Oaaea?aeueiia aaaionoai ii eoeueoo?a e eeiaiaoia?aoee
Aeoaeneay ainoaea?noaaiiay aeaaeaiey eoeueoo?u e eneonnoa
Oaeoeueoao ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai oai?/anoaa
Eaoaae?a nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iiai oo?ecia
Eaiia?aciia aeaei ia Aeoaa. Ai?iay Eieuaaiue.
Eo?niaay ?aaioa
Auiieieea nooaeaioea
2 eo?na cai/iiai ioaeaeaiey
a?oiiu IONO
________________/iiaeienue/
Iao/iue ?oeiaiaeeoaeue:
__________________/iiaeienue/
?aaioa caueuaia: ?aeiiaiaeiaaii e caueoa
«___»________2008 a.
«___»__________2008 a.
Ioeaiea ____________
E.I. Caa. eaoaae?ie:
______________/iiaeienue/
Aa?iaoe, 2008
Niaea?aeaiea
Aaaaeaiea
1.1.Nouiinoue eaiia?aciiai eneonnoaa.
1.2. Enoi?ey ioe?uoey e eco/aiea ianoi?iaeaeaiee iiaeaei/iuo eaiiae
Aeoay.
1.3. Eaiia?aciia aeaei a Eieuaaie.
2. Oeaio? eoeueoo?u ia iniiaa iaiyoieeia eaiia?aciiai eneonnoaa Aeoay.
2.1. Eieuaaineay eaiia?aciay oaa?eea.
2.2. Iniaaiiinoe eieuaaineeo ecaeaeee e eo ?ieue naaiaeiy.
Caeeth/aiea
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u
Aaaaeaiea
Ia ?oaaaea XX-XXI aaeia, eaiaiue oaa?aiii aioae a ?uiie, i?e/ai ai
aioo?aiiee. A iniiaiii yoi, eiia/ii, no?ieoaeueiue eaiaiue,
eniieuecoaiue aeey iaeeoeiaee. Aaeeeieaiiua iicaeee, oiioaiu,
iiioiaioaeueiua eiiiiceoeee, eae aeey eioa?uea?ia, oae e aeey ai?iaeneeo
oeeoe e ia?eia, ecaioaaeeaathony ia i?iecaiaenoaao ii oaaeiiai, ia
eiathueo ie/aai iauaai n ?ano?ninaa?aaathueie oaoiieiaeyie e, oai aieaa
n eaiia?aciui eneonnoaii. Eaiia?aciua ?aaiou (ieanoeea ec
eaiiae-naiioeaaoia) oaeaea auniei oeaieony, eae e 100 e 200 eao iacaae.
Ooaeiaeanoaaiiay ia?aaioea eaiiy a ?innee – naiaia?aciay e eioa?aniay
iaeanoue eneonnoaa. Aeoae – iaeei ec oeaio?ia ?onneiai eaiia?aciiai
eneonnoaa, eiioea XVIII – ia?aie iieiaeiu XIX aaeia, ia?eiaea iaeaunoaai
aai ?acaeoey. A?aiy iiaeeeiiiai ?annaaoa ooaeiaeanoaaiiie ia?aaioee
eaiiy, a?aiy, eiaaea eieuaaineeie ianoa?aie auee nicaeaiu oaaeaa?u, ii
nae aeaiue ieaaea e ieeai ia i?aacieaeaiiua. Yoi iaiin?aaenoaaiii
naycaii n aunieeie aeinoeaeaieyie anaai ?onneiai eneonnoaa, a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue, n ?anoeaaoii a?oeoaeoo?u e aeaei?aoeaiuo eneonnoa oiai
a?aiaie.
1. Nouiinoue eaiia?aciiai eneonnoaa
A neiaa?a ?onneiai ycuea A.E. Aeaeue ieoao: «Eaiaiue – anyeay oaa?aeay
iaeiaeay e ia?anioneathuay a aiaea ai?iay ii?iaea a aeaea nieioiie iannu
e ioaeaeueiuo eoneia». N oao ii? i?ioei aieaa noieaoey, a yoi
ii?aaeaeaiea ia i?aoa?iaei eaeeo eeai eciaiaiee. Iaeiaei o eaaeaeiai
/aeiaaea naia i?aaenoaaeaiea i eaiia. Anee a?oeoaeoi?, no?ieoaeue e
eaiaiioan iiieiatho iiae yoei neiaii iaoa?eae, oi ieia?ieia – ai?iua
ii?iaeu e ieia?aeu. Aeey ooaeiaeieea, ?aaioathuaai n eaiiai, – yoi ia
oieueei i?ae?aniue iiaeaei/iue ieia?ae, ii e /anoeoea caiiie e?aniou,
iaennyeaaiue enoi/iee iiycee. Eaiaiue aoaeeo aiia?aaeaiea, iiaeneacuaay
ooaeiaeieeo iiae/an naiua iaiaeeaeaiiua ieanoe/aneea e eiei?enoe/aneea
?aoaiey.
Aeaaea iaac?a/iua a?iniaua eaiooee iiaoo nineoaeeoue ooaeiaeieeo
iaioeaieioth neoaeao. Aaeaie eaaeaea ia aa?aaao Ai?iaeaaaneiai ica?a,
iaoiaeyuaainy ia ?onneii Naaa?a, ieaoaiiay aiaeaie iaeeay aaeueea. Ii
aio i?eoae ia yoe aa?aaa ooaeiaeiee Aeeiienee e n?aco aea iiiye, eaeia
aiaaonoai ?aca?inaei iiae iiaaie. Ec yoie aaeueee eeiiiienaoe niia
iieo/eoue e?anee eiathuea ieiei noa iyoeaeanyoe oeaaoiauo iooaieia.
Ii?ie ooaeiaeiee iaaeaaaony aeey oiai, /oiau iiaeiyoue eaaeauee o iia
iau/iue ian/aiee, a iaaeaaeaea ia oi, /oi iiae aai ?acoeii yoio
iaac?a/iue ia ia?aue acaeyae, eaiaiue ia?aoao iiaoth aeeciue. Eiaiii ec
i?inoiai eaiiy auee nicaeaiu a i?ioeii auaeathueany i?iecaaaeaiey
eneonnoaa, ia?aaeeaoea aaea. Oaeaeaa iaeiaaeaeu a ?inneeneie aeoaeiea
iaeueie/iua aea?iiaa, E. Iaonoianeee iaienae oaeea neiaa: «Auna/aiiua ec
?iciaiai ian/aieea aea?iiaa ia?aiineee iith iuneue e a?aiaiai Yeeaaeu.
Ianeieueei eao nionoy y oaeaeae noaooth aaeiaoneie oea?eoeu Iaoa?oeoe ,
auna/aiioth ec oaeiai aea eaiiy eae e aea?iiaa. ss aue ii?aaeai
aeainoaaiiinoueth e iaaeiinoueth, eioi?ay caeeth/aeanue a yoii a?oaii
ian/aieea. Aaieaeueiue aayoaeue ecaeae ec na?aeoeaaeiu eaiiy aeeaioth
aieiao o?aiaoiie e eaneiaie iieiaeie aeaiueiu e iiaea?ee aa aaeai,
iiaea?ee aa iai, naiei aeaeaeei iioiieai, oae aea, eae e ii acuneothuei
iaoeaiiie e?aniou».
Aeey ia?aiauoiiai /aeiaaea ecaeaeey ec eaiiy eiaee ianoieueei aeeciaiii
aaaeiia cia/aiea, /oi ae?aaiaeoee ia?eiae enoi?ee /aeiaa/anoaa o/aiua
iacaaee eaiaiiui aaeii. Ec eaiiy ia?aiauoiue ianoa? ecaioaaeeaae ia?aua
i?oaeey o?oaea, oioy iie auee aeiaieueii a?oauie. A ieo i?aaeaea anaai
o/eouaaeinue i?aeoe/aneia iacia/aiea. Iicaea, iao/eaoenue oeeoiaaoue e
iiee?iaaoue eaiaiue, /aeiaae noae i?eaeaaaoue ei aieaa ecuneaiioth
oi?io. Iiyaeeanue aiciiaeiinoue aeaeaoue ecaeaeey aieaa oiieeie e
ino?uie. Ia?aua iaauee neoeueioo?iie ia?aaioee eaiiy ae?aaiee /aeiaae
i?eia?ae i?e ecaioiaeaiee i?eieoeaiuo eoeueoiauo oeao?ie.
A ae?aaiinoe eaiaiue aue iaeiei ec naiuo ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo no?ieoaeueiuo
iaoa?eaeia. Ec aeeeiai eaiiy ethaee aicaiaeeee e?aiinoiua nii?oaeaiey,
no?ieee aeeeeua, ei iinoeee aei?iae, oeeoeu e ieiuaaee n?aaeiaaaeiauo
ai?iaeia. Ai iiiaeo no?aiao ie?a iieo/eea ?acaeoea aeeioeea –
ieieaoth?iay ?acueaa ii eaiith. Ec oaa?aeuo eaiiae, ianoa?a au?acaee
ecyuiua ?aeueaou-aaeaiu.
Iao/eaoenue ?anieeeaaoue e iiee?iaaoue e oeaaoiua eaiie, /aeiaae ioe?ue
oaeeaeoaeueiue iiiaie?ani/iue ie? yoiu, iaeaoeoa, aaaoa, i?aii?a…
Oiieea ieanoeiee eaiiae noaee ni a?aiaiai i?eiaiyoue aeey ioaeaeee
aeaei?aoeaiiai oa?ainoaa aeai?oeia e aiaaouo iniaiyeia, oe?aoay eie
aacu, noieu, naaoeeueieee, oe?iu, a oaeaea noaiu e eieiiiu.
?onneea ianoa?a ?ac?aaioaee i?eaeiaeueioth oaoieeo iaeeoeiaee ecaeaeee
eaiaiiuie ieanoeieaie, iieo/eaooth iacaaiea ?onneie iicaeee. Yoei
niiniaii ecaioaaeeaaeenue aacu, noieu, eieiiiu e iiiaia ae?oaia. Ec
ae?aaioeaiiuo eaiiae e naiioeaaoia thaaee?u nicaeaaaee iiaeeeiiua
oaaeaa?u eaiia?aciiai eneonnoaa. Iiiai/eneaiiua i?eaiu ia?aaioee eaiiy,
?ac?aaioaiiua iiiaeie iieieaieyie noa?uo ianoa?ia, oniaoii i?eiaiytho a
naiai oai?/anoaa e nia?aiaiiua ooaeiaeieee [6].
Oaeei ia?acii, eaiia?aciia eneonnoai a eiioea XVIII aaea noaei iaeiei ec
naiuo cia/eoaeueiuo aeaeia ?onneiai aeaei?aoeaii-i?eeeaaeiiai eneonnoaa,
i?aaie/anee naycaiiuo n a?oeoaeoo?ie. Cia/aiea ?onneiai eaiia?aciiai
eneonnoaa ia ia?aie/eaaaony aai aicaeaenoaeai ia ooaeiaeanoaaiioth
ia?aaioeo eaiiy, iii cia/eoaeueii oe?a: iii iiaeao ieacuaaoue aeeyiea ia
ae?oaea aeaeu eneonnoaa e ia i?eioeeiu ?aoaiey nia?aiaiiiai
iauanoaaiiiai eioa?uea?a. Iniaaiiinoue eaiia?aciiai eneonnoaa ninoieo a
oii, /oi iii neiaeeeinue a ?acoeueoaoa acaeiiaeaenoaey eneonnoaa, iaoee
e i?iecaiaenoaa.
1.2.Enoi?ey ioe?uoey e eco/aiee ianoi?iaeaeaiee iiaeaei/iuo eaiiae Aeoay
Ia?aua naaaeaiey i iaoiaeea ia Aeoaa iiaeaei/iuo eaiiae ioiineony e
1730-1740 aa., eiaaea a i?ioeanna iieneia na?aa?i-naeioeiauo e iaaeiuo
?oae ethaeueie aeaenoaeoaeueiiai noaoneiai niaaoieea A.I. Aeaieaeiaa ia
oa??eoi?ee «Aaaeiinoaa Eieuaaineeo caaiaeia» auee ioia/aiu oeaaoiua
i?aii?u, yoiu e iiae. A 1744 a. Ec Iaoa?ao?aa ia Aeoae auea ioi?aaeaia
iniaay eiienney aeey i?iaa?ee naaaeaiee i niaea?aeaiee a aeoaeneeo
iaaeiuo e iaaeii-naeioeiauo ?oaeao cieioa e na?aa?a. Aicaeaaeyaoaai yoo
eiienneth a?eaaaee?a A.A. Aay?a i?e auacaea ec Aa?iaoea (24 yiaa?y 1745
a.) ia eieuaaineee caaiae nii?iaiaeaeae e?aieeueuee Iia?uoaa. Ec
iiacaeee ia Aeoae Aay? i?eaac a Iaoa?ao?a ia?yaeo n ?oaeiuie ooooaie e
ia?acoeu iiaeaei/iuo eaiiae, aucaaaoeo eioa?an e iieo/eaoeo iaeia?aiea
Eiia?aoi?neiai Aeai?a.
21 yiaa?y 1786 a. Auoae oeac Aeaoa?eiu II, eioi?ue iaoneiaee eioaineaiua
iienee iiaeaei/iuo eaiiae ia Aeoaa e a iineaaenoaee ?acaeoea eaiia?aciie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe. A eiioea XVIII aaea auee ioe?uou ana aaaeiaeoea
ianoi?iaeaeaiey iiaeaei/iuo eaiiae Aeoay, i?eianoea aio ie?iaoth neaao:
Ei?aiineia, ?aaiaaneia, Aaei?aoeeia e Aieueoeianeia. Anaai a eiioea
XVIII – ia/aea XIX aa. ia Aeoaa auei auyaeaii ii?yaeea 350
ianoi?iaeaeaiee e i?iyaeaiee oeaaoiuo eaiiae, ninoaaeaoeo aeinoaoi/ioth
nu?ueaaoth aaco ?acaeaathuaeny eaiia?aciie i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
Aeaaiaea?y oniaoiui iieneai oeaaoiuo eaiiae ia Aeoaa auea ioe?uoa
Eieuaaineay oeeoiaaeueiay oaa?eea a i. Eieuaaiue ia ianoa cae?uoiai a
1800 a. Eieuaaineiai na?aa?i-iaaeaieaaeeueiiai caaiaea. Ioe?uoea aa
noeioee?iaaei aeaeueiaeoea iienee oeaaoiuo eaiiae. A yenieoaoaoeeth auei
aiaea/aii ii?yaeea 20-30 ianoi?iaeaeaiee. A «Iiene oiio?aaeyaoeony
a?aieeueiie oaa?eeie n 1786 ii 1833 aa. oeaaoiuo eaiiae aeey ecaeaeee»
ia?a/eneyaony 50 eo ?aciiaeaeiinoae.
Ia?auie ioaeeeaoeeyie, iieiaeeaoeie ia/aei iao/iiio iienaieth
iiaeaei/iuo eaiiae Aeoay, yaeythony ?aaiou E.O. Aa?iaia e I.E. Oaieia.
Aeaaeaiee E.O. Aa?iai a 1788 a. A eieaa «Ia?a/aiue aeaeia eaiiae…»
ia?yaeo n ae?oaeie naaaeaieyie i?eaiaeeo oeacaiey ia iaoiaeee yoi,
aeaaia?eia, oaeoeaaeiia. A 1805 a. Auoae aai o?oae, a eioi?ii aeaaony
iienaiea 110 ia?acoeia aeoaeneeo yoi, ii?oe?ia e ii?oe?eoia n oeacaieai
eo ianoiiaoiaeaeaiee, oeaaoa, niiniaiinoe i?eieiaoue iiee?iaeo.
A XIX a. Aeoae eco/aee iiiai/eneaiiua yeniaaeeoeee, i?aaieciaaiiua
Aeaaeaieae Iaoe i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuie aaaeiinoaaie, oieaa?neoaoaie,
eaioeaey?eae Eieuaaii-Aine?anaineeo caaiaeia (iicaeiaa – I?aaeaieai
Aeoaeneiai ai?iiai ie?oaa), eiaaoea aieueoia cia/aiea aeey iiciaiey
Aeoay, a oii /enea aai aaieiae/aneiai no?iaiey, ii ioiineoaeueii
iiaeaei/iuo eaiiae e?oiiuo ioe?uoee ia iineaaeiaaei.
A 1902 a. Auoea eieaa I.N. Aoeyaaa e I.A. Eaa/aaa «Eieuaaineay
oeeoiaaeueiay oaa?eea ia Aeoaa», a nayce ni noieaoeai aa nouanoaiaaiey.
A iae iienuaathony ia?aua yeniaaeeoeee ii iieneai oeaaoiuo eaiiae.
I?eaiaeeony iienaiea ecaeaeee, ecaioiaeaiiuo ia oaa?eea ec aeoaeneeo
eaiiae ca noieaoiee ia?eiae. Ioia/aaony eo oniao ia anaie?iuo aunoaaeao.
Auoaiacaaiiua ?aaiou caaa?oatho ia?eiae enneaaeiaaiee Aeoay e aai
iiaeaei/iuo eaiiae aei Ieoya?ueneie ?aaiethoeee, ciaiaiaoaeueiue oai,
/oi ia aai i?ioyaeaiee auei ioe?uoi iiaeaaeythuaa eiee/anoai iuia
ecaanoiuo ianoi?iaeaeaiee, a oii /enea ana iniiaiua ianoi?iaeaeaiey.
A 60-o a. a nayce n iiauoaieai eioa?ana e iiaeaei/iui eaiiyi e
iinoaiiaeaieai i?aaeoaeuenoaa i ?anoe?aiee nu?ueaaie aacu ae?aaioeaiiuo
e oeaaoiuo eaiiae Caiaaeii-Neae?neia aaieiae/aneia oi?aaeaiea
i?aaieciaaei a 1963 a. niaoeeaeueioth Iiaeaei/ioth ia?oeth (n 1967 a.
eiaiiaaaoothny Eieuaaineie), i?iecaiaeeaoae a iineaaeothuea aiaeu iienee
ianoi?iaeaeaiee oeaaoiuo eaiiae e ?aaeceiiiia ianeaaeiaaiea ?aiaa
ecaanoiuo. Ianeaaeiaaieth iiaeaa?aeenue Eineia ianoi?iaeaeaiea ai?iiai
o?onoaey, Oeae?aoeeee e ae?oaea o/anoee aa?eeea, Io?ceineia
ianoi?iaeaeaiea eaa?oeeoia e ae?.
Ioia?aiu e enneaaeiaaiu a eaai?aoi?ee ?oaeiiai nu?uey CNAO iiaeaei/iua e
iaeeoeiai/iua eaiie ianoi?iaeaeaiee : ?aaiaaneiai, Ciaeiiai?neiai e
Aieueoeianeiai yoiiaeaeiuo ?iaiaeeia, Oeae?aoeeiai – aa?eeea, ?iciaiai
eaa?oea, Aine?anaineiai – i?aii?a, Aaei?aoeeiai e Io?ceineiai
eaa?oeeoia. Eco/aiea iiaeoaa?aeeei eo aunieea aeaei?aoeaiua ea/anoaa
eaiiae. Auneacaiu niia?aaeaiey i iaiaoiaeeiinoe aei?acaaaeee ?aaiaaneiai
e Aieueoeianeiai ianoi?iaeaeaiee.
Aiaeece?oy iieiaeaiea n iiaeaei/iuie eaiiyie Aeoay, iiaeii naeaeaoue
auaiae, /oi noaiaiue eco/aiiinoe eo e?aeia iecea. Ianiiiaiii aeey
iiaeaei/iuo oeaeae iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu e aeaei?aoeaiua oeaaoiua
i?aii?u, ?acaaaeaiiua a ea/anoaa iaeeoeiaa/iiai iaoa?eaea. A caeeth/aiee
iiaeii neacaoue, /oi ia Aeoaa auyaeaiu aeaeaei ia ana ianoi?iaeaeaiey
iiaeaei/iuo eaiiae. Ia?niaeoeau ioe?uoey iiauo ianoi?iaeaeaiee aeaeaei
ia en/a?iaiu [1].
1.3 Eaiia?aciia aeaei a Eieuaaie
Oeeoiaaeueiay oaa?eea auea o?aoueei i?aaei?eyoeai a ?innee XVIII a.
Caeanue ia?aaaouaaeenue e ia?aaaouaathony eaiie n o?ao e?oiiaeoeo
aeoaeneeo ianoi?iaeaeaiee iiaeaei/iuo eaiiae – Ei?aiineiai, ?aaiaaneiai
e Aaei?aoeeiai. Ianoi?iaeaeaiea a Ei?aiia auei ioe?uoi yeniaaeeoeeae
ieia?ieiaa Oaoeia a 1786 a. 160 ei io eaiaiieiiie aei Eieuaaineie
oeeoiaaeueiie oaa?eee i?aiaeieaaaee ii eueaeo ?ae Ei?aiia e *a?uoa, a
iioii ii ai?enoie ianoiinoe io aea?aaie Onoue-Aaeie.Ciaiaieoia
?aaiaaneia ianoi?iaeaeaiea iaia?oaeee a 1789 a. eiaeaia? Eoceeei, a
?ac?aaaouaaoueny iii noaei n 1807 a. Ia/aei yenieoaoaoeee Aaei?aoeeiai
ianoi?iaeaeaiey eaa?oeeoa, ?aniieiaeaiiiai a 60 ei io Eieuaaie,
ioiineony e 1807 a. Eaiie eaaeaeiai ec ia?a/eneaiiuo ianoi?iaeaeaiee
ioee/athony ?aciiia?aceai oeaaoiaie aaiiu e no?oeoo?u.
Ia?iiiia nia?aiea ai?iuo ii?iae e ieia?aeia o?aieeinue ia Eieuaaineie
oaa?eea a XIX a. Aa?iyoii, eieuaaineoth eieeaeoeeth aeoaee?iaaei
nia?aiea ia?acoeia a aaaeiinoaa Eaaeiaoa, i?e/ai eaaeaeue oooo eiae
iaeeiaeiaue ii?yaeeiaue iiia?. Ia /a?oaaeao , i?eneaiiuo ec Eaaeiaoa
oeacuaaeny ii?yaeeiaue iiia? oie eee eiie ii?iaeu niioaaonoaothuaai
iooaiea, ii eioi?iio eieuaaineea ianoa?a aacioeai/ii iiaee ii?aaeaeeoue,
ia?aoeaoenue e nianoaaiiie eieeaeoeee, eaeie iaoa?eae eiaee aaeaeo
a?oeoaeoi?u e aaea aai iaiaoiaeeii eneaoue [1].
Ia?aua iaauee aoaeouei eieuaaineei ianoa?ai aeaee iaoa?aioneea ianoa?a
aua ia Eieoaaneie oaa?eea. Ianoa?a iaoa?aiooeu caeiaeeeei?i/iue
ooiaeaiaio aeoaeneie oeieu eaiia?aciiai eneonnoaa. I?ioanneiiaeueiue e
ia?aciaaoaeueiue ieieioi ianoa?ia oaa?eee a 1703 a. ninoiye ec oiaiey
/eoaoue, ienaoue, ciaoue a?eoiaoe/aneea aeaenoaey e /anoe/ii ?eniaaoue,
a oae aea – oeeoiaaoue, iiee?iaaoue, a?aieoue, ia ia/aoyo ?acaoue, ia
eaiia eeoa?u au?acaoue. Iaeioi?ua ec ianoa?ia oiaee eaieoue ec ainea e
/a?oeoue /a?oaaee.
1838 a. a Eieuaaie ioe?uee /anoiia o/eeeua n i?aiiaeaaaieai iniia
a?aiiou, a?eoiaoeee, ?eniaaiey, /oi ni/aoaeinue n i?aeoe/aneeie
caiyoeyie ia oaa?eea. Iao/aiea ia/eiaee n 8 eao.Ii ieii/aiee iauaai
eo?na caaiaeneie oeieu eo/oeo o/aieeia i?eieiaee a ?eniaaeueiue eeann.
Ana inoaeueiua oee ?aaioaoue ia oaa?eeo. Aeaa ?aca a iaaeaeth o/aieee
?eniaaeueiiai eeanna iinauaee oaa?eeo, aaea iieo/aee i?aeoe/aneea iaauee
a ?aaioa ia noaiao.
Oaeei ia?acii, a Eieuaaie nouanoaiaaea oi?ioi aeaenoaothuay nenoaia
iiaeaioiaee eaiia?acia, oniaa?oainoaiaaiiay aaaaeaieai a na?aaeeia XIX
a. Niaoeeaeueiiai ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai ia?aciaaiey a oeaeyo ainieoaiey
iaeaieaa eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo eaae?ia. Aeinoaoi/ii i?iaeoiaiiay e
?aciiia?aciay i?ia?aiia ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai ia?aciaaiey, iiaeaioiaeaiiua e
caeioa?aniaaiiua eaae?u i?aiiaeaaaoaeae, oaniay naycue oeieu e
oeeoiaaeueiie oaa?eee iaania/eaaee i?aainoaaiiinoue o?aaeeoeee
eaiia?aciiai ianoa?noaa e ia?aaea/o iiuoa iiaui iieieaieyi eaiia?acia,
niiniaiuo iiieiaoue e aiieiuaoue caiuneu auaeathueony a?oeoaeoi?ia
?innee. Iaeioi?ua aeeianoee eieuaaineeo eaiia?acia ian/eouaatho aei 5
iieieaiee.
Aunieia ea/anoai eieuaaineeo ecaeaeee ianiiiaiii ii?aaeaeyeinue aunieie
oaoie/aneie iniauaiiinoueth oaa?eee. Oioy, eiia/ii aea, a aieueoae
noaiaie eniieueciaaeny ?o/iie o?oae nioai ?aai/eo.
Iieo/ea eaaeiaoneee caeac, ia eaiaiieiiiyo eneaee iaiaoiaeeiue eaiaiue e
i?enooiaee e aeiau/a ?o/iui niiniaii, oyioaoeeny io ianeieueeeo ianyoeaa
aei ianeieueeeo eao. Aeey ioaeaeaiey eaiiy i?eiaiyee iniaia
aeieioiianoaaea, ii aai iaooo aeee eoaaeaeie, ionaeay eonie ca eoneii.
Aeiauoue aeie ianaeaee ia ianoa. Yoa ?aaioa i?eeiauaaea neeu ?aai/eo ia
ianeieueei eao. Caoai i?aaenoiyea o?ainii?oe?iaea ia oaa?eeo. N e?oouo
neae Ei?aiia eaiie nioneaee i?eaycaiiua e noaieo aea?aaa, a iioii
aieieee ii eueaeo ?ae Ei?aiia e *a?uoa, a /anoue iooe ii niaao.
Aeey ?anieeiaee eaiiy i?eiaiyee ieeu ec iieinoiiai aeaeaca.
Ia?aiia/aeueii ii iiaa?oiinoe eaiiy iie ia?aiauaeenue eaiaoaie, ii a
iineaaenoaee O.A. No?eaeeiaui aue ono?iai eaiiiaae, eioi?ue ia?aaeaaae
aeaeaeaiea ia ieeo n iiiiuueth oaooia. Oai aea No?eaeeiaui iiiai iiaiai
auei aianaii a eiino?oeoeeth naa?eeueiuo iaoei (iaeiia?aiaiiay ia?aaioea
aioo?aiiae e aiaoiae noi?iiu ecaeaeey). Iiiaeanoai i?iaeoia No?eaeeiaa
Oae e iaauee aiieiuaiu, ?yae i?iaeoia aue ?aaeeciaai aai i?aaiieeaie.
I?e Eaoeeia I.N. auea i?aoai?aia ia/oa No?eaeeiaa i caeaiee ni noaieaie
aeey ia?aaioee aieueoie iiaa?oiinoe.
Aeaiiino?e?oaiay eieuaaineeie ianoa?aie aunieay eoeueoo?a ia?aaioee
eaiiy, iieo/eaoay iaaeaeoia?iaeiia i?eciaiea, ieiae ?acaeoie nenoaiu
i?ioanneiiaeueiiai ainieoaiey eaae?ia e aaeeeieaiiie oaoie/aneie
iniauaiiinoe oaa?eee, nicaeaiiie e niaa?oainoaiaaiiie neeaie e oaeaioaie
aa ?aaioieeia.
Ii, e niaeaeaieth, «cieioie aae» ia/aeny e caeii/eeny a XIX a.
Naa?ouaaiea aeai?oeiaiai no?ieoaeuenoaa, niaia a?oeoaeoo?iiai noeey
nieceee ni?in ia iiioiaioaeueiua i?iecaaaeaiey Eieuaaineie oaa?eee.
?aoi?ia 1861 a., caiaieaoay aeaoaaue i?eioaeeoaeueiue o?oae iaaiiui,
neacaeanue ia noieiinoe ecaeaeee. Caeacia noaiiaeeinue ana iaiueoa.
Iiiuoee ?anoe?eoue anni?oeiaio oaa?eee ca n/ao auionea iaeeeo eaiaiiuo
ecaeaeee ieacaeenue iaoaea/iuie. N?aaee iineaaeieo e?oiiuo nicaeaiee
eieuaaineeo eaiia?acia neaaeoao iacaaoue aeaoaee Naie (iaaana) o?aia
Niana ia e?iae a Iaoa?ao?aa (1899 – 1902 aa.) e eieiiiu aeey Aa?oaaneiai
niai?a.
Iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi iniiaiuie i?aaeiinueeaie eaiia?aciiai
aeaea, i?iecaiaenoaa ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo ecaeaeee ia Aeoaa auei ioe?uoea
ii/oe iaen/a?iaaiuo caiania nu?uey – iiaeaei/iiai eaiiy, e ?acaeoea a
e?aa ai?iiai aeaea e iaoaeeo?ae/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Niaoeeoe/iinoue
i?ioeanna nicaeaiey ecaeaeee ec eaiiy ninoieo a oii, /oi ioaeii
iiieiaoue eoeueoo?o iaoa?eaea, oiaiea eniieueciaaiey aai aeaei?aoeaiuo
aiciiaeiinoae. Ecaeaeey ec eaiiy – i?iaeoeo oai?/anoaa
ooaeiaeieeia-i?iaeoe?iaueeia e ianoa?ia-eniieieoaeae, ai aeaaa eioi?uo
iaoiaeeeenue ecaanoiua iaoaieee, a oii /enea E.Ae. O?ieia, E.E. Iiecoiia
e ae?oaea.
2.1. Eieuaaineay eaiia?aciay oaa?eea
Eoeueoo?a ia?aaioea eaiiy aicieeea a ?innee XVIII aaea a nayce n
?anoe?aieai aeai?oeiaiai no?ieoaeuenoaa, ia aieia eioa?ana e aioe/iinoe
e oaea/aiey ieia?aeiaeae.
Iaeei ca ae?oaei aicieeee o?e oeaio?a eaiia?aciiai aeaea: Iaoa?aio (1723
a.), Aeaoa?eiao?a (1725 a.), Eieioue (1786 a.). Ec Eieoy oeeoiaaeueiay
oaa?eea a 1802 a. auea ia?aaaaeaia a Eieuaaiue. Eieuaaineee eaiia?aciue
caaiae aue iniiaai a yoii aea aiaeo O.A. No?eaeeiaui. Auai? Eieuaaie a
ea/anoaa ianoa aeey no?ieoaeuenoaa oaa?eee ii?aaeaeyeny aeecinoueth e
e?oiiui ianoi?iaeaeaieyi oeaaoiuo eaiiae: Ei?aiineiai, ?aaiaaneiai,
Aaei?aoeeiai. Eaiie eaaeaeiai ianoi?iaeaeaiey ioee/athony ?aciiia?aceai
oeaaoiaie aaiiu, no?oeoo?u. I?eaiaeyo a ainoi?a e aaieiaia, e
eaiia?acia, e ooaeiaeieeia, e oeaieoaeae eaiiy.
Aei ianoiyuaai a?aiaie nio?aieeny a?oeoaeoo?iue ainaiaeue ec
2-yoaaeiiai caeaiey Eieuaaineie oeeoiaaeueiie oaa?eee iino?iaiiie ii
i?iaeoo O.A. No?eaeeiaa, caeaiea, i?oae e ieioeia, iino?iaiiua a 1728
aiaeo.
A «cieioii» aeey Eieuaaineie oeeoiaaeueiie oaa?eee XIX aaea, auei
ecaioiaeaii ieiei 900 cia/eoaeueiuo i?iecaaaeaiee. A XX aaeaoaa?eea
eiaea e aceaou, e iaaeaiey, ii ai ana a?aiaia ecaeaeey ii naiaio
ooaeiaeanoaaiiiio ?aoaieth e ooaeiaeanoaaiiiio o?iaith niioaaonoaiaaee
eo/oei o?aaeeoeeyi eneonnoaa ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo i?iiuneia, enoi?e/anee
neiaeeaoeony ia Aeoaa.
A aiaeu Aaeeeie Ioa/anoaaiiie aieiu caaiae, aoiaeyuee a ninoaa o?anoa
«?onneea naiioeaaou» a. Eaieia?aaea, o?oaeeeny iaae niaoeeaeueiuie
caeacaie – aeiaiaei/iuie a?oneaie, iaaeeoeeineei iai?oaeiaaieai.
A yoe neiaeiua aiaeu ioe?uee thaaee?iue oeao, eioi?ue ia i?ioyaeaiee
iineaaeothueo eao oi ia/eiae i?iecaiaenoai, oi i?ae?auae.
70-80-a aiaeu iciaiaiiaaiu aacaie, eo iiiai, ii ana iie auee auiieiaiu e
thaeeayi ai?iaeia e oe?aoatho neaa?u a. Aa?iaoea, Ciaeiiai?nea, Eeaaa,
?oaoeianea. Iiiai ecaeaeee – aac, oeaooeie, ienueiaiiuo i?eai?ia e ae?.
– auei auiieiaii niaoeeaeueii ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiua e ananithciua
aunoaaee.
A 1992 aiaeo ia Ananithciie aunoaaea ia?iaeii-ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo i?iiuneia
«Aeoae 92» aue a?o/ai Aeeieii I noaiaie. Ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiie aunoaaea
«Neanaiioeaaou – 93 » (a. Iiaineae?ne) caaiae iaiaeiie?aoii aue
oaeinoiai aeeieiiia I e II noaiaie.
1 ia?oa 1999 aiaea caaiae ca?aaeno?e?iaai eae ainoaea?noaaiiia oieoa?iia
aei/a?iaa i?aaei?eyoea «Eieuaaineee eaiia?aciue caaiae ei. E.E.
Iiecoiiaa». Auee ?ac?aaioaiu ia?ii?eyoey ii ?acaeoeth caaiaea, a eioi?uo
i?aaeoniio?aiu n?aaenoaa ia ?aeiino?oeoeeth i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ei?ionia,
i?eia?aoaiea e onoaiiaeo iiaiai oaoiieiae/aneiai iai?oaeiaaiey,
i?eia?aoaiea oaoieee aeey aeiau/e iiaeaei/iiai eaiiy e i?iaaaeaiea
aaieiai?acaaaei/iuo ?aaio.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy AOAeI «Eieuaaineee eaiia?aciue caaiae» – i?aaei?eyoea,
eioi?ia auioneaao i?iaeoeoeeth aeey ono?ienoaa aei?ia (ai?oiaie
eaiaiue), iaeeoeiai/ioth ieeoo, ooaeiaeanoaaiiua ecaeaeey – aacu,
iicae/iua iaiii, oeaooeee, iiaenaa/ieee, iicae/iua noieu e noieaoieoeu,
e ieacuaaao oneoae ii ecaioiaeaieth iaaea?iaiuo iaiyoieeia. Inouanoaeyao
aeiau/o a?aieoa e ae?oaeo iiaeaei/iuo eaiiae. Ni?in ia ooaeiaeanoaaiioth
i?iaeoeoeeth aic?anoaao, e aeaaiay oeaeue – nio?aiaiea e aeaeueiaeoaa
?acaeoea eaiia?aciiai aeaea ia Aeoaa, ?anoe?aiea i?iecaiaenoaa
oieeaeueiuo ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo ecaeaeee ec i?e?iaeiuo iaoa?eaeia,
aic?iaeaeaiea ianoa?noaa eaiia?acia Eieuaaie.
Eiiaoe XX ia/aei XXI aaeia iciaiaiiaaiu iiauie eioa?aniuie ?aaioaie.
Eieuaaineee eaiia?aciue caaiae niiaeao auiieieoue ethaie caeac – io
iaaieueoiai noaaie?a aei ia?iiiiai eaieia, aacu, /aoe, ea?oeiu ec eaiiy,
nio?aiyy e i?iaeieaeay o?aaeeoeee eaiia?acia XIX aaea e aiiny iiaua
eaeae nia?aiaiiinoe. Ooaeiaeanoaaiiua ecaeaeey ec oeaaoiuo eaiiae Aeoay,
nicaeaiiua ianoa?aie Eieuaaineiai eaiia?aciiai caaiaea, anaaaea aoaeoo
?aaeiaaoue e oaeeaeyoue ian naiae e?anioie [2].
2.2. Iniaaiiinoe eieuaaineeo ecaeaeee e eo ?ieue naaiaeiy
Eoeueoo?a eaiiy ia Aeoaa nouanoaoao ie iaeei aae. Aeaaeaiee A.I.
Ieeaaeieeia a enneaaeiaaieyo ieoao, /oi /aeiaae ia Aeoaa ia/ae
ia?aaaouaaoue aeeeee eaiaiue ieiei 70 ouny/ eao iacaae. Aia?aua
i?aaenoaaeaiiua eiia?ao?eoea Aeaoa?eia II e aa i?eaeai?iiio ie?oaeaieth
a 1785 aiaeo aeoaeneea ii?oe?u e yoiu aucaaee ainoi?aeaiiua iocuau.
Aeoaeneea naiioeaaou n?aaieaaee n ecaanoiuie anaio ie?o aioe/iuie
ii?oe?aie, n eaiiyie ae?aaiaai Aaeioa, ii ie/aai iioiaeaai a oea?neeo
eieeaeoeeyo ia iaoeinue. Aeoaeneee eaiaiue aue iaiiaoi?ei!
Naiiaeaenoaeoaeueiinoue, naiioeaaoiinoue aeoaeneeo eaiiae auea
iiaeoaa?aeaeaia a 1786 a. ?aciiia?acea eo iiaeoaa?aeeea iaoiaeea
?eaeaea?ii iyoienoie ?iciaie a?ae/ee, iia oae e iacaaia – ?eaeaea?neie.
Iaiioiaeanoue ia ana ae?oaea eaiie ?innee iieacuaaee ia?aua aea ia?acoeu
?aaiaaneie caeaiiaieienoie yoiu.
Ii ia ?aciioeaaoiua eaiie noaee oai iaoa?eaeii, ec eioi?iai naeaeaiu
ia?aua aeoaeneea aacu. Iie auee n?aaioaiu ec /a?iiai eieoaaneiai
ii?oe?a. Ecaeaeey i?aaeoanoaaiieoeu Eieuaaie – Eieoaaneie oeeoiaaeueiie
iaeueeoeu – auee iaaaeeee ii ?acia?ai. Aai aacu aunioie ia aieaa iao?a,
iaeeea ianoieueiua oe?aoaiey, noieiaua aeinee, aeaoaee
aea?io?aieoaeueieoe, ii a ieo io?aceeanue ianoie/eainoue ?onneeo ?aai/eo
a iaeaaeaiee nia?aiaiii iaiau/iui aeey Neae?e ?aianeii.
Aacu aeoaeneeo naiioeaaoia aioee ia oieueei a enoi?eth ?onneiai
aeaei?aoeaii-i?eeeaaeiiai eneonnoaa. Iaeioi?ua ec ieo naycaiu n enoi?eae
aeeieiiaoee. A yoii niunea /?acau/aeii ethaiiuoia noaeueaa eaaae?aoiie
/aoe ec ei?aiineiai ii?oe?a. *aoa auea caeii/aia a 1806 a. A noieeoeo aa
nii?iaiaeaeae ioaeaeueuee sseia I?ioiiiiia. Aacee /aoo ii/oe iieaiaea, a
eiaaea iia iiyaeeanue a noieeoea e auea i?aaenoaaeaia Aeaenaiae?o I, oi
ii ?aoee, /oi yoa /aoa iiaeao auoue aeinoieiui ioaaoiui iiaea?eii ia
o?aioeocneea oa?oi?iaua aacu, iiaea?aiiua aio Iaiieaiiii iinea
caeeth/aiey Oeeueceoeeiai ie?a. Enoi?ey yoie aaue eioa?ania oai, /oi o
/aoe anoue o?e nano?u. Aeaa i?iiaee aac aanoe, neaae eo iioa?yi, ii
iaeia inoaeanue a ?innee e iaoiaeeony nae/an a Ainoaea?noaaiiii
Y?ieoaaea. Oai aea o?aiyony e oaeeaeoaeueiua, ia oieueei ii e?anioa, ii
e ii ?acia?ai e?oaeay /aoa ia oeia?ao ec ei?aiineiai ii?oe?a, ?aaioa
1810 a., e /aoa yeeeioe/aneie oi?iu ec caeaii-aieienoie ?aaiaaneie yoiu.
Aa i?eaacee a Iaoa?ao?a a 1819 a.
Ii naiay e?oiiay a ie?a /aoa, eioi?oth iacuaatho «oea?eoeae aac»,
au?acaia ec oeaeueiiai iiiieeoa cia/eoaeueii iicaea. Iinaoeaoee
Eieuaaiue a 1828 aiaeo ooaa-eaea?ue A?ueaue caienae naie aia/aoeaiey e
iioaeeeiaae eo a Iaoa?ao?aa /a?ac o?e aiaea. Aio /oi ii ieoao: «Caeanue
(ia oaa?eea) aeaeaee iu nia?aiea ?aciiai ni?oa iiaeaeae n ?acueaith;
iaaeaeo i?i/ei, aeaaano?iaoth iiaeaeue iaaeueiie /aoe, eioi?ay aoaeao
naiue a?oei a aeeeiiii naiai aeeaiao?a, a eaiaiue, ec eiaai iia aoaeao
i?eaioiaeyoueny, anoue caeaii-aieienoay yoia, e eiaao aeaayoue a?oei
aeeeiu…» [3]. Iaaeueiay /aoa aeeaiao?ii 504*322 ni, aunioie 257 ni,
aanii ieiei 20 oiii. Aa ia?aaaouaaee aieaa 11 eao oieueei ia oaa?eea, ia
n/eoay i?aaeaa?eoaeueiie iaoanee aeuau ia ea?uea?a. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy
aaca oe?aoaao iaeei ec caeia Y?ieoaaea [2].
Eieuaaineea ecaeaeey aieueoea e iaeua, ?acioeenue ii aaeo naaoo.
Ianeieueei aauae iiaea?aiu iiia?oeie ?oeaie a XIX a. E oaia?ue
iaoiaeyony a Oo?oeee, ssiiiee, Oaaoeee. Eieuaaineea ecaeaeey ec iocaaa
Iaoa?ao?aa e aai i?eai?iaeia yeniiie?othony ia anaie?iuo aunoaaeao a
Ia?eaea, *eeaai, Eiiaeiia e Aaia [3]. Eo ia ?ac caneoaeaiii ioia/aeue
aeeieiiaie e iaaeaeyie.
E niaeaeaieth, ia ana aua ecaanoii i oao ecaeaeeyo aeoaeneeo eaiia?acia,
/oi iaoiaeyony o ian a no?aia, ii ii eaeei-oi i?e/eiai ia iiiaee a
iocaeiua nia?aiey. Aeieaia a?aiy iaauei ecaanoii ie iaeiie aaue,
iiaeienaiiie Ieoaeeii Eaoeeiui. Oae e n/eoaee eneonnoaiaaaeu, /oi yoio
iineaaeiaaoaeue O.A. No?eaeeiaa, oia?oaai a 1811 a., ia inoaaee naiaai
eiaie ia eaiia. Ii aio, a iioiea aauae, iinooiaaoeo a Iocae
ecia?aceoaeueiuo eneonnoa eiaie A.N. Iooeeia ia Aieoiiea a Iineaa,
iiyaeeanue aaca ec iaaeii-?iciaiai aaei?aoeeiai eaa?oeeoa. Eaiia?acu
i?ioeiai aaea iacuaaee aai aaaoii. Eaiaiue yoio iaiiaoi?ei, aai ia
niooaaoue ie n eai ae?oaei – ii eiaiii aeoaeneee. Ia ieeoa aacu
iiaeienue: «Eieuaaineay oeeoiaaeueiay oaa?eea, 1825 aiae, ianoa? I.
Eaoeei».
A i. Eieuaaiue aeaenoaoao Eieuaaineee iocae eaiia?aciiai aeaea ia Aeoaa.
Caeanue a yeniiceoeeyo, aeieoiaioao, ecaeaeeyo, eieeaeoeeyo eaiiae
i?aaenoaaeaia enoi?ey Eieuaaie eaiia?aciie, anaie?ii i?ineaaeaoae Aeoae
iaiiae?aaeaaiui eneonnoaii naieo ianoa?ia. Enoi?ey Eieuaaie, aa
ecaeaeee, aa ianoa?ia aua ia i?aaenoaea ia?aae iaie iieiinoueth. Iia oai
aieaa eioa?ania aeey eco/aiey, oae eae a Eieuaaie nae/an aic?iaeaeathony
eaiia?aciua o?aaeeoeee.
Anoue eaiaiue, aeaeouee naiaai caacaeiiai /ana. Io yoiai iiaeao
caaenaoue yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea oeaeiai ?aaeiia – eaiaiue iaaei oiaoue
i?aiiaeianoe, a yoi iiaeao oieueei ooaeiaeiee. Anoue i?e?iaea,
i?ecuaathuay yooaeoeaiaa eniieueciaaoue aa iaae?a. Anoue eaiia?aciua
oeieu, eioi?ua ia ciatho, eae auaeeoue a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo. Anoue
iiae?anoathuaa iieieaiea, /ae eioa?an e eaiith iaiaoiaeeii
iiaeaea?aeeaaoue. Iiyoiio aeaeeony oeaeaniia?aciui nicaeaiea
eioi?iaoeeiiiiai oeaio?a, niinianoaothuaai ?aoaieth yoeo i?iaeai,
i?iiaaaiaee?othuaai eaiia?aciia eneonnoai.
Caeeth/aiea
Ca ianeieueei aeanyoeeaoee naiae enoi?ee a Eieuaaie neiaeeeny iiaue, ii
oaeaea aeaaiue oeaio?, noaaoee naiaai ?iaea iaeiei ec eaia?oiiia
eoeueoo?u ooaeiaeanoaaiiie ia?aaioee eaiiy ia Aeoaa.
Nae/an Eieuaaineee caaiae nio?aiee e i?iaeieaeaao o?aaeeoeee eaiia?acia
aeaayoiaaeoeaoiai aaea. O caaiaea anoue ia?niaeoeau, e anoue ethaee,
aeaaeathuea nae?aoaie eaiia?aciiai ianoa?noaa. Aianoa n oai o caaiaea
eiathony ino?ua yeiiiie/aneea e nioeeaeueiua i?iaeaiu. Iaoa?eaeueiay
aaca i?aaei?eyoey o?aaoao oaoie/aneiai ia?aaii?oaeaiey, oa??eoi?ey
caaiaea ia aeaaiono?iaia, oneiaey o?oaea ?aai/eo inoaaeytho aeaeaoue
eo/oaai. Oaeei ia?acii, eaiia?aciia eneonnoai a iaoe aeie eiaao aeaa
oaiaeaioeee, i?e/ai i?yii i?ioeaiiieiaeiua: ?ino e oiaaeie.
I?iaeaeaiiay ?aaioa iicaieyao noaeeoue i naiiauoiii e y?ei
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiii noeea eieuaaineiai eaiia?aciiai eneonnoaa. A neeo
iniauo ea/anoa e naiaai iaiiaoi?eiiai iaayiey i?iecaaaeaiey aeoaeneeo
eaiia?acia i?aaenoaaeytho niaie caaii iaaeaeeiiai oeaeiai ?onneiai
eneonnoaa. ss?eie no?aieoeae ?onneie ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eoeueoo?u.
Nienie eniieuecoaiie eeoa?aoo?u:
1. Aeoae. Oo?eci. Ioaeuo. Caei?iauea. Iooaaiaeeoaeue. –
Aa?iaoe,2002.-230 n.
2. Eieuaaiue: Enoi?ey, eoeueoo?a e eneonnoai neae?neie
i?iaeioeee ?innee, 1728-1998. – Aa?iaoe, 1998. -3 46 n.
3. ?iaeeiiia, E.I. Eieuaaiue eaiia?aciay. Iiaanoaiaaiea i ?oaeieeao,
ai?iuo eiaeaia?ao, iiaeianoa?ueyo e ianoa?ao/E.I. ?iaeeiiia – Aa?iaoe,
1986. – 435 n.
4. Naaaeueaa, I.ss. Aeoaeneea eaiia?acu/I.ss Naaaeueaa.- Aa?iaoe, 1956.
– 234 n.
5. ?icai, I.O. Eieuaaiue e ai?a Ciaeiay/I.O. ?icai. – Aa?iaoe, 1983. –
286 n.
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