Aaia?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiea
Ai?iouine ?aniieiaeai a oeaio?a Ainoi/ii-Aa?iiaeneie ?aaieiu, a
Aieaeneii aannaeia ?ae Iee, Oa?u, Aunnu, a naaa?i-ainoi/iie /anoe
Aaauieineiai ?aeiia, Eaeoaeneie iaeanoe. *a?ac iin?eie i?ioiaeeo
aaaeiaeoay aeaeaciiaei?iaeiay iaaeno?aeue Iineaa – Eeaa. Ii yoiio iooe
inouanoaeyaony naycue iin?eea ni anaie ?aaeiiaie iaoae no?aiu.
Yeiiiieei-aaia?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiea iin?eea ii?aaeaeyaony aeecinoueth
iaeanoiiai oeaio?a ai?iaea Eaeoae (18 ei ii i?yiiio iooe) e Iineau.
Iin?eie ?ano?o, ?anoe?yaony ca n/?o no?ieoaeuenoaa iiauo i?aaei?eyoee e
aeeeiai eiiieaena.
?aeueao neaaea anoieie?iiue, noi?ie?iaaiiue a ?acoeueoaoa aeeeoaeueiiai
e neiaeiiai ?acaeoey. A iniiaaiee eaaeeo ?onneay ieaooi?ia. A oa/aiea
iaeaiciy e iaciciy oa??eoi?ey iaiaeiie?aoii caeeaaeinue ii?yie, eioi?ua
inoaaeee ?acee/iua inaaei/iua ii?iaeu: ecaanoiyee, aeieiieou, ia?aaee,
ianee, aeeiu, iae. Ia ?acaeoea ?aeueaoa iiuiia aicaeaenoaey ieacaee
eaaeieee, iaaeaeaaaoeany ec Neaiaeeiaaee. Iie inoaaeee iiiai aaeoiia e
e?anii-ao?uo iani?oe?iaaiiuo noaeeieia. A nicaeaiee nia?aiaiiiai
?aeueaoa aeoeaii o/anoaotho aiaeu: ?aee, ?o/uee, aeiaeaeaaua, oaeua
niaaiaua aiaeu, iiyoiio a ie?anoiinoyo iin?eea iiiai ia?aaia, eiuei,
aaeie. Aaniethoiay aunioa iaae o?iaiai ii?y – 137 iao?ia.
Eeeiao iin?eea oia?aiii eiioeiaioaeueiue n oi?ioi au?aaeaiiuie naciiaie
aiaea. Ainiiaenoaothuae aicaeooiie iannie a ceiiee ia?eiae yaeyaony
eiioeiaioaeueiue e ii?neie aicaeoo oia?aiiuo oe?io, eioi?ua i?eiinyo
oia?aiii ii?icioth iiaiaeo n iooaiaeyie. O?aoueae aicaeooiie iannie,
yaeyaony a?eoe/aneee aicaeoo. N aoi?aeaieai a?eoe/aneiai aicaeooa
onoaiaaeeaaaony iau/ii yniay, oeoay, aaciaea/iay e ii?iciay iiaiaea.
N?aaeiyy ceiiyy oaiia?aoo?a aicaeooa – 9 a?aaeonia Oeaeueney. A eaoiaa
a?aiy i?aiaeaaeathuae aicaeooiie iannie yaeyaony eiioeiaioaeueiue
aicaeoo oia?aiiuo oe?io. Iiaoi?yaiinoue ii?neiai aicaeooa oia?aiiuo
oe?io nie?auaaony. A eaoiee ia?eiae aiciiaeiu oaeaea aoi?aeaiey
a?eoe/aneiai e o?iie/aneiai aicaeooa. A?eoe/aneee aicaeoo, iaeiaei, a
eaoiaa a?aiy ia i?eiineo cia/eoaeueiuo iioieiaeaiee, oae eae aeiaieueii
auno?i o?ainoi?ie?oaony a eiioeiaioaeueiue aicaeoo oia?aiiuo oe?io. N
i?eoiaeii o?iie/aneiai aicaeooa iau/ii onoaiaaeeaaaony aea?eay nooay
iiaiaea.
?aee, eioi?ua i?ioaeatho a ie?anoiinoyo iinaeea (Iea, Oa?a, Aunna),
?aaieiiua (nei?inoue oa/aiey 0,3-0,5 i/nae) ?aceeaathony aaniie. Aiaeiue
?aaeei ?ae oa?aeoa?ece?oaony aanaiiei iieiaiaeueai, ieceie eaoiae
iaaeaiueth n ioaeaeueiuie iaaiaeeaie a ia?eiae neeueiuo aeiaeaeae,
ianeieueei iiauoaiiui inaiiei o?iaiai e onoie/eaie ceiiae iaaeaiueth.
Aeaaiay ?ieue a ienaiee ?ae i?eiaaeeaaeeo oaeui niaaiaui aiaeai. A
eaoia-inaiiaa a?aiy ?aee ieoathony aeiaeaeaauie inaaeeaie e a?oioiauie
aiaeaie. A ceiiee ia?eiae aaeeinoaaiiui enoi/ieeii ieoaiey yaeythony
a?oioiaua aiaeu. I?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue aanaiiaai iieiaiaeuey -1,5
ianyoea. N?aaeiyy oaiia?aoo?a aiaeu a ?aeao a iaeaieaa oaieii ianyoea
ethea +17,50 +200 ,50 N. ?aee caia?catho 25 iiya?y-11 aeaeaa?y. N?aaeiyy
oieueia eueaea aeinoeaaao 40-50 ni.
Ii/au – na?ua, eaniua, n?aaeianoaeeienoiai iaoaie/aneiai ninoaaa. Yoe
ii/au iiae?acaeaeythony ia o?e aeaea; naaoei-na?ua, na?ua, oaiii-na?ua.
I?aiaeaaeathueie n?aaee ieo ia oa??eoi?ee iin?eea yaeythony
naaoei-na?ua. Naaoei-na?ua eaniua ii/au eiatho o??o/eaiiia no?iaiea.
Aa?oiee ia?aaiieiue ai?eciio A 1 oa?aeoa?ecoao naaoei-na?ie ie?aneie,
eiiiaaoie no?oeoo?ie, iiuiinoue aai ia i?aauoaao 20-25 ni. Iiae iei
iaoiaeeony oeie/iue iiaecieenoue ai?eciiou A1 A2. Ai?eciio auiuaaiey
auaeaeyaony ao?ie ie?aneie e i?aoiaaoie no?oeoo?ie. N?aaeiaa
niaea?aeaiea aoiona a ai?eciioa A1 ninoaaeyao 2-3 i?ioeaioa. Na?ua
eaniua ii/au i?e aianaiee oaeia?aiee e ecaanoeiaaiee, a oaeaea i?e
niaethaeaiea iniiaiuo i?aaee aa?ioaoieee, iaeaaeay a oeaeii oi?ioeie
oece/aneeie naienoaaie, aeatho aunieea o?iaeae n/o eoeueoo?.
Iin?eie ?aniieiaeai a eaniie ciia, a i?aaeaeao eioi?ie auaeaeytho 2
iiaeciiu – iiaeciia niaoaiiuo e iiaeciia oe?ieieenoaaiiuo eania:
niniiaua (Eaeoaeneee ai?), aeiai-niniiaua, a??aciaua ?iue, ineiiaua.
Aeey niaoaiiuo eania iaeaieaa oa?aeoa?iuie ii?iaeaie yaeythony aeue e
aeoa, a oaeaea aa??ca e ineia. Eana ec yoeo aeaeia aea?aaueaa iacuaatho
ei?aiiuie, eee ia?ae/iuie. Iinea au?oaie e iiaea?ia ia ianoa ei?aiiuo
eania aicieeatho /aua iaeeieenoaaiiua – ineiiaua, aa?aciaua. A
ae?aaaniii y?ona yoeo eania i?aiaeaaeatho aa?aca, ineia.
Oa?aeoa?iua i?aaenoaaeoaee ae?aaaniuo ia?iae aea?aaueaa: aeoa, aa?aca,
ineia, eeai, eeia, ynaiue, ayc, aeue, ninia. Aonoie y?on ia?acotho
eonoa?ieee – eaueia, aa?aneeao, e?ooeia, eaeeia. A o?aayiii iie?iaa
iaaethaeaaony ni/aoaiea ?anoaiee, oa?aeoa?iuo aeey oe?ieieenoaaiiuo
eania – (niuoue, eiiuoaiue, caeai/oe) e eania oaieiuo (eeneeoea,
/a?ieea, a?ooaiea, naaeie/iee). Eoaa iieiaiiua, iaoa?eeiaua (ia ianoa
naaaeaiiuo eania), nooiaeieueiua. A ninoaaa ?anoeoaeueiinoe eoaia
ano?a/aaony nauoa 20 aeaeia ?anoaiee. Iaeaieaa ?ani?iiaiiuie n?aaee ieo
yaeythony: oaeoae eoaiaie, oeiioaaaea noaiiay, eiaaciee eenoeeaianoiie.
Oaoia ie?anoiinoue iin?eea eiaao niaoaiiue oa?aeoa? – naaa?iua aeaeu,
caiaaeii – aa?iiaeneea, noaiiua: cayoe – ?onae, cayoe – aaeye, eenu,
einoee, eine, aiioiaeaeiay niaaea, aia?u, eaaaiu, iiaeao?u, aa?noe,
aaeea. ?yae aeaeia aeeaioiuo, ?aiaa caeanue ia iaeoaaoeo aue caa?cai ec
ae?oaeo ?aeiiia no?aiu – ieaie, aiioiaeaeiay niaaea, iiaeao?a. E?ae
aiaao ioeoeaie, iniaaiii aaniie e inaiueth. Aaniie ia?auie caeanue
iiyaeythony a?a/e, neai?oeu, a iineaaeieie no?eaee, eaieae. Anaai
ian/eouaaaony 200 aeaeia ioeoe, ec ieo inaaeeuo – 51 aeae, ia?aeaoiuo –
135, ceiothueo – 7, cae?oiuo 13, i?ie?oiuo – 30 aeaeia.A aiaei?iao
iaeoaao 36 aeaeia ?ua: noaeae, eau, uoea, aea?ao, ieioaa, ieoiue,
aieaaeue, nii, e?aniiia?ea e ae?oaea.
Ai?iouineee o/anoie iaoeeiiaeueiiai ia?ea ?aniieaaaaony ia ie?aeia
Iauianeiai iiieuey e aeaiiino?e?oao eaiaeoaoou y?iceiiiuo ?aaiei
N?aaeia?onneie aicauoaiiinoe. O/anoie ia?aie/ai aeieeiie ?aee Aunna e
iaoe?iie iieiie Iee. Ia Aunna iiiai ?iaeieeia, a n?aaeiai oa/aiee
ano?a/athony aia?u. A iieia Iee iaoiaeeony ic.Oeoue – ecethaeaiiia ianoi
aiaeiieaaathueo ioeoe. Eaniua ianneau /a?aaeothony caeanue n iieyie
Iiuoiie noaioeee – iao/ii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai eiiieaena ii au?aueaaieth
yeeoiuo ni?oia naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo eoeueoo?. A enoi?eei-eoeueoo?iii
ioiioaiee auaeaeyaony ae?aaiaa naei Ai?iouine, nio?aieaoaa
ia?aiia/aeueioth ieaie?iaeo e /a?ou oeie/ii ?inneeneiai iinaeaiey. A i?i
anoue oea?eiaue, auaoea eoia/aneea aeiia, caineay aieueieoea, iiiai
eioa?aniuo aea?aayiiuo no?iaiee.
A Ai?iouinea e ie?anoiinoyo ioe?uoi ieiei 15 a?oaieiae/aneeo iaiyoieeia,
a o./. ai?iaeeua O1O- OO11 aaeia, ioiinyuaany ei a?aiaie nouanoaiaaiey
caeanue oeaio?a oaeaeueiiai eiyaeanoaa. Iaeaieaa ecaanoiui ec ieayaeu
ianoiuo eiycae aue I.E.Ai?iouineee (1510-1573 aa.) – i?aaiecaoi? caueou
Iineianeiai ainoaea?noaa io iaaaaia e?uineeo oaoa? e Eeoau. A 8 ei, i?e
neeyiee Oa?u e Iee, iaoiaeeony ciaiaieoue Nianneee iiianou?ue,
iino?iaiiue ia n?aaenoaa eiycae Ai?iouineeo a OO1 aaea. E /eneo ae?oaeo
aeinoii?eia/aoaeueiinoae o/anoea ioiinyony oea?eiaue a Caai?iaea,
noa?eiiua ia?ee a iin?eea Iiuoiie noaioeee e Oaii?aeeii. ?yaeii n
iineaaeiei a ia/aea OO noieaoey aeiauaaee ciaiaieoue “ oaii?aeeineee
i?aii?”, eniieueciaaiiue i?e nii?oaeaiee iiiaeo caeaiee a Eaeoaa e
Eeaaneiai aiecaea a Iineaa. Iaiaaeaiey iiaeiaiuo ecaanoiyeia
eaiaiiioaieueiiai aic?anoa ano?a/athony aaeieue Aunnu. Oaeiaiia
aaia?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiea Ai?iouinea, aeecinoue Eaeoae e iniiaiuo
o?ainii?oiuo iaaeno?aeae aeaeatho oeaeaniia?aciui nicaeaiea caeanue
iao/ii-aaeieieno?aoeaiiai oeaio?a ia?ea “Oa?a”.
Enoi?ey
O eaaeaeiai ai?iaea e iinaeea – aieueoie ii eee iaeaiueeee – naie iaeee
e naiy enoi?ey. Noaioeey Ai?iouine – iaeii ec aaeieieno?aoeaiuo caaiueaa
a Aaauieineii ?aeiia, Eaeoaeneie iaeanoe. E oioy caeanue iao
eiaeono?eaeueiuo aeaaioia, iao iao?i e oaao?ia, yoio iin?eie aei?ia
eaaeaeiio aai aeeoaeth ie/ooue ia iaiueoa, /ai eaeoaeaieio – Eaeoaa,
iineae/o – Iineaa.
A 1999 aiaeo Ai?iouine ioiaoee nai? 100-eaoea ni aeiy aai iniiaaiey.
Noaioeey Ai?iouine ioee/aaony io ae?aaiaeoeo ai?iaeia e nae Eaeoaeneiai
e?ay oai, /oi ii, ii n?aaiaieth n ieie, iieiae. Iao iinaeie noae
i?aaii?aaiieeii i?aaeiaai Ai?iouinea, /oi ia ?aea Aunna, eioi?iio a 2005
aiaeo eniieieeinue 850 eao.
Naei Ai?iouine i?eiaaeeaaeeo e /eneo ae?aaiaeoeo ai?iaeia ?onneeo. A
ia?aue ?ac eiy aai oiiieiaaony a ioa/anoaaiiuo eaoiienyo ai aoi?ie
iieiaeia 12 aaea. Ii ecae?aaea i?eiaaeeaaeae eiycueyi /a?ieaianeei
iineaoei iicaeiaa oeooe ai?iouineeo. A 14 noieaoee iiiae iiae aeanoue
eeoiaoeaa, io eioi?ie inaiaiaeeeny a 1493 aiaeo, eiaaea eiycue
ai?iouineee Neiaii Oaaei?iae/ ia?aoae io aaeeeiai eiycy eeoianeiai ia
neoaeao e ainoaea?th iineianeiio n naiath aio/eiith.
Ai?iouine noae oacaeiui ai?iaeii Eaeoaeneie i?iaeioeee. Eiia?ao?eoea
Aeaoa?eia i?e iiaii ?acaeaeaiee ?innee ia aoaa?iee, iiaaeaea
oi?acaeieoue aai e a ea/anoaa i?eai?iaea i?e/eneeoue e Ia?aiuoeueneiio
oacaeo. Ai?iouine aue ?aca?inai ii oieiai e aa?aaai ?aee Aunnu. A
ai?iaea eiaeny ee?ie/iue caaiae, ianeiaieiy, e?aoiaei –iaoi/iue caaiae,
iaeueieoea, oi?ioi ?acaeoia eocia/iia i?iecaiaenoai, ia?iaeiua i?iiuneu.
Eae i?aai ai?iaeneiai oi?aaeaiey nouanoaiaaea ?aoooa.
A 1914 aiaeo ioe?uoa caineay aieueieoea. Iniiaiie einoye ai?iouineiai
ianaeaiey ninoaaeyee iauaia, caieiaaoeany iooiaeeie i?iiuneaie e
oi?aiaeae. Aiaaouo eoioeia a Ai?iouinea auei iaei, a aeeoaee aiiaua
aaaeiu. Aeaaiay i?e/eia aaaeiinoe Ai?iouinea caeeth/aaony a aai
aaia?aoe/aneii iieiaeaiee. Ii oaeaeai io Iee e a oi aea a?aiy iaoiaeeony
a aeeceii ?annoiyiee io Eaeoae e Ia?aiuoey.Oae eae ii eaaeeo niaa?oaiii
a noi?iia, oi /a?ac iaai ia i?ioiaeeo ie ii/oiauo aei?ia, ie
o?ainii?oiuo. Aaeeinoaaiiay noa?eiiay o?ainii?oiay aei?iaa i?ieiaeaia
nianoaaiii aeey niaaeeiaiey aai iaeiiai n Eaeoaith n iaeiie noi?iiu e n
Ia?aiuoeai n ae?oaie; i?iaoaoue ii yoie aei?iaa /?ac Ai?iouine ec
naaa?iuo ai?iaeia aoaa?iee a thaeiua cia/eo naeaeaoue e?the. Iiyoiio, a
eiioea 19 aaea a o?ao aa?noao io ai?iaea ia/aeinue no?ieoaeuenoai
aeaeaciie aei?iae.
A ia?aie iieiaeia 70-o aiaeia i?ioeiai aaea a Ieienoa?noaa iooae
niiauaiey ianoaeaeaeanue eaeay niaaeeiaiey Eaeoae e A?yinea i?yiui
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiui iooai. A ai?aea 1895 aiaea oaeia ?ac?aoaiea auei
i?eiyoi. Ia anth aei?iao io Iineau aei A?yinea auei caieaie?iaaii 30
noaioeee, ec ieo aeeaeaeoeie e Eaeoaa ieacaeenue Oeoiiiaa Ionouiue,
?acuacae ? 9 (aiineaaenoaee Aiiaineee, naaiaeiy – Eaeoaa 2), Ai?iouine
(a 3 aa?noao io iaeiieiaiiiai caooaoiiai ai?iaea), Aaauieii.
No?ieoaeuenoai aei?iae i?iecaiaeeeinue auno?uie oaiiaie. E na?aaeeia
1898 aiaea aeaeaciiaei?iaeiue iino /a?ac Oa?o aue aioia iaiieiaeio.
Aaeece Ai?iouinea ia/aeinue no?ieoaeuenoai noaioeee, ii?aaeaeeaoaa
noaeueao yoiai enoi?e/aneiai ai?iaea. Noaioeeth iinoaaeee ia caiea
/anoiiai aeaaeaeueoea ?yaeii ni noa?ui Ia?aiuoeueneei o?aeoii. Ioe?uoea
Iineianei-A?yineie aeaeaciie aei?iae ioeeaaeuaaeinue ianeieueei ?ac,
ia/eiay n aaniu 1899 aiaea.
1 aaaonoa oiai aea aiaea i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiay eiienney, iaeiiaoe, i?eiyea
aei?iao e ii iae iioee iiacaea. Ia noaioeee “Ai?iouine”, e?iia caeaiey
aiecaea, e 1905 aiaeo auee iino?iaiu iaeiiyoaaeiua aea?aayiiua aeiia, a
eioi?uo aeeee aeaeaciiaei?iaeieee, iiaeaaeu – “eaaeieee”. Aaeieue
oinnaeiie aei?iae ?acianoeeenue iaaacei (oaia?ue iaaacei “E?enoaee”,
/aeiay n nu?iaa?iae a iiaeaaea, iaea?iy e eocieoea. Ana yoi aei
?aaiethoeee i?eiaaeeaaeaei eoioeo I?iieio.Oai, aaea nae/an ioaeaeaiea
ieeeoeee e aeaeaciiaei?iaeiue iaaacei aue ?uiie, oea iaeeaeaiiay
oi?aiaey. A “Aeooia aeaiue”(2-ie aeaiue iinea O?ieoeu”) i?iaiaeeeanue
i?acaeie/iay y?ia?ea. ?yaeii ni noaioeeae ?aniieiaeeeny ieoiiiee “aeeaie
caueou”, nicaeaiiue aeey icaeaiaiey eae naiiai iinaeea, nae e iieinu
ioaiaea aeaeaciie aei?iae. A ninaaeiae Iaeie Neiaiaeea nii?oaeeee
aiaeicaai? ia ?. Aunna, e aiaea aeey cai?aaee ia?iaicia iiaeaaaeanue a
niaoeeaeueiua aiaeiiaeeaiua aaoie. Ii/oe ana yoi nio?aieeinue aei
naaiaeiyoiaai aeiy e yaeyaony aeeaui iaiiieiaieai i a?aiaie
aicieeiiaaiey iuiaoiaai iinaeea Ai?iouine, eioi?iio a 1999 aiaeo
eniieieeinue 100 eao.
N onoaiiaeaieai niaaoneie aeanoe aue ia?aciaai naeueneee niaao, eoaea
aoiaeeee ae. Oa?neia, Oeieiaea, Aei?iiiiiai, i. Ai?iouine. Ia?aui aai
i?aaenaaeaoaeai aue A. I. Iaeaaei, nae?aoa?ai E. Ca?iia. A 1924 aiaeo
aaeieieno?aoeey naeueneiai niaaoa ia?aaoaea a i. Ai?iouine. A 1929 aiaeo
aue nicaeai eieoic “ Naiaiaeiue Ieoya?ue”. 1930 aiaeo a ae. Oa?neia aue
nicaeai eieoic iiae iacaaieai “I?ia?ann”, a eioi?ue aioei 35 oicyenoa.
Iicaea yoe aeaa eieoica neeeenue a eieoic “ E?aniue naaeiaiae”. Iicaeiaa
ii aue i?aia?aciaai a niaoic Ai?iouineee. Caoai a niaoic ei. Aeeieo?iaa.
Eieoic eioaineaii caiyeny iinaaeeie o?oeoiauo aea?aaueaa, eioi?ua auee
iinaaeaiu aaeieue aei?iae ia ae. Eoiianeia. E niaeaeaieth, yoio naae
aiineaaenoaee iiaea. A 30a aiaeu iiyaeeny ee?ie/iue caaiae, iiiauaiea
aeey nooee ee?ie/a. Caaiae auioneae aei 2-o ieeeeiiia oooe a aiae.
Iiieii ee?ie/a aeaeaee e /a?aieoeo. Ia?aui aee?aeoi?ii caaiaea aue Aai?
Naiaiiae/ Eieinia. A 30-a aiaeu ia/aeinue ?aneoea/eaaiea. Iaeioi?uo
aeeoaeae iinaeea ia ieiiaaei ?aneoea/eaaiea, ia?anaeaiea, a?anou. A yoi
aea a?aiy iinaeie noae cano?aeaaoueny /anoiuie aeiiaie. E 1937 aiaeo eo
oaea auei iieoi?a aeanyoea. Oeaio?aeueiay aei?iaa auea a?oioiaay, oae
eae acaeeee a iniiaiii ia eioaaeyo. Ai?iouineay caiey eiaao ay?iae?iiiia
iiea, ia eioi?ii aace?iaaeny io?yae I. N. Aaeaoeia iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai
A.N. A?eciaeoaiaie.
Ai?iouine aeee naiae aeeciueth, eae e iiiaea ai?iaea e naea iaoae
no?aiu. Ethaee o?oaeeeenue, ie?eeenue n o?oaeiinoyie e i?aiaeieaaaee eo,
?anoeee aeaoae, iaee ianie, aa?eee a aoaeouaa. Ii a aeecie /aeiaa/aneie
auaaee ao?e e a?icu, e oaeay no?aoiay a?ica ?ac?aceeanue 22 ethiy 1941
aiaea.
Aieia ia i?ioea e ieii Ai?iouinea. I/aiue auno?i aeeciue noaea
ia?ano?aeaaoueny ia aiaiiue eaae. Noaee i?aaieciauaaoueny io?yaeu
naiiiai?iiu, auee iiaeaioiaeaiu ioieou aeey i?eaia ?aiaiuo. Iieiaeaiea
ia o?iioao Ioa/anoaaiiie aieiu noaiiaeeinue ana aieaa iai?yaeaiiui. A?aa
?aaeny e Iineaa. A naioya?a 1941 aiaea iaaenea iaiin?aaenoaaiiay oa?ica
ieeoiaoeee e iaae ?aeiiaie Eaeoaeneie iaeanoe. A?aaeaneay aaeaoeey
niaa?oaea aa?aa?neea iaeaou ia aeaeaciiaei?iaeiua noaioeee i?iiuoeaiiua
iauaeou – Aca?iai, Oeoiiiaa Ionouiue, Eaeoaa–2, a oaeaea iaioeu aiiaeee
aeaeaciiaei?iaeioth noaioeeth Ai?iouine. Eaaeaeoth ii/ue ni no.
Ai?iouine neuoaeenue ia?iaiciua aoaeee – neaiae aicaeooiie o?aaiae.
Iiae?inoee 15–16 eao aaaaee ii iinaeeo, noo/aee a ieia, i?aaeoi?aaeaeaee
i aiciiaeiinoe iaeaoa. AEeoaee a?aee ocaeee n iaiaoiaeeiuie aauaie e
aaeie, aoaeeee aeaoae, e aei ioaiy i?yoaeenue a iiaeaaeao – “eaaeieeao”.
Aeaaeo?iue ii aiecaeo Ai?iouine auioaeaeai aue ?aniieiaeeoueny ai 2–ii
iiaeaaea e ioooaea ?oeiaiaeeoue aeaeaeaieai iiacaeia. Iiiaea naiuee ooee
e aeeee a aeeceaaeaueo aea?aaiyo: ae. Aei?iiiiiai, ae. Oa?neia, ae.
Oeieiaea. Naeueneee niaao auioaeaeai aue ia?anaeeoueny a Aei?iiiiiai,
aaea, e iaoiaeeeny aei 1946 aiaea.
A iaaeaeo oai ioae/eiu iaeei ca ae?oaei ooiaeeee ia o?iio. ?aaioa a
eieoica Ai?iouineee aaeanue eae anaaaea, ii oieueei oaia?ue ?aaioaee a
iniiaiii, aeaiueiu. Iaaacei ia ?aaioae, oeiea auea cae?uoa, o/aieee
iiiiaaee a eieoica oae?aoue o?iaeae, oiaeeee ii aeeaeaeoei naeai,
niae?aee aeey o?iioa oaieua aaue. Anei?a iiyaeeenue iaioeu, eioi?ua
noaee iaaaaeuaaoueny a aeeceaaeauea aea?aaie ca “aeiau/ae”. ?aca?aaeee
eieoiciua neeaaeu, eiaeee eo?, oaiaeeee neio. Iniaaiii iie ethoiaaee a
aeaeaa?a, eiaaea eo iiaiaee io Iineau e oaea?eee neeueiua ii?icu, aio
oiaaea iie noaee ioae?aoue o ianoiiai ianaeaiey oaieua aaue: aaeaiee,
aa?aaeee.
A aeaeaa?a 1941 aiaea ia/aeinue inaiaiaeaeaiea Eaeoaeneie iaeanoe io
iaiaoeeeo caoaao/eeia. Iaioeu ionooiaee. Ai?iouine inaiaiaeaeaea 413
no?aeeiaay aeeaecey. 28 aeaeaa?y 1941 aiaea Ai?iouine aue inaiaiaeaeai.
Iiaue, 1942 aiae, ai?iouioeu ano?a/aee “iaeaiueeie“ iiaaaeie. Aei iieiie
iiaaaeu aua auei aeaeaei. AEeoaee iinaeea noa?aeenue naiei ne?iiiui
o?oaeii i?eaeeceoue aa: ?aiiioe?iaaee inoaaoothny oaoieeo, iaoaee,
nayee, oae?aee o?iaeae. A ae. Aei?iiiiiai auea ioe?uoa ia/aeueiay oeiea
aeey aeaoae.
Ia eaoiii iiea auaoaai ay?ieeoaa iiyaeeenue aiaaua iaoeiu, anei?a a
Ai?iouinea ?acianoeeny aaeaiiee o?eaeaeu aa?iy Niaaoneiai Nithca E.I.
Eiaeaaeoaa. Ioaaaeiua eao/eee aeinoaaeyee iaaeeeiiaiou, i?iaeoeou,
aaaeiua aeieoiaiou a ia?oecaineea io?yaeu, auaiceee ?aiaiuo.
Iaeiiaoe i?eoae aeieaiaeaeaiiue iae 1945 aiaea. Ia/aee aica?auaoueny n
o?iioa ioae/eiu, ii ia ana aa?ioeenue n o?iioa aiaauo aeaenoaee. Iie
neiaeeee naie aieiau ai eiy naieo aeaoae, ethaeiuo, iaoa?ae, a?aoueaa e
nanoa?. Ai iiiaea naiuee i?eoei ai?a e ai?ueeay aaeiauey aeiey. Iaiyoue
i oao, Eoi ia aa?ioeny n iiey aiy o?aieony a na?aeoeao ethaeae oao, eoi
eaaeaeue aiae 9 Iay i?eoiaeeo e a?aoneie iiaeea, e neeiiyo aieiau ia?aae
eo iaiyoueth. A a?aoneie iiaeea a i?eaiecaeueiii neaa?eea no.Ai?iouine
caoi?iiaii ieiei aeaoonio nieaeao e ioeoea?ia Niaaoneie A?iee. Nae/an
onoaiiaeaiu iiea oaieeee 132 ec ieo.
Ooea aieia, ianooieee o?oaeiua ie?iua aeie. A 1948 aiaeo ia/aeanue
eioaineaiay cano?ieea Ai?iouinea aiaiiuie no?ieoaeyie. Ainnoaiaaeeaaeny
ay?iae?ii. Aeey eaoiiai ninoaaa auee iino?iaiu 2-o yoaaeiua ee?ie/iua
aeiia e iaeiiyoaaeiua aea?aayiiua aeiieee. Aneaae ca aiaiiui ai?iaeeii
auee iino?iaiu aeiia a?i/iiai oeia aeey ?aai/eo aaieiai?acaaaei/iie
ia?oee A?I (iuia oe. Nieia/iay). Iaeiia?aiaiii iino?ieee eeoa–caeaiea ,
aaea nae/an ?aniieaaathony naeueneay aeaeeioaea e iieaaiue aeii. A nayce
n ?acai?ioii no?ieoaeuenoaa noaei ?anoe ianaeaiea. 1950 – 1955aa. a
iinaeea i?iaeeaaei aieaa 500 /aeiaae (ia n/eoay aiaiiuo). A 1954 aiaeo
i?enoaioeeiiiue i. Ai?iouine aioae a ninoaa Aaauieineiai ?–ia.
A 1957 aiaeo a aiaiiii ai?iaeea auei iino?iaii iaeiiyoaaeiia caeaiea
oeieu, ia?aui aa aee?aeoi?ii noae Coaaiia Na?aae Aiae?aaae/. *ooue
iicaea, a 1958 aiaeo a Iinaeeiai–Ai?iouineie oeiea ?1 aue nicaeai eeoa
e?aniuo neaaeiiuoia; a 1964 aiaeo aio auei i?enaiaii eiy /aoneiai
iao?eioa Aa?iy Niaaoneiai Nithca ssia Iaeaiee. *eaiu eeoaa iiae
?oeiaiaenoaii o/eoaey enoi?ee N.A.Coaaiiaa niaa?oeee aieaa ouny/e
iioiaeia ii ianoa aiaaie neaau. Ca 4 aiaea ?aayoa i?ioee iooue io
Ai?iouinea aei A?anoa e i?eianee iiiai yeniiiaoia aeey aoaeouaai iocay.
Nia?aiiue a iioiaeao, iooai ia?aienee, i?e ano?a/ao, iaoa?eae iicaieee
ioe?uoue a oeiea Iocae Aiaaie Neaau. Iaeuecy ia ?anneacaoue ia Aeaenaa
Iao?iae/a Eiiaioeiaa, iaoai caieyea, o?iaeaioea ae. Ieaoaiaaea, /uea eiy
iineo oeeoea, ia eioi?ie noieo iaoa oeiea ?1. Ii aue iaeiei ec ia?auo,
iiaoi?eaoeo iiaeaea A. Iao?iniaa ia aaiaa?neie Caiea. Ie aeey eiai
nae?ao, /oi aeeciue iinaeea, aai ?acaeoea e aeeciaiaania/aiea oanii
naycaiu n iniiaiui i?aaei?eyoeai – Ai?iouineee ee?ie/iue caaiae. A
iineaaiaiiua aiaeu i?iecaiaenoai noaei ?anoe?youeny, o.e. aieueoia
no?ieoaeuenoai, eioi?ia aaei ainoaea?noai, ainnoaiaaeeaay ?ac?ooaiiia
aieiie oicyenoai, o?aaiaaei ana aieueoaa eiee/anoai no?ieiaoa?eaeia. A
60-a aa. i?iecaiaenoai ?anoe?yaony, no?ieony iiaue ee?ie/iue caaiae
iiuiinoueth 14 iei. oooe ee?ie/a a aiae. Iicaea, oaea a 70-a aiaeu aai
iiuiinoue oaaee/aia aei 28 iei. Anei?a aue iino?iai oeao ii
i?iecaiaenoao ieeiiaoa?eaeia, inaaeaaaony auione iiaie i?iaeoeoeee:
noaeeiieanoeea, iaiiieanoa, oaieiecieyoeeiiiuo iaoa?eaeia aeey aoiiiuo
noaioeee, ?acee/iua no?ieieanoiannu. Caaiae “ee?ie/iue “ aue
ia?aeiaiiaai a Ai?iouineee iiuoii – yenia?eiaioaeueiue (AIYC) ?oeiaiaeee
yoei i?iecaiaenoaii iieueciaaaoeeny caneoaeaiiui oaaaeaieai anao
ai?iouioeaa A.A. Uaaeia. N oaaee/aieai iiuiinoe caaiaea, ia/aeinue
no?ieoaeuenoai aeeeuey aeey ?aai/eo. Ia?auie auee iino?iaiu
aeaooyoaaeiua aeiia ?1, 3 ii oe. Niaaoneie. A iaeei ec ieo, a
o?aoeiiiaoioth eaa?oe?o, ia?aaoae naeueneee Niaao, iaaeioieo, iinaeeiaay
aeaeeioaea. A 1960 aa. naeueneee Niaao ia?aaoae a nianoaaiiia
iaeiiyoaaeiia caeaiea (nae/an oai iaoiaeeony eaoa “Aanoa”). Iieiaeio
caeaiey caieiae iaaeioieo. Anei?a aeaoeoee ?aai/eo e neoaeaueo
ee?ie/iiai caaiaea iieo/eee a iiaea?ie aeaoneee naae. Iinaeie Ai?iouine
?in, aue iino?iai ieuaeiiaeiao (aee?aeoi? A.I. Oaa/aiei) eioi?ue
auioneae eieaaniua ecaeaeey, aace?iaaiiua iaieoee a oaeaea aeii. A 80-a
aa. ieuaeiiaeiao iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii E.N. A?iaeceoeeiai ?anoe?yao naia
i?iecaiaenoai, no?ieony ?uaiue oeao, oeao oeaaiaoei/iuo ecaeaeee, a
oaeaea iiyaeyaony oaieeoea aeey au?aueaaiey ?ic.
Iaeiei ec noa?uo i?aaei?eyoee Ai?iouinea (e?iia ee?ie/iiai caaiaea ),
aue oeaaii?eaiiue ioieo, eioi?ue aue nicaeai aua a 30-aiaeu Aeieaea
aiaeu i?aaei?eyoea aicaeaaeye N.Ae. Eiceia, a eiioea 70-o aa. aai
aicaeaaee E.A. Oeoeia. Iniiaiay i?iaeoeoeey, eioi?oth aeieaia a?aiy
auioneae oeaaii?eaiiue ioieo – yoi eiiaeei?i. A 1992 a. auea caiouaia
iaeueieoea aeey auionea ioee, a a 1998 a. ca?aaioaea iaea?iy. A 1961 aa.
aeaeaciay aei?iaa auea yeaeo?eoeoee?iaaia, a ia noaioeee iino?iaia
oyaiaay yeaeo?iiiaenoaioeey 110/10 Ea.
A yoii aea aiaeo ia aaca yia?aiiiacaea aue nicaeai Ai?iouineee
yeaeo?i?aiiioiue caaiae (AY?C), niaaaeaaoee yeaeo?iyia?aeae no.
Ai?iouine. Iniiaiay aeayoaeueiinoue aai ninoiyea a ?aiiioa
yeaeo?iaeaeaaoaeae iiuiinoueth aei 100 eAo. A1964 a. ii iieo/ee iacaaiea
Oeaio?aeueiie yeaeo?i?aiiioiie a?eaaaeu. Nae/an caaiae ieacuaaao oe?ieee
niaeo? oneoa ii ?aiiioo yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaiey. Caeanue ?aiiioe?othony
aeaeaaoaee ia?aiaiiiai oiea ?acee/iie iiuiinoe, o?ainoi?iaoi?u,
yeaeo?iaaia?aoi?u, yeaeo?inaa?i/iia iai?oaeiaaiea e ae?. Ia aaca
ay?iae?iia “I?aoeiai” Iinoaiiaeaieai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 17 iiya?y
1960 e i?eeacii I?aaenaaeaoaey OeE AeINAAO NNN? auea i?aaieciaaia
Eaeoaeneay o/aaiay aaeaoeeiiiay i?aaiecaoeey ei. Aeaaaeaeu Aa?iy
Niaaoneiai Nithca A.A. Eieeeiaee (EOAOe), aaea iao/aeenue eaoiiio
ianoa?noao eo?naiou. A 1965 – 1966 aa. ia aaca EOAOe ia?ao/eaathony ia
?aaeoeaioth oaoieeo 25 aeaaooae, eioi?ua aiineaaenoae noaee
?aei?aeniaieaie ie?a. Ca 30 eao Eaeoaeneay o/aaiay aaeaoeeiiiay
i?aaiecaoeey iiaeaioiaeea aieaa 3500 eao/eeia. A 1989 aa. iaoe eao/eee
i?eieiaee o/anoea a aaeaoeeiiiii i?acaeieea a Oooeii, aaea iieacaee naia
ianoa?noai.
Iniaaiii iaeeaeeny Ai?iouine a 70-a aa. Ianaeaiea au?inei aei 3,5 ouny/
/aeiaae. Iiyaeeenue ia?aua 5-yoaaeiua aeiia ni anaie oaeianoaaie, nioie
ai?iouioeaa ni?aaeee naia iiainaeuea. Noa?ia caeaiea oeieu ia iiaei
aianoeoue a naieo noaiao anao aeaoae, oioy, oeiea ?aaioaea a aeaa niaiu.
A 1974 – 1975 aa. iino?iaiu 2-o yoaaeiua caeaiey n?aaeiae oeieu
(aee?aeoi? I.I. Coaaiiaa) e caeaiea naeueneiai Niaaoa (i?aaenaaeaoaeue
A.I. Ea?e/aaa). A caeaiea naeueneiai Niaaoa ?acianoeeinue ioaeaeaiea
nayce. ?anoe?eeanue e noa?a oneoa, ?aaioaei 11 iaaaceiia, 3 noieiauo,
aooao, 5 o/?aaeaeaiee eoeueoo?u, aeaa aeaoneeo naaeeea, aeaa aaie. Ia
caauee e i aeaoyo. A 1970 aiaeo a iinaeea aue ioe?uo oeeeae iocueaeueiie
oeieu. Iocueaeueiay oeiea iaoiaeeeanue nia/aea a caeaiee eaca?iu, iioii
iia ia?aei/aaaea a naiue eiiaoe Ai?iouinea a caeaiea auaoaai oeaaiiai
iaaaceia (aee?aeoi? A.A. Iiaeceaoi). Neacu e iai?/aiey ii iiaiaeo
oneiaee aeecie, e iaeiiaoe a 1995 a. iai?/aiey caeii/eeenue ia?aacaeii a
iiaia caeaiea, iino?iaiiia ii eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiio i?iaeoo. Iocueaeueiay
oeiea auea i?aia?aciaaia a Oeieo Eneonnoa aee?aeoi? (I.A.?aoaeueneay) A
yoi cia/eo, /oi a oeiea iiyaeeinue aeaa iiauo ioaeaeaiey –
ooaeiaeanoaaiiia e oi?aia?aoe/aneia. A 1995 aa. Ai?iouineay AeOE
ioiaoeea naia 25-eaoea.
Iinaeie iinoaiaiii aeaaiono?aeaaeny, iiyaeeenue aeaoneea ieiuaaeee,
icaeaiyeenue oeeoeu. Aieueooth iiiiuue a icaeaiaiea iinaeea ieacaee
o/aueany oeieu e eo?naiou AeINAAO. Auea iinaaeaia aa?aciaay aeeay
aaeieue aei?iae a noi?iio ?inau. Aoi?ay iieiaeia 80-o aa. ei?aiiui
ia?acii eciaieea aeeciue e iaeee Ai?iouinea. Ie aeey eiai ia nae?ao, /oi
aeeciue iinaeea, aai ?acaeoea e aeeciaiaania/aiea oanii naycaiu n
iniiaiui i?aaei?eyoeai – yoi IAI “No?ieiieeia?ea?aieea”. N 1985 aa.
iauaaeeiaieai ?oeiaiaeeo N.A. Iaiaaooaaa, oaea eiaaoee e yoiio a?aiaie
aieueoie iiuo ?aaiou. I?e iai ?anoe?yaony i?iecaiaenoai, a 1987 aiaeo
iino?iai oeao, auioneathuee iieeyoeeaiiaoth ieaieo, iaeaou.
A 1988 aa. aue iouai a yenieoaoaoeeth caaiae ea?aie/aneeo noaiiauo
iaoa?eaeia (CENI) – iaeii ec e?oiiaeoeo i?aaei?eyoee Niaaoneiai Nithca
ii auioneo aunieiea/anoaaiiiai ee?ie/a. Ia/aoi no?ieoaeuenoai caaiaea ii
i?iecaiaenoao eeiieaoia ii aei neo ii? ec-ca iaoa?eaeueiuo o?oaeiinoae
ia caaa?oaii. A 1991 aa. anooiee a no?ie caaiae ii i?iecaiaenoao
naieoa?ii-oayiniauo ecaeaeee.
A 1992 a. i?iecaiaenoaaiiia iauaaeeiaiea ca?aaeno?e?iaaii eae AI “NIE”.
Ia?yaeo ni no?ieoaeuenoaii caaiaeia, ?anoe?aieai i?iecaiaenoaa,
oaaee/aieai i?iaeoeoeee ia/aeinue no?ieoaeuenoai a Ai?iouinea aeeeuey e
iauaeoia eoeueoo?ii–auoiaiai iacia/aiey. A iinaeie ia/aee i?eacaeaoue ia
aeeoaeuenoai naiuee ec ?aciuo eiioeia no?aiu. Aue i?eiyo aaia?aeueiue
ieai ?acaeoey iinaeea, ii eioi?iio i?aaeiieaaaeinue no?ieoaeuenoai
iiiaeo iauaeoia. Noaee aicaiaeeoueny aeiia iiauo na?ee n eaa?oe?aie
oeo/oaiiie ieaie?iaee. Nioie naiae a oi a?aiy ni?aaeee iiainaeuea. Auea
iino?iaia iiaay i?ae?aniay oeiea ?2, e nioie aeaoae ?acianoeeenue a aa
naaoeuo e oaieuo eeannao. Ia?aui aee?aeoi?ii oeieu noae Aeeoi? Eaaiiae/
Eociaoeia. A 1987 aa. i?enooieea e ?aaioa iieeeeeieea ni noaoeeiia?ii
(ae. a?a/ A.I. Eiiaeei). Oi/aony au?aceoue aeaaiaea?iinoue ?aaioieeai
e?aniiai e?anoa: Aaeaioeia Ieoaeeiaia Aaniaie, Ieia Eaaiiaia ?iaiaie
(iuia iieieiie), Aioiieia Eaaiiaia Ieioeaae/, Eoeeeiaie Ieueaa
Aaeaioeiiaia ca eo aeia?iniaanoiue o?oae. A 80–a aa. aue iino?iai
aeaoneee naae “Aeua ia?ona), aeii auoa, iaaacei e ae?. iauaeou. Ca anai
yoei noieo oeao?a /aeiaaea, eioi?ue ca?acee naiae yia?aeae e aucaae
neiiaoee o?oaeiethaeai e aeaeiaui iaii?ii iiiaeo ?aaioieeia caaiaea e
ai?iouioeaa. Ieaiu aee?aeoeee auee a?aiaeeiciuie – iino?ieoue Aeai?aoe
eoeueoo?u, aua iaeei aeaoneee naae, aeii aeey i?anoa?aeuo, noaaeeii,
aannaei. Ii ?acaae NNN?, eciaiaiea iieeoeee ?inneeneiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa,
niaia yeiiiie/aneiai eo?na no?aiu ia?a/a?eioea ana. Ia?ano?ieea
einioeanue ia oieueei caaiaea, ii e naeueneiai oicyenoaa.
Ai?iouine iino?iai ia caieyo auaoaai niaoica ei. Aeeieo?iaa. A ianoiyuaa
a?aiy ii yaeyaony ioaeaeaieai niaoica ei. E.Y. Oeeieeianeiai. Niaoic
caieiaaony i?iecaiaenoaii iaiuae, ia i?aaao /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe eiaao
1600 aa iaoie,165 aa naaeia, 55 aa caeeaiuo eoaia ia ?aea Oa?a. Oaeaea
caieiaaony e aeeaioiiaiaenoaii, eiaao iiaieiauea ei?ia e naeiioa?io.
A 1993 aa. ec ainoi/iie Aa?iaiee aue auaaaeai aa?oieaoiue iiee, eioi?ue
noae aeeneioee?iaaoueny ia ai?iouineie caiea, ia aaca ay?iae?iia
“I?aoeiai”. Ia/aeinue no?ieoaeuenoai aeeeuey aeey ee/iiai ninoaaa e eo
naiae. No?ieoaeuenoai inouanoaeyea iaiaoeeay oe?ia. I?ae?aniue ai?iaeie
au?in ia auacaea a iinaeie . Ainaiue e?aneauo oanoeyoaaeiuo aeiia,
oaeeaeoaeueiay ii e?anioa oeiea “O?AI IAOEE”, oi?aiaue oeaio?,
iauaaeeoea, aeaoneee naaeee, eeoa. Ana yoi, eiia/ii, i?eaeaao iinaeeo
ii?aaeaeaiiue “ oa?i “. Ia iiiaio ia?aiene a Ai?iouinea i?iaeeaaei 11
oun.700 aeeoaeae.
Enoi/iee: Naeo iinaeea Ai?iouine
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