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История Саратовского края

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1.Aaaaeaiea

Ai?iae Na?aoia ?aniieiaeeeny a aeeaiieniie eioeiaeia, eioi?oth
ia?aciaaee iyoue ai?: Nieieiaay, Eunay, Aeouiiay, Oaaeneay, Eiiaoeia,
aaeieue i?aaiai aa?aaa ?aee Aieaa. Aai i?ioyaeaiiinoue – aieaa 50 ei.
Ai?iae aeeth/aao oanoue ?aeiiia: Aieaeneee, Ee?ianeee, Eaieineee,
O?oicaineee, Ieoya?ueneee, Caaiaeneie. Nae/an a iaeanoe, oeaio?ii
eioi?ie yaeyaony Na?aoia, i?iaeeaaao 2643,6 oun. /aeiaae, ec ieo
ai?iaeneeo aeeoaeae – 1944,3 ouny/e /aeiaae eee 73,5% e 699,3 ouny/e eee
26,5% – naeue/aia. A oeaeii, a iaeanoe aeeaao aieueoa anaai ethaeae
n?aaeiaai aic?anoa – 61, 3 % (1621034 /aeiaaea), aoi?ia ianoi ii
/eneaiiinoe caieiatho iiaeeeua ethaee – 22, 2% (586500 aeeoaeae), a aio
iieiaeaaee ii i?aao aeinoaeinue o?aouea ii/aoiia ianoi. Nae/an a iaeanoe
a iaeanoe i?iaeeaaao 16, 5% o?oaeiniiniaiuo thiioae e aeaaooae. Oaeei
ia?acii, ieioiinoue ianaeaiey ninoaaeyao 26, 4 /aeiaaea ia iaeei ea. i.

Niaoeeaeecaoeey iaeanoe iniiauaaaony, i?aaeaea anaai, ia iaoeiino?iaiee,
oeie/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, yia?aaoeea, naeueneii oicyenoaa
ca?iiai-aeeaioiiaiae/aneiai iai?aaeaiey.

Ii i?iecaiaenoao ?yaea aaaeiaeoeo aeaeia i?iaeoeoeee Na?aoianeay
iaeanoue eiaao aeiaieueii cia/eoaeueiue oaeaeueiue aan a ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee e Iiaieaeuea.

Na?aoianeay iaeanoue i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ?acaeoie
eiaeono?eaeueii-aa?a?iue oa??eoi?eaeueii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiue eiiieaen
iaeanoiiai ?aiaa. A iauai iauaia aaeiaie i?iaeoeoeee iaeanoe a na?aaeeia
1990-o aa. ia aeieth i?iiuoeaiiinoe i?eoiaeeony 60%, naeueneiai
oicyenoaa — 29%. Oaeia niioiioaiea iieacuaaao, /oi naeueneia oicyenoai
i?iaeieaeaao ea?aoue aaaeioth ?ieue a yeiiiieea iaeanoe. Ii iauaio
i?iecaiaenoaa naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee iaoa iaeanoue aoiaeeo a
aeanyoeo e?oiiaeoeo aa?a?iuo ?aaeiiia ?innee.

A iineaaeiea aiaeu i?ienoiaeyo caiaoiua no?oeoo?iua naeaeae a yeiiiieea
iaeanoe. Aeinoaoi/ii /aoei i?iyaeeanue oaiaeaioeey e nieaeaieth
oaeaeueiiai aana i?iiuoeaiiinoe (ia 15% ca 5 iineaaeieo eao) e
oaaee/aieth aeiee naeueneiai oicyenoaa e no?ieoaeuenoaa.

Na?aoianeay iaeanoue n/eoaaony aaeeinoaaiiui noauaeoii ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee, ?aniieiaeaiiui ia naiie auaiaeiie aeey
naeueneioicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe oa??eoi?ee. Auaiaeiinoue”
iauyniyaony o?aiy aaia?aoe/aneeie ciiaie: iaeanoue ?aniieiaeeeanue a
ianoao eaninoaie, noaie e iieoionouie. Caeanue iiaeii ano?aoeoue eae
niaoaiiua eana, oae e aeoa?aau, ia?aeanee, ionouie e noaie, i?e/ai ia
oa??eoi?ee, ?aaiie 200-i ei n naaa?a ia tha. Oaeei ia?acii, niaoaiiay
oei?a e oaoia Acee e Aa?iiu ii?iaeeea caeanue iaaeaeaiiua aeeaiieniua
i?inoi?u, aaea aieueoeinoai ianoiuo iaeoaoaeae ?anoeoaeueiiai ie?a
caianaiu a E?anioth eieao”. Oae, a iaeanoe aiaeeony 250 aeaeia ioeoe e
70 aeaeia ieaeiieoathueo. ?anoaiee ian/eouaaaony aieaa 1700 aeaeia, 400
ec eioi?uo io?aiythony caeiiii. I aaaeiinoe ?aniieiaeaiiuo a iaeanoe
i?e?iaeiuo aei?ano?nia aiai?eo e oio oaeo, /oi caeanue iaoiaeyony 124
iaiyoieea i?e?iaeu, n?aaee ieo – Ainoaea?noaaiiue iaoeeiiaeueiue
i?e?iaeiue ia?e “Oaaeuineee”, ciieiae/aneea caeacieee ii aeeeeiaoecaoeee
aia?ia, iiaeao?, ieaiy. E?iia oiai, a iaeanoe ian/eouaaaony ieiei 300
iaiyoieeia eoeueoo?u, nauoa 3 oun. a?oeoaeoo?iuo
aeinoii?eia/aoaeueiinoae. Nio?aieeenue oaeaea 18 noa?eiiuo onaaeaa.
Iiaiaea caeanue niinianoaoao ?acaeoeth ?uaiiai i?iiunea, nii?oeaiie e
ethaeoaeueneie ?uaaeee. Eeeiao Na?aoiaa oia?aiii eiioeiaioaeueiue: ceia
ii?iciay, a eaoi ciieiia. N?aaeiyy oaiia?aoo?a ethey – 30-40 N. A yiaa?a
iia iioneaaony aei ieion 20-35 a?aaeonia ii Oeaeueneth.

Ainiiaenoaothuea aao?u – naaa?i-caiaaeiua e caiaaeiua. Inaaeeia
auiaaeaao n?aaieoaeueii iaiiiai: 37-400 ieeeeiao?ia a aiae. Niaaeiue
iie?ia caeanue onoaiaaeeaaaony a eiioea iiya?y – ia/aea aeaeaa?y,
en/acaao a eiioea ia?oa – ia/aea ai?aey. ?aee iau/ii caia?catho ai
aoi?ie aeaeaaea aeaeaa?y, a iieiinoueth i/euathony ioi eueaea a eiioea
ai?aey.

2.Enoi?ey Na?aoiaa

Ia/eiay n 6 aaea aei i. y. ii 5 aae i. y., a Iiaieaeuea aeeee
naa?iiaou-na?iaou. Ieiei nae Noneu, Iiaie Eeiiaee, ?iaiiai e a ae?oaeo
ianoao ano?a/athony na?iaoneea eo?aaiu, a eioi?uo iaeaeaiu caoi?iiaiey
ethaeae, i?aaeiaou aii?oaeaiey, oe?aoaiey, auoiaua aaue, iinoaea. N 5-6
aaeia i. y. a Iiaieaeuea ia/eiatho i?iieeaoue ei/aaua oth?eneea ieaiaia:
oth?ee ia/aiaae, iieiaoeu. A 8-9 aaeao Ieaeiaa Iiaieaeuea auei oeaio?ii
iiiiaiei-oaoa?neiai ainoaea?noaa – Cieioie i?aeu. Ia?aia ianoiiieiaeaiea
Na?aoiaa – nia?aiaiiue Caaiaeneie ?aeii ai?iaea. O?aoueei ii aaee/eia
ai?iaeii Cieioie I?aeu aue Oaae, iaoiaeyueeny a /a?oa ai?iaea Na?aoiaa.
Iniiaiuie a?aieoeaie iaiyoieea i?eiyoi n/eoaoue onouea ?. Oaaeiaee ia
naaa?a, noaioeeth Iaooyioth, aa?aa Aieae ia ainoiea e e?ae I?eaieaeneie
aicauoaiiinoe ia caiaaea. Iacaaiea i?ienoiaeeo io ae?aaiaoth?eneiai
neiaa «Oaae» — aaoiy. Iniiaaiea Oaaea o/aiua ioiinyo e 50-i aiaeai XIII
aaea. Oaae, eae e ae?oaea cieioii?aeuineea ai?iaea, aiciee n?aco, «ia
ionoii ianoa». Aai no?ieee ieaiiua, niaiaiiua ec ?aciuo no?ai,
caaiaaaiiuo iiiaieaie. Ai?iae aue ia oieueei ?aianeaiiui e oi?aiaui
oeaio?ii, ii e oeaio?ii naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai ie?oaa. Noaey ii
a?oaieiae/aneei iaoiaeeai, ai?iae oyioeny aaeieue aa?aaa aieaa aeaoo
eeeiiao?ia. Iaae iei ainiiaenoaiaaea aunieay ai?a, eioi?ay iuia
iacuaaaony Eaeai/a. Oaae eiae eaa?oaeueii-onaaeaaioth ieaie?iaeo.
Oeaio?aeueiue ?aeii Oaaea aue a?enoie?aoe/aneei. Aai oeeoeu auee
cano?iaiu iaeii-aeaooyoaaeiuie aeeeuie caeaieyie, ia/aoyie, aeai?oeaie
ec aea?aaa e ec iaiaeaeaiiiai ee?ie/a ia ecaanoeiaii ?anoai?a. Oanaaeu
caeaiee, a oaeaea aioo?aiiea ia?aaeiua iiiauaiey oe?aoaeenue iaai?iuie
iaeieeeiauie iaiii ec neia-ae?thciauo ec?acoeia. ?enoiie oai aue
aaiiao?e/aneei eee ?anoeoaeueiui. Caeanue aea ?aniieaaaeenue e?oiiua
a?enoie?aoe/aneea onaaeueau, ie?oaeaiiua aunieeie noaiaie, n
aannaeiaie-aiaeiaiaie, n aiaaouie aeiiaie ec nu?oeiaiai ee?ie/a. Aeiia
ioee/aeenue iuoiinoueth e ?ineioueth ioaeaeee. A eiiiaoao aaeieue o?ao
noai ono?aeaaeanue eaaeaiea-nioa, aioo?e eioi?ie io ia/e i?ioiaeeee
aeuiioiaeu-eaiu aeey aa iaia?aaa. Ia aioo?aiiae noi?iia ia/e aeaeaee
iana/ee aeey auia/ee eaiaoae. Iie a aeeeeua aue caieyiie e ee?ie/iue.
Aaeieue Aieae oyioeny ?aianeaiii-oi?aiauo ?aeii. Caeanue auee aaca?u,
ea?aaai-na?ae, ?aianeaiiua ianoa?neea. A ieo o?oaeeeenue naiua ?aciua
ianoa?a: thaaee?u, eociaoeu, iaaeieee, noaeeiaeoau. A aii/a?iuo ai?iao
ecaioiaeyee ee?ie/, ec?acoeu, iaeieeeo e ?aciiia?acioth iinoaeo —
i?inooth e iie?uooth nia?oaee aeaco?ueth. A yoii ?aeiia iiaeii auei
oaeaeaoue noiyuea oanii ae?oa e ae?oao iaaieueoea aeiia. A ieo aeeee
iaeeea oi?aiaoeu, aeaaeaeueoeu ianoa?neeo, iaeaieaa eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiua,
iieocaaeneiua ?aianeaiieee. Ioaeaeueiua eaa?oaeu caieiaee aieueoea
caieyiee n oe?aieaiiuie nu?oeiaui ee?ie/ii noaiaie. Aaeieue noai
ono?aeaaeenue oe?ieea eaaee-niou. Iaia?aaaeinue oaeia iiiauaiea
aea?iaiyie n ai?y/eie oaeyie. A yoeo caieyieao iaeoaee
?aau-?aianeaiieee. Aa?iyoii, oaeea aea iauea caieyiee eiaeenue e a
naaa?iie /anoe ai?iaea, a oae iacuaaaiuo «o?enoeaineeo» eaa?oaeao, aaea
aeeee ?onneea, a?iyia e ae?oaea iaionoeueiaia. Caeanue aeaaea eiaeenue
o?enoeaineea oea?eae e /aniaie. A thaeiie /anoe ai?iaea ?aniieaaaeny
iae?iiieue. Ooieoeeiie?iaaaoaa aiaeiniaaaeaiea, ninoiyei ec aannaeia,
a?ueia e iiaecaiiuo aiaeii?iaiaeiuo i?ieeaaeie, a oaeaea aeiiiauo
aiaeii?iaiaeia. A Oaaea /aeaieee naith nianoaaiioth iiiaoo. Iia oi?ioi
ecaanoia ii iiiai/eneaiiui iaoiaeeai. Ia iaeiie aa noi?iia eiaeanue
iaaeienue a?iaea: «Aa/iay neaaa e niioonoaothuay ae /anoue». Ia iai?ioa
oeacuaaeenue ianoi /aeaiee — Oaae — e aiae auionea. Ii/oe ana iaaeiene
naeaeaiu ii-a?aanee. Iineaaeiea iiiaou Oaaea ioiinyony e na?aaeeia 70-o
aiaeia XIV aaea. Aa?iyoii, ai?iae a yoe aiaeu aue ?ac?ooai iiieciyie
aa?aaa Aieae e i?eoae a neeueiue oiaaeie. Ieii/aoaeueii ii iiaea a 1395
aiaeo io aiene Oaia?eaia, eioi?ue, i?aneaaeoy i?aaeoaey Cieioie I?aeu
Oiooaiuoa, oae ii aai neaaeai ec I?aaeeaaeacuey. Oaae i?inouanoaiaae
ieiei 150 eao. Aiciiaeii, nae/an ia aeia na?aoianeeo ?ae iiae neiai eea
e ianea o?aiyony ae?aaiea nie?iaeua Cieioie I?aeu. Iaeiaei ?aneiiee ia
aaaeoony, e oaoa?neea aiaaonoaa oae e i?iaeieaeatho inoaaaoueny eeoue
eaaaiaeie.

3.Iniiaaiea Na?aoiaa

Iaiaoiaeeiinoue oe?aieaiey thai-ainoi/iuo ?oaaaeae, canaeaiey e inaiaiey
iaoe?iuo caiaeue, ?acaeoey oi?aiaee ii Aieaeneiio iooe aucaaea
no?ieoaeuenoai ai?iaeia e e?aiinoae ia iiaie ie?aeia ainoaea?noaa.
Iniiaaiiua ia Aieaa ai?iaea noaee iiuiui caneiiii i?ioea aaaia e?uineeo
oaoa? e ninaaeieo iiaaeoeaa. Oea?neia i?aaeoaeuenoai i?eieiaei ia?u
i?ioea iaaaaia ei/aaieeia e ai?ianeeo eacaeia, ii iie auee
iaeiyooaeoeaiu. Oiaaea e iino?ieee ai?iaea-e?aiinoe. Ana o?e ai?iaea —
Naia?a, Oea?eoeui, Na?aoia — auee iniiaaiu iaeiei eeoeii — eiycai
A?eai?eai Ineiiae/ai Canaeeiui. Ii aue e?oiiue aiaia/aeueiee, iiuoiue
oi?oeoeeaoi? e i?eciaiiue a?aaeino?ieoaeue. N aai eiaiai naycaii
ieii/aoaeueiia cae?aieaiea ?onneiai ainoaea?noaa ia Aieaa.
Ai?iae-e?aiinoue Na?aoia aue iinoaaeai ia iieiooe iaaeaeo aeaoiy
e?aiinoyie, a ianoiinoe, aaea nouanoaiaaea oi?ioay ia?ai?aaa /a?ac Aieao
a ethea 1590 aiaea, eae oaea oiiieiaeinue auoa, eiycai A. I. Canaeeiui e
aiy?eiii O. I. Oo?iaui. Oaea a neaaeothuai noieaoee Na?aoia noaiiaeony
nieeaeiui aiaiii-no?aoaae/aneei iauaeoii ?onneiai ainoaea?noaa, ianoii
?aniieiaeaiey eioi?iai noaiiaeony iun, ia?aciaaiiue Na?aoianeie e
Aieaeneie ?aeaie, /oi, ii nia?aiaiiie ea?oa ai?iaea, yaeyaony
ianoiiieiaeaieai a. Yiaaeuena. A e?aiinoe ia iai?iia noiyee io 300 aei
400 no?aeueoeia.

Ia iniiaaiee einaaiiuo aeieoiaioia e a?oaieiae/aneeo iaoiaeie
aieueoeinoai o/aiuo i?aaeiieaaatho, /oi ia?aue, ecia/aeueiue Na?aoia aue
iino?iai a ianeieueeeo eeeiiao?ao auoa nia?aiaiiiai ai?iaea. Caeanue,
i?e aiaaeaiee ?a/ee Aonaeee a Aieao, iaoiaeeony iun n aeaaeeei, neaaea
iieaoui ieaoi. A oeaio?a aai e ?aniieaaaeny ia?aiia/aeueii Na?aoia. Iaae
ai?iaeii aicauoaeny aunieee oiei, eee, ii-ianoiiio, «oeoai», n eioi?iai
i?ae?anii i?iniao?eaaeanue ianoiinoue ia ianeieueei aa?no, a n
iino?iaiiie oai auoee — aua aeaeueoa. E?ooua neeiiu aa?aaia Aieae e
Aonaeee, caeieua, ii?inoaa eanii, ia?aiaaeaaoeiny n caeeaiuie eoaaie,
i?ioieaie, noa?eoeaie, ica?oeaie, auee anoanoaaiiuie i?aiyonoaeyie e
caueuaee ai?iae ni noi?iiu Caaieaeuey. N i?ioeaiiieiaeiie noi?iiu
oi?ioae caueoie neoaeee aeoaieee, oiaea ii?inoee eanii e eonoa?ieeii
ia?aa, i?ioiaeeaoee ca oieiii-oeoaiii. Aea?aayiiua e?aiinoiua noaiu n
aaoiyie ie?oaeaee iaaieueoie ii ?acia?ai ai?iae e caueuaee aai io
iaiaaeaiee, A ai?iaea auee iino?iaiu aiaaiaeneay eaioeaey?ey e aeai?
naiiai aiaaiaeu, ?yaeii iaoiaeeeenue aeai?u aeaoae aiy?neeo e
no?aeaoeeeo nioieeia. Inoaeueiay oa??eoi?ey auea caiyoa onaaeueaaie
?aianeaiieeia e oi?aiaoeaa, a aeeaea e e?aiinoiui noaiai — no?aeueoeia,
iooea?ae e ae?oaeo neoaeeeuo ethaeae. Ioaeaeueii noiyee oeaaiua aiaa?u,
ii?ioiaua iia?aaa, oth?ueia e ae?oaea ainoaea?noaaiiua iino?ieee. Iaae
anaie no?iaieyie aicauoaeanue aea?aayiiay oea?eiaue. Iiaea?iiianiua
iaoaeeo?ae/aneea e aii/a?iua ai?iu, a aiciiaeii, e eocieoeu, auee
ono?iaiu ca e?aiinoiuie noaiaie a iiea. Ieaeiaa Iiaieaeuea iaeaaeaei
ia?iiiuie iao?iioouie aiaaonoaaie. Caeanue eiaeenue ieiaei?iaeiua caiee
aeey ?aniaoee, iaeeueiua ianoaeua, aiaaoua ioioie/uee e ai?oiua
oaiaeuey, ciaoiay ?uaiay eiaey. Aieueooth oeaiiinoue i?aaenoaaeyea
nieue.

Onaaeueaa ?yaeiaiai na?aoiaoea ninoiyea ec ecau, oicyenoaaiiuo iino?iae
(iia?aa, aiaa?, eiithoiy e iiiauaiea aeey neioa) e aaie. Ecaa auea
iaaieueoie, n iaeaiueeeie i?i?oaeaiiuie ieiaie, caaeaeaaaoeieny
aeiua/eie-«aieieii». *anoue ecau caieiaea ia/ea, ?yaeii n iae iiae
iioieeii ono?aeaaee iieaoe aeey ioaeuoa e nia. Aaue, eioi?uo auei ia oae
iiiai, ?annoaaeyeenue oiaei, io/aai ecaa eacaeanue i?inoi?iie. Aaeieue
noai noiyee oe?ieea eaaee, noiaeoee aeey aauae — «?ooeyaee». Eiaeny
oaeaea iaaieueoie noie. A noaiu auee a?acaiu iieee. Inaauaeanue ecaa
eo/eiie, anoaaeyaoaeny a aeaeaciue eiaaiue naaoaoe. Ia?aae iei noaaeee
ei?uooea n aiaeie aeey iaaeathueo oaieueeia. Iaoeinue a ecaa ianoi e
aeey caiyoey ?aianeii: naiiaeiui, nei?iyaeiui, einoi?aciui e ae?oaeie.

Ianaeaiea ai?iaea ninoiyei a iniiaiii ec neoaeeeuo ethaeae. Ianee
noi?iaeaaoth neoaeao, neaaeeee ca ia?aaeaeaeaieai ei/aaieeia iiaaeoeaa,
ai?ieenue n «ai?ianeeie» eacaeaie. No?aeueoeu caieiaeenue io?aiie
Aieaeneiai iooe, nii?iaiaeaeay oi?aiaua ea?aaaiu aei aeeaeaeoaai
ai?iaea. Anaie aeaeaie a ai?iaea aaaeae aiaaiaea. Ia?aui aiaaiaeie aue
A?eai?ee Canaeei, aai iiiiuieeii — no?aeaoeeee aieiaa Oo?ia. Ca naith
neoaeao no?aeueoeu iieo/aee ainoaea?aa oeaa e aeaiaaeiia aeaeiaaiuea,
eioi?ia aeinoaaeyeinue a Na?aoia ii aa?aao. Iiyoiio a naiaiaeiia io
aiaiii-noi?iaeaaie neoaeau a?aiy caeanue caieiaeenue oeaaiiaoanoaii e
iai?iaeie/anoaii, ?acaiaeeee aeiiaoiee neio, i?iiuoeyee ?aianeii,
oi?aiaeae, ?uaiie eiaeae e ioioie.

A ia/aea XVII aaea iaauaaeia iaino?aiea eeanniaie ai?ueau aueeeinue a
ia?aoth a enoi?ee ?inneeneiai ainoaea?noaa a?aaeaeaineoth aieio
(1603—1614 aiaeu). Nianaynue io i?eoaniaiee oea?neie aaeieieno?aoeee e
aiaoa oaiaeaeia, ia aieaeneea aa?aaa aaaeaee e?anoueyia e iinaaeneea
ethaee (aeeoaee ai?iaeia). Caeanue iie aeeaaeenue a io?yaeu aieaeneiai
eaca/anoaa. E eaoo 1604 aiaea eacaee noaee iieiiaeanoiuie oicyaaaie ia
Aieaa e ia aeaaaee i?ioiaeo oi?aiaui e iinieueneei ea?aaaiai. Aieueoea
oauoee ianee oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiua ethaee aieaeneeo ai?iaeia — Naia?u,
Na?aoiaa, Oea?eoeuia e ae?oaeo. Ana Iiaieaeuea aneieuoioei aeaeaeaiea
Eeuee Ai?/aeiaa, eee Eeaeee Io?iioea. Aio oaeaeinue nia?aoue 4-ouny/iue
io?yae ec oa?neeo, aeiineeo e aieaeneeo eacaeia. Naay Eeaeea auaeaaae ca
«oea?aae/a Iao?a, yeiau nuia oea?y Oaaei?a Eaaiiae/a (ieaaeoaai nuia
Eaaia A?iciiai). Io?yae yoiai naiicaaioea aucaae niyoaiea n?aaee aiy?,
iiiaueeia, eoia/anoaa. ?acaie e a?aaaaee ioaaoeee ieciauea Aieae. Anei?a
ia Aieaa iiyaeeny iiaue naiicaaiaoe — oeie/iue i?aaenoaaeoaeue iiieciaie
aieueieoeu, iacuaaaoee naay «oea?aae/ai Eaaiii-Aaaonoii» — nuiii Eaaia
A?iciiai. Eaoii 1607 aiaea, ia/aeinue aeaeaeaiea «oea?aae/a
Eaaia-Aaaonoa» e aai naiicaaiuo aioeia Ineiiaeea. A ethea io?yae
Eaaoee-Aaaonoa anooiee a Oea?eoeui, a caoai aeaeioeny aaa?o ii Aieaa.
Aienea iiieciaie aieueieoeu aani?aiyonoaaiii aeioee aei Na?aoiaa,
inaaeeee aai, ii acyoue ai?iae ei ia oaeaeinue. Oneeaiiue aa?iecii iiae
eiiaiaeie Caiyoee Naao?iaa e Aeaaeeie?a Aie/eiaa io?acee i?enooiu,
«ai?ia iiiaeo iiaeee», e «oea?aae/ Eaai» niaoii ia?aa?aeny ia Aeii, aaea
aeaeioeny auei e Aieioieeiao. Ii aai io?yae aue ?acaeo Eaeaaeieo?eai II,
nai Eaai-Aaaono e aai niiaeaeaeiee Eaa? auee noaa/aiu e iiaaoaiu. A n
Ineiiaeeii eacaee ?ani?aaeeenue ?aiueoa, iinea ii?aaeaiey iiae
Na?aoiaii. Ii Na?aoia iaaeieai inoaaaeny aa?iui iineianeiio
i?aaeoaeuenoao: oaea a 1609 aiaeo ai?iae ia?aoae ia noi?iio Eaeaaeieo?ey
II.

Aei 1614 aiaea i Na?aoiaa iao ieeaeeo aeieoiaioaeueiuo ecaanoee.
Aeinoiaa?ii eeoue oi, /oi ceiith 1613/14 aiaea ai?iae nai?ae, oi ee io
iainoi?iaeiinoe n iaiai, oi ee aneaaenoaea iaiaaeaiey ai?ianeeo oaae.
Ianoiyoaeuenoaa niaeaeaiey ai?iaea iaecaanoiu. Aea?aayiiue Na?aoia iueae
eae oaeae. Iiiai iiaeaei a iaia aeeoaeae. Ia oaeaeinue nianoe eiiae.
*anoue no?aeueoeia, nianoeony io nia?oe, aeaeioeanue ca 350 aa?no a
Naia?o. Ieiei 200 /aeiaae aeia?aeenue aei yoie e?aiinoe. Oaeiaa noaeueaa
ecia/aeueiiai Na?aoiaa.

Iinea aeaaee Na?aoiaa ia i?aaii aa?aao, ii aue ainnoaiiaeai ia eoaiaie
noi?iia Aieae (ianeieueei naaa?iaa iuiaoiaai ai?iaea Yiaaeuena).
Aa?iyoii, ionthaea eaa/a auei neaaeeoue ca ia?aaeaeaeaieyie ei/aaieeia,
aanoe noi?iaeaaoth neoaeao. Ia?aua naaaeaiey i eaaiaa?aaeiii Na?aoiaa
ioiinyony e 1617 aiaeo. Ii ?aniieaaaeny ia aieueoii iuno i?e aiaaeaiee a
Aieao iaaieueoie, ii oiaaea iieiiaiaeiie ?a/ee, iacaaiiie iicaeiaa
Na?aoiaeie.

Ai?iae caieiae i?eia?ii 15—17 aaeoa?ia. I?iacaeaaoee a 1623 aiaeo
iineianeee eoiaoe Oaaeio Eioia ienae: «Ia Na?aoiaa ai?iae noieo ia
eoaiaie noi?iia, aaoie ?oaeaiua, e?oaeua, aeai? e ?yaeu a ai?iaea. A ca
ai?iaeii no?aeaoeeea aeai?u e ?uaiua eaaee, e aiaa?u, aaea eeaaeoo n
noaeia i?eianu». Ai?iaeii-e?aiinoueth ecia?acee ia ?enoiea Na?aoia
nae?aoa?ue aieueooeineiai iinieuenoaa Aaeai Ieaa?ee, aeaeaaoee Na?aoia a
1636 aiaeo.

Oeaio?ii eaaiaa?aaeiiai Na?aoiaa aue ino?ia (e?aieue) n aea?aayiiuie
noaiaie, aieieoeaie aeey ?oaeaeiiai iaiy e ?oaeaiuie aaoiyie n iooeaie.
Aioo?e ino?iaa iaoiaeeeenue aiaaiaeneee aeai?, eaioeaey?ey, i?eeaciay
ecaa, oaiiaeiy, oea?eiaue, aeiia «aeaoae aiy?neeo», oi?aiaua ?yaeu e
ae?oaea iino?ieee. Ia?aae noaiaie ino?iaa aue au?uo ?ia, ca iei
?aniieaaaeny iinaae. Caeanue noiyee aeiia no?aeueoeia, iinaaeneeo
ethaeae, eiaeenue eaaee, aiaa?u. Aie?oa iinaaea auee ono?iaiu iieaaua
oe?aieaiey — ?aaeieau.

A 1630-o aiaeao a Na?aoia i?eneaee ianeieueei nioai no?aeueoeia e
ieioieeia, eioi?ua iino?ieee iiaue ino?ia. E?aiinoiua noaiu n aaoiyie
ioaaoeee oaia?ue aanue iinaae. Iiaay e?aiinoue auea inaaeaia
a?oeeea?eae. Ia aaoiyo e a noaiao iaoiaeeeenue iooee, no?aeyaoea
yae?aie, a ia i?iacaeiuo aaoiyo — ea?oa/ueth. Ai?iae noae e?aiinoueth,
eioi?ay oniaoii auaea?aeaea ia iaeei i?enooi “Ai?ianeeo” eacaeia e
ei/aaieeia.

Iniiaiia ianaeaiea eaaiaa?aaeiiai Na?aoiaa ninoaaeyee neoaeeeua ethaee —
eiiiua e iaoea no?aeueoeu, iooea?e, ai?ioieee. Ec ieo 300 /aeiaae n
naiueyie aeeee a ai?iaea iinoiyiii, ii auee aua 100 «aiaeiaaeueueeia»,
i?eneaiiuo ia neoaeao a e?aiinoue ia aeaa-o?e aiaea. Ianaeyee ai?iae
oaeaea ainoaea?aau eociaoeu e ieioeee. Neoaeeeua ethaee iieo/aee a aiae
aeaeiaaiuea aeaiueaaie (3 ?oa. e oeaaii (ii aeaa /aoaa?oe ?aee e iana).
Iaeaiueeia aeaeiaaiuea canoaaeyei neoaeeeue ethae a naiaiaeiia a?aiy
caieiaoueny caieaaeaeeai, iai?iaeie/anoaii, i?eonaaeaaiui
neioiaiaenoaii, ecaioaaeeaaoue ?aianeaiiua ecaeaeey e aeaaea aanoe
iaeeoth oi?aiaeth. Eia/a n naiueae auei ia i?iei?ieoueny.

Aieneiaia ia/aeuenoai ninoaaeyee no?aeaoeeee aieiaa, nioieee e ieaaeoea
eiiaiaee?u ec /enea «aeaoae aiy?neeo». No?aeaoeeee aieiaa, ?aaii eae
aiaaiaea, iieo/aee a aiae ii 40 ?oaeae aeaiueaaie. A ca oniaoiua aiaiiua
iioiaeu — aei?iaea iiaea?ee. A ai?iaea aeeee e oi?aiaua ethaee,
?aianeaiieee (ieioieee, naiiaeieee, eaea/ieee e ae?oaea), a oaeaea
eeoea, ?aaioaaoea ii iaeio ia noaeao e ?uaiuo i?iiuneao. Ii yoi
iinaaeneia ianaeaiea auei iaiiiai/eneaiiui. Iaei eoi ec ieo eiae
nianoaaiiua aeai?u, aieueoeinoai nieiaee oaeu a /oaeeo aeiiao. Neoaeeeua
ethaee e iinaaeneia ianaeaiea iiae/eiyeenue – aiaaiaea, eioi?ue aaaeae
aaeieieno?aoeaiuie, aiaiiuie, oicyenoaaiiuie aeaeaie, a i?e
iaiaoiaeeiinoe /eiee noae e ?ani?aao. Anaai a eaaiaa?aaeiii Na?aoiaa
ian/eouaaeinue ia aieaa 1500—2000 /aeiaae.

Aaniie 1674 aiaea ai eniieiaiea oeaca oea?y Aeaenay Ieoaeeiae/a “Na?aoia
ai?iae aeaeaoue ia ai?ao iiaue” e?aiinoue auea ia?aianaia. Iieeiaiee
Aeaenaiae? Oaeue aua?ae ianoi ia thaa io Nieieiaie ai?u, ia ianoa
iainiiaaaoeony a oi a?aiy ?uaaeia iineianeiai Iiainianneiai iiianou?y. A
1722 aiaeo a ai?iaea iiauaae Iao? I, a caaeyioaoee nthaea a 1769 aiaeo
aeaaeaiee E. Eaiaoei iacaae Na?aoia naiie ?acaeaathuaeny e
aeaaiono?iaiiie i?iaeioeeae ?innee n i?yiuie oeeoeaie e oi?ioeie
oi?aiauie ?yaeaie. A oi a?aiy caeanue auei iino?iaii ianna caaiaeia.
Ethaee caieiaeenue aii/a?iui ?aianeii, oi?aiaaee ?uaie, nieueth, oeaaii.
Oi?ioi auei ?acaeoi e iaiooaeoo?iia i?iecaiaenoai. Iai anai yoii
aiai?eee iacaaiey oeeoe, eioi?ua naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaee i caiyoinoe
ianaeaiey. Nieyiay, Eociaoeeay, Ee?ie/iay, Ooeoiiay, Aieueoay e Iaeay
Eino?eaeiua (io eino?eea” – iooiaeu eueia e eiiiiee). Oaa?eea o?aioeoca
Aa?aeuea i?iecaiaeeea aoean, /oeee, oaooo – oiieoth oaeeiaoth oeaiue. 6
aaaonoa 1774 aiaea e Na?aoiao iiaeioee iniiaiua neeu aienea Aiaeueyia
Ioaa/aaa. I?eaoae ii nthaea ia n aeia?uie iaia?aieyie e inoaiiaeeny ia
Nieieiaie ai?a, n eioi?ie ia/ae iano?aeeaaoue ai?iae. 8 ieoya?y aiaeaeue
aoioiaueeia aue a?anoiaai a na?aoianeii Caaieaeuea.

Canaeaiea e?ay a ia?aie iieiaeia XVIII a. i?ienoiaeeei eae ii
eieoeeaoeaa i?aayueo e?oaia, iiiaueeia, iiianou?ae e eoioeia, oae e
noeoeeii. Iiianou?e iniiaaee ai?iae Oaaeuine, naea Aine?anaineia,
Aaeo?u, Oa?na. Iaiaei nae iniiauaaee aaaeua e?aiinoiua e?anoueyia,
iniaaiii a Caaieaeuea, ii aa?aaai ?ae Aieueoie e Iaeue E?aec, Aieueoie e
Iaeue Ocaiue. E na?aaeeia XVIII a. a i?aaeaeao auaoae Na?aoianeie
aoaa?iee auei oaea 634 ianaeaiiuo ioieoa, a eiee/anoai aeeoaeae
aeinoeaaei 200 oun. /aeiaae. A oi aea a?aiy i?iaeieaeaei aic?anoaoue
oi?aiai-o?ainii?oiia cia/aiea Aieae e ?aniieiaeaiiuo ia iae ai?iaeia, a
oii /enea Na?aoiaa.

A nayce n ?ac?aaioeie Yeueoiineiai nieyiiai ianoi?iaeaeaiey
i?aaeoaeuenoai o/?aaeeei a Na?aoiaa “nieyiia eiienna?eaonoai”, aaaeaaoaa
aeiau/ae e o?ainii?oe?iaeie niee. Aeey ia?aaicee niee io ica?a Yeueoii
aei Na?aoiaa, aaea auee iino?iaiu nieyiua aiaa?u, i?eaeaneee oe?aeioeaa.
*a?ac 20—30 eao a Eaaiaa?aaeuea, ia aei?iaao io Yeueoiia e Na?aoiao, e a
I?aaiaa?aaeuea, ia aei?iaao io Na?aoiaa e Oaiaiao e Ai?iiaaeo, aicieeee
aeanyoee oe?aeineeo neiaiae e oooi?ia (n?aaee ieo e Iie?ianeay neiaiaea
— iuiaoiee ai?iae Yiaaeuen).

Cia/eoaeueii oaaee/eeinue ianaeaiea Na?aoianeiai Iiaieaeuey iinea
ia?anaeaiey ia Aieao ii oeaco Aeaoa?eiu II ?aneieueieeia. A ?acoeueoaoa
a Caaieaeuea aicieeee e?oiiua ?aneieueie/uee neiaiaeu: Aaeaeiai,
E?eaieo/uea, Eaiaiea, Ia/aoiia (Ioaa/aa) e ae?. Anei?a a ai?iaea
iiyaeeenue ia?aua eieiienou. Caai?iaeioth neiaiaeo iacaaee Iaiaoeeie. Ii
ieaio 1812 aiaea niaoeeaeueii aeey yoiai neo/ay auei ioaaaeaii ianoi a
ia?aii eaa?oaea io oeeoeu Ieeieueneie (?aaeeuaaa). Anei?a iiyaeeanue
Iaiaoeeay oeeoea (iuia i?iniaeo Ee?iaa).

Iinoaiaiii Na?aoia i?aa?auaaony a thaeioth oi?aiaoth noieeoeo.
Caiieiieaoea ai?iae ?aianeaiieee, i?iaeaeaatho aai a?aieoeu io Aieae e
thai-caiaaeo, no?iy eaaee, aeiia, iaaaceiu ii iai?aaeaieth io Iineianeie
oeeoeu aei Aeaenaiae?ianeie (Ai?ueeiai) e Aieueneie. Ninoiyoaeueiua aea
ethaee a eeoea ianoiiai aeai?yinoaa e eoia/anoaa iaethaiaaee ae?oaoth
/anoue ai?iaea, eioi?ay ia/eiaeanue n?aco ca Iiai-Niai?neie ieiuaaeueth,
ioaaouaay Eiinoaioeiianeoth, Aeaenaiae?ianeoth, Aeai?yineoth e ae?oaea
oeeoeu. I?iaeeaaaoay caeanue yeeoa na?aoianeiai iauanoaa i?eieiaea
iaiin?aaenoaaiiia o/anoea a no?ieoaeuenoaa ai?iaea. Oaeei ia?acii,
aeaaiaea?y ?ani?ino?aiaiiiio iianaianoii iaoeaiaonoao a 1869 aiaeo a
ai?iaea iiyaeeanue oea?eiaue ai eiy nayouo Ee?eeea e Iaoiaeey i?e
ioaeneie aeiiacee, aeiiiaay oea?eiaue a aeaineii iaineiia, aeaiaaeiua
n?aaenoaa, ia no?ieoaeuenoai eioi?uo iinooieee io Ieeieay Aca?iaa. A aio
aeaaa Ai?iaeneie Aeoiu Eaai Iicaeaaa iiniaeaenoaiaae ioe?uoeth aeaoneie
aieueieoeu ia ai?a Nieieiaie. A 1803 aiaeo caeanue aue ioe?uo ia?aue
ai?iaeneie oaao?. Enoi?ey ai?iaea iiiieo e eiy Iao?a Noieuieia,
i?aaenaaeaoaey Niaaoa ieieno?ia. I.A.Noieuiei (1862-1911) a 1903 aiaeo
iacia/aaony ia/aeueieeii Na?aoianeie aoaa?iee. A ia?oa iiaue aoaa?iaoi?
i?eieiae aeaniuo ai?iaeneie aeoiu a naiae ?aceaeaioeee (Iineianeay, 31).
Anei?a iinea anooieaiey a aeieaeiinoue iiae eaa?oe?o aoaa?iaoi?a
i?eniiniaeee aeii ?22 ii oeeoea Aieueneie. ?yaeii auno?ieee o?aoyoaaeiia
caeaiea aeey aai eaioeaey?ee e “i?enoonoaee” (Aieueneay, 24). A ai?aea
1906 aiaea 44-eaoiae Noieuiei aue iacia/ai ieieno?ii aioo?aiieo aeae.
Iineaaeiee ?ac ii iiauaae a Na?aoiaa a aeieaeiinoe i?aiuea?-ieieno?a a
naioya?a 1910 aiaea. Iuia a iaeanoiii iocaa e?aaaaaeaiey Na?aoiaa iiaeii
oaeaeaoue ioiaee? ?aoi?iaoi?a ?innee, e?anei ec Eeaaneiai oaao?a, ia
eioi?ia iionoeeny nia?oaeueii ?aiaiiue Noieuiei, a oaeaea naiaeiue
aeueaii n oieeaeueiuie oioia?aoeyie. A aio a ianoiii ooaeiaeanoaaiiii
iocaa ei. ?aaeeuaaa iaoiaeeony ii?o?ao Noieuieia, iaienaiiue eenoueth
Eeuee ?aieia ii caeaco i?ioeie Ai?iaeneie Aeoiu. Oaaeiaa/eoue iaiyoue i
ia?aii aoaa?iaoi?a oaeaeinue e iuiaoiei aeanoyi. Oae, a 2002 aiaeo a
ai?iaea iiyaeeny ia?aue a ?innee iaiyoiee Noieuieio.

4.Iaioeu a Iiaieaeuea

E ia/aeo 20 aaea ia aaia?aoe/aneeo ea?oao Iiaieaeuey cia/eeinue nauoa
aeaoonio iaiaoeeeo iacaaiee, eioi?ua naiei ianaeaiiui ioieoai aeaee
iaioeu, iinaeeaoeany a Na?aoianeeo e?ayo ii i?eaeaoaieth Aeaoa?eiu
Aoi?ie. Ii aio a 1915 aiaeo yoe “eiaia “noaee n?i/ii iaiyoueny ia
?onneea. Aecaioaeue noae, e i?eia?o, Eoaiaui. ?icaiaa?a – Oiaoii.
Oioa?aei?o – Aanaeiaeie. Oea ia?aay ie?iaay aieia. E oioy iiaieaeneea
iaioeu aeaaii oaea noaee aeia?iii?yaei/iuie ?inneyiaie, ia/aeenue
i?eoaniaiey iaiaoeeeo eieiienoia. Cae?uou auee iaiaoeeea aacaou, a a
iauanoaaiiuo ianoao cai?aoeee aiai?eoue ii-iaiaoeee. Ia?aaeaeuaaeenue
iacaaiey. Iinea oaa?aeueneie ?aaiethoeee 1917 aiaea iacaaiey auee
ainnoaiiaeaiu, aacaou auee ioe?uou. Iiaieaeneea iaioeu aeiaeeenue
nicaeaiey naieo oacaeia Aeaoa?eiaiooaaeneiai, Caeueiaineiai,
Aaeueoea?neiai. A 1919 aiaeo auea ia?aciaaia Aaoiiiiiay iaeanoue, a
eioi?oth aioee caiee, ia eioi?uo iaiaoeeia ianaeaiea i?aiaeaaeaei.
Na?aoianeea aeanoe iiaeiaiuo ia?aiai ia i?eaaonoaiaaee. N auaeaeaieai
iaioeaa a naiinoiyoaeueioth iaeanoue aoaa?iey oa?yea caiee, aaea
oicyenoai auei iinoaaeaii iiiai eo/oa, /ai a ae?oaeo aoaa?ieyo. Iaeiaei
eieiienoia iiaeaea?aeeaaea Iineaa. A 1923 aiaeo a ninoaa Aaoiiiiiie
iaeanoe aioea /anoue caiaeue n ?onneei e oe?aeineei ianaeaieai, caiieiea
?ac?uau aa oa??eoi?ee. Aioae ooaea e Iie?ianeee oacae. A nai Iie?iane,
aeaaiaea?y naiaio yeiiiie/aneiio ?acaeoeth e aaee/eia ec oacaeiiai
oeaio?a aicauneeny aei iaeanoiiai. A ia/aea 1924 aiaea Iaiaoeeay
iaeanoue auea i?aia?aciaaia oaea a Aaoiiiiioth Niaaoneoth
Nioeeaeenoe/aneoth ?anioaeeeo Iaioeaa Iiaieaeuey a ninoaaa ?NON?.
Aeaaiaea?y yoiio Iie?iane, noae aae?oa oeaio?ii ?anioaeeee. Ieiuaaeue
?anioaeeee Iaioeaa Iiaieaeuey auea nauoa 25 ouny/ ea. eeeiiao?ia.
Ianaeaiea -aieaa iieoieeeeiia /aeiaae. 551 ianaeaiiue ioieo, a oii /enea
– 4 ai?iaea . ANN? Iaioeaa Iiaieaeuey auea eeeaeaee?iaaia a 1941 aiaeo,
iinea ia/aea Aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu. Oa??eoi?ey eeeaeaee?iaaiiie ANN? II
auea ?acaeaeaia iaaeaeo Na?aoianeie iaeanoueth (15 eaioiiia) e
Noaeeia?aaeneie (7 eaioiiia). A n?i/iii ii?yaeea ana aac eneeth/aiey
iaioeu auee ia?anaeaiu ec Iiaieaeuey a ioaeaeaiiua ?aeiiu Eacaonoaia e
Neae?e. A ia/aea ieoya?y 1941 aiaea 365 ouny/ /aeiaae iaioeaa auee
ia?anaeaiu ec Iiaieaeuey. A ia iionoaaoea caiee noaee naeeoue aaaeaioeaa
ec caiaaeiuo iaeanoae no?aiu. A iaa 1942 ana 229 iaiaoeeeo iacaaiee ia
ea?oao auee caiaiaiu ?onneeie. Aaeueoea? noae E?aniia?iaeneii, Caeueiai
– ?iaiui. Ia?enooaaeo iioa?ye naith iaiaoeeoth i?enoaaeo, ii ecaaaeae
ia?aeiaiiaaiey, eae e Yiaaeuen, ii i?e/eiai eaeaieiae/aneei. Oiiieiaoue
ia en/acioaoae ?anioaeeea, auei no?iaeaeoa cai?auaii.

5.Na?aoianeay aoaa?iey

A 1780 aiaeo auei o/?aaeaeaii Na?aoianeia iaianoie/anoai a ninoaaa
aeaayoe oacaeia (Na?aoianeee. Oaaeuineee. Aieueneee, Eociaoeeee,
Na?aeianeee. Aoea?neee, Iao?ianeee, Aaeaoianeee e Eaiuoeineee), ni 2
ai?aey 1782 aiaea i?aia?aciaaiiia a aoaa?ieth. Na?aoianeay aoaa?iey ai
aoi?ie iieiaeia 19 aaea auea iaeiie ec naiuo iaoe?iuo aoaa?iee
Aa?iiaeneie ?innee. Aa ieiuaaeue ninoaaeyea aieaa 192 ouny/ eaaae?aoiuo
eeeiiao?ia. Na?aoianeee e?ae i?iaeieaeae auno?i canaeyoueny. Iniiaiay
ianna ia?anaeaioeaa i?eauaaea ec Ia/a?iicaiiiai ?aeiia, a oaeaea ec
ae?oaeo iano ?innee, aaea iuouaeanue iaoaaoea caiee. Iniiaioth ianno
ianaeaiey anao ai?iaeia e oacaeia ninoaaeyee ?onneea-75%,iaiaoeeeo
eieiienoia-8,5%,oe?aeioeaa-6,5%,ii?aeau-6,5%,oaoa?-3,5%.Inoaeueiua
iaoeeiiaeueiua a?oiiu (/oaaoe, iaua?yee, aaoee?u) auee iacia/eoaeueiuie.
A 1850 aiaeo aa oa??eoi?ey nie?aoeeanue aieaa /ai aaeaia, a nayce n
ia?aaea/ae caaieaeneeo oacaeia Naia?neie e Ano?aoaineei aoaa?ieyi, e
ninoaaeyea 84 640 ea. ei (oa??eoi?ey nia?aiaiiie Na?aoianeie iaeanoe
-100,2 ouny/e eaaae?aoiuo eeeiiao?ia). Ianaeaiea aoaa?iee a ia/aea 20
aaea cia/eoaeueii au?inei. Anee, ii aeaiiui ia?aiene 1897 aiaea a iae
i?iaeeaaee 2405829 aeeoaeae, oi a 1913 aiaeo oaea 3290710.
Aeaenoaeoaeueii a ia/aea 20 aaea yoi aue o?aoee ii /eneo aeeoaeae ai?iae
?innee (a aa nia?aiaiiuo a?aieoeao) e e?oiiaeoee ai?iae Iiaieaeuey (a
1913 aiaeo 242 ouny/e /aeiaae). A Eacaie oiaaea aeeea 131 ouny/a
/aeiaae, a Ano?aoaie 113 ouny/ /aeiaae. A Naia?a e Ieaeiai Iiaai?iaea ii
91 ouny/a /aeiaae. Aua a 80-o aa. XVIII noieaoey a Na?aoianeii
iaianoie/anoaa auei anaai ianeieueei iaaieueoeo i?iiuoeaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee: eaiaoiua oaa?eee, aeiieo?aiiua caaiaeu e eiaeaaaiiua
ianoa?neea. A naeueneii oicyenoaa auei caiyoi aieaa 80% ianaeaiey
Na?aoianeiai e?ay. Aoaa?iey niaoeeaeece?iaaeanue ia i?iecaiaenoaa
ca?iiauo eoeueoo?, a iniiaiii ioaieoeu, eioi?ay iieueciaaeanue aieueoei
ni?inii, eae ia aioo?aiiai, oae e ia aiaoiai ?uieao. Auno?ia canaeaiea
e?ay e eioaineaiia ?acaeoea oiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa ca?ia niinianoaiaaee
aicieeiiaaieth ioeiiieueiiai aeaea. Oaea a na?aaeeia XIX a. a naeao e
ai?iaeao e?ay ?aaioaei aieaa 1500 aao?yiuo e aiaeyiuo iaeueieoe. Naiua
e?oiiua ec ieo, i?iecaiaeeaoea ioeo ia ?uiie, ?aciauaeenue a Na?aoiaa,
Aieuenea e Oaaeuinea. N na?aaeeiu 1850-o aiaeia a aoaa?iee
oaaee/eaathony iinaau iiaenieia/ieea. A ?yaea oacaeia yoa eoeueoo?a
iioanieea iaan. Ca?ii iiaenieia/ieea oei ia ianoiua ianeiaieiua caaiaeu.
A Iao?ianeii oacaea oe?iei ?acaeeinue eonoa?iia i?iecaiaenoai naiae,
oaeaa, eiean, ai/ae, aaaea?. A Aaeaoianeii oacaea — aii/a?iia
i?iecaiaenoai e ee?ie/iua caaiaeu. N?aaee e?anoueyi iianaianoii auei
?acaeoi aeiiaoiaa i?iecaiaenoai oienoa, a a iaeioi?uo ianoao e noeia. A
na?aaeeia aaea a Na?aoiaa ca?iaeeeanue iaoeiino?ieoaeueiay
i?iiuoeaiiinoue. Ia i?aaei?eyoeyo i?iecaiaeeee ?aiiio iaoei, ecaioiaeyee
?aciua i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe aeey iaeueieoe, ia?ioiaeia, ianeiaieiuo e
aeiieo?aiiuo caaiaeia, caieaaeaeue/aneeo i?oaeee. Aaaeiie io?aneueth
naeueneiai oicyenoaa inoaaaeinue aeeaioiiaiaenoai, a aieueoeinoaa
oacaeia, neio eniieueciaaeny a ea/anoaa ?aai/ae neeu e aeey
oaeiaeaoai?aiey i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiuo iio?aaiinoae. Neio e?anoueyineeo
oicyenoa ioaeaeaeny a oeo/oaiee ii?iaeiinoe. Iaeiaei ia thaa aoaa?iee
caieaaeaaeaeueoeu e caaeeoi/iua e?anoueyia caieiaeenue ioei?iii e?oiiiai
?iaaoiai neioa eaeiuoeeie ii?iaeu e iaaoe n oeaeueth i?iaeaaee ianoiui
ao?oiaueeai. Iniaaiii eioaineaii noaei ?acaeaaoueny i?iiuoeaiiia
i?iecaiaenoai a 90-o aa. i?ioeiai noieaoey. A yoe aiaeu a Na?aoianeie
aoaa?iee aicieeee e?oiiua ia?iaua iaeueieoeu, iaoaeeiia?aaaouaathuea
i?aaei?eyoey. Ae?oaea i?iiuoeaiiua i?aaei?eyoey — ee?ie/iua e
eaniieeueiua caaiaeu, oeiia?aoee — caieiaee aoi?inoaiaiiia ianoi.

Ia?aua aeanyoeeaoey XX aaea yaeeenue, iiaeaeoe, naiuie oyaeaeuie aeey
yeiiiieee Na?aoianeie aoaa?iee. Aiaeu aaeeeeo nioeeaeueiuo iio?ynaiee e
aiei aucaaee oaeoth neeueioth aeaa?aaeaoeeth oicyenoaa, /oi
iio?aaiaaeinue aieaa aeanyoe eao aeey oiai, /oiau aueoe ii iauaiai
i?iecaiaenoaa ia o?iaaiue 1913 a. Ainnoaiiaeaiea ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa
i?iaiaeeeinue a oneiaeyo iiaie yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee (iyi),
iiiaioeeaaeiinoe yeiiiieee.

Aaaeiaeoei yoaiii ?acaeoey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa iaeanoe noaee 30-a
aiaeu. Eciaiaiea niioiioaiey oi?i nianoaaiiinoe, ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiia
ieaie?iaaiea, eiaeono?eaeecaoeey e eieeaeoeaecaoeey ei?aiiui ia?acii
eciaieee no?oeoo?o oicyenoaa e oaiaeaioeee aai ?acaeoey.

A yoio ia?eiae auyaeeanue aeieaia?aiaiiay oaiaeaioeey iinoiyiiiai
aic?anoaiey oaeaeueiiai aana e cia/aiey i?iiuoeaiiinoe a oicyenoaa e?ay.
A ia/aea 20-o aa. ia?yaeo n ainnoaiiaeaieai i?aaei?eyoee inouanoaeyeinue
e iiaia no?ieoaeuenoai. Auee aaaaeaiu a yenieoaoaoeeth Iao?ianeay
yeaeo?inoaioeey, Iie?ianeee (Yiaaeuenneee) einoaia?aaaouaathuee caaiae e
aaeiiiay oaa?eea, ?yae i?aaei?eyoee a Na?aoiaa. N?aaee ieo caaiae
“Oieaa?nae”, i?iecaiaeyuee naa?eiai/iua noaiee, aeaoaee iaoaiuo iaoei,
iao?iiu aeey oiea?iuo noaieia; eioaeueiue caaiae, eiaecaaiae, oaaeiay,
iaoaiay, o?eeioaaeiay oaa?eee, iynieiiaeiao. Yoi i?eaaei e caiaoiui
eciaiaieyi a no?oeoo?a i?iiuoeaiiinoe Na?aoianeie aoaa?iee. Oaeaeueiue
aan ieuaaie io?anee iiieceeny aei 47%, a iaoaeeiia?aaioee aic?in aei
10,3, aea?aaiia?aaaouaathuae io?anee—aei 8,9, no?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia —
aei 9,8, oeie/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe — aei 4,5%. E na?aaeeia 20-o aa.
iiiaea io?anee i?iiuoeaiiinoe aoaa?iee aeinoeaee aeiaiaiiiai o?iaiy
i?iecaiaenoaa, ca eneeth/aieai ioeiiieueiie, iiuiinoe, eioi?ie
eniieueciaaeenue iaiaa /ai ia iieiaeio.

Aiaeu i?aaeaiaiiuo iyoeeaoie — yoi iniaue, caia/aoaeueiue a iaeioi?ii
niunea ia?eiae ?acaeoey yeiiiieee iaoae iaeanoe. Aai oa?aeoa?iuie
/a?oaie auee:

• Aia/aoeythuea ianooaau iiaiai i?iiuoeaiiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa. A no?ie
aeaenoaothueo auei aaaaeaii i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee a aeaa ?aca
aieueoa, /ai ca ana i?aaeoanoaothuea aiaeu. N?aaee ieo aieueoia
eiee/anoai e?oiiuo i?aaei?eyoee ainoaea?noaaiiiai cia/aiey, oaeeo, eae
Na?A?YN, caaiaeu eiiaaeiia, uaei/iuo aeeoioeyoi?ia, coai?aciuo noaieia,
iaooaia?a?aaaouaathuee, iiaeoeiieeiaue e ae?.

• Auni/aeoea oaiiu ?inoa i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. A n?aaeiai /a?ac
eaaeaeua 2—3 aiaea i?ienoiaeeei oaeaiaiea iauaiia i?iiuoeaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa. Oaeeo oaiiia i?iiuoeaiiiai ?acaeoey iaeanoue ia ciaea ie
aei, ie iinea yoiai ia?eiaea.

• Aunieay noaiaiue eiioeaio?aoeee i?iiuoeaiiinoe. I?aaei?eyoey o?ao
e?oiiaeoeo a oi a?aiy i?iiuoeaiiuo oeaio?ia iaeanoe (Na?aoia, Aieuene e
Aaeaoia) i?iecaiaeeee aieaa 80% i?iiuoeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee iaeanoe.
Na?aoia i?aa?aoeeny a iaeei ec e?oiiaeoeo i?iiuoeaiiuo oeaio?ia no?aiu,
neiioeaio?e?iaaa aieaa 60% i?iiuoeaiiiai iioaioeeaea iaeanoe.

• I?aeiouanoaaiiia ?acaeoea oyaeaeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, i?aaeaea anaai
iaoeiino?iaiey e iaoaeeiia?aaioee. Yoi aucaaei iiaua nouanoaaiiua
naeaeae a io?aneaaie no?oeoo?a i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Oioy ia ia?aii ianoa aua
inoaaaeanue ieuaaay io?aneue, oaeaeueiue aan aa nieceeny aei 37,7%, a ia
aoi?ia ianoi auaeaeioeenue iaoaeeiia?aaioea e iaoeiino?iaiea (31,4%), Ec
ae?oaeo io?aneae aieueoia cia/aiea i?eia?aee iaooaia?a?aaaouaathuay
i?iiuoeaiiinoue, no?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia, aea?aaiia?aaaouaathuay,
eaaeay i?iiuoeaiiinoue.

• Iiyaeaiea a ea/anoaa iniiaiie eieeaeoeaiie oi?iu naeueneiai
oicyenoaiaaiey, neaaenoaeai /aai yaeeenue iaaeaeaiiua aeinaea oaiiu
iaoaiecaoeee naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai o?oaea. Nicaeaa oe?ieoth naoue
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iuo noaioeee (ION), e ia/aeo 40-o aa. iaeanoue ii noaiaie
iaoaiecaoeee iniiaiuo aeaeia naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo ?aaio auoea ia
o?iaaiue iaeaieaa ?acaeouo ainoaea?noa ie?a.

Ia?yaeo ni no?ieoaeuenoaii aeaaioia eiaeono?ee (i?aeiouanoaaiii a
Na?aoiaa), iieo/eea ?acaeoea e ianoiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue. A eiioea 30-o
aa. iia ?acaeaaeanue oaea a 19 ai?iaeao e ?aeiiao iaeanoe. Aa
i?aaenoaaeyee aea?aaiia?aaaouaathuea, iaoaeeiia?aaaouaathuea, iaiciua,
aii/a?iua, aaeyeueii-aieei/iua, iioeai/iua ianoa?neea, i?aaei?eyoey
no?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia e ieuaaie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. A ieuaaie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe e iei ioiineeenue aeiiaocneee ieiaeiai-yaiaeiue caaiae,
iiaiocaineee e ieoa?neee ieiaeiai-iaiuiua caaiaeu, naiieeianeee
ianeiaieiue caaiae, aaeaoianeee caaiae aacaeeiaieueiuo iaieoeia,
aaca?ii-ea?aaoeaeneee e oo?eianeee ieuaeiiaeiaou. I?aaei?eyoey iaeanoe,
iiiaea ec eioi?uo i?eia?aee ananithciia cia/aiea, i?iecaiaeeee naioth
?aciiia?acioth i?iaeoeoeeth. Iie iinoaaeyee ia?iaeiiio oicyenoao aaicei
e iacoo, e?aiiaua oaeaaeee e ?aaeoeoi?u, iiaeoeiieee e iaoeciua
ecaeaeey, iaoaiua iaoeiu, aeecaeueiua eioeu Oooiaa, ai?th/ea neaioeu.
Aeey naeueneiai oicyenoaa ecaioiaeyeenue ia?ieiiiua oiaea e ae?oaea
iaiciua ecaeaeey, caianiua /anoe e naeueneioicyenoaaiiua iaoeiu, oi?iay
oi?yaeue, eiiaeei?ia e i?. Aeey ioaeae no?ieoaeuenoaa au?aaaouaaeenue
e?aniue e neeeeaoiue ee?ie/, oeaiaio, ecaanoue, oa?oua e?anee, ieeaiue
ean, ia/iia eeouea. A oe?ieii anni?oeiaioa i?iecaiaeeeenue i?aaeiaou
aeiiaoiaai iaeoiaea e i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiua oiaa?u.

Aaeeeay Ioa/anoaaiiay aieia nouanoaaiii caaea?aeaea ?acaeoea oicyenoaa
iaeanoe, ii ia inoaiiaeea aai. A ia?aue ia?eiae aieiu iieo/eee ?acaeoea
oaenoeeueiay, eaaeay e ?aceiiaay io?anee i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Ia oa??eoi?ee
iaeanoe ?anoe?yeenue ?aiaa iino?iaiiua e ?aciauaeenue yaaeoe?iaaiiua
i?aaei?eyoey. A Yiaaeuena auee ?aciauaiu A?yineee iaoeiino?ieoaeueiue
caaiae (iuia o?ieeaeaoniue caaiae), oaa?eea ia?aayci/iuo iaoa?eaeia e
i?yaeeeueii-oeaoeeay; a Na?aoiaa e Aieuenea — o?e iiaua oaaeiua oaa?eee;
oo?ieee naie iiuiinoe o?eeioaaeiua oaa?eee Na?aoiaa e E?aniia?iaenea. Ca
aiaeu aieiu a iaeanoe aicieeee iiaua io?anee e i?iecaiaenoaa. Aeiau/a
i?e?iaeiiai aaca ia Aeoaineii ianoi?iaeaeaiee e iinoaaea aai ii
aacii?iaiaeo a Na?aoia, a iicaeiaa a Iineao ia/aee aaciaoth
i?iiuoeaiiinoue iaeanoe. A 1950 a. iaeanoue aeaaaea aieaa 1/10
iauanithciie aeiau/e aaca. E yoiio a?aiaie ia aaca Nieieiaiai?neiai
ianoi?iaeaeaiey iieo/eea ?acaeoea e iaooyiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue.

E eiioeo aieiu, aneaaenoaea ?anoe?aiey e ?aeiino?oeoeee i?iecaiaenoaa
aeey ioaeae o?iioa, ?acei iiauneeny oaeaeueiue aan iaoeiino?iaiey e
iaoaeeiia?aaioee. Aieia caoi?iiceea ?acaeoea naeueneiai oicyenoaa e
ieuaaie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. A nayce n i?eaea/aieai aeey ioaeae o?iioa
cia/eoaeueiie /anoe iaoaiecaoi?neeo eaae?ia, o?aeoi?ia, aaoiiiaeeae,
eioaaeae ?acei nieceeny o?iaaiue iaoaiecaoeee naeueneiai oicyenoaa. Yoi
iiaeaeei ca niaie nie?auaiea iinaaiuo ieiuaaeae e iauaiia i?iecaiaenoaa
naeueoici?iaeoeoeee. Ainnoaiiaeoue yoe io?anee ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa
iaeanoe oaeaeinue eeoue a ia/aea 50-o aa. A ia?aua iineaaiaiiua aiaeu
Na?aoianeay iaeanoue noaiiaeony e?oiiui iinoaaueeii no?ieoaeueiuo
iaoa?eaeia a ?aeiiu, oicyenoai eioi?uo auei neeueii ?ac?ooaii ai a?aiy
aieiu. A eiioea 40-o — ia/aea 50-o aa. iiiaea i?aaei?eyoey yoie io?anee
auiieiyee caeacu e?oiiaeoeo no?iae no?aiu: Aieai-Aeiineiai eaiaea,
Eoeauoaaneie e Noaeeia?aaeneie AYN. Ia?yaeo n Aieueneeie oeaiaioiuie
caaiaeaie a ?aaeecaoeee yoie ia?iiiie no?ieoaeueiie i?ia?aiiu i?eiyee
o/anoea e iiaua i?aaei?eyoey ii i?iecaiaenoao uaaiy a Ioaa/aaneii,
Eaaioaaaneii e A?oianeii ?aeiiao. Oaeei ia?acii, e ia/aeo 50-o aa. a
iaoae iaeanoe auea nicaeaia iniiaa iiuiaeoaai no?ieoaeueiiai eiiieaena,
eioi?ue a aeaeueiaeoai niinianoaiaae ?aciauaieth caeanue e?oiiaeoeo
oicyenoaaiiuo iauaeoia iauaainoaea?noaaiiiai cia/aiey. Iinoaiaiii
oneiaeiyeanue no?oeoo?a yeiiiieee iaeanoe. I?iyaeyeanue aeieaia?aiaiiay
oaiaeaioeey iia?aaeathuaai ?acaeoey io?aneae, ii?aaeaeythueo
iao/ii-oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann,— oeie/aneie, iaoeiino?ieoaeueiie,
yeaeo?iyia?aaoe/aneie.

1950-a aiaeu iiaeii n/eoaoue ia/aeii “aieueoie oeiee” Na?aoianeie
iaeanoe. No?ieoaeuenoai oeie/aneeo eiiaeiaoia iauaainoaea?noaaiiiai
cia/aiey a Aaeaeiai, Yiaaeuena, Na?aoiaa aucaaei iio?aaiinoue a
nicaeaiee e?oiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa nai?iuo aeaeaciaaoiiiuo eiino?oeoeee a
yoeo i?iiuoeaiiuo oeaio?ao. A yoio ia?eiae aeeiaie/ii ?acaeaaeenue
io?anee oiieeaii-yia?aaoe/aneiai eiiieaena — aaciaay, iaooyiay,
neaioeaaay, oaieiyia?aaoe/aneay. Niaa?oainoaiaaeanue no?oeoo?a
iaoeiino?ieoaeueiiai eiiieaena. Iaee/ea aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo
iao/ii-oaoie/aneeo eaae?ia yaeeinue aaaeiie i?aaeiinueeie nicaeaiey a
iaoae iaeanoe (i?aaeaea anaai a Na?aoiaa) oi/iiai iaoeiino?iaiey,
i?eai?ino?iaiey, yeaeo?iieee. E?oiiaeoea i?aaei?eyoey yoeo io?aneae,
?aciauaiiua ia naaa?i-caiaaeiie ie?aeia Na?aoiaa, ianeoaeeaaee a
iniiaiii iio?aaiinoe aiaiii-i?iiuoeaiiiai eiiieaena no?aiu.

Caaiae oaoie/aneiai noaeea, naoa?iue caaiae, aee?eiiaeiao — iiaino?ieee
ae?oaeo io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe.

Aaaeiua caaea/e ?aoaeenue a yoio ia?eiae e a aa?a?iii naeoi?a. A
1953—1956 aa. a Na?aoianeie iaeanoe auei ?aniaoaii e inaiaii ieiei 1
iei. aa oeaeeiiuo caiaeue. Cia/eoaeueii aic?inea oaoie/aneay
iniauaiiinoue naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa, a n iiaeeeth/aieai a
1960 a. iaeanoe e Aaeeiie aa?iiaeneie yia?ainenoaia no?aiu ?anoe?eeenue
aiciiaeiinoe iaoaiecaoeee iniiaiuo oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia a
aeeaioiiaiaenoaa, yeaeo?eoeeaoeee naeueneie ianoiinoe.

Ia ?oaaaea 1970-o aa. aioea a no?ie aeaenoaothueo ia?aay ec aeaaioia
yeaeo?iyia?aaoeee — Na?aoianeay AYN. Iaeanoue i?aa?aoeeanue ec
yia?aiaeaoeoeeoiie a yia?aiecauoi/ioth. Yeaeo?inoaioeey aeaea eiioeuen
?acaeoeth ai?iaea Aaeaeiai, aaea, iie?aynue ia iiuioth no?ieoaeueioth
aaco e aeaoaaoth yeaeo?iyia?aeth, noi?ie?iaaeny e?oiiaeoee iinea
Na?aoiaa i?iiuoeaiiue ocae iaeanoe. Aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea iieo/eee
iaoeiino?iaiea e iniaaiii yia?aiaieea io?anee oeie/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe,
iaeaieaa aeeiaie/ii ?acaeaathueany a iineaaeiea o?e aeanyoeeaoey.

1970-a aiaeu aioee a enoi?eth yeiiiieee Na?aoianeiai e?ay eae aiaeu
ca?iaeaeaiey e ao?iiai ?acaeoey iaeei?aoeaiiai eiiieaena. Ca yoio
ia?eiae auee iino?iaiu nioie eeeiiao?ia i?ineoaeueiuo eaiaeia,
ianeieueei e?oiiuo i?ineoaeueiuo nenoai e ae?oaea iauaeou iaeei?aoeaiie
eio?ano?oeoo?u. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iaoa iaeanoue iaeaaeaao e?oiiaeoei a
?innee ianneaii i?ioaaiuo caiaeue. Ana yoi io?aceeinue a eiia/iii eoiaa
ia oi?ie?iaaiee iaeeea naeueneie ianoiinoe e nia?aiaiiie no?oeoo?u
naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. Iaaeinoaoi/iay i?iaeoeoeaiinoue
anoanoaaiiuo ei?iiauo oaiaeee eiiiaine?iaaia ei?iii?iecaiaenoaii ia
i?ioaaiuo caieyo, /oi yaeeinue noeioeii aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey
aeeaioiiaiaenoaa.

?ino yeiiiie/aneiai iioaioeeaea iaeanoe i?iaeieaeaeny aieioue aei eiioea
1980-o aa. E yoiio a?aiaie cia/eoaeueii oi?i/eeanue ?ieue “o?ieee”
aeaaiuo io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe: iaoeiino?ieoaeueiie, oeie/aneie e
yia?aaoe/aneie. E?oiiaeoea iiaino?ieee oao eao: caaiaeu
?aceiioaoie/aneeo ecaeaeee, oeie/aneee, naiioiaeiuo caiea?ieiuo iaoei,
AYN a Aaeaeiai; eiiaeiao ieauaauo oeaiae e caaiae aaoio?aeoi?iuo
i?eoeaiia a Aaeaoiaa; yiaaeueneea caaiaeu neioaoe/aneeo iithueo n?aaenoa
e aaoio?aeoi?iuo caiaeueiuo naa/ae; OYOe-5 a Na?aoiaa e ae?.

Na?aoianeay iaeanoue ii naiaio i?iiuoeaiiiio iioaioeeaeo, iiuiinoe
no?ieoaeueiuo i?aaiecaoeee, iauaio naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa,
ii ?acia?ai e o?iaith iao/ii-oaoie/aneie aacu e iiaeaioiaee
eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo eaae?ia yaeyaony iaeiie ec e?oiiaeoeo a ?innee e
caieiaao aaaeiia ianoi a oa??eoi?eaeueiii ?acaeaeaiee o?oaea.

6.Eoeueoo?a ?aaeiia

A enoi?ee ioa/anoaaiiie eoeueoo?u Na?aoianeay aoaa?iey n aeaaieo ii?
aunooiaao a ea/anoaa ?aaeiia, iaeaaeathuaai aunieei eoeueoo?iui
iioaioeeaeii. Aaia?aoey e no?oeoo?a aai eciaiyeenue ia i?ioyaeaiee
aaeia, iaeciaiiui i?e yoii inoaaaeinue nouanoaiaaiea oeaio?a ia ianoa
naaiaeiyoiaai ai?iaea Na?aoiaa.

Na?aoia (aiae iniiaaiey – 1590) – ai?iae n aiaaouie eoeueoo?iuie
o?aaeeoeeyie.

A 1885 aiaeo a Na?aoiaa auea ioe?uoa ia?aay a ?inneeneie i?iaeioeee
iauaaeinooiiay ooaeiaeanoaaiiay aaea?ay, iacaaiiay a /anoue A.I.
?aaeeuaaa e ioe?uoay ii eieoeeaoeaa aioea aaeeeiai aeayoaey. A ia?aoth
eieeaeoeeth aioee ?aaiou ooaeiaeieeia A. Aiaiethaiaa, E. Oeoeeia, O.
Aaneeueaaa, E. E?aineiai, E. ?aieia, E. Ei?i, O. Aeiaeiuee e ae?oaeo.
Naie aeeaae (iaoa?eaeueiue, eiia/ii) a nicaeaiea aaea?ae oaeaea aianee:
N. e. I. O?aoueyeiau, A. Aao?ooei, Iieeia Aea?aei. A 1873 aiaeo aue
iniiaai ia?aue noaoeeiia?iue oee?e a?aoueaa Ieeeoeiuo, a 1831 aiaeo ii
eieoeeaoeaa Aieueiiai yeiiiie/aneiai iauanoaa ioe?uoa ioaee/iay
aeaeeioaea. A 1912 aiaeo – ia?aay a i?iaeioeee eiina?aaoi?ey (o?aouey
iinea Iineau e Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa), nicaeaiea eioi?ie iiaeoieeioei
?acaeoea iocueaeueiie e eiioea?oiie aeecie a ai?iaea. A 1909 – aeanyoue
Ieeieaaaneee oieaa?neoao, a a 1918 – ia?aue aeaoneee oaao?. Oaeei
ia?acii, aua a XIX aaea auee caeiaeaiu oaao?aeueiua, ooaeiaeanoaaiiua,
iocueaeueiua o?aaeeoeee. Iaei oiai, yoio ai?iae noae ?iaeeiie iiiaeo
?onneeo ciaiaieoinoae. E i?eia?o, a Na?aoiaa ?iaeeeny e caeii/ee
eiaeono?eaeueiue oaoieeoi ia?aue ?inneeneee einiiiaao TH?ee Aaaa?ei.
Na?aoianeay caiey – yoi ?iaeeia aeeaiienoeaa I. N. Ooeeia, E. N.
Iao?iaa-Aiaeeeia, I. A. Eociaoeiaa, ienaoaeae E. A. Oaaeeia, E. A.
Eanneey, I. I. Aeaenaaaa, a?oenoia E. A. Neiiiaa, A. A. Aaai/eeia, A. O.
Aiae?aaaa, A. Eaaaaeaaa, N. Oeeeiiiaa, I. Oaaaeiaa, I. ssieianeiai,
eiiiiceoi?a A. A. Oieoea, aaoi?a anaie?ii ecaanoiie ianie “Eaeeiea” –
iocueaioa E. Ea?eiiiaa, ecia?aoaoaeae aonaie/iiai e eieaniiai o?aeoi?a
O. Aeeiiaa e ss. Iaieia, aaieaeueiiai aeieiaa I. E. Aaaeeiaa, eao?aaoa
Iiaaeaaneie i?aiee aeaaeaieea I. Naiaiiaa. Caeanue iaeioi?ia a?aiy aeee
e ?aaioae aaeeeee ?onneee aaniiienaoe N. E?ueia, ?iaeeeny ienaoaeue N.
?icaiia, i?ineaaeaoeeny nia?aiaiiuie acaeyaeaie ia eeoa?aoo?o. A
Na?aoiaa e iaeanoe aeeee e ?aaioaee a?oeoaeoi?u, ecaanoiua anae ?innee:
A. E. No?aiia (1759-1821), A. I. Naeueei (1838-1918), I. I. Cuaei
(1858-1918), A. I. Etheoei (1858-1918), A. I. Eeaiaioueaa (1852-1920),
E. E. Ithoea (1868-1918), N. A. Eaeeeno?aoia (1874-1966), A. E. Ea?iaiei
(1873-1936).

Na?aoianeee e?ae – a aeia?aoeyo ooaeiaeieea I. A?oaaey, aaeaeiino?oeoi?a
I. Aioiiiaa, ienaoaey I. Aoeaaeiaa, a?oeoaeoi?a O. Oaooaey, oeieea I.
Ceieia, iiyoa A. Aea?aeaaeia, aeaaeaieea A. Ia?/oea, eiino?oeoi?a
einie/aneie ?aaeeioaeaoiiiie nayce TH. Aueiaa…

Na?aoianeee e?ae iaeaaeaao aieueoei eoeueoo?iui ianeaaeeai. A noa?a
aieiaiey e eiio?iey I?aaeoaeuenoaa Na?aoianeie iaeanoe iaoiaeeony 2950
iauaeoia enoi?eei-eoeueoo?iiai ianeaaeey, ia ainoaea?noaaiiii o/aoa
ninoieo 662 iauaeoa eoeueoo?iiai ianeaaeey, 53 ec ieo – oaaea?aeueiiai
cia/aiey. Yoi eiina?aaoi?ey, aeceoiay ea?oi/ea Na?aoiaa e iaeanoe,
ainaiaeue oieaa?neoaoneiai ai?iaeea – oai?aiea a?oeoaeoi?a Ithoea,
Nayoi-O?ieoeeee eaoaae?aeueiue niai?, ?aceaeaioeey na?aoianeeo
aoaa?iaoi?ia, aeii eoioea Iaeueoeaaa a Aaeaeiai, onaaeueaa aeai?yi
Ia?uoeeiuo a naea Iaaeu Aaeaoianeiai ?aeiia, caeaiea Ainoeiiai aeai?a a
Aieuenea e iiiaea, iiiaea ae?oaea.

Iinoaiiaeaieai eieeaaee Ieienoa?noaa eoeueoo?u ?NON?, Ainno?iy ?NON? e
I?aceaeeoia Oeaio?aeueiiai Niaaoa Ana?inneeneiai iauanoaa io?aiu
iaiyoieeia enoi?ee e eoeueoo?u (AIIIeE) io 19 oaa?aey 1990 aiaea a
nienie enoi?e/aneeo ianaeaiiuo iano ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee aeeth/aiu 10
ai?iaeia iaeanoe: Na?aoia (1590), Aoea?ne (1780), Aaeaeiai (1762),
Aaeaoia (1780), Aieuene (1780), Iiaiocaine (1835), Iao?iane (1698),
Ioaa/aa (Ieeieaaane, 1835), Oaaeuine (1780), Yiaaeuen (Iie?iane, 1914).

Iieeoeea I?aaeoaeuenoaa Na?aoianeie iaeanoe a noa?a eoeueoo?u iai?aaeaia
ia oe?aieaiea iaoa?eaeueiie aacu e ?acaeoea oai?/aneiai iioaioeeaea
aaaeoueo iaeanoiuo o/?aaeaeaiee eoeueoo?u e eneonnoaa, iaania/aiea
aeinooiiinoe eoeueoo?u aeey a?aaeaeai, nicaeaiea aeinoieiie n?aaeu a
eaaeaeii ai?iaea e ?aeiia.

A ianoiyuaa a?aiy athaeaeao ii ?acaeaeo “Eoeueoo?a, eneonnoai e
eeiaiaoia?aoey” iaania/eaaao niaea?aeaiea 1061 ioaee/iie
(iauaaeinooiiie) aeaeeioaee, 1275 eeoaiuo o/?aaeaeaiee, 22
ainoaea?noaaiiuo iocaaa, 6 ia?eia, 114 o/aaiuo caaaaeaiee eoeueoo?u e
eneonnoaa, 18 oaao?aeueii-eiioea?oiuo i?aaiecaoeee e 639 eeiionoaiiaie
iaeanoe.

A iaeanoe aeaenoaotho iaeanoiua i?aaiecaoeee nithcia oaao?aeueiuo
aeayoaeae, ienaoaeae, eiiiiceoi?ia, ooaeiaeieeia, eeiaiaoia?aoenoia,
a?oeoaeoi?ia, oioiooaeiaeieeia. Noaei oaea o?aaeeoeeae i?iaaaeaiea
oai?/aneiai eiieo?na ia i?enoaeaeaiea Eeoa?aoo?iie i?aiee Na?aoianeie
iaeanoe ei. I.I.Aeaenaaaa, iaeanoiiai oaao?aeueiiai oanoeaaey “Cieioie
A?eaeei”.

Oanoeaaeueiay e iocueaeueiay aeeciue Na?aoianeie iaeanoe aanueia aeoeaia
e ?aciiia?acia. Na?aoiaoeu ia aac iniiaaiey eniuouaatho ai?aeinoue ca
naie aeaaeaie/aneea oaao?u, o/aaiua caaaaeaiey eoeueoo?u e eneonnoaa,
iaeanoioth oeea?iiieth, aoaa?ineee oaao? oi?iaie iocuee. Aaeaaiaeii
i?iaiaeyony iocueaeueiua oanoeaaee e eiieo?nu. Iaeiei ec y?eeo
eoeueoo?iuo niauoee yaeyaony Niaeiianeee iocueaeueiue oanoeaaeue,
eioi?ue i?iaiaeeony aaeaaiaeii, ia/eiay n 1986 aiaea, a Na?aoianeii
aeaaeaie/aneii oaao?a iia?u e aaeaoa. A iineaaeiea aiaeu eiioeaioeey
oanoeaaey cia/eoaeueii ?anoe?eeanue e auoea ca ?aiee /enoi iia?iiai. N
1999 aiaea a iaai aeeth/athony ana aeai?u iocueaeueiiai eneonnoaa:
iia?a, aaeao, neioiiey, iia?aooa, a oaeaea nia?aiaiiay ?inneeneay
?ie-iocuea. Oeaio?ii aieiaiey oanoeaaey noae o?aaeeoeeiiiue Eiieo?n
eiieo?nia aieaeenoia, a eioi?ii i?eieiatho o/anoea eao?aaou ?inneeneeo e
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo eiieo?nia. Iinoiyiiuie o/anoieeaie oanoeaaey noaee
aaaeouea ianoa?a noeaiu iia?iuo oaao?ia Iineau, Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa,
ae?oaeo ?aaeiiia ?innee, aeeaeiaai e aeaeueiaai ca?oaaaeuey. Ii eoiaai
ii?ina iocueaeueiie iauanoaaiiinoe, i?iaiaeeiiai aacaoie “Iocueaeueiia
iaic?aiea”, Niaeiianeee oanoeaaeue iacaai eo/oei oanoeaaeai 1999, 2001,
2002 aiaeia a ?innee.

Aeoeaii ?acaeaathony oai?/aneea eiioaeou oaao?ia e ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo
eieeaeoeaia iaeanoe n ae?oaeie ?aaeiiaie. Aeaaeaie/aneee oaao? iia?u e
aaeaoa oniaoii ?aaeeciaae i?iaeou “Iia?iua oaao?u ?innee ia na?aoianeie
noeaia” e “Nieenou aaeaoa ?inneeneeo oaao?ia ia na?aoianeie noeaia”.

AEeaie eioa?an aucuaaao noaaoee oaea o?aaeeoeeiiiui ?inneeneee
oanoeaaeue eiaie A. A. Iaeaaoca. Ii i?iaiaeeony a Na?aoianeie iaeanoiie
oeea?iiiee ei. A. Oieoea iaeei ?ac a aeaa aiaea, a 2004 aiaeo yoi aue
oaea naaeueiie oanoeaaeue. Iocueaiou ie?iaiai o?iaiy – ia?iaeiay
a?oenoea NNN? Y. Ae?naeaaeca, ia?iaeiua a?oenou ?innee I.Aooiai, A.
Ianaaeeei, caneoaeaiiua a?oenou ?innee A.Ethaeiia, A. Aeeaa – noaee
iinoiyiiuie o/anoieeaie oanoeaaey. I?aaiecaoi?ii e aanniaiiui
ooaeiaeanoaaiiui ?oeiaiaeeoaeai oanoeaaey yaeyaony o/aiee A. A.
Iaeaaoca, ia?iaeiue a?oeno ?innee, i?ioanni? Na?aoianeie eiina?aaoi?ee
A.Oa?aeaiia.

N eioa?aniui ia/eiaieai aunooieea Na?aoianeay iaeanoiay oeea?iiiey ei.
A. Oieoea, inouanoaea a eiioea?oiii naciia 2003-2004 aa. i?iaaaeaiea
oanoeaaey eneonnoa “Aiiiiae”. Oanoeaaeue aeeth/ae eiioea?ou ?aciuo
aeai?ia, /oi i?eaeaeei aieueoia eiee/anoai neooaoaeae. A iai o/anoaiaaee
iocueaiou e eieeaeoeau, i?aaenoaaeythuea yeeoo ie?iaiai aeaaeaie/aneiai
eneonnoaa. Yoi caneoaeaiiue eieeaeoea ?innee, eao?aao Ainoaea?noaaiiie
i?aiee ?innee Eaa?oao eiaie A. I. Ai?iaeeia; ia?iaeiua a?oenou NNN?
eiiiiceoi? A.Aeiaa e ieaieno A.E?aeiaa; ?inneenei-o?aioeocneee
aeaeaciaue aeoyo Aeaieee E?aia? – Aeeaeuea Eieaoae; eao?aao ananithciuo
eiieo?nia, eiiiiceoi? O. Eaiuoaaa; ia?iaeiay a?oenoea ?innee A.
Eaiao?iaa. A aeaeueiaeoai aoaeao i?iaeieaeaia i?aeoeea i?iaaaeaiey
oanoeaaeae iiaeiaiiai o?iaiy.

Naieo iaeciaiiuo iieeiiieeia ?aaeoao Ana?inneeneee oanoeaaeue-eiieo?n
eniieieoaeae ia?iaeiie ianie ei. E.A.?oneaiiaie. A 2003 aiaeo a yoii
ianaiiii oi?oia i?eiyee o/anoea 90 eniieieoaeae ec 35 ?aaeiiia ?innee.
I/a?aaeiie ?ac eiieo?n iieacae aunieee oai?/aneee iioaioeeae iieiaeuo
eniieieoaeae ia?iaeiie ianie, aieueoie eioa?an e ethaiaue e ia?iaeiiio
oai?/anoao a ?innee.

A oeaeyo iiioey?ecaoeee aeaaeaie/aneiai oi?iaiai eneonnoaa a Na?aoiaa
aaeaaiaeii i?iaiaeeony Aoaa?ineee oanoeaaeue aeaaeaie/aneeo oi?ia, a
eioi?ii o/anoaotho oi?iaua eieeaeoeau ia oieueei Na?aoianeie iaeanoe, ii
e ae?oaeo ?aaeiiia Iiaieaeuey. A 2004 aiaeo ninoiyeny oaea III
oanoeaaeue, ii aue iinayuai 60-eaoeth eaoaae?u oi?iaiai aee?eaee?iaaiey
Na?aoianeie eiina?aaoi?ee.

Aio oaea iyoue ?ac ia na?aoianeie caiea i?ioiaeyo “Aeaoneea e thiioaneea
annaiaeae eneonnoa”, iauaaeeiyy a aoiinoa?a ae?oaeaneiai aeiaa?ey e
oai?/aneeo iieneia oaeaioeeauo aeaoae ec Iineau e Na?aoiaa,
A?oaiaaeuenea e E?aniiaea?a, I?aiao?aa e Ai?iiaaea, Oa?ueeiaa e Iaicu,
?ycaie e Eo?aaia, Ia?ie e Aieaia?aaea: Annaiaeae eneonnoa aeaaii
ia?aoaaioee ?aiee iaeanoiiai eiieo?na e i?eia?aee noaoon ?aaeiiaeueiiai,
noaa oeaio?ii iao/ii-iaoiaee/aneiai iauaiey, oai?/aneie eaai?aoi?eae
thiuo oaeaioia.

2004 aiae aue iaiieiai y?eeie niauoeyie. A ethia 2004 aiaea a ?aieao
i?iaaaeaiey Aiaea ?innee a Eacaonoaia a Caiaaeii-Eacaonoaineie iaeanoe
?anioaeeee Eacaonoai i?ioee Aeie yeiiiieee e eoeueoo?u Na?aoianeie
iaeanoe. Aieueooth oai?/aneoth i?ia?aiio i?aaenoaaeee aaaeouea
oai?/aneea eieeaeoeau e eniieieoaee Na?aoianeie iaeanoe. A caeao
Eacaoneiai oaao?a ae?aiu yeniiie?iaaeenue aunoaaee: “Na?aoianeie
aoaa?iee /a?ou” iaeanoiie oieaa?naeueiie iao/iie aeaeeioaee,
“Na?aoianeay aoaa?iey a iaii?aia aaeia” iaeanoiiai iocay e?aaaaaeaiey,
aunoaaea ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo i?iecaaaeaiee Na?aoianeie i?aaiecaoeee Nithca
ooaeiaeieeia ?O.

A naioya?a a Na?aoiaa ninoiyeny III Ana?inneeneee nuacae i?aaiia io?aiu
iaiyoieeia enoi?ee e eoeueoo?u, a ?aaioa eioi?iai i?eiyee o/anoea ieiei
200 aeaeaaaoia ec 74 ?aaeiiia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. ?aciethoeey
nuacaea eaaea a iniiao aeieoiaioia, i?aaenoaaeaiiuo Ieienoa?noaii
eoeueoo?u e ianniauo eiiioieeaoeee ?O a ieoya?a 2004 aiaea ia canaaeaiee
I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O ii aii?ino nio?aiaiey enoi?eei-eoeueoo?iiai ianeaaeey
?innee.

A 2004 aiaeo ninoiyeenue thaeeaeiua oi?aeanoaa, iinayuaiiua 80-eaoeth
na?aoianeie oaao?aeueiie oeieu; 75-eaoeth ni aeiy nicaeaiey Na?aoianeiai
iaeanoiiai oeaio?a ia?iaeiiai oai?/anoaa; 70-eaoeth ni aeiy ioe?uoey
Na?aoianeiai iaeanoiiai o/eeeua eoeueoo?u; 60-eaoeth ni aeiy iniiaaiey
Aeaoneie ooaeiaeanoaaiiie oeieu a. Na?aoiaa.

A iiya?a aue ioe?uo iaeanoiie oanoeaaeue, iinayuaiiue 70-eaoeth ni aeiy
?iaeaeaiey eiiiiceoi?a A. A. Oieoea, eeanneea iocuee OO noieaoey,
?iaeeaoaainy ia Na?aoianeie caiea. Auea ?aaeeciaaia aieueoay i?ia?aiia,
aeeth/athuay iaaeaeoia?iaeioth iao/ii-i?aeoe/aneoth eiioa?aioeeth,
eiieo?nu thiuo eiiiiceoi?ia, ooaeiaeieeia e eeoa?aoi?ia, oeeee eaia?iuo
e neioiie/aneeo eiioea?oia, eieaeiua aunoaaee. Caeeth/eoaeueiua
ia?ii?eyoey oanoeaaey iaia/aiu ia oaa?aeue 2005 aiaea.

A ?aieao oai?/aneiai acaeiiaeaenoaey n ?aaeiiaie ?innee, ?anoe?aiey
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo eoeueoo?iuo naycae aeaaeaie/aneee oaao? thiiai c?eoaey
ei. TH.I.Eenaeaaa o/anoaiaae a IX Iaaeaeoia?iaeiii iieiaeaaeiii
oaao?aeueiii oanoeaaea ?onneie eeanneee a a. Eiaiy Iineianeie iaeanoe
(ni niaeoaeeai “Aa/iue ioae” O.Aeinoiaaneiai) e a Iaaeaeoia?iaeiii
oaao?aeueiii oanoeaaea “Eaoiee oiioai” (a. ?ei, Eoaeey); Na?aoianeee
oaao? eoeie “Oa?aiie” iiauaae a Aieaa?ee (ni niaeoaeeai “O?ie aeey
E?aniie Oaii/ee” A.Oaa?oea) e noae o/anoieeii aeaoo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
oanoeaaeae oaao?ia eoeie: X Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai oanoeaaey “IIAA?AE” a
ai?iaea Oaaa?ai a E?aia e II Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai oanoeaaey “Iaeaoeoiaay
oeaooeea, eee Iao?ooea Aaeeeee” a Aeaoa?eiao?aa; Aoaa?ineee oaao?
oi?iaie iocuee aano?iee?iaae a Eniaiee e o/anoaiaae a VIII
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiii oanoeaaea eneonnoa ei. A. Ae. Naoa?iaa a Ieaeiai
Iiaai?iaea. A ?aieao Aeiaiai?a i nio?oaeie/anoaa iaaeaeo ieienoa?noaii
eoeueoo?u Na?aoianeie iaeanoe e Iaoeeiiaeueiie noeaiie a. Aaa?a “Aoeeai”
(O?aioeey) aue ?aaeeciaai ?inneenei-o?aioeocneee i?iaeo – iinoaiiaea A.
Ieeeaioe (O?aioeey) niaeoaeey “Iaioaneeay” ii iueana A. oii Eeaenoa ni
nooaeaioaie oaao?aeueiiai oaeoeueoaoa Na?aoianeie eiina?aaoi?ee (eo?n A.
Eociaoeiaa). A oaa?aea ninoiyeanue o?aioeocneay i?aiuea?a a a. Aaa?a, a
ai?aea niaeoaeeue aue iieacai a oaao?a ae?aiu ei. E. A. Neiiiaa.

Ieienoa?noai eoeueoo?u iaeanoe o?aaeeoeeiiii iiaeaea?aeeaaao
iiiaiia?acea oi?i ia?iaeiiai oai?/anoaa, n/eoay yoi i?ei?eoaoiui
iai?aaeaieai naiae aeayoaeueiinoe e o/?aaeaeaiee eoeueoo?u ia ianoao.
Yoi iaeia ec ninoaaeythueo caaea/e naaiaeiyoiaai aeiy, au?aaeaiiie a
iiiyoee “aeinoieiay n?aaea iaeoaiey aeey eaaeaeiai /aeiaaea”.

?acaeoeth naiiaeayoaeueiiai ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai oai?/anoaa niinianoaoao
?aaoey?iia i?iaaaeaiea ?aaeiiaeueiuo, iaeanoiuo e ?aeiiiuo niio?ia,
eiieo?nia, oanoeaaeae. Oieueei a 2004 aiaeo auee i?iaaaeaiu: IX
iaeanoiie oieueeei?ii-yoiia?aoe/aneee i?acaeiee “?iaeaeanoaaineea
ano?a/e”, Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue oanoeaaeue o?aaeeoeeiiiie eoeueoo?u “Aiec ii
iaoooea, ii Aieaa”, iaeanoiua oanoeaaee ia?iaeiiai oai?/anoaa “Naetho
Iiaaaeu”, “Naiaeiay iicaeea”, “?iaeieee Iiaieaeuey”, “Iiaaaeu iaaaneiue
naao”, “Noaiiua i?inoi?u”, “Ea?ae, aa?iiiue, caaie, /anoooea”, eiieo?n
yno?aaeiie ianie “Cieioie iee?ioii”, oanoeaaeue oi?aia?aoe/aneeo
eieeaeoeaia “Cae?aanoaoe, ie?!”, iaeanoiie ioe?uoue oanoeaaeue
oee?eiaiai eneonnoaa “Ea?iaaae thiinoe”.

27 oai?/aneeo naiiaeayoaeueiuo eieeaeoeaia e ioaeaeueiuo eniieieoaeae
iaeanoe i?eiyee o/anoea ai ana?inneeneeo e iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo oanoeaaeyo e
eiieo?nao, eioi?ua i?ioiaeeee a Ni/e, Ieaeiai Iiaai?iaea, Eacaie,
Aeaaeeie?a, Iaica, Ai?iiaaea, Eaaiiai, Iineaa, Ano?aoaie, eo/oea ec ieo
caaiaaaee caaiea aeeieiiaioia e eao?aaoia. Eieeaeoeau ec Aaeaeiai,
Aaeaoiaa, Iao?ianea, Ioaa/aaa, Na?aoiaa, ?. i. Eaaioaaaee aeinoieii
i?aaenoaaeee Na?aoianeoth iaeanoue ia II yoaia Ana?inneeneiai oanoeaaey
ia?iaeiiai oai?/anoaa “Naetho Iiaaaeu” ii I?eaieaeneiio oaaea?aeueiiio
ie?oao (a. Ieaeiee Iiaai?iae).

Oanoeaaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue niinianoaoao oeo/oaieth eniieieoaeueneiai
o?iaiy e noeaie/aneie eoeueoo?u iaoeo naiiaeayoaeueiuo eieeaeoeaia.
Naeaeaoaeuenoai iiauoathuaainy ianoa?noaa – aaeaaiaeiue ?ino /eneaiiinoe
oai?/aneeo eieeaeoeaia, iinyueo caaiea “ia?iaeiue”. Naaiaeiy eo 274.
Oai?/aneea eieeaeoeau aaaeoo aeoeaioth eiioea?oioth aeayoaeueiinoue,
i?aaiecotho iiiai/eneaiiua i?acaeieee, ianeoaeeaatho
nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iua ia?ii?eyoey ?aeiiiiai, iaeanoiiai e ?inneeneiai
ianooaaia.

“Ia?aue”, “aia?aua” – yoe neiaa /anoi oiio?aaeytho, ?anneacuaay i
Na?aoianeii e?aa. A eaoiienue iaeanoe, aeaenoaeoaeueii, iaiaei niauoee
eneeth/eoaeueiuo, oieeaeueiuo. Aia?aua a no?aia ioe?uoi i?iiuoeaiiia
ianoi?iaeaeaiea i?e?iaeiiai aaca; aacii?iaiae Na?aoia-Iineaa iieiaeee
ia/aei aaciaie eiaeono?ee NNN?. Caeanue, ia aa?aao Aieae, aia?aua
iiaeiyeny a iaai ainieoaiiee na?aoianeiai ay?ieeoaa e eiaeono?eaeueiiai
oaoieeoia TH?ee Aaaa?ei. Ciaiaiaoaeueii, /oi eiaiii ia na?aoianeoth
caieth ii “niecioae” iinea eaaaiaea?iiai iieaoa a einiin. Aoi?iai
/aeiaaea, iiauaaaoaai a ieieicaiiii i?ino?ainoaa – Aa?iaia Oeoiaa, –
oiaea ano?aoeea ec einiina Na?aoiaueia, e iiiaia ae?oaia.

Ia Iineianeie, 9 nio?aieeny aeii eoioea Aeieo?ey Aaeo?iaa, ia?aiai
eieaeiiai oi?aiaoea a Na?aoiaa. A ainoe e iaio /anoi caoiaeee Aoaianee
Noieuiei, i?ineaaeaiiue a?oeeea?eeneee ioeoea?, o/anoiee Ai?iaeeineie
aeoau, aeaith?iaeiue aeaae iiyoa Ieoaeea Ea?iiioiaa.

Aei ia/aea 1800-o aa. a ai?iaea ioe?ueenue aeaaiia ia?iaeiia o/eeeua,
oeiia?aoey aoaa?ineiai i?aaeaiey, ia?aue e?aiinoiie oaao?. A 1826 a. ii
i?iaeoo a?oeoaeoi?a A.I.Noaniaa nii?oaeai Aeaenaiae?i-Iaaneee
eaoaae?aeueiue niai? – a /anoue iiaaaeu iaae a?ieae Iaiieaiia
(oie/oiaeai a 30-a aa. iaoaai aaea).

Iaeaieaa aaaeiua niauoey aei ia/aea 1900-o: 12 ethey 1828 a. a Na?aoiaa
?iaeeeny ioaeeoeeno, ienaoaeue, e?eoee I.*a?iuoaaneee (oia? 17 ieoya?y
1889a. a ?iaeiii ai?iaea, iioi?iiai ia Aine?anaineii eeaaeaeua), ia?aue
ia?ioiae iiaeioae e na?aoianeie i?enoaie (1838), noaea auioneaoueny
ia?aay aacaoa “Na?aoianeea aoaa?ineea aaaeiiinoe” (1844), ?iaeeeny I.
ssaei/eia, o/aiue-yeaeo?ioaoiee, ecia?aoaoaeue “?onneiai naaoa” (1847),
iino?iaia aeaenoaothuay iiiuia Aeooinioanoaaineay oea?eiaue (1855),
ioe?uo ai?iaeneie iauanoaaiiue aaie (1863), nii?oaeaia ia?aay ia?iaay
iaeueieoea (1865), ?iaeeeny ooaeiaeiee A. Y. Ai?enia-Ionaoia (1870),
ia/aeinue aeaeaeaiea iiacaeia ii Oaiaiai-O?aeueneie aeaeaciie aei?iaa
(1871), ?iaeeeny E.Iaioeeia – Aa?ie Niaaoneiai Nithca, i?ineaaeaiiue
aaia?ae (1893), aia?aua ia oeeoeao Na?aoiaa iiyaeeny aaoiiiaeeue
(1900)…

Ia aieaeneii aa?aao, iaaeaeaei io ianoa iniiaaiey i?aaiaa?aaeiiai
Na?aoiaa, iniaaiii ino?i iuouaaony naycue i?ioeiai, ianoiyuaai e
aoaeouaai. Caeanue, ia Iocaeiie ieiuaaee, iaoiaeeony iaiyoiee ciae/anoaa
– Nayoi-O?ieoeeee niai?, iino?iaiiue a eiioea XVII – ia/aea XVIII a.
?yaeii n Nieieiaie ai?ie, o?aiyuae iaiyoue i Iao?a I e A. Ioaa/aaa,
?aniieiaeai ay?iii?o, n eioi?iai aciuaatho a iaai “ssEe”, ?iaeaeaiiua a
Na?aoiaa. Aianoa n Aieaie a aa/iii aeaeaeaiee e ai?iae – ii no?ieony,
aeaaiono?aeaaaony, ?acaeaaao i?iecaiaenoai, iaoeo, eoeueoo?o.

Na?aoia – oeaio? Na?aoianeie iaeanoe ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, e?oiiiai
i?iiuoeaiiiai e naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai ?aaeiia, a 1956 e 1970 aa.
iaa?aaeaeaiiiai aeaoiy aunoeie i?aeaiaie no?aiu.

7.I oeaaa e aa?aa…

Oeaa Na?aoianeie iaeanoe

Oeaa «i?aaenoaaeyao niaie i?yiioaieueiia iieioieua ec aeaoo
ai?eciioaeueiuo iiein: ieaeiae — e?aniiai oeaaoa e aa?oiae — aaeiai
oeaaoa, a niioiioaiee oe?eiu iiein 1:2, n aeaoonoi?iiiei ecia?aaeaieai a
oeaio?a aaeie iieinu aa?aa Na?aoianeie iaeanoe a ie?oaeaiee cieioiai
aeaei?aoeaiiai aaiea ec aeoaiauo, eaa?iauo aaoaae e eieinueaa,
niaaeeiaiiuo cieioie eaioie. Aaaa?eoiay oe?eia ecia?aaeaiey aa?aa
Na?aoianeie iaeanoe aeieaeia ninoaaeyoue 1/4 /anoue aeeeiu iieioieua
oeaaa. Ioiioaiea oe?eiu oeaaa e aai aeeeia – 2:3».

E?aniue oeaao oeaaa neiaieece?oao ioaeanoai, niaeinoue, iaono?aoeiinoue,
aaeeeiaeooea e ethaiaue; aaeue — /enoioo iiiuneia, aeaai?iaenoai
iinooieia, i?aaaeeainoue, aunieoth aeooiaiinoue ethaeae, i?iaeeaathueo a
Na?aoianeie iaeanoe

Aa?a ai?iaea

23 aaaonoa 1781 aiaea ooaa?aeaeai aa?a Na?aoiaa e 8 ai?iaeia, aoiaeyueo
a ninoaa Na?aoianeiai iaianoie/anoaa. Ia aa?aa Na?aoiaa «a aieoaii iiea
3 noa?eyaee, icia/athuea aaeeeia nae no?aiu eciaeeea oaeiauie ?uaaie».
Iaae ueoii aaa?oo eiia?aoi?neay ei?iia, a n inoaeueiuo noi?ii aa
ie?oaeaee cieioenoua aeoaiaua eenouey, niaaeeiaiiua Aiae?aaaneie eaioie
eaci?aaiai oeaaoa. O?e noa?eyaee a aieoaii iiea iiiauaiu a aa?oiae /anoe
aa?aia Aoea?nea, Aaeaoiaa, Aieuenea, Eaiuoeia, Eociaoeea, Iao?ianea,
Na?aeianea, Oaaeuinea, /oi naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaei ia eo i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe e
Na?aoianeiio iaianoie/anoao. ?aoaieai Na?aoianeie ai?iaeneie Aeoiu io 18
iiya?y 1997 aiaea # 13–108 ooaa?aeaeaii Iieiaeaiea i aa?aa ai?iaea
Na?aoiaa. Aa?a ai?iaea Na?aoiaa i?aaenoaaeyao niaie o?aaeeoeeiiiue
aa?aeueaee/aneee ueo. Ia iai ecia?aaeaiu o?e na?aa?yiua noa?eyaee,
icia/athuea «aaeeeia nae no?aiu eciaeeea oaeiauie ?uaaie». Noa?eyaee
i?eaioe?iaaiu io aa?oieo oaeia ueoa e na?aaeeiu ieaeiae a?aie aieiaaie e
oeaio?o eiiiiceoeee, ia?acoy niaie a?a/aneoth aoeao «eineeii»,
neiaieece?othuoth «auai? aeinoieiiai iooe ia ia?ae?anoea aeeciaiiuo
aei?ia». Noa?eyaee, ?aniieiaeaiiua a aa?oiae /anoe ueoa, ecia?aaeaiu
nieiaie ae?oa e ae?oao, a noa?eyaeue, iaoiaeyuayny a ieaeiae /anoe,
ecia?aaeaia nieiie aeaai io c?eoaey. Aa?aeueaee/aneia iienaiea aa?aa
ai?iaea Na?aoiaa aeaneo: «A eaci?aaii (neiai, aieoaii) iiea o?e
na?aa?yiua noa?eyaee aieiaaie e na?aeoeo ueoa; ieaeiyy noa?eyaeue
ia?auaia nieiie ai?aai» (aa?aeueaee/anee i?aaay noi?iia ?aniieaaaaony
neaaa io c?eoaey).

Oeaa ai?iaea

Nia?aiaiiue oeaa ai?iaea Na?aoiaa i?aaenoaaeyao niaie i?yiioaieueiia
aaeia iieioieua, a ieaeiae /anoe eioi?iai ia eeoeaaie e iai?ioiie
noi?iiao ai?eciioaeueii ?aniieiaeaia iieina aieoaiai oeaaoa. Oe?eia
aieoaie iieinu ?aaia 1/3 /anoe iauae oe?eiu oeaaa. A oeaio?a aaeie
iieinu ?aniieaaaaony aa?a ai?iaea Na?aoiaa. Aa?a eiaao oi aea iiea, /oi
e ieaeiyy iieina oeaaa — aieoaia.

I neiaieeea…

Iniiaaiiue a 1590 aiaeo Na?aoia eae ai?iae-e?aiinoue aeey io?aiu
aieaeneiai iooe io iaaaaia ei/aaieeia anei?a iieo/ee iaioeoeeaeueiia
iacaaiea ?uaiue ai?iaeie. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, io naea Niniiaue ino?ia, /oi
auoa ii Aieaa, iuia ai?iae Oaaeuine, aei ieciaueaa aaeeeie ?aee
i?iaiaeeeanue eiaey ?uau. A XVII–XVIII aaeao ?uaiay eiaey e oi?aiaey
?uaie auee aeaaiuie enoi/ieeaie nouanoaiaaiey na?aoiaoeaa. Aeieaia a?aiy
eo ai?aeinoueth inoaaaeenue aaeoaa, naa?thaa, inao?, noa?eyaeue.
Noa?eyaeue — neiaie ?uaiuo aiaaonoa e?ay iiiaea ia aieoaia iiea aa?aa
aua i?e Iao?a I. O?e noa?eyaee i?i/eouaathony eae iiiai iiaeiaiuo ?ua, a
Na?aoia eae oeaio? noa?eyaeueaai i?iiunea. N o/?aaeaeaieai Na?aoianeiai
iaianoie/anoaa a 1780 aiaeo ia neaaeothuee aiae ooaa?aeaeaaony aa?a
Na?aoiaa n ecia?aaeaieai o?ao noa?eyaeae. Iaianoie/anoai a 1782 aiaeo
ia?aeiaiiauaaaony a aoaa?ieth. E oioy a e?aa ni aoi?ie iieiaeiu XIX aaea
ia/eiaao auno?i ?acaeaaoueny i?iiuoeaiiinoue, a ai?iae i?aa?auaaony a
e?oiiue oeaio? oeaaiie oi?aiaee e ioeiiieuey, ia aa?aao aoaa?iee e
ai?iaea inoathony ana oa aea o?e noa?eyaee — naeaeaoaeuenoai
i?eaa?aeaiiinoe o?aaeeoeee. Iie e aioee a aoaa?ineee aa?a,
ooaa?aeaeaiiue 5 ethey 1878 aiaea.

Aa?a Na?aoianeie iaeanoe

Nia?aiaiiue aa?a Na?aoianeie iaeanoe i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iyoeoaieueiue
«o?aioeocneee» ueo eaci?aaiai oeaaoa, ia eioi?ii a aeaea aeeiia?aciiai
e?anoa ?aniieiaeaiu o?e na?aa?yiua noa?eyaee, aieiaaie e oeaio?o e?anoa,
i?e yoii ieaeiyy noa?eyaeue eaaeeo ia i?aaii aieo. Iaae ueoii
?aniieiaeaia enoi?e/aneay caiaeueiay ei?iia cieioiai oeaaoa, iiaeaeoay
eaco?ueth, n iyoueth aeaeeiuie coaoeaie, noeeeciaaiiuie iiae eoiiea
o?enoeaineeo oea?eaae, /oi ieeoeaoai?yao aiaaoia enoi?e/aneia i?ioeia n
iiiaioa iniiaaiey a. Na?aoiaa eae iia?aie/iiai ai?iaea — e?aiinoe ia
ie?aeia ?onneiai ainoaea?noaa i?e oea?a Oaaei?a Eiaiiiae/a a 1590 aiaeo.
Iniiaie aeey aa?aa iaeanoe iineoaeee aa?a a. Na?aoiaa, ooaa?aeaeaiiue 23
aaaonoa 1781 aiaea. Aa?a ie?oaeai cieioui aeaei?aoeaiui aaieii,
ninoiyuei ec ia?aieaoathueony aeoaiauo, eaa?iauo aaoaae e ioaie/iuo
eieinueaa, ia?aaeouo cieioie eaioie. Eaci?aaue oeaao ueoa iaicia/aao
?a/iua i?inoi?u Aieae e e?anioo iaeuo ?ae, i?ioaeathueo ia oa??eoi?ee
iaeanoe. Noa?eyaee neiaieece?otho eciaeeea ?uaiuo caiania, /enoioo ?aee
Aieae e iaeuo ?ae iaeanoe. Aeoaiaua aaoee a aeaei?aoeaiii aaiea
iaicia/atho neeo, ioaeanoai e noieeinoue ia?iaeia caiee na?aoianeie a
ia?eiaeu eeoieaouey. Eaa? ieeoeaoai?yao iiaaaeo iaae a?aaaie e neaao
?onneiai i?oaeey. Eieinuey ioaieoeu neiaieece?otho i?e?iaeiua e
?anoeoaeueiua aiaaonoaa, eciaeeea, oeaainieuenoai aeeoaeae, o?oaeiethaea
ia?iaea. Cieioua eaiou — aiaaonoai, iiaouanoai e iinoiyinoai.

Iiaaeoee Aa?a Na?aoianeie iaeanoe

Aa?a Na?aoianeie iaeanoe a oaeii ecia?aaeaiee aue ooaa?aeaeai Caeiiii
Na?aoianeie iaeanoe a ia?oa 2001 aiaea e ca?aaeno?e?iaai a
Ainoaea?noaaiiii aa?aeueaee/aneii ?aaeno?a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee 31
yiaa?y 2002 aiaea iiae # 850 (aac aeaei?aoeaiiai aaiea).

8.Caeeth/aiea

Na?aoianeee e?ae eiaao iaiiaoi?eiue eiaeeaeaeoaeueiue iaeee e aiaaooth
enoi?e/aneoth noaeueao. Enoi?ey «noieeoeu Iiaieaeuey» ia/eiaaony n
ae?aaiaai Cieioii?aeuineiai ai?iaea V aaea, i?inouanoaiaaaoaai 150 eao e
?ac?ooaiiiai aieneaie Oaia?eaia. I?ioaaeoee /a?ac aic?iaeaeaiea, iaaaae
ei/aaieeia, iaiaaeaiea Aiaeueyia Ioaa/?aa, iiaea?, ia?aiin ai?iaea n
ianoa ia ianoi, Na?aoia iaeaaeae ia?iiiuie aiaaonoaaie. Caeanue eiaeenue
ieiaei?iaeiua caiee aeey ?aniaoee, iaeeueiua ianoaeua, aiaaoua
ioioie/uee e ai?oiua oaiaeuey, ciaoiay ?uaiay eiaey. Aieueooth
oeaiiinoue i?aaenoaaeyea nieue. Iino?iaiiue a 1590 aiaeo eiycai A. I.
Canaeeiui e aiy?eiii O. I. Oo?iaui, Na?aoia, iaeaaeaaoee anoanoaaiiuie
i?aiyonoaeyie, caueuaaoeie ai?iae ni noi?iiu Caaieaeuey, noae nieeaeiui
aiaiii-no?aoaae/aneei iauaeoii ?onneiai ainoaea?noaa. Ia 1769 aiae
ai?iae yaeyeny naiie ?acaeaathuaeny e aeaaiono?iaiiie i?iaeioeeae
?innee, a a ia/aea 20 aaea yoi aue o?aoee ii /eneo aeeoaeae ai?iae
?innee e e?oiiaeoee ai?iae Iiaieaeuey. Aeaaiaea?y ?ani?ino?ai?iiiio
iianaianoii iaoeaiaonoao a ai?iaea no?ieeenue oea?eae, oaao?u, oee?e,
ooaeiaeanoaaiiay aaea?ay, iauaaeinooiiay aeaeeioaea, eiina?aaoi?ey,
aieueieoea e iiiaia ae?oaia. Na?aoianeee e?ae yaeyaony ?iaeeiie iiiaeo
ecaanoiuo ethaeae: ienaoaeae, ooaeiaeieeia, a?oenoia, o/?iuo,
iocueaioia, ecia?aoaoaeae e o. ae. Na?aoianeay iaeanoue ii naiaio
i?iiuoeaiiiio iioaioeeaeo, iiuiinoe no?ieoaeueiuo i?aaiecaoeee, iauaio
naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa, ii ?acia?ai e o?iaith
iao/ii-oaoie/aneie aacu e iiaeaioiaee eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo eaae?ia
yaeyaony iaeiie ec e?oiiaeoeo a ?innee e caieiaao aaaeiia ianoi a
oa??eoi?eaeueiii ?acaeaeaiee o?oaea.

9.Nienie eeoa?aoo?u

1. Enoi?ey Na?aoianeiai e?ay: [N ae?aaiaeoeo a?aiai aei 1917 aiaea] /
Iiae iau. ?aae. A. I. Oiooaeooeia. – 2-a ecae., eni?., aeii. – Na?aoia:
?aaeiiaeueiia I?eaieaeneia ecaeaoaeuenoai «Aeaoneay eieaa», 2000 a.

2. Naiaiia A.I. – «A noa?eio Na?aoianeoth: I/a?ee e ?anneacu i i?ioeii
iaoaai e?ay». – Na?aoia: ?aaeiiaeueiia I?eaieaeneia ecaeaoaeuenoai
«Aeaoneay eieaa», 1993 a.

3. Ineiia, A.A., Aonaeiaa C.A., Aioeaia? A.I. – «Enoi?ey Na?aoianeiai
e?ay 1590-1917» – Na?aoia: Ecaeaoaeuenoai Na?aoianeiai oieaa?neoaoa,
1983 a.

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