueoo?a yaeyaony
aaaeiaeoei n?aaenoaii aeeth/aiey eiaeeaeaeia a nioeeaeueioth aeeciue,
onaiaiey eie nioeeaeueiiai iiuoa, ciaiee, oeaiiinoae, ii?i iiaaaeaiey,
niioaaonoaothueo aeaiiiio iauanoao, nioeeaeueiie a?oiia e nioeeaeueiie
?iee. I?ioeann nioeeaeecaoeee iicaieyao ee/iinoe noaoue iieiioeaiiui
/eaiii iauanoaa, caiyoue a iai ii?aaeaeaiioth iiceoeeth e aeeoue oae,
eae o?aaotho iau/ae e o?aaeeoeee. Aianoa n oai yoio i?ioeann
iaania/eaaao nio?aiaiea iauanoaa, aai no?oeoo?u, neiaeeaoeony a iai oi?i
aeecie. Eoeueoo?a ii?aaeaeyao niaea?aeaiea, n?aaenoaa e niiniau
nioeeaeecaoeee. A oiaea nioeeaeecaoeee ethaee inaaeaatho o?aiyueany a
eoeueoo?a i?ia?aiiu iiaaaeaiey, o/aony aeeoue, iuneeoue e aeaenoaiaaoue
a niioaaonoaee n ieie. E?iia oiai, eoeueoo?a – iaeei ec aaaeiuo oaeoi?ia
no?oeoo?e?iaaiey iauanoaa. Iia o/anoaoao a oi?ie?iaaiee nioeeaeueiie
no?oeoo?u. Eae ia?ac aeecie a oeaeii, oae e ?acee/iua noa?u
aeayoaeueiinoe i?iiecaiu eoeueoo?iuie cia/aieyie, aac eioi?uo /enoi
oicyenoaaiiua oaeoi?u ieacuaathony iaaeinoaoeaie. Eoeueoo?iua ii?iu e
niuneu ioi?ieytho eae ianoi eaaeaeiai nioeeaeueiiai neiy eee a?oiiu, oae
e aeenoaioeeth, ?acaeaeythuoth yoe neie. Oeiu aeayoaeueiinoe,
oicyenoaaiiua caiyoey, noaoonu, ?aiae e aeieaeiinoe eiatho ia oieueei
nianoaaiii yeiiiie/aneia, i?ioanneiiaeueiia e nioeeaeueiia niaea?aeaiea,
ii e neiaiee/aneia, ioi?ieyaiia /a?ac ii?aaeaeaiiua eoeueoo?iua ao?eaoou
e cia/aiey. Iai?eia?, n?aaeiaaaeiaue ?uoea?ue aeieaeai aue ioee/aoueny
e?anioie e i?eaeaeaoaeueiinoueth, io iaai o?aaiaaeanue oece/aneay neea,
ioaeanoai, aa?iinoue naiei iaycaoaeuenoaai e aeaai?iaenoai ii ioiioaieth
e i?ioeaieeo. Eiia/ii, eae e anyeee eaeaae, ii ia anaaaea niaeaniauaaeny
n aeeciueth.
Ia?aoiae io aieineeo aeiaeanoae e i?eaeai?iie aeecie i?eaae e caiaoiui
eciaiaieyi e a ii?iao iiaaaeaiey. Oaia?ue oeaieeenue oaea ia neea e
ioaeanoai, a ecyuanoai iaia?, aaeaioiia ia?auaiea n aeaiueiaie,
eneonnoai yoeeaoa. Iiaeii neacaoue, /oi aeai?yineay yoeea au?iaeaeaaony
a yoeeao – neiaeioth, ?ac?aaioaiioth aei aeaoaeae nenoaio oneiaiuo,
oi?iaeueiuo i?aaee e iaia? iiaaaeaiey, i?aaeiacia/aiiuo aeey iauaiey a
oceii, a?enoie?aoe/aneii e?oaa eeoe. Eneonnoai yoeeaoa auei aieaa
aaaeiui ioee/eoaeueiui i?eciaeii a?enoie?aoa, /ai ethaua th?eaee/aneea
aeieoiaiou, oaeinoiaa?yaoea aai nineiaioth i?eiaaeeaaeiinoue. Aunoaai
?anoeaaoa yoeeao aeinoeaaao i?e o?aioeocneii aeai?a a i?aaeaiea
Ethaeiaeea XIV.
A aeaeueiaeoai noi?ie?iaaeny eaeaae aeaai?iaeiiai /aeiaaea,
aeaeaioeueiaia. Aeey iaai ia eiaao iniaiai cia/aiey neea e aiaoiyy
e?anioa, aaeeeieaiea iaeaaeaeu e aieineea aeiaeanoe. Eo caiaieee oi?ioaa
ainieoaiea, aeinoieiua iaia?u, ia?aciaaiea, iieo/aiiia a cae?uoie oeiea,
a?aiioiay ?a/ue, aeaaeaiea ae?oaeie ycueaie. Iienaiea iineoaeae yoiai
oeia eoeueoo?u iiaeii iaeoe a eieaao O. Oaeea?ay, a ia?aie aeaaa ?iiaia
A. N. Iooeeia “Aaaaiee Iiaaei”.
A o?aaeeoeeiiiuo iauanoaao noaooniay neiaieeea iiaeao aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy
nio?aiyoueny a iaeciaiiii aeaea, ioi?ieyy onoie/eaua ?acee/ey iaaeaeo
nineiaeyie, ?aiaaie, nooiaiyie nioeeaeueiie ea?a?oee. A iiaeeueiii
iauanoaa i?ienoiaeeo, n iaeiie noi?iiu, iinoaiaiiia i?iieeiiaaiea naa?oo
aiec neiaieia i?anoeaea (ycuea, iaia?, ia?aciaaiey), a n ae?oaie –
auoanoiyuee eeann aiiaue e aiiaue oi?ie?oao neiaiee/aneea aa?uea?u,
onoaiaaeeaaao nioeeaeueioth aeenoaioeeth iaaeaeo aa?oaie, n?aaeieie
neiyie e iecaie. A nia?aiaiiii iauanoaa yoio iaoaieci oeaeaiai?aaeaiii
eniieuecoaony aecianii, i?iaiaeyuei iieeoeeo iiauoaiey noaooniiai
niciaiey iio?aaeoaeae, iiiu?aiey ni?ina ia i?anoeaeiua oiaa?u e oneoae.
Iniaaiii ianoie/eai nio?aiytho naith nioeeieoeueoo?ioth n?aaeo aunoea
neie iauanoaa. Yoi aeinoeaaaony ca n/ao oaeeo aauae, eae i?iaeeaaiea a
oaoaiaaaeueiuo ?aeiiao, iieoiea oiaa?ia a aei?iaeo iaaaceiao, ioaeuo ia
iiaeiuo eo?i?oao, iauaiea n ethaeueie ii?aaeaeaiiiai aeinoaoea e
noaoona.
7. ?aaoeyoeaiay ooieoeey eoeueoo?u naycaia, i?aaeaea anaai, n
ii?aaeaeaieai (?aaoee?iaaieai) ?acee/iuo noi?ii, aeaeia iauanoaaiiie e
ee/iie aeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae. A noa?a o?oaea, auoa, iaaeee/iinoiuo
ioiioaiee eoeueoo?a oae eee eia/a aeeyao ia iiaaaeaiea ethaeae e
?aaoee?oao eo iinooiee, aeaenoaey. ?aaoeyoeaiay ooieoeey inouanoaeyaony
oaeeie yeaiaioaie eoeueoo?u, eae oeaiiinoe, ii?iu, o?aaeeoeee.
8. A ea/anoaa iniaie iaeioi?ua eoeueoo?ieiae auaeaeytho ya?enoe/aneoth
ooieoeeth eoeueoo?u. Iia caeeth/aaony a neaaeothuai. Oai?/anoai:
iao/iia, oaoie/aneia, oi?aaeai/aneia iaaiciiaeii aac ia?aciiai iuoeaiey,
aiia?aaeaiey, ii?aaeaeaiiiai yiioeeiiaeueiiai iano?iy. Eoeueoo?a, a
/anoiinoe, ooaeiaeanoaaiiay eoeueoo?a, niinianoaoao ?acaeoeth yoeo
aaaeiaeoeo oaeoi?ia oai?/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Ooaeiaeanoaaiiay
eoeueoo?a iiiiaaao e ?acaeoeth oaeeo /a?o oai?/aneiai iuoeaiey, eae
aeaeinoue, annioeeaoeaiinoue, niiniaiinoue ii-iiaiio oaeaeaoue iau/iia.
Ia neo/aeii A. Yeiooaei neacae: “Aeinoiaaneee aeaao iia aieueoa, /ai
ethaie iao/iue iuneeoaeue, aieueoa, /ai Aaon”. A iaoae ia/aoe a
“Eeoa?aoo?iie aacaoa” niiauaeinue i naiaia?aciii yenia?eiaioa,
i?iaaaeaiiii a NOA. A?oiia aaeieieno?aoi?ia iaeiie eiiiaiee
inaiaiaeaeaeanue io i?ioanneiiaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe e a oa/aiea aeanyoe
ianyoeaa inouanoaeyea aoiaieoa?ioth i?ia?aiio, a eioi?ie aieueoia ianoi
caieiaei eneonnoai (/oaiea eiea, iinauaiea oaao?ia, iocaaa, aunoaaie,
eiioea?oia). Yoi i/aiue iieiaeeoaeueii neacaeinue ia eo
i?ioanneiiaeueiie aeoeaiinoe, eo aeaenoaey noaee aieaa oai?/aneeie,
ianoaiaea?oiuie.
9. Eiiiainaoi?iay ooieoeey eoeueoo?u iicaieyao /aeiaaeo ioaeaeaoueny io
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, ioaeuoaoue io aeeciaiiuo i?iaeai,
iieo/aoue yiioeeiiaeueioth ?ac?yaeeo. Ae?oaia iacaaiea yoie ooieoeee –
?ae?aaoeaiay – io?aaeaao /anoiia niaiaaeaiea yoie ooieoeee n ia?eiaeii
aeinoaa e ioaeuoa, o. a. a?aiaiai, oi?iaeueii naiaiaeiui io
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. *aeiaae iiaeao iieo/aoue aeooiaioth
eiiiainaoeeth io oo?ecia, iauaiey n i?e?iaeie, oai?/aneeo oaea/aiee.
Aaaeiie oi?iie eiiiainaoeee yaeythony i?acaeieee, ia a?aiy eioi?uo
iauaeaiiay aeeciue i?aia?aaeaaony e nicaeaaony ianoaiiaea i?eiiaeiyoiai
iano?iaiey. Ai a?aiy i?acaeieea i?ienoiaeeo eiioeaio?aoeey eoeueoo?iie
aeecie. Aai i?iaaaeaiea ioaaouaaao a?oeoaeoo?iia e aeaei?aoeaiia
ioi?ieaiea, oaao?aeeciaaiiua aeaenoaey, iocueaeueiua ia?ii?eyoey,
c?aeeua e i?ioeannee, eiieo?nu e ninoycaiey. A?aaeaeaineea, e iniaaiii
ia?iaeiua i?acaeieee, caeeth/atho a naaa ia oieueei oi?aeanoaaiiua, ii e
ea?iaua yeaiaiou.
Eiiiainaoi?ioth ooieoeeth auiieiytho oaeea aeaeu aeooiaiie eoeueoo?u,
eae eneonnoai e ?aeeaey. Eneonnoai iicaieyao ainiieieoue oi, /oi
iaaeinoaao /aeiaaeo a aai aeecie, iaecaaaeii ia?aie/aiiie i?ino?ainoaii
e a?aiaiai. Iu eae au caiiai ia?aaeeaaai noaeueau aa?iaa i?iecaaaeaiee,
aianoa n eo ia?niiaaeaie iiiaaeaai a ?acee/iua aeeciaiiua neooaoeee,
eniuouaaai i?e yoii ii?aaeaeaiiua /oanoaa, ia?aaeeaaiey. E ana yoi
iaiaauaao iao aeeciaiiue iiuo, aini?eyoea e iiieiaiea aeecie, ?anoe?yao
e?oa iauaiey.
I?eiaieoaeueii e ?aeeaee i?aaeeueiaa auei au aiai?eoue ia
eeethci?ii-eiiiainaoi?iie ooieoeee, iioiio /oi ?aeeaey aeaao /aeiaaeo
eeethci?ioth iaaeaaeaeo e ooaoaiea. A ?aeeaee i?ienoiaeeo iieiia niyoea
i?ioeai?a/ee e eiioeeeoia: nioeeaeueiia ia?aaainoai i?aa?auaaony a
?aaainoai ia?aae aiaii, oaeoe/aneia aanneeea /aeiaaea eiiiaine?oaony
ananeeeai aiaa, nia?oiue ieacuaaaony aannia?oiui, a ie? cea e
iani?aaaaeeeainoe caiaiyaony “oea?noaii aiaeueei” (“oea?noaii
iaaaniui”). Aaaeiia cia/aiea i?e yoii eiaao ineoieiae/aneee aniaeo
eiiiainaoi?iie ooieoeee, eioi?ue iniaaiii io/aoeeai i?iyaeyaony a
iieeoaa e iieayiee. I?e eo niaa?oaiee i?ienoiaeeo ia?aoiae io ninoiyiey
iiaeaaeaiiinoe (aaniieienoaa, iaoaeiaeaoai?aiiinoe, nei?ae, oinee) e
ninoiyieth iaeaa/aiey (oaeiaeaoai?aiiinoe, oniieiaiey, aa?iiiee,
?aaeinoe).
4. IIIssOEA OeEAEEECAOeEE. EOEUeOO?A E OeEAEEECAOeEss
Oa?iei “oeeaeeecaoeey” aaae a iaoeo a na?aaeeia XVIII a. oioeaiaeneee
enoi?ee e yeiiiieno A. Oa?athnnii. Oa?iei “oeeaeeecaoeey” i?iecioae io
eaoeineiai neiaa “civilis”, /oi icia/aao “a?aaeaeaineee”,
“ainoaea?noaaiiue”, “iauanoaaiiue”. A aa?iiaeneie iaoea XIX-XX aa.
iiiyoea “oeeaeeecaoeey” oiio?aaeyeinue a ?aciuo cia/aieyo, eae i?aaeei,
/a?ac niiinoaaeaiea n iiiyoeai “eoeueoo?a”. A iaoea noi?ie?iaaeny
oe?ieee niaeo? iiaiee io ioiaeaeanoaeaiey yoeo iiiyoee aei eo
i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiey. ?anniio?ei iniiaiua iiceoeee.
1.Iiiyoey oeeaeeecaoeee e eoeueoo?u aunooiatho eae neiiieiu, iaaeaeo
ieie ionoonoaotho neieueei-ieaoaeue nouanoaaiiua ?acee/ey. A ea/anoaa
i?eia?a iiaeii oeacaoue ia eoeueoo?ieiae/aneea eiioeaioeee I. ss.
Aeaieeaaneiai e A. Oieiae.
2.Oeeaeeecaoeey ?anniao?eaaaony eae o?iaaiue, nooiaiue ?acaeoey
iauanoaa, aai iaoa?eaeueiie e aeooiaiie eoeueoo?u (a yoii niunea iu
aiai?ei ia aioe/iie eee nia?aiaiiie oeeaeeecaoeee).
3.Oeeaeeecaoeey ?anniao?eaaaony eae nooiaiue enoi?e/aneiai ?acaeoey
/aeiaa/anoaa, neaaeothuay ca aa?aa?noaii. O?aaeeoeey oaeiai iiieiaiey
oeeaeeecaoeee ainoiaeeo e ?eineiio enoi?eeo E. Oaoeeoo. Ii iiaieth
Oaoeeoa, oeeaeeecaoeeth io aa?aa?noaa ioee/atho aunieee o?iaaiue
iaoa?eaeueiiai aeaaininoiyiey iauanoaa, nicaeaiea ainoaea?noaa e
iiyaeaiea ienueiaiiinoe. Noiaeioth n Oaoeeoii iinoaiiaeo aii?ina iu
iaoiaeei o I. Iiioaiy (1533 – 1592). Iaa iuneeoaey ia?auatho aieiaiea ia
oi, /oi ia?aoiae io aa?aa?noaa e oeeaeeecaoeee naycai ia oieueei n
i?eia?aoaieyie, ii e iioa?yie. A aeaeueiaeoai iiieiaiea oeeaeeecaoeee
eae aunoae ii n?aaiaieth n aa?aa?noaii nooiaie iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeoey
ano?a/aaony a ?aaioao E. Ii?aaia, a eieaa O. Yiaaeuena “I?ienoiaeaeaiea
naiuee, /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe e ainoaea?noaa” (1884). A ea/anoaa
iniiaiiieaaathuaai ia/aea oeeaeeecaoeee Yiaaeuen ?anniao?eaae oiaa?iia
i?iecaiaenoai. Ii iacuaaao e ae?oaea i?eciaee oeeaeeecaoeee: ?acaeaeaiea
o?oaea e ioaeaeaiea oinoaaiiiai o?oaea io oece/aneiai, aicieeiiaaiea
ai?iaeia, iiyaeaiea eeannia e ainoaea?noa. Iineieueeo O. Yiaaeuena
eioa?aniaaea i?iaeaia aicieeiiaaiey eeannia e ainoaea?noaa, oi aii?in i
eoeueoo?a e aa niioiioaiee n oeeaeeecaoeeae ei caeanue ia
?anniao?eaaeny.
4.Nouanoaotho oai?ee, a eioi?uo oeeaeeecaoeey ?anniao?eaaaony eae
nioeeaeueiue oaiiiai, i?ioeainoiyuee eoeueoo?a. O?aaeeoeey
i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiey oeeaeeecaoeee e eoeueoo?u ainoiaeeo e E. Eaioo. Eaio
n/eoae, /oi aeaaiie oeaeueth eoeueoo?iiai ?acaeoey /aeiaa/anoaa yaeyaony
i?aanoaaiiie niaa?oainoaiaaiea. Ii i?aaeeaaaao naie e?eoa?ee
i?aanoaaiiinoe: iinooiie ioeaieaaaony eae i?aanoaaiiue oieueei a oii
neo/aa, anee /aeiaae, niaa?oeaoee aai, ?oeiaiaenoaiaaeny eeoue /oanoaii
aeieaa e a iioeaao aai aeaenoaee ionoonoaiaaea ei?unoiay oeaeue –
iai?eia?, iaaeaaeaea ia aiciaa?aaeaeaiea. Eoeueoo?a i?iyaeyaony a oiaiee
/aeiaaea i?aiaeieaaaoue naie yaienoe/aneea iio?aaiinoe, a no?aieaiee
iiae/eieoueny i?aanoaaiiiio aeieao. Eoeueoo?a a naiae iniiaa
i?aanoaaiia.
Oeeaeeecaoeey aea niaeanii Eaioo, o?aaoao io /aeiaaea i?iyaeyoue eeoue
aiaoithth ainieoaiiinoue, niaethaeaoue aeaaii?enoieioth oi?io
iiaaaeaiey. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, iinooiee oeeaeeeciaaiiiai /aeiaaea
iniiauaathony ia ia /oanoaa aeieaa, a ia oi?iaeueiie aeenoeeieeia e
iiaoo i?aneaaeiaaoue ei?unoiua, yaienoe/aneea oeaee. Iiyoiio Eaio e
ii?aaeaeyao oeeaeeecaoeeth eae aiaoiaa iiaeiaea eoeueoo?u, ia
iaiieiaiiia ii?aeueiui niaea?aeaieai. Auoue oeeaeeeciaaiiui – aua ia
cia/eo auoue eoeueoo?iui. A i?ioeanna ainieoaiey /aeiaaea iaiaoiaeeii
iao/eoue aeenoeeieeia, ii?aaeaeaiiui iaaueai (eoeueoo?a oiaiey),
oeeaeeeciaaiiinoe (eoeueoo?a iauaiey) e ii?aeueiinoe eae aa?oeia yoie
ie?aieaeu. Aaaeiaeoay caaea/a eoeueoo?u – yoi ainieoaiea i?aanoaaiiiai
/aeiaaea.
Aeaeueiaeooth ?ac?aaioeo i?iaeaia niioiioaiey eoeueoo?u e oeeaeeecaoeee
iieo/eea a eiioeaioeee I. Oiaiaea?a (1880 -1936). Caaea/a Oiaiaea?a ia
naiaeeeanue e oiio, /oiau ?acaanoe iiiyoey “eoeueoo?a” e “oeeaeeecaoeey”
e ii?aaeaeeoue eo cia/aiea. N iiiiuueth yoeo eaoaai?ee Oiaiaea?
iiiuoaeny iniuneeoue aeeiaieeo eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneiai i?ioeanna,
auyaeoue aai caeiiiia?iinoe. Enoiaey ec i?eioeeia oeeeee/aneiai ?acaeoey
eoeueoo?u, Oiaiaea? i?eoiaeeo e auaiaeo i iaecaaaeiinoe aeaaee eaaeaeie
eoeueoo?u. Ii iieaaae, /oi eoeueoo?a, aeinoeaioa ieea naiaai ?anoeaaoa,
a caeeth/eoaeueiie oaca i?eoiaeeo e oiaaeeo. Yoo oaco aeaa?aaeaoeee,
oiaaeea eoeueoo?u Oiaiaea? iacuaaao oeeaeeecaoeeae. I?e/eio e?ecena
eoeueoo?u Oiaiaea? aeaeeo a oii, /oi iaoa?eaeueiua yeaiaiou ia/eiatho
i?aaaee?iaaoue iaae aeooiaiuie e auoaniytho eo.
Oeeaeeecaoeey ii naiaio niaea?aeaieth i?ioeainoieo eoeueoo?a. Anee a
iniiaa eoeueoo?u eaaeeo aoiaienoe/aneia ia/aei, oi nouiinoueth
oeeaeeecaoeee yaeyaony i?aeoeoeeci e i?aaiaoeci. Anee a eoeueoo?a
?acaeaaaony eneonnoai e aoiaieoa?iua ciaiey, oi a oeeaeeecaoeee
aeiieie?othuoth ?ieue ia/eiatho ea?aoue anoanoaaiiua iaoee e oaoieea. A
ioee/ea io eoeueoo?u oeeaeeecaoeey eeoaia oai?/anoaa. “Iia ie/aai ia
nicaeaao, iia oieueei ia?aoieeiauaaao”. E ae?oaei i?eciaeai
oeeaeeecaoeee Oiaiaea? ioiinee: o?aaiecaoeeth (ia?iiiue ?ino ai?iaeia),
iianniaeaiea anao noa? aeecie, ianeeea /aeiaaea iaae i?e?iaeie, aieiu e
eiua eiioeeeou. Ii iiaieth Oiaiaea?a, oeeaeeecaoeey yaeyaony iaecaaaeiie
noaeueaie eaaeaeie eoeueoo?u. Oae i?iecioei n aioe/iie eoeueoo?ie, iia
caeii/eea naia ?acaeoea ?eineie oeeaeeecaoeeae. Ia ecaaaeae yoie
noaeueau e nia?aiaiiue Caiaae. Aa?iia a XX aaea anooieea a ia?eiae
naiaai caeaoa. Eae acaeiieneeth/athuea ia/aea ?anniao?eaaao
oeeaeeecaoeeth e eoeueoo?o I. A. Aa?aeyaa (1874 – 1948). A naiae ?aaioa
“I eoeueoo?a” Aa?aeyaa ooaa?aeaeaao, /oi eoeueoo?a ?iaeeeanue ec eoeueoa
e eiaao ?aeeaeiciua iniiau. Aaiacen aea oeeaeeecaoeee naycai n
ooeeeoa?iui ia/aeii /aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, n ai?ueaie /aeiaaea n
i?e?iaeie. E yoa ai?ueaa ca auaeeaaiea i?eoiaeeea aia o?aia e eoeueoa,
iiyoiio oeeaeeecaoeey ieacaeanue ia noieue aeaai?iaeiiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey
eae eoeueoo?a.
Ii iiaieth I. A. Aa?aeyaaa, eoeueoo?a – yaeaiea eiaeeaeaeoaeueiia e
iaiiaoi?eiia, oeeaeeecaoeey aea – yaeaiea iauaa e iianthaeo
iiaoi?ythuaany. Ia?aoiae io aa?aa?noaa e oeeaeeecaoeee eiaao iauea
i?eciaee o anao ia?iaeia e i?eciaee ii i?aeiouanoao iaoa?eaeueiua
(iai?eia?, ii naycai n oiio?aaeaieai aeaeaca). Eoeueoo?a a naiae iniiaa
aeooiaia. O eoeueoo?u anoue aeooa, o oeeaeeecaoeee – iaoiaeu e i?oaeey.
?acaeaay oaio aeecinoe eoeueoo?u e eoeueoa, Aa?aeyaa ioia/aao, /oi
eoeueoo?a – yoi eoeueo i?aaeeia, ii/eoaiea iiaee e iaiyoieeia. *ai
ae?aaiaa eoeueoo?a, oai iia cia/eoaeueiaa e i?ae?aniaa. Eoeueoo?a
ai?aeeony ae?aaiinoueth naiaai i?ienoiaeaeaiey, ia?ac?uaiie naycueth n
i?ioeui, i?aainoaaiiinoueth. Oeeaeeecaoeey, iai?ioea, aei?iaeeo naiei
iaaeaaiei i?ienoiaeaeaieai. Iia ia euao ae?aaieo e aeoaieeo enoieia, a
ai?aeeony naieie naaiaeiyoieie ecia?aoaieyie. Oeeaeeecaoeey anaaaea
eiaao oaeie aeae, neiaii iia aicieeea naaiaeiy eee a/a?a.
Aa?aeyaa n/eoaao, /oi iineieueeo a iniiaa eoeueoo?u eaaeeo ?aeeaeiciia
ia/aei, oi iia anaaaea no?aieony e aine?anaieth. I?eia?ii oiio yaeyaony
eoeueoo?a Ae?aaiaai Aaeioa. Iia any iniiaaia ia aeaaeaea aa/iinoe,
aeaaeaea aine?anaiey, ai?ueaa ni nia?oueth. Aaeiaoneea ie?aieaeu
ia?aaeeee aeieaea ouny/aeaoey e nio?aieeenue aei iaoeo aeiae.
Oeeaeeecaoeey ia no?ieo ie?aieae e ia aei?iaeeo oai, /oiau aa iaiyoieee
nio?aiyee ouny/aeaoithth i?i/iinoue. Oeeaeeecaoeey oooo?enoe/ia,
ono?aieaia a aoaeouaa. Ii iiaieth Aa?aeyaaa, a eoeueoo?a aeaenoaotho
aeaa ia/aea – eiina?aaoeaiia, ia?auaiiia e i?ioeiio, e oai?/aneia,
iaoeaeaiiia ia aoaeouaa e niceaeathuaa iiaua oeaiiinoe. Ii a eoeueoo?a
ia iiaeao aeaenoaiaaoue ia/aei ?ac?ooeoaeueiia, ?aaiethoeeiiiia.
Ii iiaieth I. A. Aa?aeyaaa oeeaeeecaoeey e eoeueoo?a – yaeaiey
ianiaianoeiua aua e iioiio, /oi i?aaenoaaeytho ?aciua noaaeee
enoi?e/aneiai i?ia?anna. Aunoee iiaeuai eoeueoo?u inoaeny a i?ioeii,
aeey ao?aeoacii-aeaiie?aoe/aneiai yoaia nia?aiaiiie enoi?ee oa?aeoa?ii
ainiiaenoai oeeaeeecaoeee. Yoe eaeae Aa?aeyaa ?acaeaaao a ?aaioa “Iiaia
n?aaeiaaaeiauea”. A iae ioia/aaony, /oi aeaaiie neeie Iiaiai a?aiaie
noaiiaeony oaoieea. *aeiaae iiiaaeaao a caaeneiinoue io oao nee, eioi?ua
nicaeaao nai. Ii i?aa?auaaony a i?eaeaoie iaoeiu, noaiiaeony aaniiiiuiui
aac oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa. A aea?oao oaoie/aneiio i?ia?anno i?eiinyony
aoiaieoa?iua oeaiiinoe. O?aaeeoeeiiiay eoeueoo?a auoaniyaony ianniaie,
eioi?oth Aa?aeyaa iacuaaao aa?aa?neie eoeueoo?ie – aieaa aeinooiiie, ii
ieceie ii ea/anoao. Niaieoiiinoue yoeo eciaiaiee e ninoaaeyao
ia?a?iaeaeaiea eoeueoo?u a oeeaeeecaoeeth.
Oaeei ia?acii, nouanoaotho ?aciua iiaeoiaeu e i?iaeaia niioiioaiey
eoeueoo?u e oeeaeeecaoeee. Iaeiaei, ai anao ?annoaeaeaieyo ii yoiio
iiaiaeo iiaeii iaeoe iaeioi?ua aeinoaoi/ii aannii?iua iiiaiou. Iie
naiaeyony e neaaeothuaio:
1. Iiiyoea “eoeueoo?a” naiaioe/anee oe?a, /ai iiiyoea “oeeaeeecaoeey”.
Iii i?eiaieii eae e iaaieueoiio ieaiaie, oae e e oeaeui eiioeiaioai
(iai?eia?, “eoeueoo?a Aa?iiu”, “ao?eeaineay eoeueoo?a” e o. i.).
2.Iiiyoea “eoeueoo?a” aeeth/aao a naay eae iao/ii-oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann,
oae e aeooiaii-aoiaienoe/aneoth i?aainoaaiiinoue iaaeaeo iieieaieyie. A
iiiyoee “oeeaeeecaoeey” yaii iuouathony iaoa?eaeueii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiua
i?ei?eoaou.
3. Iiiyoea “eoeueoo?a” oanii naycaii n iaoeeiiaeueii-yoie/aneie
niaoeeoeeie /aeiaa/aneeo a?oii, a oi a?aiy eae iiiyoea “oeeaeeecaoeey”
oyaioaao e iaua/aeiaa/aneei, aeiaaeueiui ianooaaai. A ioee/ea io
auoothuaai ia Caiaaea (ia o?iaia iianaaeiaaiiai niciaiey)
ioiaeaeanoaeaiey eoeueoo?u n oeeaeeecaoeeae aeey ?inneyi eoeueoo?a –
yaeaiea a iniiaa naiae eaeaaeueiia, a oeeaeeecaoeey a eiia/iii n/aoa –
iaoa?eaeueiia, naycaiiia n auoiauie oaeianoaaie e iio?aaeoaeuenoaii. Iu
i?eaea?aeeaaainy ia?aiia/aeueiiai, eaeouaai io aioe/iinoe iiieiaiey
eoeueoo?u eae “aicaeaeuaaiey” aeooe e aeooa /aeiaaea, a oi a?aiy eae
oeeaeeecaoeey yaeyaony aicaeaeuaaieai eeoue n?aaeu e oneiaee iaeoaiey.
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